Publications

antifungal activity of itraconazole and terbinafine in human stratum corneum: a comparative study.	the evaluation of antifungal agents by in vitro and animal experiments cannot predict clinical efficacy with certainty. new models are needed to assess and compare antifungal activity.	1995	7868711
tinea capitis in south wales--observations in change of causative fungi.	we report an observed change in the causative organisms in 45 consecutive cases of tinea capitis seen in the cardiff area over the last 9 years. direct microscopy using potassium hydroxide was positive in all but one case, but this was subsequently positive on culture. this retrospective analysis shows that more cases are being seen in our department, and that a higher proportion of cases are due to trichophyton violaceum whereas previously we would have expected the majority of cases to be due ...	1994	7889666
fungal infections in the netherlands. prevailing fungi and pattern of infection.	species of fungi have specific characteristics in geographic distribution, and they have a predilection for certain body areas.	1995	7894094
human dermatophyte-responsive t-cell lines recognize cross-reactive antigens associated with mannose-rich glycoproteins.	resistance to dermatophyte infections has been shown to be mediated in part by t lymphocytes. the dermatophyte antigens recognized by human t lymphocytes and their degree of cross-reactivity were analyzed. dermatophyte-responsive t-cell lines were generated by in vitro sensitization to crude fungal extracts obtained from trichophyton rubrum, trichophyton tonsurans, microsporum canis and epidermophyton floccosum. proliferation was measured by incorporation of 3h-thymidine. the human t-cell lines ...	1994	7921653
fungicin m4: a narrow spectrum peptide antibiotic from bacillus licheniformis m-4.	the strain bacillus licheniformis m-4 produces a 3.4 kda hydrophilic peptide with antifungal activity, named fungicin m4. analysis of the purified peptide shows that it contains the amino acids glu (8), arg (5), pro (4), tyr (8), val (3), met (2) and orn (4). its inhibitory spectrum is restricted to microsporum canis cect 2797, mucor mucedo cect 2653, mucor plumbeus ccm 443, sporothrix schenckii cect 2799, bacillus megaterium and corynebacterium glutamicum cect 78. fungicin m4 exerts biocidal ac ...	1994	7928782
enzyme patterns of dermatophytes.	exoenzymes produced by common dermatophytes, in addition to their ability to cause cutaneous inflammation, are thought to contribute to fungal spread. to investigate the patterns of enzymes released by common dermatophytes as well as scopulariopsis brevicaulis, the fungi were grown in liquid media containing either hair, stratum corneum, neopeptone or lipids, or in rpmi medium. enzymes recovered from the culture supernatants were compared using the api-zyme test. as a result, the widest range of ...	1994	7935585
dermatophytoses in iran.	a total of 12,150 cases of suspected dermatophytoses in different areas of iran were studied between 1986 and 1991. the age groups most commonly infected were 1-9 and 20-29 years. clinical diagnosis was confirmed in only 9345 cases by laboratory examination. of these positive samples, 1633 cases were found to be positive by direct microscopic observation only, 429 by culture only and 7283 by both techniques. scalp ringworm of children was the most common type of tinea. but according to the rate ...	1994	7935592
[exoenzymes of dermatophytes isolated from acute and chronic tinea].	the presence of five enzymes (deoxyribonuclease, elastase, lipase, caseinase and hemolysin) in 76 strains of dermatophytes 47 of trichophyton rubrum, 10 of t. mentagrophytes, five of t. tonsurans, 10 of microsporum canis and four of epidermophyton floccosum) isolated from 30 cases of acute dermatophytosis and from 46 chronic ones was determined by a qualitative plate assay; in the same way, the presence of these five enzymes with the acute and chronic dermatophytosis was correlated. it was obser ...	1994	7938939
tinea capitis and faciei caused by microsporon langeronii in two neonates.		1994	7971570
disk diffusion susceptibility testing of dermatophytes with allylamines.	allylamines are a newly developed group of drugs possessing a broad spectrum of activity against a wide range of fungi. with the advent of new antifungal drugs, susceptibility testing of fungi is receiving increased attention as important laboratory procedures for aiding in the selection of appropriate drug therapy.	1994	8002146
treatment of superficial mycoses in the tropics: whitfield's ointment versus clotrimazole.	in tropical primary health care, essential drugs should be safe, effective, and as inexpensive as possible. to treat the very common dermatophyte infections of the skin, one may use inexpensive whitfield's preparations, more expensive topical imidazole derivatives, or extremely expensive oral antifungals. because a cream base is felt to be more appropriate than an ointment in tropical conditions, we wanted to compare the effectiveness of whitfield's cream and a topical imidazole derivative in fi ...	1994	8002148
itraconazole versus griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea capitis: a double-blind randomized study in children.	tinea capitis is a fungal infection in which topical therapy is often unsuccessful. griseofulvin has been considered to be a first-line therapy. other antifungal agents are the azole derivatives. among these, itraconazole was compared with griseofulvin in children in a double-blind study.	1994	8002149
[synthesis and antifungal activity of 1-(2-[(4-substituted-phenyl) methoxy]-2-(substituted-phenyl) ethyl)-1h-azoles].	twenty nine 1-(2-[(4-substituted-phenyl) methoxy]-2-(substituted-phenyl) ethyl)-1h-azoles were synthesized for searching of more potent and less toxic antimycotic agents. nine of the title compounds are first reported. results of preliminary biological tests showed that most of the title compounds exhibited activity against the common pathogenic fungi such as candida albicans, microsporum bodin, trichophyton gypsum, epidermophyton floccosum, trichophyton violaceum, microsporum ferrugincum, trich ...	1993	8010011
dermatophytes and dermatophytoses in the milan area between 1970 and 1989.	between 1970 and 1989 we examined 13,019 patients with dermatophytoses in the milan area, northern italy. the results obtained during the 1980-89 period were compared with those obtained in the years 1970-79. from the data collected, tinea corporis emerged as the most frequently observed dermatophytosis, followed by tinea pedis and unguium. as far as dermatophytes are concerned, the dermatological pattern is dominated by microsporum canis and trichophyton rubrum. other species, such as epidermop ...	1993	8015563
tinea capitis in lahore, pakistan.	the causative fungi of tinea capitis vary with geography and time. this study was planned to identify the etiologic agents and determine clinicoetiologic correlations of tinea capitis in lahore, pakistan.	1994	8021080
microsporum canis infection of the thumb-nail.		1994	8033403
ecology and epidemiology of dermatophyte infections.	our knowledge of ecology and epidemiology of dermatophytes and the factors influencing their transmission has helped us understand better the natural history of dermatophytoses. it seems that the anthropophilic agents of scalp infection are being eradicated in developing nations. the exception is trichophyton tonsurans-related tinea capitis in north america. microsporum canis is a prevalent agent of tinea capitis in many regions of the world, and this could be related to close association of hum ...	1994	8077503
current therapy of dermatophytosis.	in the past dermatophytes were treated with topical agents or, in the case of more recalcitrant or extensive disease, with oral antifungals (griseofulvin or ketoconazole). topical therapies may be effective in many cases, but they have limitations. they may be viewed as inconvenient by the patient, thereby affecting compliance. therapy with early oral antifungals entails long treatment periods until complete cure is obtained. for ketoconazole rare but serious side effects can occur, particularly ...	1994	8077504
microsporum canis scalp ringworm: its primary or secondary ectothrix character.	this study supports the view that, in cases of tinea capitis due to a microsporum canis infection, ectothrix arthroconidium formation is extrapilary and arises from intrapilary hyphae. the hyphae of m. canis perforate and digest the hair cuticle to alter its appearance from a normally identifiable structure of imbricated cells with a distal free border, to a grossly altered and pathological layer. conidium production mainly takes place outside the hair shaft and forms thick clusters between the ...	1993	8108682
[gum-like exudate from laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove) as culture media for fungi].	morphological studies of eight species of fungus: aspergillus flavus microsporum canis, epidermophyton floccosum, curvularia lunata, cladosporium carrionii, natrassia mangífera (edo. scytalidium), sporotrix schenckii y rhizophus oligosporus, which belong to families mucedinaceae, dematiaceae and mucoraceae have been carried out in support medium based in gum exudate from laguncularia racemosa (mangle blanco). this native polimer contains galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, uronic acid and proteins. ...	1993	8123711
synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the novel homopropargylamine antimycotics.	analogues of the antimycotic allylamine terbinafine were prepared in which the naphthalene and the tert-butyl-acetylene moieties were preserved, but the spacer between these two groups was varied, and the antifungal activity of the new compounds was evaluated. all modifications of the original spacer such as reduction of the double bond, switching the position of the nitrogen atom, shortening, and elongation resulted in decreased potencies with one exception: compounds with the ch2nmech2ch2 grou ...	1994	8126700
antifungal activities of crude extracts of mitracarpus villosus (rubiaceae).	extracts of mitracarpus villosus leaves and inflorescences were investigated individually for in vitro antifungal activities by agar-diffusion and tube-dilution techniques. ethanolic extracts produced definite antifungal activities against trichophyton rubrum, microsporum gypseum, candida albicans, aspergillus niger and fusarium solani. the aqueous extracts and the glycerol vehicle control did not inhibit any of the fungi tested. the zones of inhibition produced by the ethanol extracts ranged fr ...	1993	8133654
epidemiological study of tinea capitis in puerto rico.	two separate studies were carried out to determine the dermatophytes responsible for tinea capitis in puerto rico. a retrospective study to determine those agents during the period between 1979 and 1989 revealed a total of 36 mycologically positive cases. the causative organisms consisted of the following species: m. canis, 14 cases (38.9%); t. mentagrophytes, 7 cases (19.4%); t. rubrum, 7 cases (19.4%); m. gypseum, 5 cases (13.9%); and t. tonsurans, t. verrucosum, unclassified microsporum speci ...	1993	8140209
[incidence of various etiologic agents of superficial mycosis].	in a retrospective review of laboratory records at the department of mycology, national institute of microbiology "dr. carlos g. malbrán", during the period june 1989-july 1991, 1225 putatively immunocompetent cases of superficial mycoses were identified. ninety five percent of these patients were adults and 5% children. among the total cases, dermatomycoses were caused, 67.6% by dermatophytes, 25.9% by yeasts, 5.9% by malassezia furfur. and 0.5% by other fungi, as proven by the isolation of the ...	1993	8140245
diagnosis of favus (avian dermatophytosis) in oriental breed chickens.	chickens of various oriental breeds (shamo and aseel) and crossbreeds in california's central valley were observed to have an unusual skin condition and feather loss. the appearance of white plaques on the comb, face, and/or ear lobes was followed by feather loss starting at the caudal base of the comb and progressing down the neck. although the cocks were affected first, the condition spread to the hens paired with those cocks. the birds showed no other signs of illness. the affected areas were ...	1993	8141747
influence of cyclic amp on the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in microsporum gypseum.	the influence of intracellular camp on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in microsporum gypseum has been examined using radiolabelled precursors. the incorporation of labelled choline, methionine and ethanolamine into total lipids, phospholipids and choline containing phospholipids increased in aminophylline and decreased in atropine grown cells as a result of rise and fall in camp levels in these cells. the enhanced uptake of labelled methionine and ethanolamine in comparison to labelled choline ...	1993	8144178
plants used in guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 2. evaluation of antifungal activity of seven american plants.	from 52 plants screened for antifungal activity, 26 (50%) were active against dermatophytes. this paper reports further evaluation of seven american plants against four pathogenic fungi (aspergillus flavus, epidermophyton floccosum, microsporum gypseum and trichophyton rubrum), the part showing most activity, the best solvent and, in three cases, the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) against the fungus in pure culture. antifungal activity was confirmed in all of the plants, but not all part ...	1993	8145577
immunogenicity in guinea-pigs of a crude ribosomal fraction from microsporum canis.	the immunogenicity of a crude ribosomal fraction (crf) extracted from microsporum canis was tested by assessing protection of vaccinated guinea-pigs (gp) against a challenge with the dermatophyte. stimulation of the humoral as well as the cellular immune systems of these animals was evaluated by elisa and the lymphocyte stimulation tests, respectively. in addition, the immune response elicited by the m. canis crf was examined for cross-reactivity towards trichophyton verrucosum antigen. the dura ...	1994	8147094
dermatophytes and other associated fungi isolated from ringworm lesions of camels.	among 75 camels showing skin lesions, 48% were positive for fungal infection. the younger individuals were more susceptible to this infection. sixteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from diseased camels. trichophyton, microsporum and chrysosporium were the most common genera. t. verrucosum appeared to be the main cause of ringworm in small camels while t. mentagrophytes infected older ones. camel skin presents a suitable habita ...	1993	8150398
gypsetin, a new inhibitor of acyl-coa:cholesterol acyltransferase produced by nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata ifo 9228. i. fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activity.	a novel inhibitor of acyl-coa:cholesterol acyltransferase (acat), designated gypsetin, was isolated from the cultured broth of nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata ifo 9228 by solvent extraction, silica gel chromatography and crystallization. gypsetin inhibited rat liver microsomal acat activity competitively with respect to the substrate oleoyl-coa with an apparent ki value of 5.5 microm. in cultured macrophage j774 cells incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein, gypsetin inhibited cholestery ...	1994	8150711
gypsetin, a new inhibitor of acyl-coa: cholesterol acyltransferase produced by nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata ifo 9228. ii. structure determination.	the elucidation of the structure of gypsetin, a new inhibitor of acyl-coa: cholesterol acyltransferase, is described in this paper. by spectroscopic and x-ray crystallographic analyses, the structure of gypsetin has been determined to be 8a,16a-dihydroxy-5a,13a-bis[1,1-dimethylallyl]-[1]benzazolidine [3''' 2''':4'',5'']azolidino[1'',2'':4',5'][1,4]perhydrodiazin[1', 2':1, 5]azolidino[2,3-b]-[1]benzazolidine-7,15-dione.	1994	8150712
[analysis of microsporum dermatomycoses in szczecin, its terrain and regions in the years 1985-1988].	the retrospective analysis of m. canis infections in szczecin and its region, and the comparison with other dermatomycoses are presented. the study comprised two groups of patients: 450 patients diagnosed between january 1985--december 1988 to have microsporum infections, and 449 patients with the diagnosis of dermatomycosis made between january 1986--december 1988. data collected in form of patients personal cards were subsequently analysed with the use of standard statistical methods. most of ...	1993	8154613
in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against some isolates of microsporum canis and microsporum gypseum.		1994	8202570
[uncommon caseous maxillary sinusitis of dental origin caused by microsporum canis].	the authors report an uncommon case of maxillary sinusitis due to microsporum canis. to their knowledge this is the first observation in which a zoophilic dermatophytic fungus which grows usually on keratin has been isolated in a dental maxillary sinusitis in human. this observation makes it possible to discuss nosologic and diagnostic features of dental caseous sinusitis and fungal sinusitis which are often or too often called aspergillosis sinusitis.	1993	8210096
epidemiological and diagnostic features of canine and feline dermatophytosis in the united kingdom from 1956 to 1991.	between 1956 and 1991, 8349 samples from dogs and cats were received for investigation of suspected dermatophytosis, and 1368 (16 per cent) yielded positive cultures. cats had a significantly higher proportion of positive cultures (26 per cent) than dogs (10 per cent), and of these microsporum canis accounted for 92 per cent in cats and 65 per cent in dogs. the other isolates were diverse but mainly sylvatic dermatophytes, and m gypseum was isolated on only four occasions. different breeds of do ...	1993	8212483
increasing importance of trichophyton tonsurans in childhood tinea in new south wales. the pattern of childhood tinea in new south wales, australia 1979-1988: the emergence of trichophyton tonsurans as an important pathogen in tinea capitis in white children.	a retrospective study was undertaken of 192 cases of culture proven tinea capitis occurring between 1979 and 1988 in a predominantly white population of children in new south wales (nsw). the aim of the study was to identify whether trichophyton tonsurans was increasing in importance in the causation of this condition in australia as it was in many other parts of the world. the results of our study were compared with those of earlier australian studies. our study demonstrated that trichophyton t ...	1993	8240189
the presence of dermatophytes in the environment and on healthy looking skin: their significance as a cause of disease in japan.		1993	8242801
tinea capitis in trinidad.	characteristics of clinically diagnosed cases of tinea capitis from trinidad are described. tinea capitis comprised 29.5% of all dermatophytoses seen at one general hospital out-patient dermatology clinic during a one-year period. males were more often affected than females and there was a predominance of patients of african descent. among the dermatophytes cultured trichophyton tonsurans was the most prevalent (52.9%), followed by microsporum canis (20.0%) and m. audouinii (18.6%). less frequen ...	1993	8254711
immunohistological characterization of the cellular infiltrate in dermatophytosis.	the local cell composition of skin infections caused by trichophyton rubrum (13 cases) and microsporum canis (2 cases) was examined using monoclonal antibodies and the abc immunoperoxidase technique. the number of langerhans cells increased both in the epithelium and in the dermis of the mycotic area. apart from these, only t cells were found in the dermis, among which helper cells were predominant. the helper/suppressor ratio showed variations depending upon the pathogen.	1993	8264718
fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes.	sixteen essential oils were screened in vitro for their fungitoxicity against the two dermatophytes trichophyton rubrum and microsporum gypseum. five oils (from artemisia nelagrica, caesulia axillaris, chenopodium ambrosioides, cymbopogon citratus and mentha arvensis) showed strong activity and were assessed for their fungitoxicity against eight other dermatophytes as well as against aspergillus fumigatus and cladosporium trichoides. these five essential oils by formulation of ointments were abl ...	1993	8264720
dermatophytosis of children in kuwait: a prospective survey.	tinea capitis in children is widely reported, whereas there have been only isolated reports on involvement of sites other than the scalp. the purpose of this study was to examine the epidemiological features and treatment responses of dermatophytosis of children in kuwait.	1993	8270336
dermatophyte pseudomycetoma: a case report.	a 25-year-old man presented with several prominent subcutaneous masses in the occipital region of the scalp. he had a long history of tinea capitis and tinea corporis infection. histopathology of the occipital lesions showed mycelial aggregates in the deep dermis and subcutis. cultures of the excised material and superficial scales grew a fungus identified as microsporum ferrugineum. we propose the term 'dermatophyte pseudomycetoma' to describe this distinctive mycosis.	1993	8286261
humoral immune responses in cats with dermatophytosis.	the igg and igm classes of antibodies to a water-soluble antigen preparation derived from microsporum canis were determined by elisa in the sera of 79 cats with dermatophytosis confirmed by results of fungal culture, and of 46 specific-pathogen-free-derived, barrier-maintained cats with no previous exposure to dermatophytes. of the 79 cats with dermatophytosis, the species isolated were: m canis from 72, m gypseum from 6, and trichophyton mentagrophytes from 1. concentrations of soluble m canis ...	1993	8291765
[reported frequency of dermatophytes in cats and dogs in austria].	during four years (1988-1991) 384 skin scrapings and hair samples obtained from cats and 636 samples obtained from dogs in austria were examined routinely for dermatophytes. in cats dermatophytes were isolated or found positive in unstained koh preparation in 50.3% of the samples. 90.7% of these cats were proved to be infected with microsporum canis. trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated in 5.2% and trichophyton spp. in 2.1% of the positive samples. in dogs dermatophytes were isolated from 12 ...	1993	8306866
[evaluation of susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs].	a serial dilution and a disc method were used for evaluation of susceptibility of 50 dermatophyte strains belonging to the species trichophyton rubrum, trichophyton mentagrophytes, microsporum canis and epidermophyton floccosum. following drugs were investigated: griseofulvin, pimaricin, clotrimoxazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, biphonazole and naftifin. application of two methods of testing resulted in high convergence of determinations. naftifin was most effective and pimaricin least active. a ...	1993	8309309
in vitro susceptibility testing of antimycotics.		1993	8318086
[causal agents of tinea of the scalp in the region of butare (rwanda)].	one hundred children with clinical symptoms of tinea capitis have been examined. the samples were inoculated on sabouraud medium and incubated at 25 degrees c. in 65 of 100 cultured samples at least one dermatophyte was isolated. in 42 cases trichophyton violaceum and in 26 cases microsporon langeroni was grown. the cultures of three patients resulted in the mixed growth of trichophyton violaceum and microsporon langeroni. determination of the type of tinea capitis on clinical symptoms alone is ...	1993	8323410
[enantioselective synthesis and antifungal activity of optically active econazole and miconazole].	in an effort to investigate the relationship between stereochemistry and antifungal activity of the antimycotic agents, optically active econazole and miconazole were first enantioselectively synthesized. the key step was the enantioselective reduction of 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethanone catalyzed by chiral oxazaborolidine. preliminary biological tests showed that (r)-(-)-econazole and (r)-(-)-miconazole were more active than the (s)-isomer and racemates against common pathogenic fungi s ...	1993	8328265
[pets as permanent excretors of zoonoses pathogens].	when scrutinizing zoonoses with regard to risks for human beings, the spectrum of pathogens with dogs, cats and birds leading to persistent infections and consequently to the fact that the animals become carriers and permanent excretors is relatively small. most of the zoonoses cause clinical symptoms and will be taken care of correspondingly. with regard to dogs there is a multitude of persistent infections that are transferred from the pet to the human being and vice versa. in reality, however ...	1993	8333899
in vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs: a comparison of two methods.	there is an evidence that some fungal strains are resistant to certain antimycotic drugs with resulting therapeutic failures. unlike testing of antibacterial agents, the activity of these drugs against the given fungal strains is not tested routinely. the paper presented is an approach to such a procedure.	1993	8340195
langerhans cell histiocytosis and dermatophytosis.	langerhans cell histiocytosis (lch) is regarded as a disorder of histiocytic cell proliferation of the langerhans type, probably resulting from altered immunoregulation. cutaneous involvement is frequent and often appears as a scaling papular eruption that resembles seborrheic dermatitis; when limited to the scalp, scaling and erythema may also be confused with tinea capitis. we describe four patients who had lch and documented dermatophyte infection versus colonization of the scalp. fungal cult ...	1993	8340510
[identification of dermatophytes as possible agents in clinically and microbiologically diagnosed dermatophytosis].	in this study we have investigated the distribution of dermatophyte species clinically and microbiologically on 110 patients with dermatophytosis. the distribution of the dermatophytes according to the localization sites are: tinea capitis 13 (11.8%), t. corporis 12 (10.9%), t. inguinalis 22 (20%), t. pedis et manum 47 (42.7%), t. unguinum 16 (14.5%). the species of dermatophytes which have been cultured were, trichophyton rubrum 32 (29%), t. mentagrophytes 32 (29%), t. schoenleini 4 (3.6%), t. ...	1993	8361407
tinea corporis bullosa.	the paper reports a case of tinea corporis bullosa in a 63-year-old woman. near the classical annular lesions on the anterior surface of the left leg, the patient presented frank bullous lesions. serous fluid from the bulla yielded microsporum canis, the first report of the association of this fungus with bullous lesions in tinea corporis. the patient was investigated with routine examinations and immunological studies which showed an intense inflammatory process much greater than in usual cases ...	1993	8366877
fungal skin infections in a paediatric dermatology clinic.	a diagnosis of fungal infection was established in 8.6% of patients who attended the dermatology clinic at the lady ridgeway hospital, colombo over a one year period. only 4.3% were confirmed in the laboratory. the agreement between clinical and laboratory diagnosis was 96.6% for patients with typical clinical features, but only 26.4% for patients who did not have the classical appearance. both direct microscopy and culture are required to determine the causative agent, although the majority (92 ...	1993	8370091
further studies on the influence of aminophylline on lipids of microsporum gypseum.	aminophylline added to the growth medium of microsporum gypseum for varying periods exhibited varied effects on lipid synthesis. a decreased incorporation of [14c]acetate into both lipids and phospholipids was initially observed which showed increase after 24 hr of incubation. short-time exposure of aminophylline also resulted in decreased activity of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, the key enzyme of lipid synthesis, which, however, got stimulated on longer incubation, supporting the decre ...	1993	8389728
oral itraconazole versus topical bifonazole treatment in experimental dermatophytosis.	guinea pigs, infected with either trichophyton mentagrophytes or microsporum canis, were treated orally or topically with azole antifungals daily for two weeks. fungi located in the stratum corneum were affected similarly by both treatment schedules, showing typical cell wall changes after azole exposure and necrosis of internal organelles. fungi located in the hair sheaths were affected only by the oral treatment, which not only prevented invasion of the inner hair structures and inflammatory r ...	1993	8396203
superficial fungal infections in newborns.		1993	8406721
epidemiology of the dermatophytoses in the florence area of italy: 1985-1990. trichophyton mentagrophytes, epidermophyton floccosum and microsporum gypseum infections.	between 1985 and 1990 we observed 2085 cases of dermatophytoses in the florence area of italy. trichophyton rubrum and microsporum canis were the major etiological agents. 126 cases of dermatophytoses observed during this period were caused by trichophyton mentagrophytes. most of the patients came from rural areas or they kept pets. epidermophyton floccosum ranked fourth in frequency (95 cases). the patients were adults and mainly males, most of whom engaged in sports or lived in group environme ...	1993	8413498
tinea capitis in saudi arabia.	tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes caused by species of microsporum and trichophyton. the purpose of this study was to discover the incidence and causal agents of tinea capitis in saudi arabia.	1993	8425800
the ringworm riddle: an outbreak of microsporum canis in the nursery.	tinea capitis, the most common fungal infection in children, is rare in neonates. we report six patients in a level ii intermediate care nursery who developed nosocomial dermatophyte infections caused by microsporum canis. the investigation, which led to the identification of a nurse as the common source, is described. the nurse had an indolent infection with m. canis. human to human transmission is exceedingly rare for m. canis. the literature regarding neonatal dermatophyte infections is discu ...	1993	8426773
ultrastructure of trichophyton violaceum.	the ultrastructure of different fungi have been described in recent literature; however, few reports have concerned dermatophytes.	1993	8440569
microsporum canis infection in sheep.		1993	8488650
humoral and cellular immune responses to microsporum canis in naturally occurring feline dermatophytosis.	peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from cattery cats which were culture positive for microsporum canis, or from cats which had recovered from m. canis infection, showed a significantly greater mean in vitro blastogenic response to m. canis antigen than lymphocytes from uninfected cats. mean lymphocyte reactivity to concanavalin a was higher in cats which had recovered from infection than in either culture positive or uninfected cats, whereas reactivity to phytohemagglutinin was highest in the ...	1993	8509949
purification, characterization, and lytic activity against naegleria fowleri of two amoebicins produced by bacillus licheniformis a12.	bacillus licheniformis a12 produces two amoebolytic substances (amoebicins a12-a and a12-b) in liquid media during sporulation. both substances have been purified and characterized. they are heat- and protease-resistant peptides containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, proline, and tyrosine in a molar ratio of 5:2:2:2:2. no fatty acids or carbohydrates have been detected. their molecular weight is 1,430. purified amoebicins a12-a and a12-b exhibit amoebolytic action against naegleria fow ...	1993	8517742
investigations of a killed dermatophyte cell-wall vaccine against infection with microsporum canis in cats.	a laboratory-prepared killed microsporum canis cell-wall vaccine was evaluated under conditions simulating an accidental infection of a cattery, by inoculating eight- to nine-week-old cats with the vaccine or with a placebo control. the vaccinated cats developed high titres of anti-dermatophyte igg as measured by an elisa, and a small cell-mediated response against m canis as measured by a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay, using a whole fungus extract. after being inoculated the cats were challeng ...	1995	8525097
uv susceptibility and negative phototropism of dermatophytes.	high doses of ultraviolet radiation (uvr) have well-known inhibitory effects upon dermatophytes. in the present study, the effect of repetitive low doses of uvr on mycelial growth of dermatophytes was tested. pellets of trichophyton rubrum, t. mentagrophytes and microsporum canis were placed between two thin layers of sabouraud glucose agar. obverse, reverse or both sides of these 'sandwich' agars were irradiated for 10 days twice daily with 0.13 or 0.17 j cm-2 uvb. to simulate microaerophilic c ...	1995	8531931
the aetiological agents of superficial cutaneous mycoses in jos, plateau state of nigeria.	a survey of superficial skin mycoses was carried out among miners and office workers employed in different establishments in jos, nigeria. mycotic infection was demonstrable by microscopy and culture in 45 (10.4%) subjects: 20 males and 25 females. malassezia furfur was the predominant aetiological agent, followed by candida albicans and trichophyton soudanense. other aetiological agents frequently recovered were t. rubrum., t. mentagrophytes., microsporum audouinii and trichosporon beigelii.	1995	8531940
dermatophytes from cases of skin disease in cats and dogs in turin, italy.	in urban environments, pet animals such as dogs and cats may be largely responsible for the progressive increase of zoophilic over anthropophilic dermatophytes in the aetiology of human dermatophytoses. mapping, in each city, of the natural foci of zoophilic dermatophytes may thus be important for understanding the epidemiology of human dermatophytoses, and for planning preventive measures. we have surveyed dogs and cats suspected of carrying dermatophytic lesions in the turin area. hairs, skin ...	1995	8531941
phylogeny and dating of some pathogenic keratinophilic fungi using small subunit ribosomal rna.	the phylogenetic relationship of representative members of the genera trichophyton, microsporum and epidermophyton was studied. 844 base pairs were compared after sequencing the nuclear 18s ribosomal rna gene spanning the most variable area within the central 600 bases of this gene. the dermatophytes, which are monophyletic in origin, could be classified most effectively when placed as a subgroup in the onygenales, ascomycotina. the calculated radiation time was about 50 million years ago. the e ...	1995	8544082
[erythematovesicular plaque on the malar region].		1995	8555309
in vitro antifungal activity of polyporaceae against yeasts and dermatophytes.	the antifungal activity of 38 polyporaceae sensu lato against yeasts and dermatophytes was tested in vitro by the agar dilution method. strains were typed organisms and clinical isolates. in this first report, pycnoporellus fulgens (fr.) donk was found to be the most active species against pathological fungi and showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against yeasts (candida albicans, candida glabrata) and dermatophytes (trichophyton mentagrophytes, trichophyton rubrum, microsporum canis, micr ...	1995	8559195
preliminary screening of some squalenoid derivatives for toxicity towards dermatophytes.	we report a preliminary study of the in vitro anti-dermatophyte activity of six squalenoid derivatives that inhibit 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase and squalene epoxidase: 2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene, 22,23-epoxy-2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene, azasqualene alcohol, 19-aza-18,19,22,23-tetrahydrosqualene, 2,3-epoxy-19-aza-18,19,22,23-tetrahydrosqualene and hexafluorosqualene epoxide. the tests were done by inoculating 10 microliters of trichophyton mentagrophytes (robin) blanchard or microsporum canis bodin ho ...	1995	8559196
tinea capitis in the florence area between 1985 and 1993.	this paper describes the main epidemiological findings in 203 patients with tinea capitis and in seven other patients with dermatophytosis that had also extended to the scalp. the patients were observed over a 9-year period (from 1985 to 1993) at the department of dermatology of the university of florence. tinea capitis was the fourth most frequent dermatophytosis. most of the patients were children, although 23 were adults. the most frequent aetiological agent was microsporum canis. it is inter ...	1995	8559198
tinea capitis in adults.	invasion of keratin of the hair by dermatophytes is a rare event after puberty. a study of 2200 patients affected by various mycotic cutaneous infections during 6 years of observation brought to our attention three cases of tinea capitis in adults. confirming the studies of other authors, we also found that this disease mostly affected females. in all cases the isolated aetiological agent was microsporum canis, the fungus species most frequently responsible for tinea capitis in italy.	1995	8559199
production and use of monoclonal antibodies to microsporum canis.	microsporum canis ncpf 179 and m. canis ncpf 177 dermatophyte cytoplasmic extracts (dces) were used as antigens to generate monoclonal antibodies (mabs). hybridomas with supernatants of optical density (od) > 1 for homologous dermatophyte cytoplasmic extracts (ce) and od < 0.5 for heterologous ce of candida albicans tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were selected for cloning. mabs secreted by cloned hybridoma lines were screened against ce of m. canis, m. gypseum, m. equin ...	1995	8560740
dermatophytes in northern finland in 1982-90.	the epidemiology of human dermatophytes was studied in northern finland in 1982-90. the samples were analysed at the department of medical microbiology, university of oulu. the total number of samples was 17,822, of which 3185 (18%) were positive. the annual number of samples and positive cultures remained relatively constant. trichophyton rubrum was the most common species being isolated from 2101 samples (66% of all positive cultures), while trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated from 815 sa ...	1995	8569818
epidemiology of dermatophytoses observed in rome, italy, between 1985 and 1993.	between 1985 and 1993, 13,880 patients were studied for possible forms of dermatophytoses. the most frequently isolated dermatophyte was in 2821 positive cases microsporum canis (50%), followed by trichophyton rubrum (27%), trichophyton mentagrophytes (10.6%), epidermophyton floccosum (9.3%), microsporum gypseum (2.3%), trichophyton violaceum (0.6%), trichophyton tonsurans (0.2%) and trichophyton verrucosum (< 0.1%). the genera and species isolated were also considered in relation to the site of ...	1995	8569819
[microsporum canis as the origin of an enzootic outbreak in swine. a case report].	we report on the outbreak of dermatomycosis caused by microsporum canis at a bavarian pig breeding and fattening farm. clinical signs were shown mainly by younger pigs. microsporum canis could be identified in skin scrapings of pigs, cats, and the farmer's daughter by culture and fluorescence microscopy. questions of epizootiology, diagnostics and therapy are discussed.	1995	8585059
clinical pearl: diagnostic procedures for tinea capitis.		1996	8609265
tinea corporis resembling dermatophyte colonies on sabouraud's agar in a patient with the human immunodeficiency virus.		1996	8629839
scutular favus-like tinea cruris et pedis in a patient with aids.		1996	8647981
therapeutic efficacy of terbinafine in the treatment of three children with tinea tonsurans.		1996	8682948
evaluation of the susceptibility of dermatophytes to antifungal drugs: a new technique.	the evaluation of the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) for pathogenic fungi is still a technically difficult assay. insufficient standardization of the technique is often the basis of problems which appear. culture characteristic of dermatophytes do not favour techniques usually used in bacteriology (steers agar dilution method). a study was undertaken to compare the steers agar dilution method and a new culture method to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration of antifungal compound ...	1995	8683409
extracellular enzymatic activity of microsporum canis isolates.	the enzymatic activity of 70 feline and canine microsporum canis isolates was determined by the api-zym test. the liquid phase of cultures, inoculated into tryptic soy broth, was used to examine 19 enzymes. considerable differences were observed among the extracellular enzymatic patterns. all the isolates produced alkaline phosphatase and beta-glucosidase, while lipase (c14), trypsin, chymotrypsin, beta-glucuronidase, and alpha-fucosidase activity was never revealed. esterase (c4) activity was p ...	1995	8684426
[fungi and yeasts isolated in mycological studies in skin and nail infections in the netherlands, 1992-1993].	to describe fungi and yeasts isolated from skin and nail infections in the netherlands.	1996	8684495
[atypical infection caused by microsporum gypseum mimicking circumscribed scleroderma].	the authors describe a case of a 31 year old woman who suffered from sclerodermia circumscripta on her right leg. the diagnosis was histopathologically verified. capillaroscopy and respiratory obstruction were positive. a new lesion appeared on the right arm thus imitating morphea. however, by means of mycological examinations microsporum gypseum infection was recognized. (fig. 3, ref. 13.).	1996	8689321
isolation of keratinophilic fungi from the floors of private veterinary clinics in italy.	to evaluate the presence of keratinophilic fungi in the environment, 400 samples were collected from the floors of 50 private veterinary clinics using 55-mm-diameter 'contact plates', containing mycobiotic agar. after incubation for 15 days at 25 degrees c, the following species were isolated: microsporum canis, trichophyton terrestre, chrysosporium keratinophilum, chrysosporium sp., microsporum gypseum, trichophyton ajelloi, chrysosporium tropicum, trichophyton mentagrophytes, chrysosporium sta ...	1996	8711896
efficacy of miconazole nitrate against favus in oriental breed chickens.	miconazole nitrate 2% was tested for its efficacy against microsporum gallinae (the causative agent in favus) in a flock of various oriental breed (shamo and aseel) and crossbreed chickens. six adult males showing clinical signs of favus were randomized into control and experimental groups. the males were maintained on individual tiecords on the range, with no physical contact between birds. the experimental birds had the affected areas washed with soap and water and dried, and an ointment of mi ...	1995	8719227
fungal contamination of the floors of swimming pools, particularly subtropical swimming paradises.	we compared the level of dermatophyte contamination of the floors of traditional swimming pools and of subtropical swimming paradises, a new type of indoor swimming pool introduced in belgium in 1981. from the results of routine hygiene inspections over several years and of a comparative study, we can conclude that the floors of subtropical swimming pools are much more highly contaminated by dermatophytes than the floors of traditional swimming pools. this higher degree of contamination is due t ...	1995	8720205
[antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions of tea-leaf saponin].	antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions of tea-leaf saponin, which was a mixture of saponin separated from leaves of camellia sinensis var. sinensis, were investigated. tea-leaf saponin showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic dermal fungi and its mic value for microsporum audouinii was 10 microgam/ml. on the other hand, tea-leaf saponin inhibited rat paw edema induced by carrageenin in a dose dependent manner. activation of hyaluronidase, one of the enzymes involved ...	1996	8721352
[microsporum canis tinea ciliaris and blepharitis].	the involvement of eyelashes and eyelids by dermatophytes is unfrequent.	1995	8729822
proximal subungual onychomycosis due to microsporum canis.	a case of proximal subungual onychomycosis due to microsporum canis in a 36-year-old woman is presented. the onychomycosis involved the left thumb and the little fingernails, with thinning of the nail plate and crumbling of the nail plate surface. a milky-white discoloration of the proximal portion of the left thumbnail was also evident. a 2-mm longitudinal nail biopsy showed a large number of fungal elements in the whole length of the nail plate. fungal hyphae were more numerous in the ventral ...	1996	8745910
seasonal study of the fungal biota of the fur of dogs.	during a one year period, 944 dogs from the municipal kennel of barcelona were examined to detect animals with suspected dermatophytosis. only a few animals (1.8%) presented skin lesions but none of them had dermatophytosis. a representative number of dogs without visible skin lesions (n = 172), selected at random, were used to carry out a seasonal study of the mycobiota of their fur. fifteen isolates belonging to the genera microsporum and trichophyton were isolated from 14 of the 172 (8.1%) do ...	1996	8751821
a study of dermatophytoses in hamadan, the governmentship of west iran.	in order to determine the extent and causative agents of dermatophytoses in the hamadan region of west iran; a study was made during a 9-month period from october 1991 to june 1992. a total of 7495 individuals were studied of whom 681 (9%) were suspect of having cutaneous mycoses. among them dermatophytoses were the commonest infections (259/681 = 38%). of 259 individuals infected with dermatophytes, tinea capitis were observed in 163 (62.9%); t. corporis in 27 (10.4%); t. manuum and t. cruris i ...	1996	8751822
fungi responsible for skin mycoses in turin (italy).	there has been a recent increase in the frequency of skin mycoses, coupled with changes in the epidemiology and distribution of the species responsible. periodic epidemiological analyses of these disease are thus required to ensure their efficacious control. hair fragments, skin scrapings, specimens from vesicles and blisters and nail parings were seeded on petri dishes loaded with sabouraud or mycosel agar, supplemented with chloramphenicol and with chloramphenicol plus cycloheximide respective ...	1996	8767009
a randomized double-blind comparative study of terbinafine for 1, 2 and 4 weeks in tinea capitis.	we report a randomized, double-blind study, comparing the relative efficacy and tolerability of oral terbinafine, given for 1, 2 or 4 weeks, in tinea capitis. of 161 evaluable patients, 53 were treated with terbinafine for 1 week, 51 for 2 weeks and 57 for 4 weeks. isolated pathogens included trichophyton violaceum (71.5%), t. tonsurans (14.9%), t. verrucosum (4.3%), microsporum audouinii (4.3%), m. canis (2.5%), t. schoenleinii (1.9%) and t. mentagrophytes (0.6%). the final evaluation, at 12 we ...	1996	8776365
multiple proteinases from two microsporum species.	enzyme expression of 67 isolates of two microsporum species, m. canis and m. cookei, were compared in both shake and stationary cultures using substrate copolymerized sds-page. most m. canis isolates expressed more proteolytic bands in shake culture, while m. cookei isolates expressed more in stationary culture. m. canis isolates expressed up to six proteinases of different relative mobilities (122, 64, 62, 45, 31 and 25 kda). m. cookei expressed up to seven proteinases in stationary culture (67 ...	1996	8786468
anti-microbial activity and anti-complement activity of extracts obtained from selected hawaiian medicinal plants.	selected plants having a history of use in polynesian traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious disease were investigated for anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity in vitro. extracts from scaevola sericea, psychotria hawaiiensis, pipturus albidus and eugenia malaccensis showed selective anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus-1 and 2 and vesicular stomatitis virus. aleurites moluccana extracts showed anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus and pseu ...	1995	8786654
in vitro susceptibility of fungi to acyclic inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases.	in the present study we determine the antifungal properties of two acyclic inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases: 22,23-epoxy-2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene (eas) and azasqualene alcohol (asa). fungistatic and fungicidal activity towards dermatophytes and other fungi involved in cutaneous and systemic infections was tested (48 isolates from 10 species). the tests were carried out by inoculating 10 microliters of mycelial homogenate in 1 ml of sabouraud glucose liquid medium containing serial dilut ...	1996	8786759
effect of glucose and thiamine concentrations on the formation of macroconidia in dermatophytes. occurrence of dysgonic microsporum canis strains in athens, greece.	data collected from multiple trials with 110 fresh and preserved clinical isolates of trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, t. violaceum, t. rubrum, t. verrucosum, microsporum canis and epidermophyton floccosum revealed that production of macroconidia depends on glucose and thiamine concentrations in the medium. optimal macroconidia production was obtained at the critical concentrations of 5 g l-1 glucose and 0.6 g l-1 thiamine when the two compounds were used in combination. the same ...	1996	8786761