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genome wide transcriptional profile analysis of vitis amurensis and vitis vinifera in response to cold stress.grape is one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. the suitable geographical locations and productivity of grapes are largely limited by temperature. vitis amurensis is a wild grapevine species with remarkable cold-tolerance, exceeding that of vitis vinifera, the dominant cultivated species of grapevine. however, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the enhanced freezing tolerance of v. amurensis remain unknown. here we used deep sequencing data from restriction endonuclease-genera ...201323516547
influence of the freezing method on the changes that occur in grape samples after frozen storage.sample freezing is frequently used in oenological laboratories as a compromise solution to increase the number of samples that can be analysed, despite the fact that some grape characteristics are known to change after frozen storage. however, freezing is usually performed using standard freezers, which provide a slow freezing. the aim of this work was to evaluate whether blast freezing would decrease the impact of standard freezing on grape composition.201323526245
genomic organization, phylogenetic comparison and differential expression of the sbp-box family genes in grape.the sbp-box gene family is specific to plants and encodes a class of zinc finger-containing transcription factors with a broad range of functions. although sbp-box genes have been identified in numerous plants including green algae, moss, silver birch, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rice and maize, there is little information concerning sbp-box genes, or the corresponding mir156/157, function in grapevine.201323527172
linkage mapping and molecular diversity at the flower sex locus in wild and cultivated grapevine reveal a prominent ssr haplotype in hermaphrodite plants.cultivars used for wine and table grape have self-fertile hermaphrodite flowers whereas wild european vines and american and asian species are dioecious, having either male or female flowers. consistent with previous studies, the flower sex trait was mapped as a single major locus on chromosome 2 based on a pure vitis vinifera population segregating for hermaphrodite and female progeny, and a hybrid population producing all three flower sex types. the sex locus was placed between the same ssr an ...201323532385
microsatellite amplification in plants: optimization procedure of major pcr components.microsatellites (ssrs) are the most informative and popular class of molecular markers used for diverse purposes, particularly in plants: genetic diversity study, marker assisted selection, breeding, mapping, phylogenetics and phylogeography, systematics, etc. they have become a routine technique practically in each laboratory for studying molecular plant genetics. despite their wide utilization, however, setup and optimization of various conditions involved in pcr amplification is a prerequisit ...201323546789
an ultra-high-density, transcript-based, genetic map of lettuce.we have generated an ultra-high-density genetic map for lettuce, an economically important member of the compositae, consisting of 12,842 unigenes (13,943 markers) mapped in 3696 genetic bins distributed over nine chromosomal linkage groups. genomic dna was hybridized to a custom affymetrix oligonucleotide array containing 6.4 million features representing 35,628 unigenes of lactuca spp. segregation of single-position polymorphisms was analyzed using 213 f7:8 recombinant inbred lines that had be ...201323550116
impact of processing parameters on the phenolic profile of wines produced from hybrid red grapes maréchal foch, corot noir, and marquette.phenolic extraction in hybrid and interspecific wine grape cultivars is poorly understood, especially in terms of the impact of fermentation and enological conditions on condensed tannins and anthocyanins. following fractionation via solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography, phenolic profiles of must and wine from red hybrid grape cultivars maréchal foch, corot noir, and marquette were examined to assess the impact of enzyme and tannin addition, cold soak, and hot press ...201323551038
study of polyamines during grape ripening indicate an important role of polyamine catabolism.grapevine (vitis species) is the most economically important fruit crop worldwide. ripening of non-climacteric fruits such as grapes has been the subject of intense research. despite this interest, little is known on the role played by polyamines in the onset of ripening of non-climacteric fruits. these growth regulators have been involved in plant development and stress responses. molecular and biochemical studies were developed in three important portuguese cultivars (trincadeira, touriga naci ...201323562795
climate change, wine, and conservation.climate change is expected to impact ecosystems directly, such as through shifting climatic controls on species ranges, and indirectly, for example through changes in human land use that may result in habitat loss. shifting patterns of agricultural production in response to climate change have received little attention as a potential impact pathway for ecosystems. wine grape production provides a good test case for measuring indirect impacts mediated by changes in agriculture, because viticultur ...201323569231
drying of 'perlette' grape under different physical treatment for raisin making.experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of grape (vitis vinifera l) cv. 'perlette' for raisin preparation with different physical treatments. the treatments consisted of whole berries, half cut berries and berries with superficial abrasion of peel/waxy cuticle. the effectiveness of these treatments on drying characteristics and quality of the prepared raisin were studied. the half cut berries took less time to dry as compared to scratchy surfaced berries and whole berries. drying ...201023572696
effect of winemaking treatment and wine aging on phenolic content in vranec wines.phenolic compounds and colour stability of red wines produced from vranec vitis vinifera l. grape variety were investigated by means of different maceration times (3, 6 and 10 days), two doses of so2 (30 and 70 mg/l so2), two yeasts for fermentation (vinalco and levuline), temperature of storage and time of aging (3, 6 and 16 months). in general, maceration time influenced the phenolics extraction from the grapes into the wine. highest concentrations of phenolic components were observed in the w ...201123572838
new insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects.as a society we are increasingly concerned about our physical appearance. for example, as much as 24% of people in developed countries admittedly exercise to improve their performance. professional sportsmen and amateurs alike are in a constant search for new means that will enable them better sport results in shorter time. among those means, a prominent place belongs to dietary supplements. however, the producers often advertise products whose use in sports is neither scientifically founded nor ...201323574283
a stage-structured model of scaphoideus titanus in vineyards.we present a population model of the insect scaphoideus titanus ball, the leafhopper vector of flavescence dorée phytoplasma in vitis vinifera l. the model accounted for the stage-dependent s. titanus life cycle rates and timing, and vineyard settings such as surface area, plant density, and sampling characteristics. the model parameters were estimated against 13 independent cases of population counting in both laboratory and field conditions, and returned a correlation coefficient in the range ...201323575007
garnacha tintorera-based sweet wines: chromatic properties and global phenolic composition by means of uv-vis spectrophotometry.valdeorras (the n.w. corner of spain) wants to promote the production and marketing of new sweet wines. the present work represents the first study on sweet wines manufactured with red grapes vitis vinifera l. garnacha tintorera, a teinturier cultivar. two different red sweet wines were elaborated: the first one was made with dried grapes; vitis vinifera l. garnacha tintorera has excellent potential to produce wines from raisined grapes; the second one, a fortified sweet wine aged in oak barrels ...201323578636
induction of stilbene phytoalexins in grapevine (vitis vinifera) and transgenic stilbene synthase-apple plants (malus domestica) by a culture filtrate of aureobasidium pullulans.products containing the epiphytic yeast aureobasidium pullulans are commercially available and applied by fruit growers to prevent several fungal and bacterial diseases of fruit trees. the proposed beneficial mechanisms relate to limitations of space and nutrients for the pathogens in presence of the rapidly proliferating yeast cells. these explanations ignore the potential of yeasts to elicit the plant's defense. our experiments aim at clarifying if an autoclaved and centrifuged suspension of a ...201323578977
a significant fraction of 21-nucleotide small rna originates from phased degradation of resistance genes in several perennial species.small rnas (srnas), including microrna (mirna) and short-interfering rna (sirna), are important in the regulation of diverse biological processes. comparative studies of srnas from plants have mainly focused on mirna, even though they constitute a mere fraction of the total srna diversity. in this study, we report results from an in-depth analysis of the srna population from the conifer spruce (picea abies) and compared the results with those of a range of plant species. the vast majority of srn ...201323580593
historical introgression of the downy mildew resistance gene rpv12 from the asian species vitis amurensis into grapevine varieties.the amur grape (vitis amurensis rupr.) thrives naturally in cool climates of northeast asia. resistance against the introduced pathogen plasmopara viticola is common among wild ecotypes that were propagated from manchuria into chinese vineyards or collected by soviet botanists in siberia, and used for the introgression of resistance into wine grapes (vitis vinifera l.). a qtl analysis revealed a dominant gene rpv12 that explained 79% of the phenotypic variance for downy mildew resistance and was ...201323593440
differences in evolution rates among eudicotyledon species observed by analysis of protein divergence.genome evolution rates can vary considerably among plants. in particular, a correlation has often been reported between the evolution rate and annual/perennial habit, possibly associated with differences in generation time. for example, among the rosid species whose genome is fully sequenced, vitis vinifera, a perennial species, was shown to have the genome that evolved the slowest. in order to extend knowledge of evolution rates to the asterid clade, one of the two major clades of core eudicoty ...201323596284
early discrimination of fungal species responsible of ochratoxin a contamination of wine and other grape products using an electronic nose.an electronic nose (e-nose) system using an array of metal oxide sensors (fox 3000, alpha mos) was used to detect and discriminate two ochratoxigenic fungal species, aspergillus carbonarius (bain.) thom and a. niger van tieghem, that are responsible for the contamination of wine and other wine grape products, using their volatile production patterns. two well-known ochratoxigenic strains were used in this study: a. carbonarius a941 and a. niger a75. these strains were grown on three culture medi ...200923605147
genetic analysis of the biosynthesis of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine, a major grape-derived aroma compound impacting wine quality.methoxypyrazines (mps) are strongly odorant volatile molecules with vegetable-like fragrances that are widespread in plants. some grapevine (vitis vinifera) varieties accumulate significant amounts of mps, including 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (ibmp), which is the major mp in grape berries. mps are of particular importance in white sauvignon blanc wines. the typicality of these wines relies on a fine balance between the pea pod, capsicum character of mps and the passion fruit/grapefruit charact ...201323606597
breeding new seedless grape by means of in vitro embryo rescue.this project aimed at breeding new seedless grape cultivars by embryo rescue through three hybridization methods: 1) using cross-breeding between seedless vitis vinifera cultivars and wild chinese vitis spp; 2) crossing with two seedless cultivars, and 3) hybridization between grapes of different ploidy. genotype, sampling times, and media were confirmed to play important roles in this system. among the different genotypes, the productions of hybrid plants were significantly different, ranging f ...201323613194
genetic dissection of agronomic traits within a segregating population of breeding table grapes.grapes (vitis vinifera) are of great economic importance worldwide. we genetically dissected a table grape breeding population, using hidden markov models (hmm) applied to quantitative trait locus (qtl) analyses. we evaluated and dissected the following traits: total number of clusters, leaf score, peduncle length, cluster length, number of berries, weight of 10 berries, average seed number, nature of seeds, berry skin color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and berry anthocyanin. a consensus ...201323613241
characterizing inland pacific northwest american viticultural areas with geospatial data.american viticultural areas are officially recognized appellations for wine grapes (vitis vinifera l.). they represent not only geographic identification for growers, but also economic significance through price premiums for grapes from desirable appellations and wines sourcing grapes from such appellations. petitions for establishment and official descriptions of american viticultural areas in the inland pacific northwest have traditionally relied on general descriptions of physical attributes ...201323614001
genome-wide analysis of the expansin gene superfamily reveals grapevine-specific structural and functional characteristics.expansins are proteins that loosen plant cell walls in a ph-dependent manner, probably by increasing the relative movement among polymers thus causing irreversible expansion. the expansin superfamily (exp) comprises four distinct families: expansin a (expa), expansin b (expb), expansin-like a (exla) and expansin-like b (exlb). there is experimental evidence that expa and expb proteins are required for cell expansion and developmental processes involving cell wall modification, whereas the exact ...201323614035
a faster and a stronger defense response: one of the key elements in grapevine explaining its lower level of susceptibility to esca?wood diseases like esca are among the most damaging afflictions in grapevine. the defense mechanisms in this plant-pathogen interaction are not well understood. as some grapevine cultivars have been observed to be less susceptible to esca than others, understanding the factors involved in this potentially stronger defense response can be of great interest. to lift part of this veil, we elicited vitis vinifera plants of two cultivars less susceptible to esca ('merlot' and 'carignan') and of one s ...201323617335
characterisation of the flavour profile from graciano vitis vinifera wine variety by a novel dual stir bar sorptive extraction methodology coupled to thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.the aim of this work was to develop a new analytical technique for the study of the organoleptic compounds (flavour profile) of the graciano vitis vinifera wine variety. the cv. graciano is a singular variety of red grapes with its origins in la rioja and navarra (northern spain). this variety transfers an intense red colour, aroma and high acidity to musts and provides greater longevity and, consequently, a better capacity for ageing wine. a new dual-stir bar sorptive extraction approach couple ...201323622963
effect of two different treatments for reducing grape yield in vitis vinifera cv syrah on wine composition and quality: berry thinning versus cluster thinning.the influence of two treatments for reducing grape yield, cluster thinning and berry thinning, on red wine composition and quality were studied in a vitis vinifera cv syrah vineyard in aoc penedès (spain). cluster thinning reduced grape yield per vine by around 40% whereas berry thinning only reduced it by around 20%. cluster thinning grapes had higher soluble solids content than control grapes, and their resultant wines have greater anthocyanin and polysaccharide concentrations than the control ...201323627566
a methyltransferase essential for the methoxypyrazine-derived flavour of wine.methoxypyrazines are a family of potent volatile compounds of diverse biological significance. they are used by insects and plants in chemical defence, are present in many vegetables and fruit and, in particular, impart herbaceous/green/vegetal sensory attributes to wines of certain varieties, including cabernet sauvignon. while pathways for methoxypyrazine biosynthesis have been postulated, none of the steps have been confirmed genetically. we have used the f2 progeny of a cross between a rapid ...201323627620
expression of aba synthesis and metabolism genes under different irrigation strategies and atmospheric vpds is associated with stomatal conductance in grapevine (vitis vinifera l. cv cabernet sauvignon).the influence of different levels of irrigation and of variation in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (vpd) on the synthesis, metabolism, and transport of abscisic acid (aba) and the effects on stomatal conductance were examined in field-grown cabernet sauvignon grapevines. xylem sap, leaf tissue, and root tissue were collected at regular intervals during two seasons in conjunction with measurements of leaf water potential (ψleaf) and stomatal conductance (gs). the different irrigation levels ...201323630325
ecology and management of grapevine leafroll disease.grapevine leafroll disease (gld) is caused by a complex of vector-borne virus species in the family closteroviridae. gld is present in all grape-growing regions of the world, primarily affecting wine grape varieties. the disease has emerged in the last two decades as one of the major factors affecting grape fruit quality, leading to research efforts aimed at reducing its economic impact. most research has focused on the pathogens themselves, such as improved detection protocols, with limited wor ...201323630520
transcriptomic changes following the compatible interaction vitis vinifera-erysiphe necator. paving the way towards an enantioselective role in plant defence modulation.the compatible interaction between erysiphe necator and vitis vinifera induces significant alterations in the host transcriptome, affecting essentially those genes involved in signalling and secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. the precise transcriptomic changes vary from the early events to later stages of infection. in the present work, suppressive subtraction hybridization (ssh) was used to identify several differentially expressed transcripts in symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves fro ...201323639450
characterization of volatile compounds and olfactory profile of red minority varietal wines from la rioja.the aim of this work was to study for the first time the volatile compounds and olfactory profile of la rioja red wines made with the local varieties vitis vinifera cv. monastel and maturana tinta de navarrete, using tempranillo as a reference variety. the impact of vintage on these compounds was also evaluated, and chemometric techniques were applied to achieve a possible differentiation of the wines.201323640744
the vacuolar channel vvalmt9 mediates malate and tartrate accumulation in berries of vitis vinifera.vitis vinifera l. represents an economically important fruit species. grape and wine flavour is made from a complex set of compounds. the acidity of berries is a major parameter in determining grape berry quality for wine making and fruit consumption. despite the importance of malic and tartaric acid (ta) storage and transport for grape berry acidity, no vacuolar transporter for malate or tartrate has been identified so far. some members of the aluminium-activated malate transporter (almt) anion ...201323645258
thermotolerance responses in ripening berries of vitis vinifera l. cv muscat hamburg.berry organoleptic properties are highly influenced by ripening environmental conditions. in this study, we used grapevine fruiting cuttings to follow berry ripening under different controlled conditions of temperature and irradiation intensity. berries ripened at higher temperatures showed reduced anthocyanin accumulation and hastened ripening, leading to a characteristic drop in malic acid and total acidity. the grapegen genechip® combined with a newly developed grapegen 12xv1 mapman version w ...201323659918
life history and assessment of grapevine phylloxera leaf galling incidence on vitis species in uruguay.grapevine phylloxera, daktulosphaira vitifoliae (fitch) (hemiptera: phylloxeridae) is a worldwide pest of vitis species. it has forms that feed on leaves and roots. root forms predominate on vitis vinifera (l.) cultivars, while leaf forms predominate on vitis species from its native american range. recently, high densities of d. vitifoliae infestations in leaves of v. vinifera in brazil, peru, and uruguay have been reported. the aims of this study were to determine the seasonal development of gr ...201323667822
conservation, divergence, and genome-wide distribution of pal and pox a gene families in plants.genome-wide identification and phylogenetic and syntenic comparison were performed for the genes responsible for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) and peroxidase a (pox a) enzymes in nine plant species representing very diverse groups like legumes (glycine max and medicago truncatula), fruits (vitis vinifera), cereals (sorghum bicolor, zea mays, and oryza sativa), trees (populus trichocarpa), and model dicot (arabidopsis thaliana) and monocot (brachypodium distachyon) species. a total of 87 and ...201323671845
mitochondrial genome sequence of the legume vicia faba.the number of plant mitochondrial genomes sequenced exceeds two dozen. however, for a detailed comparative study of different phylogenetic branches more plant mitochondrial genomes should be sequenced. this article presents sequencing data and comparative analysis of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of the legume vicia faba. the size of the v. faba circular mitochondrial master chromosome of cultivar broad windsor was estimated as 588,000 bp with a genome complexity of 387,745 bp and 52 conservative mi ...201323675376
risk assessment on irrigation of vitis vinifera l. cv malbec with hg contaminated waters.concerns regard watering crops with hg contaminated waters have arisen worldwide recently. in these sense hg uptake by vitis vinifera l. cv. malbec was evaluated under greenhouse conditions by the administration of hg(2+) for 4 days through irrigation water (short-term administration). vines uptake hg translocating it from roots through stems to leaves. roots accumulated the higher hg concentration. hg in stems and leaves was accumulated mostly as organic hg, bind to different moieties. size exc ...201323679130
sensorial, biochemical and molecular changes in raboso piave grape berries applying "double maturation raisonnée" and late harvest techniques.at ripening, vitis vinifera cv raboso piave grapes have high acidity, which results in an astringent wine that is not easy to drink. to overcome this limitation, several researches have attempted to alter the polyphenols profile mainly by applying different harvest techniques. the aim of this work was to investigate sensorial, biochemical, and molecular changes in raboso piave grape berries subjected to delayed harvests as late harvest (lh) and "double maturation raisonnée" (dmr) techniques. at ...201323683929
selection of candidate genes for grape proanthocyanidin pathway by an integrative approach.proanthocyanidins (pa) play a major role in plant protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. moreover these molecules are known to be beneficial for human health and are responsible for astringency of foods and beverages such as wine and thus have a great impact on the final quality of the product. genes playing a role in the pa pathway are only partially known. the amount of available transcriptomic and genetic data to select candidate genes without a priori knowledge from orthologous func ...201323684499
planex: the plant co-expression database.the plant co-expression database (planex) is a new internet-based database for plant gene analysis. planex (http://planex.plantbioinformatics.org) contains publicly available genechip data obtained from the gene expression omnibus (geo) of the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). planex is a genome-wide co-expression database, which allows for the functional identification of genes from a wide variety of experimental designs. it can be used for the characterization of genes for ...201323688397
bioarchaeological insights into the process of domestication of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) during roman times in southern france.grapevine (vitis vinifera), one of the most important fruit species in the classical mediterranean world, is thought to have been domesticated first in south-western asia, during the neolithic. however, the domestication process remains largely unknown. crucial unanswered questions concern the duration of the process (rapid or slow?) and the related geographical area (single or multiple-origins?). seeds from domesticated grapevine and from its wild ancestor are reported to differ according to sh ...201323690998
nutraceutical properties and polyphenolic profile of berry skin and wine of vitis vinifera l. (cv. aglianico).red grapes are rich in phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and resveratrol, all substances which have been suggested as having nutraceutical and health benefits. the berry skin and wine of grape cultivar vitis vinifera l. (cv. aglianico), grown in basilicata (southern italy) were examined to determinate the presence of the above mentioned compounds as well as to establish the inorganic cation profile. hplc analysis coupled with lc-esi/ms/ms detected high contents of total flavonols and anthocyan ...201223692745
graft union formation in grapevine induces transcriptional changes related to cell wall modification, wounding, hormone signalling, and secondary metabolism.grafting is particularly important to the cultivation of perennial crops such as grapevine (vitis vinifera) because rootstocks can provide resistance to soil-borne pests and diseases as well as improve tolerance to some abiotic stresses. successful grafting is a complex biochemical and structural process beginning with the adhesion of the two grafted partners, followed by callus formation and the establishment of a functional vascular system. at the molecular level, the sequence of events underl ...201323698628
immunomodulating and anti-allergic effects of negroamaro and koshu vitis vinifera fermented grape marc (fgm).polyphenols contained in fgm from negroamaro (n) and koshu (k) vitis vinifera have been shown to exhibit several immunomodulating activities. for instance, mice affected by experimental colitis when administered with k-fgm showed an attenuation of the inflammatory process. in murine asthma, k-fgm reduced ige production and eosinophil number in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. in vitro, both n- and k-fgm were able to induce t regulatory cells in terms of foxp-3 molecule expression and release of ...201423701568
influence of different maceration time and temperatures on total phenols, colour and sensory properties of cabernet sauvignon wines.maceration and fermentation time and temperatures are important factors affecting wine quality. in this study different maceration times (3 and 6 days) and temperatures (15  and 25 ) during production of red wine (vitis vinifera l. cabernet sauvignon) were investigated. in all wines standard wine chemical parameters and some specific parameters as total phenols, tartaric esters, total flavonols and colour parameters (cd, ci, t, da%, %y, %r, %b, cielab values) were determined. sensory evaluation ...201323703104
stable msap markers for the distinction of vitis vinifera cv pinot noir clones.grapevine is one of the most economically important fruit crops. molecular markers have been used to study grapevine diversity. for instance, simple sequence repeats are a powerful tool for identification of grapevine cultivars, while amplified fragment length polymorphisms have shown their usefulness in intra-varietal diversity studies. other techniques such as sequence-specific amplified polymorphism are based on the presence of mobile elements in the genome, but their detection lies upon thei ...201323723045
abcc1, an atp binding cassette protein from grape berry, transports anthocyanidin 3-o-glucosides.accumulation of anthocyanins in the exocarp of red grapevine (vitis vinifera) cultivars is one of several events that characterize the onset of grape berry ripening (véraison). despite our thorough understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation, little is known about the molecular aspects of their transport. the participation of atp binding cassette (abc) proteins in vacuolar anthocyanin transport has long been a matter of debate. here, we present biochemical evidence that an abc prote ...201323723325
ankaferd blood stopper in episiotomy repair.ankaferd blood stopper (abs) is a new hemostatic agent that is licensed for external hemorrhages. abs comprises of a standard mixture of thymus vulgaris, glycyrrhiza glabra, vitis vinifera, alpinia officinarum, and urtica dioica which has also been approved in turkey for the management of bleeding. the authors, aim was to evaluate the efficacy of abs spray in terms of blood loss during episiotomy repair.201323724529
clavata3-like genes are differentially expressed in grape vine (vitis vinifera) tissues.the clavata3 (clv3)/endosperm surrounding region [(esr) cle] peptides function as intercellular signaling molecules that regulate various physiological and developmental processes in diverse plant species. we identified five clv3-like genes from grape vine (vitis vinifera var. pinot noir): vvcle 6, vvcle 25-1, vvcle 25-2, vvcle 43 and vvcle tdif. these clv3-like genes encode short proteins containing 43-128 amino acids. except vvcle tdif, grape vine clv3-like proteins possess a consensus amino a ...201323726469
vitis vinifera canes, a new source of antifungal compounds against plasmopara viticola, erysiphe necator, and botrytis cinerea.methanolic and ethanolic crude extracts of vitis vinifera canes exhibited significant antifungal activity against the three major fungal pathogens affecting grapevines, plasmopara viticola, erysiphe necator and botrytis cinerea. the active extracts were analyzed by lc-pda-esi-ms, and selected compounds were identified. efficient targeted isolation using medium-pressure liquid chromatography afforded six pure constituents in one step. the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by nm ...201323730921
effect of ultrafine grinding on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of dietary fiber from wine grape pomace.wine grape pomace dietary fiber powders were prepared by superfine grinding, whose effects were investigated on the composition, functional and antioxidant properties of the wine grape pomace dietary fiber products. the results showed that superfine grinding could effectively pulverize the fiber particles to submicron scale. as particle size decrease, the functional properties (water-holding capacity, water-retention capacity, swelling capacity, oil-binding capacity, and nitrite ion absorption c ...201423733819
plastic, fantastic! phenotypic variance in the transcriptional landscape of the grape berry.evaluation of the common grapevine vitis vinifera across multiple harvests and field locations provides important insights into crop transcriptional plasticity under diverse agricultural regimes.201323742251
analysis of hrct-derived xylem network reveals reverse flow in some vessels.long distance water and nutrient transport in plants is dependent on the proper functioning of xylem networks, a series of interconnected pipe-like cells that are vulnerable to hydraulic dysfunction as a result of drought-induced embolism and/or xylem-dwelling pathogens. here, flow in xylem vessels was modeled to determine the role of vessel connectivity by using three dimensional xylem networks derived from high resolution computed tomography (hrct) images of grapevine (vitis vinifera cv. 'char ...201323743143
suppression of botrytis cinerea on necrotic grapevine tissues by early-season applications of natural products and biological control agents.necrotic tissues within grape (vitis vinifera) bunches represent an important source of botrytis cinerea inoculum for botrytis bunch rot (bbr) at harvest in vineyards. this research quantified the incidence of b. cinerea on necrotic floral and fruit tissues and the efficacy of biologically based treatments for suppression of b. cinerea secondary inoculum within developing bunches.201423744713
growth and photosynthetic responses to copper in wild grapevine.the present study evaluates the tolerance and accumulation potential of vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris under moderate and high external cu levels. a greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of a range of external cu concentrations (0-23mmoll(-1)) on growth and photosynthetic performance by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments. we also measured the total copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iro ...201323746388
impact of co-digestion on existing salt and nutrient mass balances for a full-scale dairy energy project.anaerobic digestion of manure and other agricultural waste streams with subsequent energy production can result in more sustainable dairy operations; however, importation of digester feedstocks onto dairy farms alters previously established carbon, nutrient, and salinity mass balances. salt and nutrient mass balance must be maintained to avoid groundwater contamination and salination. to better understand salt and nutrient contributions of imported methane-producing substrates, a mass balance fo ...201323747374
a leafhopper-transmissible dna virus with novel evolutionary lineage in the family geminiviridae implicated in grapevine redleaf disease by next-generation sequencing.a graft-transmissible disease displaying red veins, red blotches and total reddening of leaves in red-berried wine grape (vitis vinifera l.) cultivars was observed in commercial vineyards. next-generation sequencing technology was used to identify etiological agent(s) associated with this emerging disease, designated as grapevine redleaf disease (grd). high quality rna extracted from leaves of grape cultivars merlot and cabernet franc with and without grd symptoms was used to prepare cdna librar ...201323755117
the plasticity of the grapevine berry transcriptome.phenotypic plasticity refers to the range of phenotypes a single genotype can express as a function of its environment. these phenotypic variations are attributable to the effect of the environment on the expression and function of genes influencing plastic traits. we investigated phenotypic plasticity in grapevine by comparing the berry transcriptome in a single clone of the vegetatively-propagated common grapevine species vitis vinifera cultivar corvina through 3 consecutive growth years culti ...201323759170
early versus late leaf removal strategies for pinot noir (vitis vinifera l.): effect on colour-related phenolics in young wines following alcoholic fermentation.the widely adopted viticultural practice of late (véraison) leaf removal is now losing many of its advantages as a result of today's warmer vineyard conditions. with the aim of seeking a good alternative, the influence of earlier leaf removals (at pre-flowering and berry-set) on colour-related phenolics in young pinot noir wines was investigated in the years 2009 and 2010.201323765518
cohorts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in vitis vinifera, a typical mediterranean fruit crop.in field conditions, grapevine roots normally are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). however, little is published, from either morphological or molecular studies, on the species composition of these symbionts in production vineyards. the amf biodiversity of two piedmont vineyards (at neive and lessona), characterized by different soil features, was investigated by morphological and molecular analyses. several morphotypes were identified from the two vineyard soils. community compos ...201023766230
interaction analysis of grapevine mikc(c)-type mads transcription factors and heterologous expression of putative véraison regulators in tomato.mikc(c)-type mads-domain transcription factors include important regulators of floral development that interact in protein complexes to control the development of floral organs, as described by the abc model. members of the sepallata (sep) and agamous (ag) mads clades include proteins involved in stamen and carpel specification and certain members of these families, such as tomato (solanum lycopersicon) slrin and sltagl1, have been shown to regulate fruit development and ripening initiation. a n ...201323787144
candida sake cpa-1 and other biologically based products as potential control strategies to reduce sour rot of grapes.sour rot of grapes is becoming increasingly important disease in many wine-growing regions, while consistent chemical or biological control has not been reported. authors evaluated relative incidence and severity of sour rot in untreated grapevines and the effect of different biologically based treatments on sour rot at harvest. applications of candida sake cpa-1 plus fungicover® , ulocladium oudemansii and chitosan were carried out in an organic vineyard in lleida area, spain, during the 2009 a ...201323789778
rediscovery of historical vitis vinifera varieties from the south anatolia region by using amplified fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat dna fingerprinting methods.anatolia played an important role in the diversification and spread of economically important vitis vinifera varieties. although several biodiversity studies have been conducted with local cultivars in different regions of anatolia, our aim is to gain a better knowledge on the biodiversity of endangered historical v. vinifera varieties in the northern adana region of southern anatolia, particularly those potentially displaying viticulture characteristics. we also demonstrate the genetic relatedn ...201323789998
postharvest stilbenes and flavonoids enrichment of table grape cv redglobe (vitis vinifera l.) as affected by interactive uv-c exposure and storage conditions.flavonoids and stilbenes are secondary metabolites produced in plants that can play an important health-promoting role. the biosynthesis of these compounds generally increases as a response to biotic or abiotic stress; therefore, in order to achieve as high phenolic accumulation as possible, the interactive effects of storage conditions (temperature and time) and uv-c radiation on polyphenols content in postharvest redglobe table grape variety were investigated. during a storage time longer than ...201323790850
biodegradation of profenofos by bacillus subtilis isolated from grapevines (vitis vinifera).the biodegradation of profenofos, an organophosphorus insecticide, by four bacillus subtilis strains, namely, dr-39, cs-126, tl-171, and ts-204, isolated from grapevines or grape rhizosphere was studied in liquid culture, on grape berries, and in vineyard soil. each of the four b. subtilis strains enhanced the degradation of profenofos in all three matrices. degradation rate constants were best obtained by first + first-order kinetics module. in nutrient broth spiked with 5 μg/ml profenofos, ino ...201323806113
inhibitory activity of plant stilbenoids against nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia.microglia-driven inflammatory processes are thought to play an important role in ageing and several neurological disorders. since consumption of a diet rich in polyphenols has been associated with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, we studied the effects of twenty-five stilbenoids isolated from milicia excelsa, morus alba, gnetum africanum, and vitis vinifera. these compounds were tested at 5 and 10 µm on bv-2 microglial cells stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. ten stilben ...201323807809
ampelographic and chemical characterization of reggio emilia and modena (northern italy) grapes for two traditional seasonings: 'saba' and 'agresto'.'saba' and 'agresto' are traditional italian products both based on unfermented grape juices that are concentrated by heating. the former is obtained from ripe grapes and the latter from unripe grapes. in this work, we have characterized the main red-skinned (ancellotta, fortana, lambrusco di sorbara, lambrusco grasparossa, lambrusco salamino and uva tosca) and white-skinned (lugliatica, spergola, trebbiano di spagna and trebbiano modenese) cultivars used for 'saba' and 'agresto' production, foc ...201323818414
host cell entry of powdery mildew is correlated with endosomal transport of antagonistically acting vvpen1 and vvmlo to the papilla.challenge by a nonadapted powdery mildew fungal pathogen leads to the formation of a local cell-wall apposition (papilla) beneath the point of attempted penetration. several plasma membrane (pm) proteins with opposing roles in powdery mildew infection, including arabidopsis thaliana penetration1 (pen1) and barley (hordeum vulgare) mildew resistance locus o (mlo), are localized to the site of powdery mildew attack. pen1 contributes to penetration resistance to nonadapted powdery mildews, whereas ...201323819806
enhanced resveratrol production in vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures by heavy metals without loss of cell viability.the effects of heavy metal ions (co(2+), ag(+), cd(2+)) on cell viability and secondary metabolite production, particularly anthocyanins and phenolic acids in vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures, were investigated. of these, co at all three used concentrations (5.0, 25, and 50 μm), ag, and cd at low concentration (5.0 μm) were most effective to stimulate the phenolic acid production, increasing the 3-o-glucosyl-resveratrol up to 1.6-fold of the control level (250.5 versus 152.4 μmol/g), 4 h ...201323832187
anthocyanin phytochemical profiles and anti-oxidant activities of vitis candicans and vitis doaniana.grapes are one of the most important fruit crops in the world. the quality of red grape berries greatly depends on skin colour, mainly due to the anthocyanin profile. today, the american vitis species have the greatest potential for breeding work. they have multiple resistance properties in comparison with vitis vinifera but little is known about their anthocyanin content.201323839937
the metacaspase gene family of vitis vinifera l.: characterization and differential expression during ovule abortion in stenospermocarpic seedless grapes.in both plants and animals, programmed cell death (pcd) is an indispensable process that removes redundant cells. in seedless grapes (vitis vinifera), abnormal pcd in ovule cells and subsequent ovule abortion play key roles in stenospermocarpy. metacaspase, a type of cysteine-dependent protease, plays an essential role in pcd. to reveal the characteristics of the metacaspase (mc) gene family and the relationship between metacaspases and the seedless trait, we identified the 6 v. vinifera metacas ...201323845786
cascading cis-cleavage on transcript from trans-acting sirna-producing locus 3.the production of small rnas (srnas) from phased positions set by microrna-directed cleavage of trans-acting-sirna-producing locus (tas) transcript has been characterized extensively; however, the production of srnas from non-phased positions remains unknown. we report three cis-cleavages that occurred in tas3 transcripts in vitis vinifera, by combining high-throughput srna deep sequencing information with evolutional conservation and genome-wide rna degradome analysis. the three cis-cleavages c ...201323857062
methionine elicits h2o2 generation and defense gene expression in grapevine and reduces plasmopara viticola infection.methionine (met) is a nutritionally essential sulfur-containing amino acid (saa) known for its preponderant role as initiator in protein synthesis. however, other functions for met in plants are not well described. the implication of this saa in oxidative stress tolerance has been recently reported, however the mode of action of met is still poorly understood. here, we analyzed the elicitor activity of met in grapevine as well as its effect on plasmopara viticola resistance. the results show tha ...201323859561
evaluation of anticancer activity of fruit and leave extracts from virus infected and healthy cultivars of vitis vinifera.grape virus diseases are a serious problem in iran. leaves and fruits of grape have been used for different purposes like cooking in iran. the present investigation was carried out to study on the cytotoxic-activities of extracts of fruits and leaves of vitis vinifera from both virus-free and virus-infected grape cultivars against breast cancer cell line (mdamb- 231) and human embryonic kidney normal cell line (hek 293).201323862112
enhanced antioxidant effect of trans-resveratrol: potential of binary systems with polyethylene glycol and cyclodextrin.trans-resveratrol, a polyphenol extracted from vitis vinifera, has different beneficial effects following its administration on the skin. here the potential use of binary systems to enhance in vitro and in vivo activity of trans-resveratrol was investigated. thus the aqueous solubility of trans-resveratrol was investigated in the presence of growing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (peg) or β-cyclodextrin (βcd) as solubilizing excipients. then, the solid dispersion of trans-resveratrol with ...201423862976
candida phyllophila sp. nov. and candida vitiphila sp. nov., two novel yeast species from grape phylloplane in thailand.three strains (k59(t), k60 and k70 (t)) representing two novel yeast species were isolated from the external surface of leaves of different wine grape (vitis vinifera) plants, which were collected from the kanchanaburi research station (n14°07'15.1″ e099°19'05.6″), wang dong sub-district, mueang district, kanchanaburi province, thailand, by an enrichment technique. the sequences of the d1/d2 domain of the large subunit (lsu) rrna gene of two strains (k59(t) and k60) were identical and differed f ...201323863289
plant flavonoids--biosynthesis, transport and involvement in stress responses.this paper aims at analysing the synthesis of flavonoids, their import and export in plant cell compartments, as well as their involvement in the response to stress, with particular reference to grapevine (vitis vinifera l.). a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) as well as abc transporters have been demonstrated in the tonoplast of grape berry, where they perform a flavonoid transport. the involvement of a glutathione s-transferase (gst) gene has also been inferred. recently, a putati ...201323867610
regulating the secondary metabolism in grape berry using exogenous 24-epibrassinolide for enhanced phenolics content and antioxidant capacity.the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of application of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (ebr) on the antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins and phenolics content of vitis vinifera grape berry (cvs. yan 73 and cabernet sauvignon). the grapevine clusters were sprayed with 0 (control), 0.10, 0.40, or 0.80 mg/l of 24-epibrassinolide during veraison, respectively. the ebr application increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) and udp-glucose: flavonoid 3-o-glucosyltr ...201323871059
exploring insights for virulent gene inhibition of multidrug resistant salmonella typhi, vibrio cholerae, and staphylococcus areus by potential phytoligands via in silico screening.in our recent studies on prevalence of multidrug resistant pathogens in byramangala reservoir, karnataka, india, we identified salmonella typhi, staphylococcus aureus, and vibrio cholerae which had acquired multiple drug resistance (mdr) and emerged as superbugs. hence, there is a pressing demand to identify alternative therapeutic remedies. our study focused on the screening of herbal leads by structure-based virtual screening. the virulent gene products of these pathogens towards kanamycin(aph ...201423876154
candidate loci for phenology and fruitfulness contributing to the phenotypic variability observed in grapevine.in this study, we identified several genes, which potentially contribute to phenological variation in the grapevine. this may help to maintain consistent yield and suitability of particular varieties in future climatic conditions. the timing of major developmental events in fruit crops differs with cultivar, weather conditions and ecological site. this plasticity results also in diverse levels of fruitfulness. identifying the genetic factors responsible for phenology and fertility variation may ...201323918063
evaluation of molecular chaperons hsp72 and neuropeptide y as characteristic markers of adaptogenic activity of plant extracts.we have previously demonstrated that adapt-232, a fixed combination of adaptogenic substances derived from eleutherococcus senticosus root extract, schisandra chinensis berry extract, rhodiola rosea root extract stimulated the expression and release of neuropeptide y (npy) and molecular chaperone hsp72 from isolated human neurolgia cells. both of these mediators of stress response are known to play an important role in regulation of neuroendocrine system and immune response. we further demonstra ...201323920279
evaluation of genome sequencing quality in selected plant species using expressed sequence tags.with the completion of genome sequencing projects for more than 30 plant species, large volumes of genome sequences have been produced and stored in online databases. advancements in sequencing technologies have reduced the cost and time of whole genome sequencing enabling more and more plants to be subjected to genome sequencing. despite this, genome sequence qualities of multiple plants have not been evaluated.201323922843
rapid shoot-to-root signalling regulates root hydraulic conductance via aquaporins.we investigated how root hydraulic conductance (normalized to root dry weight, lo ) is regulated by the shoot. shoot topping (about 30% reduction in leaf area) reduced lo of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.), soybean (glycine max l.) and maize (zea mays l.) by 50 to 60%. more detailed investigations with soybean and grapevine showed that the reduction in lo was not correlated with the reduction in leaf area, and shading or cutting single leaves had a similar effect. percentage reduction in lo was la ...201423926961
bioactive stilbenes from vitis vinifera grapevine shoots extracts.viticultural residues from commercial viticultural activities represent a potentially important source of bioactive stilbenes such as resveratrol. the main aim of the present study was therefore to isolate, identify and perform biological assays against amyloid-β peptide aggregation of original stilbenes from vitis vinifera shoots.201423929536
breeding for seedless grapes using chinese wild vitis spp. ii. in vitro embryo rescue and plant development.since 1982, the embryo rescue technique has been widely applied to embryo germination of stenospermic grapes in cross-breeding programmes. this project aimed to: (1) use embryos to breed new seedless cultivars of vitis vinifera as the female parents utilising wild chinese vitis spp. as the male parents; and (2) develop an efficient method for in vitro embryo rescue and plant development.201323929583
proteomic analysis of grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) leaf changes induced by transition to autotrophy and exposure to high light irradiance.using a proteomics approach, we evaluated the response of heterotrophic and autotrophic leaves of grapevine when exposed to high light irradiation. from a total of 572 protein spots detected on two-dimensional gels, 143 spots showed significant variation caused by changes in the trophic state. high light treatment caused variation in 90 spots, and 51 spots showed variation caused by the interaction between both factors. regarding the trophic state of the leaf, most of the proteins detected in th ...201323933133
grape polyphenols increase the activity of hdl enzymes in old and obese rats.hdl particles are protein-rich particles that act as a vehicle for reverse cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver. the purpose of this study was to investigate age-dependent changes in the functional activity of hdl and the effect of high-energy diet on this index, as well as to correct it under the influence of grape polyphenols from "enoant" obtained from vitis vinifera grapes. we observed the age-dependent composition changes in hdl particle. it was shown that total lipids and triacy ...201323936611
biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes in grape berry exocarp of vitis vinifera l.: evidence for a transport of farnesyl diphosphate precursors from plastids to the cytosol.the participation of the mevalonic acid (mva) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate/2-c-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (doxp/mep) pathways in sesquiterpene biosynthesis of grape berries was investigated. there is an increasing interest in this class of terpenoids, since the oxygenated sesquiterpene rotundone was identified as the peppery aroma impact compound in australian shiraz wines. to investigate precursor supply pathway utilization, in vivo feeding experiments were performed with the deuteri ...201323954075
berry composition and climate: responses and empirical models.climate is a strong modulator of berry composition. accordingly, the projected change in climate is expected to impact on the composition of berries and of the resultant wines. however, the direction and extent of climate change impact on fruit composition of winegrape cultivars are not fully known. this study utilised a climate gradient along a 700 km transect, covering all wine regions of western australia, to explore and empirically describe influences of climate on anthocyanins, ph and titra ...201423958789
evolution of plant mitochondrial intron-encoded maturases: frequent lineage-specific loss and recurrent intracellular transfer to the nucleus.among land plants, mitochondrial and plastid group ii introns occasionally encode proteins called maturases that are important for splicing. angiosperm nuclear genomes also encode maturases that are targeted to the organelles, but it is not known whether nucleus-encoded maturases exist in other land plant lineages. to examine the evolutionary diversity and history of this essential gene family, we searched for maturase homologs in recently sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from diverse ...201323979261
evaluating the polyphenol profile in three segregating grape (vitis vinifera l.) populations.this paper explores the characteristics of the anthocyanin and flavonol composition and content in grapes from plants resulting from intraspecific crosses of vitis vinifera varieties monastrell × cabernet sauvignon, monastrell × syrah, and monastrell × barbera, in order to acquire information for future breeding programs. the anthocyanin and flavonol compositions of twenty-seven hybrids bearing red grapes and 15 hybrids bearing white grapes from monastrell × syrah, 32 red and 6 white from monast ...201323986879
effects of ankaferd on anastomotic healing of colon.ankaferd (ankaferd blood stopper®, abs) is a recently developed topical hemostatic agent. abs is a standardized mixture of the plants thymus vulgaris, glycyrrhiza glabra, vitis vinifera, alpinia officinarum, and urtica dioica. through its effects on the endothelium, blood cells, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, vascular dynamics, and cell mediators; ankaferd plays a part in inflammation and hemostasis processes. the aim of this experimental study is to assess the effects of abs on the left ...201423987308
induction of apoptosis by grape seed extract (vitis vinifera) in oral squamous cell carcinoma.development of novel therapeutic modalities is crucial for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc). recent scientific studies have been focused on herbal medicines as potent anti-cancer drug candidates. this study is the first to investigate the cytotoxic effects and the mechanism of cell death induced by grape seed extract (gse) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (kb cells). mtt (3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and trypan blue assays were performed in kb c ...201323988171
trans-acting small interfering rna4: key to nutraceutical synthesis in grape development?the facility and versatility of micrornas (mirnas) to evolve and change likely underlies how they have become dominant constituents of eukaryotic genomes. in this opinion article i propose that trans-acting small interfering rna gene 4 (tas4) evolution may be important for biosynthesis of polyphenolics, arbuscular symbiosis, and bacterial pathogen etiologies. expression-based and phylogenetic evidence shows that tas4 targets two novel grape (vitis vinifera l.) myb transcription factors (vvmyba6, ...201323993483
dissipation kinetics of forchlorfenuron, 6-benzyl aminopurine, gibberellic acid and ethephon residues in table grapes (vitis vinifera).the residue dynamics of plant growth regulators (pgr) forchlorfenuron (cppu), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-ba), gibberellic acid (ga3) and ethephon in grape are presented, corresponding to their field applications at recommended and double doses. random samples were collected from each treated and control plot at regular time intervals. the optimised sample preparation technique involves extraction of 10 g homogenised sample with 20 ml methanol (+1% formic acid) and measurement by lc-ms/ms multiple re ...201323993607
tuning color variation in grape anthocyanins at the molecular scale.anthocyanins are the main grape pigments. due to their aromatic cyclic arrangements, they are able to absorb the radiation in the low energy range of the visible spectrum. in the fruit of vitis vinifera l., the five main anthocyanidins (cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin) are present as 3-o-glucosides, as well as their acetyl, p-coumaroyl and caffeoyl ester forms. despite the huge number of experimental studies dedicated to the anthocyanin profile analysis of grapes and wine ...201323993625
effect of incorporation of mahua extract, fining agent and ageing on the quality characteristics of red wine.mahua (madhuca longfolia) extract and black grapes (vitis vinifera) must samples 100:0 (grape:mahua), 95:5 (grape:mahua) and 90:10 (grape:mahua) were analyzed for quality characteristics. samples were kept for fermentation and monitored for quality analysis for 15 days. 90:10 (grape:mahua) sample was found to be best on the basis of ranking test and subjected to clarification using bentonite and gelatine. sample treated with a combination of 0.02 g/100 g bentonite and 0.04 g/100 g gelatin showed ...201223997332
evaluation of fermentation efficiency of yeast strains and their effect on quality of young wines.the yeast has important role in fermentation of wine grapes and wine quality. the fermentation of wine grapes affect by efficiency of particular yeast strain, sugar content, ph, available temperature, etc. to evaluate the efficiency of yeast strains (premier cuvee, rs-1, rs-2, rs-3 and natural), present study was conducted on two wine grape varieties viz.; sauvignon blanc (white) and cabernet sauvignon (red). efficiency of yeast strains was evaluated in terms of conversion rate of sugar into alc ...201223997346
gibberellin metabolism in vitis vinifera l. during bloom and fruit-set: functional characterization and evolution of grapevine gibberellin oxidases.gibberellins (gas) are involved in the regulation of flowering and fruit-set in grapes (vitis vinifera l.), but the molecular mechanisms behind this process are mostly unknown. in this work, the family of grapevine ga oxidases involved in the biosynthesis and deactivation of gas was characterized. six putative ga 20-oxidase (ga20ox), three ga 3-oxidase (ga3ox), and eight ga 2-oxidase (ga2ox) proteins, the latter further divided into five c19-ga 2ox and three c20-ga2ox proteins, were identified. ...201324006417
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