Publications

spirochetes in ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer from connecticut, new york state, and north carolina.	ticks were screened for spirochetes and serum samples from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were assayed for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi during 1983-1984. using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit antibodies produced to b. burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, spirochetes were detected in ixodes dammini (10.5% of 1,193) and dermacentor albipictus (0.6% of 157) adults from connecticut, i. dammini nymphs (49.1% of 108) and adults (64.7% of 99) from armonk, new yo ...	1986	3520030
natural exposure of wisconsin dogs to the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi).	lyme disease, a tick-borne disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi, has been described recently in dogs. in a serologic survey of specimens obtained from march to september 1984, 53% of 380 dogs from two usda licensed vendors in wisconsin were positive for indirect immunofluorescent antibodies to b. burgdorferi at a serum dilution of 1:64 or greater. b. burgdorferi was cultured from the blood of 8/111 dogs. these findings suggest that exposure to this spirochete is common in endemic areas and tha ...	1986	3523038
the usefulness of immunodiagnostic tests in the diagnosis of a case of lyme disease.		1986	3528244
antigens of borrelia burgdorferi recognized during lyme disease. appearance of a new immunoglobulin m response and expansion of the immunoglobulin g response late in the illness.	using immunoblots, we identified proteins of borrelia burgdorferi bound by igm and igg antibodies during lyme disease. in 12 patients with early disease alone, both the igm and igg responses were restricted primarily to a 41-kd antigen. this limited response disappeared within several months. in contrast, among six patients with prolonged illness, the igm response to the 41-kd protein sometimes persisted for months to years, and late in the illness during arthritis, a new igm response sometimes ...	1986	3531237
immunoglobulin abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid and blood over the course of lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome).	the conditions of 5 patients with untreated lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome, probably equivalent to lyme disease) with serologically confirmed infection resulting from borrelia spirochetes were followed with repetitive lumbar punctures up to 221 days after the onset of symptoms. using a protein a plaque assay, high numbers of igg-, igm-, and iga-producing cells were found in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf), whereas there were mostly normal numbers of immunoglobulin-producing c ...	1986	3532931
diagnosis and management of lyme disease.		1986	3534771
[lyme disease].		1986	3538208
the enlarging spectrum of tick-borne spirochetoses: r. r. parker memorial address.	the author reviews his changing interest in tick-borne spirochetoses during his career (1951-1985) as a medical entomologist at the u.s. public health service's rocky mountain laboratory. the discoveries of relapsing fevers in the western united states in the 1930s and 1940s led to well-supported epidemiologic research, including studies on the relationships between vectors and spirochetes. when tick-borne relapsing fever in the united states was shown to be a relatively rare and readily treatab ...	1986	3541127
lyme disease.	although initially considered a localized epidemic form of arthritis. lyme disease is now known to have protean manifestation (skin, joint, heart, nervous system) and worldwide distribution. it is caused by infection with the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted by a variety of hard ticks and, in some localities, fleas. antigenic variation between isolates may determine the differences in clinical expression observed between cases in north america and europe. the reservoir in the ...	1986	3542350
evaluation of sera from patients with lyme disease in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test for syphilis.	to determine whether the cross-reactivity between treponema pallidum and borrelia burgdorferi affects the specificity of the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (fta-abs) test for syphilis, sera from patients with lyme disease or syphilis were examined in a quantitative fta-abs test. sera were diluted serially in phosphate-buffered saline, then in sorbent, and were tested with t. pallidum and b. burgdorferi antigens. nine of 40 sera from patients with known lyme disease were reactive at t ...	1986	3544256
selected arthropod-borne diseases. plague, lyme disease, and babesiosis.	the incidence of plague, one of the oldest arthropod-borne diseases, has increased during the past 10 years in the united states. domestic carnivores are playing an increased role in the occurrence of human cases. the cat is now the principal cause of primary human pneumonic plague in the united states. lyme disease and babesiosis, which were initially thought to be limited to specific local regions, are much more widespread than originally thought.	1987	3551304
an interlaboratory study of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi.		1987	3553353
clinical manifestations of lyme disease.	lyme disease typically begins with a unique skin lesion, erythema chronicum migrans (ecm) (stage 1). patients with this lesion may also have headache, meningeal irritation, mild encephalopathy, multiple annular secondary lesions, malar or urticarial rash, generalized lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, migratory musculoskeletal pain, hepatitis, sore throat, non-productive cough, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, or testicular swelling. after a few weeks to months (stage 2), about 15% of patients ...	1986	3554839
lyme arthritis in germany.	lyme arthritis appears not to be a rare manifestation of borrelia burgdorferi infection in germany. we report 20 cases of the illness occurring in south germany. in eleven of our patients arthritis was the only clinical manifestation of the infection; the diagnosis in those cases has only been verified by the detection of specific antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi with indirect immunofluorescence and igg western blot technique. in comparison with previous reports of lyme arthritis the quota of ...	1986	3554841
demonstration of borrelia burgdorferi in a patient with chronic lyme arthritis.		1986	3554842
historical perspective of lyme disease.		1986	3554843
experimental inoculation of dogs with borrelia burgdorferi.	to determine if dogs could serve as a reservoir for borrelia burgdorferi, three beagles were inoculated subcutaneously (sq) with 200 laboratory cultured spirochetes which were originally isolated from blood of a peromyscus leucopus from ft. mccoy, wisc. one four month old beagle was inoculated sq with 5 ground ixodes dammini from shelter island, n.y. which came from an area with a 50% b. burgdorferi tick infection rate; and another uninfected four month old beagle was housed loose on the floor w ...	1986	3554844
potential role of native and exotic deer and their associated ticks (acari: ixodidae) in the ecology of lyme disease in california, usa.	the relationship of native columbian black-tailed deer, two species of exotic deer (axis and fallow), and their ticks to the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, was studied in coastal and inland areas of northern california, usa. spirochetemias were detected in 27% of black-tailed deer, 50% of axis deer, and 56% of fallow deer collected in late fall and winter. antibody prevalence was 38% in black-tailed deer, 24% in fallow deer, and 6% in axis deer. one to 3 tick species were collect ...	1986	3554845
discovery of the lyme disease spirochete: a historical review.		1986	3554846
[tick-borne erythematous spirochetosis (tick-borne annular erythema. bannwarth syndrome, lyme disease)].		1987	3554857
lyme disease and babesiosis: acaricide focused on potentially infected ticks.	permethrin-treated cotton, intended as rodent nesting material, was distributed in wooded sites in which the agents of lyme disease and babesiosis were enzootic, in order to kill immature ixodes dammini, the ticks that transmit these human pathogens. such ticks feed most abundantly on white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), apparently the main reservoir hosts of these agents, and tend to concentrate in mouse burrows. mice captured after permethrin-treated cotton was distributed, were infested b ...	1987	3555140
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti in mice on islands inhabited by white-tailed deer.	borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti were isolated from 35 of 51 white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus) captured on two narragansett bay, r.i., islands inhabited by deer, the principal host for the adult stages of the vector tick, ixodes dammini. immature ticks parasitized mice from both islands. from 105 mice captured on four other islands not inhabited by deer neither pathogen was isolated, nor were i. dammini found.	1987	3555339
[a case of lyme disease in genoa].		2012	3557550
focal encephalitis in a young woman 6 years after the onset of lyme disease: tertiary lyme disease?	a 19-year-old woman had severe focal inflammatory encephalitis. six years previously, she had had classic untreated lyme disease characterized by erythema chronicum migrans, bilateral facial palsies, and lymphocytic meningitis. during her recent encephalitic illness, lyme disease serologic tests were positive by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot (immunoblot technique) testing. we hypothesize that the patient's focal inflammatory encephali ...	1987	3561045
[diagnosis and treatment of borrelia burgdorferi infections in france. apropos of 3 cases of lyme disease of neurological form].		1987	3563368
[lyme arthritis].	infection by spirochete borrelia burgdorferi is mainly observed in the united states where it has taken the name of lyme's disease, and in europe. its evolution may be very extended, in several phases. a few weeks after a tick-bite, the primary lesion appears, which is a chronic migrating erythema. in the following weeks or months, in the secondary phase, nerve lesions may appear, quite similar in europe and in the united states, and cardiac lesions, mostly seen in the united states. in the foll ...	1987	3563386
in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, to four antimicrobial agents.	the antimicrobial susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from human spinal fluid was determined in vitro and in vivo. a broth dilution technique was used to determine the mbcs of four antimicrobial agents. the lyme disease spirochete was most susceptible to ceftriaxone (mbc, 0.04 microgram/ml) and erythromycin (mbc, 0.05 microgram/ml), then tetracycline (mbc, 0.8 microgram/ml), and finally penicillin g (mbc, 6.4 micrograms/ml). syrian hamsters were used to determine the 50% curative dos ...	1987	3566246
eye findings in lyme disease.		1987	3568649
duration of tick attachment and borrelia burgdorferi transmission.	nymphal ixodes dammini transmitted borrelia burgdorferi to 1 of 14 rodents exposed for 24 h, 5 of 14 rodents exposed for 48 h, and 13 of 14 rodents exposed for greater than or equal to 72 h. prompt removal of attached ticks is a prudent public health measure, especially in regions where lyme disease is endemic.	1987	3571459
lyme disease--another spirochaetal mimicker?		1987	3572023
adult ixodes dammini on rabbits: a hypothesis for the development and transmission of borrelia burgdorferi.	a histological study of unfed ixodes dammini adults has shown that the lyme disease spirochete can be found in the midgut diverticula of these ticks and is presumably carried over from the nymphal stage. sequential histology of the early stages of ticks feeding on a rabbit showed that spirochetes began to divide and were located in close proximity or attached to the epithelial cells of the diverticulae. evidence for division was obtained by the higher number of spirochetes per tick after a three ...	1987	3572040
ceftriaxone as effective therapy in refractory lyme disease.		1987	3572042
[report of a case of lyme disease].		2009	3573973
[lyme disease: a new infectious disease localized in various organs].		2012	3574538
[chronic erythema migrans as initial symptom of lyme disease].		1987	3574543
lyme borreliosis. proceedings of the second international symposium on lyme disease and related disorders. vienna, 1985.		1986	3577471
ultrastructural differences among spirochetes isolated from patients with lyme disease and related disorders, and from ixodes ricinus.	previous studies on cells of strains b31 isolated in the u.s.a. from ixodes dammini and strain g25 isolated in sweden from ixodes ricinus, showed that their ultrastructure was similar, but not identical. for this reason the studies were extended to spirochetes isolated directly from patients with lyme disease and related disorders. included in the present study were three strains isolated from skin, blood and spinal fluid, respectively, from patients with lyme disease, two strains from patients ...	1986	3577472
european borrelia burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticks culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility.	growth of borrelia burgdorferi in a modified kelly-medium is described. borrelia strains were isolated from patients (n = 11) and ticks i. ricinus (n = 19). the modified medium which contained co-trimoxazole is a very effective medium for isolating and culturing of borrelia sp. the susceptibility of 7 strains of b. burgdorferi to antibiotics was studied by the macrodilution and microdilution test. after preliminary testing for optimal conditions, we determined mics in modified kelly medium. the ...	1986	3577473
genetic analysis of borrelia.	dna homology studies were performed on borrelia hermsii, b. duttoni, b. crocidurae and the o. coriaceus spirochete. these organisms had a genus level relationship with each other. b. hermsii was 17 to 53% homologous with b. duttoni, b. crocidurae, and the o. coriaceus spirochetes; b. crocidurae was 17-32% related to b. hermsii, b. anserina and the o. coriaceus spirochete, and the o. coriaceus spirochete was 28-50% related to b. hermsii, b. crocidurae and b. anserina. the o. coriaceus spirochete ...	1986	3577474
borrelia burgdorferi lipopolysaccharide and its role in the pathogenesis of lyme disease.	lipopolysaccharides (lps) are a constitutive part of the outer wall of gram negative bacteria. because many of the symptoms of lyme disease could be explained by a spirochetal lps we have subjected borrelia burgdorferi to standard lps extraction techniques which yielded a lps which accounted for 1.5-4% of the dry weight. the lps was very similar to classical gram negative bacterial lps both chemically and in its biological activities which included pyrogenicity, mitogenicity for lymphocytes and ...	1986	3577475
endotoxin-like activity associated with lyme disease borrelia.	the newly recognized spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, has been examined for endotoxin-like activities as measured by the standard farmacopea ufficiale della republica italiana rabbit fever test and the limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. the suspension of heat-killed microorganism caused a febrile response at a dose of 1 x 10(8) bacteria pro kilo. similar results were obtained in the limulus assay where the heat-killed spirochetes stimulated formation of solid ...	1986	3577476
susceptibility of the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis, to the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi.	experiments to determine whether ixodes scapularis can be infected with the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, demonstrated that infection and transstadial transmission occurs in up to 73% of larval ticks that had fed on spirochetemic rabbits. in a limited number of nymphal ticks examined, the spirochetes were found only in the midgut. feeding nymphal i. scapularis on a normal rabbit resulted in blood infection characterized by two distinct periods of spirochetemia, suggesting the occurre ...	1986	3577477
the spectrum of organ and systems pathology in human lyme disease.	lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mononuclear phagocytes are frequently found in human tissues infected by the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. experience has shown that these cells comprise the tissue bed inflammatory infiltrate in lyme disease affecting the joint synovia, myocardium, and skin. while many differences otherwise exist, lyme synovitis has lymphoplasmacellular similarities with rheumatoid synovitis, lymphoplasmacellular epimyocarditis similarities with syphilitic myocard ...	1986	3577479
remarks on the infectious disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi.		1986	3577480
clinical features of early erythema migrans disease and related disorders.	104 patients with erythema migrans disease (emd), 7 patients with borrelia lymphocytoma (bl), and 21 patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) were prospectively followed for a median of 20, 14, and 12 months, respectively. 99 patients with emd and 6 with bl were treated with antibiotics early for their illness. 72 patients with emd had 1 to 10 constitutional symptoms besides the erythema migrans, 32 had erythema migrans alone, and a child with bl had urticaria. out of 39 patients ...	1986	3577481
erythema chronicum migrans afzelius in sweden. a study on 231 patients.	in order to describe the clinical manifestations of erythema chronicum migrans afzelius (ecma) in sweden and to compare them with those in lyme disease in the united states, 231 patients with ecma were investigated. although there are many similarities between the two disorders the findings also point to differences. the skin lesions were of longer duration (median 5-6 weeks) than those in lyme disease but less often multiple (8%). general symptoms were found in about half of the patients with a ...	1986	3577482
microbiological findings in erythema (chronicum) migrans and related disorders.	in order to evaluate the virtual advantage of proving borrelial infection in dermatoses clinically diagnosed as erythema (chronicum) migrans (ecm), acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) or lymphadenosis cutis benigna (lcb) by means of histological, cultural or serological trials, skin and serum samples obtained from altogether 99 patients suffering from these dermatoses were examined. serum and--to some extent--skin specimens gained from healthy individuals (n = 36), patients with not tick b ...	1986	3577483
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with antecedent lyme disease in a california. case report.		1986	3577485
morphea another manifestation of lyme disease?		1986	3577486
joint and bone involvement in swedish patients with ixodes ricinus-borne borrelia infection.	the presence of signs of joint involvement was investigated in 231 patients with erythema chronicum migrans afzelius (ecma), in 50 patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca), in four patients with spirochete-induced facial palsy and in one patient with pericarditis and serologic evidence of borrelia spirochetal infection. only one of 16 untreated patients with ecma developed arthritis. the patient with pericarditis had suffered from arthritis for 2 months when the cardiac symptoms d ...	1986	3577487
borrelia transfer by ticks during their life cycle. studies on laboratory animals.	ticks of the species ixodes ricinus were cultured in the laboratory. yellow silver rabbits, gerbils and white mice served as blood hosts. borrelia burgdorferi could be detected by means of an ifa test in homogenates of female ticks, their eggs as well as the respective larval and nymphal ticks. blood infection of splenectomized gerbils and ordinary white mice or of ordinary white mice alone has been demonstrated after feeding of larval or nymphal ticks on them, respectively. spirochetemia starte ...	1986	3577489
culturing borrelia burgdorferi from spleen and kidney tissues of wild-caught white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus.	borrelia burgdorferi was isolated most frequently from tissue of spleen (n = 13) and kidney (n = 10) and less often from blood (n = 5) of wild-caught peromyscus leucopus. prevalence of infection tended to be highest at sites where lyme disease was most common (e.g., 5 of 6 mice were positive in east haddam, connecticut). spirochetes were not isolated in danbury or new hartford, areas where this malady is rare. however, in fairfield, where the disease is also uncommon, 4 of 9 mice were infected. ...	1986	3577490
the prevalence and significance of borrelia burgdorferi in the urine of feral reservoir hosts.	live borrelia burgdorferi were isolated from the blood and/or urine of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) collected on shelter island, new york, in 1984 and 1985. prevalence of spirochetes in urine was consistently higher than in blood or both fluids simultaneously. spirochetes remained viable for 18-24 hours in urine and were maintained in culture for one week. mice removed from the field were spirocheturic for at least 13 months. one spirocheturic mouse developed spirochetemia one month a ...	1986	3577491
vaccination of hamsters against experimental infection with borrelia burgdorferi.	vaccination of syrian hamsters with a single dose of 50 micrograms to 100 micrograms dry weight of a whole cell preparation of borrelia burgdorferi provided 75% to 86% protection against infection.	1986	3577492
evolution of a focus of lyme disease.	epidemiological investigations were initiated in 1984 when significant lyme disease activity was observed within a 5-km radius of an area previously used as a non-endemic control site for lyme disease research in new jersey. through 1983, collections of ixodes dammini from vegetation and feral rodents were infrequent and no human cases were identified within a 16-km radius of the control site. in 1984, 4 human cases and 3 serologically reactive canines (greater than or equal to 1:512) were recog ...	1986	3577493
comparison of rates of infection by the lyme disease spirochete in selected populations of ixodes dammini and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae).	at a major endemic focus in new jersey, 50% of 290 adult ixodes dammini collected in the fall of 1984 were infected with the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), which was statistically higher than the rate found in the 202 adult ticks (39.6%) examined during the spring. neither sex nor site of collection within the focus significantly affected the infection rate. the observed infection rates were similar to those reported in endemic areas of new york and connecticut. borrelia burgdor ...	1986	3577494
austrian hard ticks as vectors of borrelia burgdorferi, overview.		1986	3577495
bannwarth's syndrome: serum and csf igg antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi examined by elisa.	a newly identified spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, has recently been established as the causal agent of chronic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome, bs). an etiological diagnosis can be obtained by specific antibody determination. to detect intrathecally produced borrelia antibodies, we examined paired serum and csf samples from 10 bs patients and 41 controls. csf/serum igg specific antibody indices were calculated by relating the csf/serum ratio of specific antibody activity to the csf/s ...	1987	3577666
[isolated meningoencephalitis in lyme disease].		1987	3579101
[lyme disease].		1987	3579490
failure of tetracycline therapy in early lyme disease.	we describe the clinical courses of 5 patients with lyme disease who developed significant late complications, despite receiving tetracycline early in the course of their illness. all 5 patients had been treated for erythema chronicum migrans with a course of tetracycline that met or exceeded current recommendations. the late manifestations of lyme disease included arthritis, cranial nerve palsy, peripheral neuropathy, chronic fatigue, and changes in mental function. our findings suggest that th ...	2013	3580012
jarisch-herxheimer reaction in lyme disease.	the jarisch-herxheimer reaction includes the accentuation of symptoms during antibiotic therapy. more commonly associated with the treatment of syphilis, it can also occur in patients treated for lyme disease caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi.	1987	3581911
ixodes dammini and borrelia burgdorferi in northern new england and upstate new york.		1987	3585637
dissemination and salivary delivery of lyme disease spirochetes in vector ticks (acari: ixodidae).		1987	3585913
chronic forms of borrelia burgdorferi infection of the nervous system.	three european patients had chronic active forms of borrelia burgdorferi infection of the nervous system, with high titers of antibodies to this spirochete in serum and csf. two patients had meningitis for 3 to 4 years, with remissions in one and slowly progressive symptoms in the other. both had ct lucencies in the basal ganglia. the third patient had lumbosacral plexus neuropathy for 1 year. all three patients responded to intravenous penicillin treatment.	1987	3587624
[lyme disease--a tick-transmitted spirochete infection].		1987	3590002
cns manifestations of third stage lyme disease.		1987	3591079
cerebrospinal fluid findings in neurological manifestations of lyme disease.	the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) findings in 21 patients with different manifestations of lyme disease are presented. 15 patients exhibited csf changes including a lymphoplasmocytic pleocytosis and a csf protein profile indicating a barrier leakage combined with an intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. six patients-mainly suffering from cranial neuritis-had a normal csf.	1987	3591080
electrophysiologic findings in meningopolyneuritis of garin-bujadoux-bannwarth.	previous reports on neuropathy in lyme disease and related disorders suggest predominant demyelination in most of the few cases investigated. we analysed retrospectively electrophysiologic data in 29 patients with mpn-gbb. in peripheral nerve involvement slowed ncv and/or prolonged dl was the prominent finding, concordant with primary demyelination. distribution of pathology resembles mononeuritis. facial nerve palsy was common and often bilateral.	1987	3591082
involvement of borrelia burgdorferi in cranial nerve affection.	from january 1984 to august 1985 54 patients presented with cranial nerve lesions at the neurological department of the university hospital innsbruck. median age was 42 years, range 5-81 years. female male ratio was 49/15. in 17 patients cranial neuritis was consistent with meningopolyneuritis bannwarth (mpn) in 37 cases mere facial palsy was present. cranial neuritis in mpn-patients affected n. facilis in 10, n. opticus and n. oculo-motorius in one case each. five patients had polyneuritis cran ...	1987	3591083
neurological manifestations of borrelia burgdorferi-infections: the enlarging clinical spectrum.	we report on the clinical symptoms of 50 patients with serologically proven b. burgdorferi infection in stage 2 lyme disease. besides the typical pattern of the gbb-syndrom myelitis, encephalitis, cranial nerve neuritis others than bell's palsy, painful neuritis without csf-pleocytosis and meningitis without other neurological findings were observed.	1987	3591084
bannwarth's syndrome and the enlarged neurological spectrum of arthropod-borne borreliosis.	we evaluated the clinical data of 80 patients with neurological disorders due to european arthropod-borne borrelia burgdorferi infections proven by specific antibody titers. painful meningoradiculitis of bannwarth was the predominant neurological manifestation in adults, whereas meningitis with headache and slight stiff neck was the most frequent neurological syndrome in children. central nervous system involvement occurred only in 13% of the patients; one of these patients had chronic encephalo ...	1987	3591086
acute and chronic illness after tick-bite borrelia burgdorferi-infections: results of treatment.	we report on clinical and laboratory findings of 28 patients with tick-bite borrelia burgdorferi-infection. in 5 cases chronic tertiary metaluetic manifestations were recognized. all were treated either with high-dose penicillin intravenously or tetracycline. results of treatment and recommendations are given.	1987	3591090
generalized exanthema, acute hepatitis with porphyrinuria and eosinophilia. another clinical feature of lyme disease?		1987	3591092
demonstration of locally synthesized borrelia antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid.	antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi develop slowly. low titers can be anamnestic. in order to prove the etiology of manifestations of erythema chronicum migrans disease of the nervous system like meningopolyneuritis garin-bujadoux-bannwarth or progressive borrelia encephalomyelitis we used the elisa to measure specific igg antibodies against ixodes ricinus borrelia per microgram igg in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. with the mentioned method we were able to demonstrate locally synthesized an ...	1987	3591093
prevalence of canine lyme disease from an endemic area as determined by serosurvey.	from august 1984 through february 1985, 423 dogs from 43 municipalities in 7 new jersey counties were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). of these dogs, 34.7% with no apparent clinical symptoms were serologically reactive (ifa greater than or equal to 1:64); titers in this study ranged from non-reactive to 1:2048. ninety percent of the dogs surveyed had a current vaccination status to leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icteroh ...	1987	3591094
erythema chronicum migrans disease in the federal republic of germany.	epidemiology and clinical presentation of erythema chronicum migrans disease are not well known yet. during a period of only 19 months, serological and clinical investigation of 2955 patients rendered 1106 cases of infection whose widespread incidence was remarkable: of the 328 administration districts of the frg, 205 were affected. accordingly, positive antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi could be demonstrated in an average of 15.7% of the investigated rural population (2830 persons). typic ...	1987	3591095
lyme disease in italy.	we present the first cases of lyme disease found in italy. the diagnosis was based on clinical and laboratory data. the antigen used for indirect immunofluorescence (i.i.f.) was kindly supplied to us by prof. r. ackermann (köln). reciprocal titer was 64 in five patients, 128 in six, 256 in three and 512 in one. the patients came either from the eastern ligurian coast or the trieste karst: these are consequently the first two italian areas where lyme disease has been recognized up to the present.	1987	3591098
lyme disease in france.		1987	3591099
prerequisites of the existence of lyme disease in the ussr.		2012	3591102
infectiousness for humans of ixodes ricinus containing borrelia burgdorferi.	we studied the rate of transmission of borrelia burgdorferi from ticks (ixodes ricinus) to man under field conditions in a case control study. at a holiday camp in southern germany 384 ticks were removed from 272 persons. information on symptoms possibly related to borrelia infection were obtained by a questionnaire to be sent back six weeks after the tick bite. ticks were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy (ift) for borrelia and 49 (12.8%) were found positive. blood was obtained from 41 ...	1987	3591103
clinical and geographic characteristics of lyme disease in new york.	the clinical and geographic characteristics of 679 patients who met the clinical definition of lyme disease and who had antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1: 128 to borrelia burgdorferi for a two year period, 1983-1984, are described. males outnumbered females 60% to 40% for the two year period and nearly half of all cases were children and young adults nineteen years old or younger. forty percent of the patients reported single or multiple tick bites prior to the onset of illness and t ...	1987	3591104
lyme disease in texas.		1987	3591105
lyme disease in canada with possible transmission by an insect.	the first documented case of lyme disease to have originated in canada is presented. a 51-year old french female nurse visited quebec, canada from 20 july to 5 august, 1984 and contracted lyme disease. she reported an insect bite on 3 august 1984 on the back of her knee with erythema chronicum migrans appearing at the site of the bite on 5 august 1984. the patient presented with meningeal lymphocytic reaction near the end of september, 1984. total ig serum titers in indirect immunofluorescence t ...	1987	3591106
borrelia burgdorferi infection in man.		1987	3597034
tick-borne lymphocytic meningoradiculitis in ireland: bannwarth's syndrome/lyme disease.		1987	3597040
lyme disease.		2013	3597041
transovarial transmission of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes dammini (acari:ixodidae).		1987	3598218
[data on the prevalence of lyme disease in the ussr].		2009	3600514
lyme carditis: high-grade heart block in lyme disease.		1987	3600577
linear plasmids of the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi have covalently closed ends.	the genetics of spirochetes, a division of eubacteria, has been little studied. double-stranded linear plasmids were found in borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease. a 49-kilobase linear plasmid contained the ospa and ospb genes, which encode the major outer membrane proteins of strain b31. molecules of the 49-kilobase plasmid rapidly reannealed after alkaline denaturation; rapid renaturation was prevented if the 49-kilobase plasmids were first treated with s1 nuclease. when denatured p ...	1987	3603026
choroid plexitis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern new york state.	brains, spinal cords, nerve roots, nerves and muscle tissues were removed from deer in southern new york state and examined for histologic evidence of infection by the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi. there was no histologic evidence of this infection and only four of 26 deer had serologic evidence of past infection despite the fact that all were parasitized by the tick vector, ixodes dammini. of these ticks, 21% were carrying b. burgdorferi. in contrast, most of the deer h ...	1987	3603961
cytologic features of cerebrospinal fluid in lyme disease.	the cytomorphologic findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of four patients with lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (lyme disease) related to a tick bite (due in at least two cases to borrelia burgdorferi) are reported. in all cases, the may-grünwald-giemsa-stained centrifuge preparations of the csf showed a cellular pattern consisting of a lymphocytic pleocytosis composed mainly of immunoblasts and plasma cells associated with numerous foamy macrophages. direct immunofluorescence studies in one ...	1987	3604539
lyme disease ecology in wisconsin: distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini, and prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals.	lyme disease recently has been recognized in wisconsin. trapping studies were conducted at four geographically separate and ecologically distinct regions in wisconsin to elucidate the distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini on small and medium sized mammals, and the occurrence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in these wild mammals. peak i. dammini larval activity occurred from june-september. nymphs were most active from may-august. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and ch ...	1987	3605501
transovarial and transstadial passage of borrelia burgdorferi in the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae).	transovarial and transstadial passage of borrelia burgdorferi was demonstrated for the first time in the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus. one of three field-collected females with spirochetes in ovarial tissues produced 100% infected progeny that maintained the spirochetes transstadially and in 4 of 5 cases passed them via eggs to as many as 97% of f2 filial ticks. the progeny infected ovarially and by subsequent transstadial passage had generalized tissue infections that exhibited r ...	1987	3605502
electron microscopy studies of human intestinal spirochetes.	the ultrastructure of twenty human intestinal spirochetes was analyzed using the electron microscope. negatively stained cells were generally found to be loosely and irregularly waved. the isolates had cell dimensions ranging from 0.18-0.35 micron in width and from 3.9-14.2 micron in length. twin bundles of flagella were present in the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. the majority of isolates had five flagella inserted sub-terminally at each cell end. human intestin ...	1987	3609249
isolation of borrelia spirochetes from patients in texas.	the texas department of health laboratory began culturing the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in 1985. this organism was subsequently isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid, skin, bone, and autopsy tissues from humans. fluorescent-antibody tests with murine monoclonal antibodies confirmed that seven of these isolates were b. burgdorferi and that two others belonged to the genus borrelia.	1987	3611307
[lyme disease].		1987	3614394
[meningoradiculitis after a tick bite. study of 31 cases].	a retrospective study covering a period of 20 years identified reports on 31 cases of meningoradiculitis of the garin-bujadoux-bannwarth type (mrgbb). clinical, biological, electromyographic characteristics and course of the disease were studied. the most recent cases (n = 8) in 1984 and 1985 had serological tests for borrelia burgdorferi and half of the cases had negative results. conversely, in some patients with meningoradiculitis, even in the absence of a tick bite or of migrating chronic er ...	1987	3616364
[anti-cardiolipin antibodies in lyme disease].		1987	3616457