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evidence for a weak adaptive response to alkylation damage in vibrio cholerae.wild-type vibrio cholerae cells, when adapted by a stepwise treatment with sub-lethal concentrations of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), acquired resistance to killing and mutagenesis by subsequent challenges with higher concentrations of mnng. this was also seen in the rec isogenic strain indicating that the observed phenomenon was not due to the induction of sos functions. further, the adapted cells of both the wild-type and rec strains could reactivate lethally alkylated phages wi ...19957528898
carbohydrate-dependent binding of the cell-free hemagglutinin of vibrio cholerae to glycoprotein and glycolipid.the carbohydrate-binding specificity of the cell-free hemagglutinin (ha) of vibrio cholerae (k.k. banerjee, a.n. ghose, k. datta-roy, s.c. pal, and a.c. ghose, infect. immun.58:3698-3705, 1990) was studied by using glycoconjugates with defined sugar sequences. the ha was not inhibited by simple sugars including glucobiose, galabiose, and their n-acetylated derivatives. the hemagglutination of rabbit erythrocytes by the ha was inhibited moderately by fetuin, calf thyroglobulin, and human alpha 1- ...19957530711
production of vibrio cholerae ghosts (vcg) by expression of a cloned phage lysis gene: potential for vaccine development.the protein e-specific lysis mechanism of the escherichia coli-specific bacteriophage phix174 was employed to produce vibrio cholerae ghosts (vcg). vcg consist of both rounded and collapsed cells that have lost their cytoplasmic contents through an e-specific hole in the cell envelope. these ghosts are proposed as non-living material for immunization against cholera. a specific membrane anchor sequence was used to insert the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) ...19947530888
cholera: current epidemiology.cholera remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. its epidemiology has changed in the 1990s, with the spread of the seventh pandemic to the western hemisphere and the emergence of a new serogroup, vibrio cholerae o139. the spread of cholera may be rapid and unpredictable because of aeroplane travel, international shipping, and the migration of people due to war or political unrest. increasing amounts of largely untreated faeces from growing human populations favour cholera ...19947531564
cholera in england and wales, 1994. 19957533034
monoclonal antibodies against ogawa specific & ogawa-inaba common antigenic determinants of vibrio cholerae o1 & their diagnostic utility.monoclonal antibodies to ogawa-inaba common antigenic determinant and ogawa specific antigenic determinant of v. cholerae belonging to the serogroup o1 were generated from balb/c mice immunized with v. cholerae o1 eltor ogawa strain. reactivity and specificities of the monoclonal antibodies were examined by slide agglutination method. the monoclonal antibodies agglutinated all the v. cholerae o1 strains tested but did not agglutinate with any of the other currently recognized 140 serogroups of v ...19957533744
update: vibrio cholerae o1--western hemisphere, 1991-1994, and v. cholerae o139--asia, 1994.the cholera epidemic caused by vibrio cholerae o1 that began in january 1991 has continued to spread in central and south america (figure 1). in southern asia, the epidemic caused by the newly recognized strain v. cholerae o139 that began in late 1992 also has continued to spread (figure 2). this report updates surveillance findings for both epidemics.19957533888
application of ribotyping for differentiating vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated from shrimp farms in thailand.a collection of 143 vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from shrimp farms in thailand were characterized and grouped by ribotyping. sixty-four ribotypes were distinguished following digestion of chromosomal dna with the restriction enzyme bgli, and the reproducibility of the method was 100%. there was no correlation between specific ribotype distributions and the locations of the shrimp farms. ribotype similarity was examined by cluster analysis, and two main groups with 10 and 54 ribotypes, ...19957534053
new variant of vibrio cholerae o1 from clinical isolates in amazonia.a survey of pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 strains from the north of brazil by using arbitrarily primed pcr fingerprints revealed a group of strains with similar fingerprint patterns that are distinct from those of the current el tor epidemic strain. these strains have been analyzed by in vivo and in vitro techniques and the group has been denominated the amazonian variant of v. cholerae o1.19957535309
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: vibrio cholerae o1--western hemisphere, 1991-1994, and v. cholerae o139--asia, 1994. 19957535870
synthesis of specifically deoxygenated analogues of the methyl alpha-glycoside of the intracatenary monosaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1.treatment of methyl alpha-d-perosaminide (1) with gamma-butyrolactone gave the 2'-deoxy analogue of methyl 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido)-alpha-d-mannopyranos ide (13), the methyl alpha-glycoside of the intracatenary monosaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1. the analogous 4'-deoxy derivative was obtained by hydrogenolysis of a 4'-chlorodeoxy precursor, obtained by chlorination of methyl 2,3-di-o-benzyl-4-(2-o-benzyl-3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronamido ...19957537627
immunochemistry of group a and inaba c antigen factors constituting the o antigen of o1 vibrio cholerae.serological cross-reactivity among intact lipopolysaccharides (lps) from o1 vibrio cholerae inaba o-form (inaba), yersinia enterocolitica o9 (o9), non-o1 v. cholerae serogroup hakata (hakata) and vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 variant (1875 variant) (all of which share inaba antigen factor c), as well as a total of six kinds of chemically modified lps (three from o9 and three from inaba) was demonstrated by passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition by using these lps as antigen for sensitizi ...19957538078
bivalent vaccines against bacterial enteropathogens: construction of live attenuated vaccine strains with two o-serotype specificities.a considerable interest exists worldwide in the development of live attenuated oral vaccines against diarrhoeal diseases. in addition to vaccination against the corresponding pathogens, such vaccine strains can be used as carriers for the expression of protective antigens from other organisms. the antigenic repertoire of a given vaccine strain may thereby be extended, potentially leading to a bivalent vaccine. the lipopolysaccharide is known to be a major antigenic surface component of bacterial ...19947540016
putative o-antigen transport genes within the rfb region of vibrio cholerae o1 are homologous to those for capsule transport.the nucleotide sequence of that part of the vibrio cholerae (vc) o1 rfb region encompassing rfbg, rfbh and rfbi is presented. expression of these genes has enabled the products for rfbg and rfbi to be confirmed, but the rfbh product has not been detected. comparisons with the sequences of known proteins reveals that rfbh and rfbi are likely to be involved in the export of lipopolysaccharide (lps). rfbh shows considerable homology to a number of integral membrane proteins, some of which have been ...19957540582
cholera in the americas. 19957544147
cholera in 1994. part i.in 1994, vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor, the agent responsible for the seventh cholera pandemic which began in 1961, continued to spread in all regions of the world (map 1). in all, 384,403 cholera cases were officially reported to who in 1994 (a 2% increase over 1993), reversing the downward trend which started in 1992. a total of 10,692 deaths were reported in 1994, increasing the reported global case-fatality ratio (cfr) to 2.8% from 1.8% in 1993. cholera cases were notified from 94 countr ...19957544150
efficacy and tolerability of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in adult household contacts of patients with cholera.we conducted a randomized double-blinded study in lima, peru, to assess the tolerability and efficacy of a single 250-mg dose of ciprofloxacin in preventing diarrhea and vibrio cholerae o1 infection among household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed index cases. adult household contacts with negative baseline stool cultures were included. a total of 213 household contacts were evaluable. the study drugs were well tolerated in both groups. ciprofloxacin did not prevent the acquisition of v. ...19957548495
ciprofloxacin for the treatment of cholera: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial of a single daily dose in peruvian adults.we conducted a randomized, double-blind clinical trial to compare ciprofloxacin (250 mg once a day for 3 days) with tetracycline (500 mg four times a day for 3 days) in terms of efficacy and safety in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cholera in peruvian adults. the baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. a total of 202 patients (102 in the tetracycline group and 100 in the ciprofloxacin group) were included in the efficacy analysis. the clinical and bacteriologic efficacies of th ...19957548496
a simple and rapid method for transformation of vibrio species by electroporation. 19957550730
cholera toxin (ctx) genetic element in vibrio cholerae o139.pfge analysis of the noti- and sfii-digested genome of vibrio cholerae o139 strains isolated from different epidemic regions of india showed that all the strains are of clonal origin and the genome size is about 2.2 mb. an analysis of the electrophoretic profiles of the genome of o139 strains, the rflp of the cholera toxin (ctx) gene and southern blot hybridization of noti-digested genomes of classical, el tor and o139 with a noti-linking clone of classical strain 569b, suggest that these strain ...19957551060
structure of the capsular polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal containing d-galactose 4,6-cyclophosphate.the capsular polysaccharide (cps) of vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal, which is thought to carry determinants of o-specificity, was isolated by phenol/water extraction followed by delipidation of the contaminating lipopolysaccharide at ph 4.2 and gel-permeation chromatography. the cps contained d-galactose, 3,6-dideoxy-l-xylo-hexose (colitose, col), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (n-acetyl-d-quinovosamine, d-quinac), d-galacturonic acid (d-gala), and phosphat ...19957556186
characterization of phage phi o139, a vibrio cholerae o139 temperate bacteriophage with cohesive dna termini.a temperate bacteriophage isolated from vibrio cholerae o139, the new epidemic strain of cholera, was found to have a polyhedral head 65 nm in diameter and a rigid contractile tail 120 nm in length. the phage chromosome was a double-stranded dna of 35 kb, with unique cohesive ends and had a g + c content of 58.8%. a restriction map of the phage dna was constructed using the restriction endonucleases avai and bsteii. the phage, whose presence could be detected in nine out of 13 v. cholerae o139 i ...19957557312
amino acids of the cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae o37 strain s7 which differ from those of strain o1. 19957557467
initial studies of the structural signal for extracellular transport of cholera toxin and other proteins recognized by vibrio cholerae.the specificity of the pathway used by vibrio cholerae for extracellular transport of cholera toxin (ct) and other proteins was examined in several different ways. first, v. cholerae was tested for the ability to secrete the b polypeptides of the type ii heat-labile enterotoxins of escherichia coli. genes encoding the b polypeptide of lt-iib in pbluescriptks- phagemids were introduced into v. cholerae by electroporation. culture supernatants and periplasmic extracts were collected from cultures ...19957558324
evaluation of dna probes for specific detection of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.two dna probes, 2r1 and 2r3, prepared from a region in the chromosome specific for the lipopolysaccharide o side chains of vibrio cholerae o139 (m.k. waldor and j.j. mekalanos, lancet 343:1366, 1994) were examined for their specificity and sensitivity. both probes did not hybridize with any strain of v. cholerae belonging to serogroups other than o139 and to any of the other species examined belonging to the family vibrionaceae. among the 126 strains of v. cholerae o139 examined, probe 2r1 hybri ...19957559975
peru-15, an improved live attenuated oral vaccine candidate for vibrio cholerae o1.cholera vaccine candidate peru-15 was derived from a vibrio cholerae o1 el tor inaba strain by deleting the cholera toxin genetic element, introducing the gene encoding cholera toxin b subunit into reca, and screening for nonmotility. in a controlled study, peru-15 (2 x 10(8) cfu) was administered to 11 volunteers. no vaccinee developed diarrhea, and 10 of 11 had > 4-fold rises in vibriocidal antibody titers. one month later, 5 vaccinees and 5 control volunteers were challenged with wild type v. ...19957561195
rapid detection of vibrio cholerae with a new selective enrichment medium and polymerase chain reaction.the inhibitory effect of metallic edta compounds on growth of vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli was studied. only fe-edta among the compounds tested showed ph-dependent growth inhibition on e. coli at ph 9.0, but no inhibition of v. cholerae at the same ph. by addition of fe-edta as a selective inhibitor, a novel enrichment broth (tentatively designated as vcf broth) for the selective isolation and cultivation of v. cholerae from other gram-negative bacilli has been developed, and the selecti ...19957561254
distribution of the cytolethal distending toxin a gene (cdta) among species of shigella and vibrio, and cloning and sequencing of the cdt gene from shigella dysenteriae.we investigated the distribution of the cytolethal distending toxin a gene (cdta) among s. dysenteriae, vibrio cholerae 01 and vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers constructed from the nucleotide sequences of escherichia coli cdta gene reported independently by scott and kaper (infect immun 1994; 62: 244-51) and by pickett et al. (infect immun 1994; 62: 1046-51). the cdta gene reported by scott and kaper was found to occur among eight of the 35 strains of s. d ...19957565011
distribution of genes encoding cholera toxin, zonula occludens toxin, accessory cholera toxin, and el tor hemolysin in vibrio cholerae of diverse origins.a large collection of 1154 strains of vibrio cholerae of diverse origins including serogroups 01 and 0139 and those belonging to the non-01 and non-0139 (non-01:non-0139) serogroups were examined with a battery of dna probes specific for cholera toxin (ct), zonula occludens toxin (zot), accessory cholera toxin (ace) and el tor hemolysin (hly) to determine the distribution of genes among wild strains and to understand the importance of these factors in the pathogenesis of the disease cholera. amo ...19957565017
[the role of food in cholera transmission].the spreading of cholera, from peru to other latinoamerican countries in 1991, raised questions regarding food safety, food transportation and handling. control, prevention and risks implied in food import-export were also matters of concern. we deemed it interesting to determine the viability of vibrio cholerae in wide consumption food locally. selected food had different intrinsic characteristics such as: acidity (ph), water activity (aw), chemical composition, indigenous flora and other biolo ...19957565031
organization of tcp, acf, and toxt genes within a toxt-dependent operon.the toxin coregulated pilus (tcp) is required for vibrio cholerae to colonize the human intestine. the expression of the pilin gene, tcpa, is dependent upon toxr and upon toxt. the toxt gene was recently mapped within the tcp biogenesis gene cluster and shown to be capable of activating a tcpa::tnphoa fusion when cloned in escherichia coli. in this study, we determined that toxr/toxt activation occurs at the level of tcpa transcription. toxt expressed in e. coli could activate a tcp operon fusio ...19957565104
characterization of the melanogenic system in vibrio cholerae, atcc 14035.the nature of the pigment formed by vibrio cholerae and the characterization of its biosynthetic pathway is shown. this microorganism is able to synthesize melanin-like pigment when cultured in the presence of l-tyrosine. other phenolic chemicals related to l-tyrosine do not lead to pigment production. the microorganism has no tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and the levels of dopa oxidase activity are very low, making the existence of a tyrosinase very unlikely. however, vibrio cholerae contained ...19957567791
iron transport genes of the pjm1-mediated iron uptake system of vibrio anguillarum are included in a transposonlike structure.the pjm1 genes encoding the proteins involved in iron transport in the anguibactin iron uptake system were found to be flanked by insertion sequences in a composite transposonlike structure. these vibrio anguillarum insertion sequences, isv-a1 and isv-a2, are related to is903, is102, and the isvs found in vibrio parahaemoliticus, vibrio mimicus, and non-o1 vibrio cholerae flanking various tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin) genes. the inverted repeats at the ends of isv-a1 and isv-a2 have no mor ...19957568465
specificity of cholera screen test during an epidemic of cholera-like disease due to vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal. 19947570828
the clinical pattern of diarrhoeal illness caused by the new epidemic variant of non-o1 vibrio cholerae. 19947570835
studies of infection with vibrio cholerae o139 synonym bengal in family contacts of index cases. 19947570836
impaired immune response to natural infection as a correlate of vaccine failure in a field trial of killed oral cholera vaccines.in a field trial carried out in 1985 in matlab, bangladesh, the authors evaluated whether subjects who developed vibrio cholerae 01 infections during the first year after earlier receipt of b subunit-killed whole cell (bs-wc) or killed whole cell-only (wc) oral cholera vaccines exhibited deficient serum vibriocidal immune responses to these infections. after severe v. cholerae 01 infections (n = 70) in subjects > 5 years of age, the age group in which both vaccines were efficacious, a 6.5 geomet ...19957572947
cholera gravis caused by vibrio cholerae o139, a novel, imported pathogen. 19957578754
[the role of ultrastructural changes of suckling rabbit lungs in pathogenesis of experimental cholera]. 19957579278
in bacillus subtilis 168, teichoic acid of the cross-wall may be different from that of the cylinder: a hypothesis based on transcription analysis of tag genes.five of the genes known to encode the enzymes for the synthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate), the major teichoic acid of bacillus subtilis 168, are organized in two divergently transcribed operons, tagab and tagdef. lacz and gus transcriptional fusions to the first genes of these operons revealed that: (i) in media of different richness, higher growth rates were paralleled by lower transcription levels; (ii) upon transition to stationary phase, the transcription per unit mass of both operons incr ...19957581998
circular dichroism of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o1 and some related derivatives.the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of vibrio cholerae o1 is a homopolymer of alpha-(1 --> 2)-linked 4-amino-4, 6-dideoxy-d-mannopyranose whose amino group is acylated with 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid [n-(3-deoxy-l-glycero- tetronyl)-alpha-d-perosamine]. the circular dichroism (cd) of the o-sp as well as of a number of n-acyl (formyl, acetyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 3-deoxy-l-and d-glycero-tetronyl) derivatives of methyl alpha-glycosides of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannopyranose (methyl alpha-d-perosa ...19957585695
synthesis and crystal structure of methyl 4-6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l- glycero-tetronamido)-2-o-methyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside, the methyl alpha-glycoside of the terminal unit, and presumed antigenic determinant, of the o-specific polysaccharide of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotype ogawa.methyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-3-o-benzyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and its analogous 3-o-(4-methoxybenzyl) derivative were methylated and the 2-o-methyl derivatives formed were converted into methyl 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-o-methyl-alpha-d- mannopyranoside [sequence: see text]. reaction of the latter with 3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronolactone gave the methyl glycoside of 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-deoxy-l-glycero- tetronamido)-2-methyl-alpha-d-mannopyranose [sequence: see text], the monosaccharide that is reported to ...19957585718
aggregation properties of semisynthetic gd1a ganglioside (iv3neu5acii3neu5acggose4cer) containing an acetyl group as acyl moiety.gd1a ganglioside containing an acetyl group as acyl moiety, gd1a(acetyl), was synthesized from natural gd1a. the aggregative properties in aqueous solution of gd1a(acetyl) have been studied by static and dynamic laser light-scattering measurements. gd1a(acetyl) spontaneously aggregates as small micelles showing a hydrodynamic radius and molecular mass of 33 a and 96 kda, respectively. vibrio cholerae sialidase showed a very high activity on the micelles of gd1a(acetyl), compared to gd1a. this ha ...19957586091
the structure of the lipid a-core region of the lipopolysaccharides from vibrio cholerae o1 smooth strain 569b (inaba) and rough mutant strain 95r (ogawa).the lipopolysaccharides (lps) from vibrio cholerae 95r, a rough mutant strain of o1 v. cholerae 162 (ogawa), and from smooth o1 v. cholerae 569b (inaba) were de-o-acylated. in each case, one part of the products was treated with 48% aqueous hf which removed the phosphoryl and fructose residues, then reduced, de-n-acylated, and n-acetylated. another part was de-n-acylated by treatment with hot koh. the products of both degradation pathways were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromat ...19957588739
c reactive protein and prealbumin as markers of disease activity in shigellosis.to evaluate serum c reactive protein (crp) and prealbumin concentrations as markers of disease activity in shigellosis this study serially measured serum concentrations of crp and prealbumin in 39 patients infected with shigella spp, and a comparison group of 10 patients infected with vibrio cholerae serotype 01. on admission, patients with shigellosis had significantly higher median concentrations of crp (109 v 5 mg/l; p < 0.01) and significantly lower median concentrations of prealbumin (16 v ...19957590438
development of highly specific monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of vibrio cholerae 01.we report here the development of two monoclonal antibodies, termed 5g8 and 5c12, belonging to the igm and igg1 class, respectively, suitable for the identification of vibrio cholerae 01 in clinical and environmental samples. the specificities of the monoclonals were evaluated by elisa and indirect immunofluorescent microscopy of microorganisms normally present in stool samples and with two bacterial panels. one panel included 72 potentially antigenically related bacterial strains and the second ...19957590791
the ompu outer membrane protein, a potential adherence factor of vibrio cholerae.expression of the ompu outer membrane protein of vibrio cholerae is positively regulated by toxr, which also regulates critical virulence factors such as cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus colonization factor. in this study, we have characterized the 38-kda ompu protein and investigated its role in the adhesion of v. cholerae to mammalian cells. the amino-terminal sequence of ompu has similarity with the sequences of haemophilus influenzae hmw1 and hmw2 adhesins, which, in turn, also ...19957591082
multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic vibrio cholerae and to biotype vibrio cholerae o1.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed to identify cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae and to biotype v. cholerae o1. enterotoxin-producing v. cholerae strains were identified with a primer pair that amplified a fragment of the ctxa2-b gene. vibrio cholerae o1 strains were simultaneously differentiated into biotypes with three primers specified for the hyla gene in the same reaction. the hlya amplicon in the multiplex pcr serves as an internal control when testing toxin-pr ...19957592121
molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in nepal by southern hybridization with a cholera toxin gene probe.a cholera epidemic broke out in 1992 due to vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor in the eastern and southern belt of nepal mainly among the bhutanese refugees. restriction fragment profiles (rfp) of dna fragments of v. cholerae o1 isolates hybridized with an enzyme-labelled oligonucleotide probe for cholera toxin gene (ctx) by southern hybridization were compared. the probe hybridized with the 13- and 8-kb fragments of psti-digested total dna in all isolates observed in the epidemic. this rfp in th ...19957594311
plasmid profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of vibrio cholerae o1 strain isolated during a recent outbreak in nigeria.in a study on the outbreak of cholera in nigeria in 1992, 86 strains of vibrio cholerae o1 (79 ogawa serotype and 7 inaba serotype) were isolated. antimicrobial susceptibility testing and plasmid profile analysis of the strains were done. most isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin, and less sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline. the strain ...19957594312
vibriocidal activities of some local herbs.four of the seven tested medicinal plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against vibrio cholerae. these 7 plants are: ficus capensis, mitragyna stipulosa, entada africana, piliostigma reticulatum, terminalia avicennoides, mimosa pudica, and lannea acida. of them terminalia avicennoides showed higher antimocrobial activity than others. potentials of these herbs in the control of cholera need to be determined.19957594314
vibrio cholerae o139 bengal infections among tourists to southeast asia: an intercontinental foodborne outbreak.to determine the source and extent of an outbreak of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal infections among 630 cruise ship passengers to southeast asia, a retrospective cohort study was done. questionnaires were sent to all passengers from the united states, canada, and the united kingdom, and serum samples were requested from all passengers reporting diarrhea. a case was defined as diarrheal illness with onset between 8 and 28 february 1994 and a cholera antitoxic antibody titer > or = 800. six passenge ...19957594688
[in vitro antibacterial activity of balofloxacin (blfx) against isolates from patients with bacterial enteritis].in vitro antibacterial activity of balofloxacin (blfx), a newly developed fluoroquinoline, was compared with that of norfloxacin (nflx), ofloxacin (oflx) and ciplofloxacin (cpfx). bacterial strains used in this experiment were freshly isolated from patients with infectious enteritis just before blfx therapy. the isolates were 43 strains of vibrio cholerae o1, 1 strain of campylobacter sp., 4 strains of aeromonas spp., 3 strains of plesiomonas shigelloides, 1 strain of vibrio mimicus and 1 strain ...19957594800
[characterization of a multiresistant strain of vibrio cholerae o1, isolated from a case of cholera in chile].this report characterizes a multiresistant vibrio cholerae o1 strain, isolated from a patient with cholera, and investigates the mechanism of resistance. the analyzed strain was resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. the resistance was mediated by a 101 megadalton plasmid that was transferred to the resultant of a conjugation assay between the multiresistant v. cholerae strain and e. coli c-600 used as receptor strain, that acquired the triple resistance of ...19947597345
haemagglutinating property & cell surface hydrophobicity of vibrio cholerae 0139.cell-associated haemagglutinating activity was detected in all the epidemic strains of v. cholerae 0139 and 01, isolated in different parts of the country, with erythrocytes from rabbit, rat, chicken and guinea pig. sheep erythrocytes were unresponsive to both groups of strains. while d-mannose, alpha-methyl-d-mannoside, glucosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, thyroglobuline were effective inhibitors of the haemagglutinating activity of the v. cholerae 0139 and 01 strains, galactose and n-acetyl-d- ...19957601494
[molecular epidemiological study on vibrio cholerae o139].genomic dna from 56 vibrio cholerae o139 strains isolated in various countries was digested with sfi i or not i and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). eight different pfge patterns were identified. although the patterns of a large majority of ct-gene-positive epidemic strains isolated in india, bangladesh and thailand were the same or similar, but were slightly different from those of two ct-positive strains from india and nepal. on the other hand, the patterns of ct-negative t ...19957602181
[vibrio cholerae strains resistant to vibriostatic factor 0/129 isolated from a patient with cholera in poland].the vibrio cholerae strain of biotype el tor and serotype ol ogawa was isolated from a 45-year old man after his return from india, hospitalized in głogów (wsse legnica) with symptoms of food poisoning and considerable dehydration. from culture on alkaline agar, the vibrio cholerae strain was isolated and manifested typical biochemical and serological properties except for resistance to the vibriostatic factor 0/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl-pteridine). in addition, the strain was resistant t ...19947603133
brucella antibodies and oral cholera vaccination. 19957603186
effect of dilution, incubation time, and temperature of enrichment on cultural and pcr detection of vibrio cholerae obtained from the oyster crassostrea virginica.the recovery of vibrio cholerae 01 by culture from the oyster crassostrea virginica and detection of the cholera toxin gene by polymerase chain reaction were evaluated using various enrichment procedures in alkaline peptone water. the effects of dilutions (1:10 and 1:100), incubation times (6-8 and 18-21 h), and incubation temperatures (35 and 42 degree) were determined. recovery of v.cholerae was significantly greater (p<0.05) from oyster homogenates diluted 1:100 in alkaline peptone water and ...19957603474
two highly similar multidrug transporters of bacillus subtilis whose expression is differentially regulated.the bacillus subtilis genome encodes two multidrug efflux transporters sharing 51% sequence identity: bmr, described previously, and blt, described here. overexpression of either transporter in b. subtilis leads to a similar increase in resistance to ethidium bromide, rhodamine and acridine dyes, tetraphenylphosphonium, doxorubicin, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. however, blt differs widely from bmr in its expression pattern. under standard cultivation conditions, b. subtilis expresses bmr but ...19957608059
a monoclonal antibody-based dot-blot elisa diagnostic kit for the detection of vibrio cholerae 01 in stools of diarrheic patients and household contacts.a "cholera diagnostic kit" was developed for sensitive, specific, rapid, and inexpensive detection of vibrio cholerae 01. the monoclonal antibody specific to antigen a of vibrio cholerae 01 was used as an antigen detection reagent and the principle of dot-blot elisa was adopted. the kits were used in seven regional medical sciences centres, ministry of public health, located at various regions of thailand where diarrhea occurs frequently. diagnostic efficiency of the kits in the detection of vib ...19947612110
the vibrio cholerae hlyc gene encodes a protein that is related to lipases of pseudomonas species.the nucleotide sequence of the vibrio cholerae n16961 hlyc gene was determined. the hlyc gene encompasses 513 nucleotides that are predicted to encode a 171-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 18.2 kda. the predicted hlyc protein contains a region that is 93.5% similar to the substrate-binding/catalytic domain of the pseudomonas species triacylglycerol acylhydrolase (lipase). the proposed catalytic serine residue is also conserved in the hlyc protein. the contribution of the ...19957612931
isolation of sucrose late-fermenting and nonfermenting variants of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal: implications for diagnosis of cholera.the sucrose-containing selective medium thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar missed a sucrose nonfermenting and four sucrose late-fermenting variant strains of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal from diarrheal stools. these strains were, however, correctly identified as v. cholerae o139 on a sucrose-deficient selective medium, taurocholate-tellurite-gelatin agar.19957615751
[studies on vibrio cholerae non-o1 isolated from diarrheal patients arrived from overseas].between the period january 1991 to june 1993, there were 23,976,238 travellers who arrived from overseas to narita airport, of which 20,501 stool specimens were collected from diarrheal patients for bacteriological examination, and infectious agents were detected from 2,751 cases (13.4%) including 250 cases (1.2%) of vibrio cholerae non-o1. countries suspected of infection of these patients were thailand, the most in number, and followed by indonesia, india and so on these mostly distributed in ...19957616008
decrease in culturability of vibrio cholerae caused by glucose.the culturability of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype inaba strain 569b was decreased by the addition of glucose to cell suspensions in starvation media. a similar effect was observed with sucrose, maltose, and fructose. we term this inhibitory effect glucose shock. it was not observed with arabinose or xylose or with carboxylates, such as acetate and pyruvate. no acidification of the medium occurred in the presence of these carbohydrates. glucose shock was prevented by the addition of nitrogen or ph ...19957618870
cholera: calamitous past, ominous future.from the pandemics of the 19th century to the recent disaster in goma, zaire, cholera has left an indelible mark on human and medical history. cholera pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries drove the development of epidemiology as a serious science. cholera has continued to press advances in the concepts of disease ecology, basic membrane biology, and transmembrane signaling and in the application of scientific information to treatment design. furthermore, the lessons learned from the study of ...19957620035
bacterial response to host signals: analysis and applications. 19937622356
cholera admissions in adults 1989-1994: a hospital based study.in order to gain insight into the distribution of cholera over the years and proportion of monthly admissions under our adult medical services, we scrutinized our records of hospital discharges between 1989 and 1994. only culture positive cases were included. each year most of the cases of cholera are admitted between may and november with almost disease free interval from december to april. in 1992 admission rate was 4.24/1000 medical admissions which increased to 12.65 in 1993 and 13.73 in 199 ...19957623405
identification of errors among database sequence entries and comparison of correct amino acid sequences for the heat-labile enterotoxins of escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae. 19957623669
isolation and characterization of the exo-enterotoxin of vibrio cholerae strain 110 cal.vibrio cholerae "strain 110 cal" from calabar, nigeria were grown in syncase broth. exo-enterotoxin secreted into the medium was then isolated purified and characterized. the toxin had enterotoxic activity using the infant mouseassay of world health organization. the toxin also had a molecular weight of about 89,000 daltons by gel filtration through sephadex g-150 and 100,000 daltons by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). the toxin exhibited two subunits with molecular weights of about 63 ...19957626525
dynamics of non-o1 vibrio cholerae and fecal coliforms in experimental stabilization ponds in the arid region of marrakesh, morocco, and the effect of ph, temperature, and sunlight on their experimental survival.we studied the spatial-temporal dynamics of non-o1 vibrio cholerae numbers at a stabilization pond treatment plant. this bacterium's seasonal dynamics were the inverse of those of fecal coliforms, with high levels in hot periods and low levels in cold periods. stabilization pond treatment did not significantly reduce non-o1 v. cholerae numbers between the system's inflow and outflow points. in contrast, fecal coliforms were reduced by 98.95% in hot periods and by 94.91% in cold periods. signific ...19957627909
zonula occludens toxin modulates tight junctions through protein kinase c-dependent actin reorganization, in vitro.the intracellular signaling involved in the mechanism of action of zonula occludens toxin (zot) was studied using several in vitro and ex vivo models. zot showed a selective effect among various cell lines tested, suggesting that it may interact with a specific receptor, whose surface expression on various cells differs. when tested in iec6 cell monolayers, zot-containing supernatants induced a redistribution of the f-actin cytoskeleton. similar results were obtained with rabbit ileal mucosa, wh ...19957635964
epidemiology of cholera in delhi--1992.cholera is endemic in delhi and is a highly seasonal disease. suspected cholera cases are referred to infectious diseases hospital, delhi. rectal swabs from 2783 cases were bacteriologically examined during 1992, out of which 1075 were found to be positive for vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor. first isolation was made on 3 april and the last on 14 december. about 87 per cent isolations were made between may and september, which are summer and monsoon months in delhi. detailed epidemiological in ...19957636931
emergence of tetracycline resistance due to a multiple drug resistance plasmid in vibrio cholerae o139.of the 173 clinical strains of vibrio cholerae o139 isolated from india, bangladesh, and thailand tested, six strains from india were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and gentamicin. these six strains harbored a self-transmissible plasmid that mediated resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and o/129. the multiple drug resistance plasmids were 200 kb in size and belonged to the incompatibil ...19957640673
vibrio cholerae o139 produces a protease which is indistinguishable from the haemagglutinin/protease of vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1.haemaglutinin/protease (ha/p) is one of the virulence factors of vibrio cholerae o1 and pathogenic strains of v. cholerae non-o1. in this study, we examined protease activity of a new serogroup of vibrio cholerae recently designated as o139 synonym bengal. the protease activity was produced by all eight isolates of v. cholerae o139 from bangladeshi patients. purification and partial characterization of the protease from v. cholerae o139 demonstrated the purified protease (o139-p) was indistingui ...19957640676
public health impact of rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in goma, zaire, in july, 1994? goma epidemiology group.the flight of 500,000-800,000 rwandan refugees into the north kivu region of zaire in july, 1994, overwhelmed the world's response capacity. during the first month after the influx, almost 50,000 refugees died, an average crude mortality rate of 20-35 per 10,000 per day. this death rate was associated with explosive epidemics of diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholerae 01 and shigella dysenteriae type 1. 3-4 weeks after the influx of refugees, acute malnutrition rates among children under 5 ...19957646638
why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among rwandan refugees in goma, zaire.in july, 1994, in one of the worst cholera outbreaks in recent times, an estimated 12,000 rwandan refugees died in goma in eastern zaire. the vibrio cholerae strains were resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline, the commonly used drugs for cholera treatment. despite the efforts of international organisations, which provided medical relief by establishing treatment centres in goma, mortality from the disease was much higher than expected. in the area of muganga camp, which had the largest conce ...19957646639
prevalence of vibrio cholerae with heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st) and cholera toxin genes; restriction fragment length polymorphisms of nag-st genes among v. cholerae o serogroups from a major shrimp production area in thailand.a total of 148 vibrio cholerae isolates from a major shrimp production area in southern thailand were examined by colony hybridisation for genes encoding heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st) and cholera toxin (ct). only non-o1 v. cholerae strains were found to harbour nag-st (14 of 146) whereas no strains hybridised with the ct probe. nag-st-positive v. cholerae non-o1 strains were isolated from shrimp farms situated close to urban areas. five different o serogroups were found among nag-st positive ...19957650730
[the interrelationships between vibrio cholerae and the infusorian tetrahymena pyriformis].the results of the study of interaction between v. cholerae of different virulence and t. pyriformis are presented. the study has revealed the heterogeneity of v. cholerae population: alongside easily phagocytized vibrios, there are vibrios resistant to the digestive action of t. pyriformis. an increase in the number of v. cholerae in association with t. pyriformis has been evaluated, taking into account the selective multiplication of vibrios resistant to phagocytosis. the data on changes in th ...19957653129
[the reasons for the resistance of vibrio cholerae to diagnostic phages].phage resistance of 225 strains of cholera germs of o1 group obtained from different countries in 1988-1992 has been analyzed. change of sensitivity to diagnostic phages was mostly connected with the decrease or loss of agglutinability in cholera sera. phage resistance is rather conditioned by the change of the surface structures of the cell and by further change of phage reception zones. the increase in the number of strains sensitive to diagnostic phages after 6-12 months of storage evidenced ...19957655658
initial clinical studies of cvd 112 vibrio cholerae o139 live oral vaccine: safety and efficacy against experimental challenge.since october 1992, epidemics of cholera associated with vibrio cholerae o group 139 have occurred in india, bangladesh, and much of the rest of asia. a volunteer model was used to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an attenuated delta ctxa delta zot delta ace delta cep v. cholerae o139 vaccine strain, designated cvd 112. six volunteers received 10(6) cfu and 6 received 10(8) cfu of cvd 112. no subject who received the 10(6) dose had diarrhea or other severe symptoms after vac ...19957658089
immunoglobulin mutant library genetically screened for folding stability exploiting bacterial signal transduction.a model repertoire of variants of immunoglobulin kappa variable domain reiv with different folding stabilities was generated by oligonucleotide-directed randomization of position 29, a key conserved residue of hypervariable loop 1. fused to toxr', the membrane-anchored cytoplasmic domain of the vibrio cholerae toxr transcription activator, different members of the library induce different levels of transcription from the ctx promoter in escherichia coli. differences in transcription activation c ...19957658465
the 2.4 a crystal structure of cholera toxin b subunit pentamer: choleragenoid.cholera toxin, a heterohexameric ab5 enterotoxin released by vibrio cholera, induces a profuse secretory diarrhea in susceptible hosts. choleragenoid, the b subunit pentamer of cholera toxin, directs the enzymatic a subunit to its target by binding the gm1 gangliosides exposed on the luminal surface of intestinal epithelial cells. the crystal structure of choleragenoid has been independently solved and refined at 2.4 a resolution by combining single isomorphous replacement with non-crystallograp ...19957658472
membrane insertion of the bacterial signal transduction protein toxr and requirements of transcription activation studied by modular replacement of different protein substructures.the vibrio cholerae protein toxr is an integral membrane protein that acts as a transcription activator in response to environmental signals; it controls expression of toxin genes ctxa and ctxb, along with a variety of other genes related to pathogenicity. here it is shown that: (i) toxr has a modular architecture and that activation of transcription starting at the ctx promoter depends strictly on dimerization of the periplasmic toxr domain; (ii) the transmembrane (tm) region of toxr is suffici ...19957664730
the first epidemic of vibrio cholerae o139. 19957665689
cell-surface charge and cell-surface hydrophobicity of collagen-binding aeromonas and vibrio strains.partitioning in aqueous polymer two-phase systems of polyethylene glycol and dextran was used to detect and compare cell-surface charge and cell-surface hydrophobicity of aeromonas hydrophila, a. caviae, a. sobria, vibrio cholerae, and v. anguillarum strains. these strains have cell-surface components that bound either native or thermally denatured type i collagen (i.e., a mixture of the alpha1+alpha2 chains) and gelatin immobilized on latex beads. our goals were: (1) to compare the possible rel ...19957668930
[choice of commercial elective nutrient media for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios of different species].commercial nutrient media and their modifications are assessed, including elective differentiation medium for v. cholerae developed at the rostov research anti-plague institute for the isolation of pathogenic vibrios. v. cholerae cholerae p-1 (145), v. cholerae el tor m-878, v. cholerae non 01 p-9741, e. coli 18, p. vulgaris 19, and 48 strains of vibrios belonging to different species were used in the study. all the strains used were characterized as to their nutritive requirements. alkaline aga ...19957670825
emergence of furazolidone and cotrimoxazole resistant vibrio cholerae 01 in eastern india. 19957673756
pathologic changes of gut in non-01 vibrio cholerae infection.a 14-year-old girl who had beta-thalassemia hemoglobin e disease was infected by bacteriologically proven non-01 vibrio cholerae at 2 months postsplenectomy and died 37 hours after onset of the malady. postmortem examination disclosed congestion, edema, and hemorrhagic foci of the mucosa of the small and large intestines. the gut mucosa was focally eroded. the gut wall was infiltrated by leucocytes, especially neutrophils, in all coats representing acute purulent and hemorrhagic enterocolitis. t ...19957673807
neuraminidase is essential for fowl plague virus hemagglutinin to show hemagglutinating activity.when hemagglutinin (ha) of fowl plague virus (fpv) was expressed in cv-1 cells by a simian virus 40 vector, hemadsorption was barely detectable, although ha was exposed at the cell surface. however, treatment of ha-expressing cells with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (vcna) resulted in extensive hemadsorption. vcna treatment enhanced the electrophoretic mobility of the ha1 subunit of ha, indicating the removal of sialic acid. when two oligosaccharides in the vicinity of the receptor binding site ...19957676651
use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit b in vibrio cholerae o1 strains.cholera toxin is the principal factor causing the profuse intestinal fluid secretion that is characteristic of cholera. the dna sequences of the cholera toxin subunit b structural genes from 45 vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in 29 countries over a period of 70 years were determined by automated dna sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons. three types of cholera toxin b subunit gene (ctxb) were identified. genotype 1 was found in strains of classical biotype worldwide and ...19937678018
cloning and genetic analysis of the vibrio vulnificus fur gene and construction of a fur mutant by in vivo marker exchange.vibrio vulnificus infections have been associated with iron overload and preexisting liver disease. iron may play a major role in the pathogenesis of v. vulnificus infections. many virulence genes, as well as genes involved in the transport of iron by bacteria, are regulated by iron, with increased expression under low-iron conditions. in escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, transcriptional regulation by iron depends on the fur gene. we utilized southern hybridization under low- and high-string ...19937678593
current progress in the development of the b subunits of cholera toxin and escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as carriers for the oral delivery of heterologous antigens and epitopes.the development of non-living carrier systems for delivery of protective antigens or epitopes to the immune system represents both a fundamental and an applied aspect of vaccinology. a wide range of carrier systems, ranging from inert supports to proteins that exert direct immunomodulating effects on the immune response, are being studied. in this overview we describe the current progress in the development of the b-subunits of cholera toxin and escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as potent ...19937679865
the molecular epidemiology of cholera in latin america.to explain the sudden appearance and rapid spread of cholera in latin america in january 1991, molecular techniques were used to define vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from around the world. restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rrna and ctxa genes, dna sequence of cholera toxin b subunit gene ctxb, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis data were used to characterize 197 isolates. worldwide, there are at least four distinct toxigenic el tor v. cholerae o1 clones: the seventh pandemic (eastern ...19937680060
molecular cloning and characterization of the genetic determinants that express the complete shigella serotype d (shigella sonnei) lipopolysaccharide in heterologous live attenuated vaccine strains.the genetic determinants for the complete shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (lps) have been cloned, characterized by restriction mapping, and expressed in heterologous genetic backgrounds, including salmonella typhi and vibrio cholerae live attenuated vaccine strains. the rfb/rfc locus encoding the polymerized serotype-specific o polysaccharide was mapped within 23 kb of dna isolated from s. sonnei virulence plasmid pwr105. a highly similar chromosomal dna sequence was identified by southern hy ...19937680409
cholera in 1992.in 1992, the seventh pandemic of vibrio cholerae o1 biotype e1 tor continued to spread throughout the world. sixty-eight countries, representing every region, reported 461,783 cases and 8,072 deaths, yielding a global case-fatality rate of 1.7% (map 1). a decrease was noted in the reported number of cases (22%) and deaths (58%) in 1992 as compared with 1991, but 9 additional countries were affected. all but 2 of the 21 countries in central and south america were affected. reports of 354,089 case ...19937686029
determination of the sialic acid linkage specificity of sialidases using lectins in a solid phase assay.a procedure for the determination of activity and linkage specificity of sialidases is described. the sialoglycoprotein fetuin is coated onto a microtiter plate and incubated with sialidases from different sources. enzymatic activities and linkage specificities are then determined by a sandwich method which measured the binding of different lectins to fetuin. the lectins used were peanut agglutinin (pna) from arachis hypogaea, which binds specifically the galactose beta-1-3-n-acetylgalactosamine ...19937686353
identification of heat-stable enterotoxin-producing strains of yersinia enterocolitica and vibrio cholerae non-o1 by a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.using a mouse monoclonal antibody (mab) 2f raised against vibrio cholerae non-o1 heat-stable enterotoxin (nag-st) which also recognizes a shared epitope of yersinia enterocolitica heat-stable enterotoxin (y-st), a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for independent detection of nag-st and y-st. there was good concordance between the y-st elisa and the suckling mouse assay (sma) for detection of y-st from test strains of y. enterocolitica, and the y-st elisa can ef ...19937686610
mutations in the rfbt gene are responsible for the ogawa to inaba serotype conversion in vibrio cholerae o1.in cultures of vibrio cholerae strains of ogawa serotype, variant strains which had undergone serotype conversion from ogawa to inaba were identified. the rfbt genes cloned from the parent strains were found to produce a 31-kda protein in the maxicell system, and to cause serotype conversion when introduced into e. coli cells expressing inaba serotype specificity. on the other hand, rfbt genes cloned from the variant strains neither produced the 31-kda protein nor caused serotype conversion. nuc ...19937688846
epidemiologic application of a standardized ribotype scheme for vibrio cholerae o1.a standardized scheme of 27 different bgli ribotypes and subtypes of vibrio cholerae o1 strains is proposed on the basis of data from 214 human and environmental strains isolated in 35 countries and 14 u.s. states over the past 60 years. the ribotype patterns obtained are reproducible and stable over time. seven different but very similar ribotypes (1a to 1g) were observed among 16 strains of the classical biotype. twenty ribotypes and subtypes were identified among 198 v. cholerae o1 strains of ...19937691876
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