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seroprevalences to viral pathogens in free-ranging and captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) on namibian farmland.cheetah populations are diminishing rapidly in their natural habitat. one reason for their decline is thought to be a high susceptibility to (infectious) diseases because cheetahs in zoos suffer from high disease-induced mortality. data on the health status of free-ranging cheetahs are scarce, and little is known about their exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. we determined seroprevalences to nine key viruses (feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline parvovirus, feline co ...201019955325
feline leukemia virus immunity induced by whole inactivated virus vaccination.a fraction of cats exposed to feline leukemia virus (felv) effectively contain virus and resist persistent antigenemia/viremia. using real-time pcr (qpcr) to quantitate circulating viral dna levels, previously we detected persistent felv dna in blood cells of non-antigenemic cats considered to have resisted felv challenge. in addition, previously we used rna qpcr to quantitate circulating viral rna levels and determined that the vast majority of viral dna is transcriptionally active, even in the ...201020004483
chronic progressive polyarthritis in a female cat.feline chronic progressive polyarthritis is a rare immune-mediated disease that has only previously been reported in male cats. a one-year-old female cat was presented with anorexia, lassitude and lameness. the tarsal, carpal and elbow joints revealed swelling, pain, stiffness, crepitus and regional lymphadenopathy, and fever was present. the cat was clinically diagnosed with chronic progressive polyarthritis based on the fever, swelling of joints, imaging of erosive proliferative periosteal pol ...201020009422
coombs', haemoplasma and retrovirus testing in feline anaemia.to investigate the associations between coombs' testing, haemoplasma and retroviral infections, and feline anaemia.201020070499
differential diagnosis of feline leukemia virus subgroups using pseudotype viruses expressing green fluorescent protein.feline leukemia virus (felv) is classified into three receptor interference subgroups, a, b and c. in this study, to differentiate felv subgroups, we developed a simple assay system using pseudotype viruses expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp). we prepared gfp pseudotype viruses, named gfp(felv-a), gfp(felv-b) and gfp(felv-c) harboring envelopes of felv-a, b and c, respectively. the gfp pseudotype viruses completely interfered with the same subgroups of felv reference strains on fea cells ...201020124765
feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus and bartonella species in stray cats on st kitts, west indies.stray cats trapped in various areas of basseterre, the capital of st kitts in the west indies, were tested for infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) using commercial kits. of 99 (51 male and 48 female) cats trapped in 2006/7, 15% (12 males and three females) were positive for fiv while none were positive for felv. of 72 (41 males and 31 females) cats trapped in 2009, 14% (nine males and one female) were positive for fiv while none were positive for f ...201020138558
dominance of highly divergent feline leukemia virus a progeny variants in a cat with recurrent viremia and fatal lymphoma.in a cat that had ostensibly recovered from feline leukemia virus (felv) infection, we observed the reappearance of the virus and the development of fatal lymphoma 8.5 years after the initial experimental exposure to felv-a/glasgow-1. the goals of the present study were to investigate this felv reoccurrence and molecularly characterize the progeny viruses.201020167134
[receptors for animal retroviruses].diseases caused by animal retroviruses have been recognized since 19th century in veterinary field. most livestock and companion animals have own retroviruses. to disclose the receptors for these retroviruses will be useful for understanding retroviral pathogenesis, developments of anti-retroviral drugs and vectors for human and animal gene therapies. of retroviruses in veterinary field, receptors for the following viruses have been identified; equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodefici ...200920218331
an all-feline retroviral packaging system for transduction of human cells.abstract the subgroup c feline leukemia virus (felv-c) receptor flvcr is a widely expressed 12-transmembrane domain transporter that exports cytoplasmic heme and is a promising target for retrovirus-mediated gene delivery. previous studies demonstrated that felv-c pseudotype vectors were more efficient at targeting human hematopoietic stem cells than those pseudotyped with gibbon ape leukemia virus (galv), and thus we developed an all felv-c-based packaging system, termed catpac. catpac is helpe ...201020222826
prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in healthy and unhealthy cats and dogs in spain.the aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of hemoplasmas in cats and dogs from the barcelona area of spain with the use of species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays and to evaluate any associations between hemoplasma infection, clinical presentation, and vector-borne infections. blood samples from cats (191) and dogs (182) were included and were classified as healthy (149) or unhealthy (224). ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid blood samples underwe ...201020224091
feline leukemia virus integrase and capsid packaging functions do not change the insertion profile of standard moloney retroviral vectors.adverse events linked to perturbations of cellular genes by vector insertion reported in gene therapy trials and animal models have prompted attempts to better understand the mechanisms directing viral vector integration. the integration profiles of vectors based on mlv, aslv, siv and hiv have all been shown to be non-random, and novel vectors with a safer integration pattern have been sought. recently, we developed a producer cell line called catpac that packages standard momlv vectors with fel ...201020237508
feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus and toxoplasma gondii in stray and household cats in kerman-iran: seroprevalence and correlation with clinical and laboratory findings.this study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus (felv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) infection among stray and owned cats in southeastern iran and to identify the influence of age, sex, lifestyle, health status, and laboratory findings on seropositivity. the overall infection rate for fiv, felv, and t. gondii was 19.2%, 14.2%, and 32.1% respectively. results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that o ...201020362315
transduction of human primitive repopulating hematopoietic cells with lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with various envelope proteins.lentiviral vectors are useful for transducing primitive hematopoietic cells. we examined four envelope proteins for their ability to mediate lentiviral transduction of mobilized human cd34(+) peripheral blood cells. lentiviral particles encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp) were pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (vsv-g), the amphotropic (ampho) murine leukemia virus envelope protein, the endogenous feline leukemia viral envelope protein or the feline leukem ...201020372106
high prevalence of non-productive felv infection in necropsied cats and significant association with pathological findings.applying a combination of semi-nested pcr and immunohistology (ihc), the presence of exogenous feline leukemia virus infection was studied in 302 necropsied cats with various disorders. 9% showed the classical outcome of persistent productive felv infection which was represented by felv antigen expression in different organs. 152 cats (50%) harboured exogenous felv-specific proviral sequences in the bone marrow but did not express viral antigen. these cats were considered as horizontally but non ...201020398945
encephalomyelitis resembling human and ruminant rhombencephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes in a feline leukemia virus-infected cat. 201020412434
the frequency of occurrence and nature of recombinant feline leukemia viruses in the induction of multicentric lymphoma by infection of the domestic cat with felv-945.during feline leukemia virus (felv) infection in the domestic cat, viruses with a novel envelope gene arise by recombination between endogenous felv-related elements and the exogenous infecting species. these recombinant viruses (felv-b) are of uncertain disease association, but have been linked to the induction of thymic lymphoma. to assess the role of felv-b in the induction of multicentric lymphoma and other non-t-cell disease, the frequency of occurrence and nature of felv-b were examined in ...201020451235
diamond blackfan anemia at the crossroad between ribosome biogenesis and heme metabolism.diamond-blackfan anemia (dba) is a rare, pure red-cell aplasia that presents during infancy. approximately 40% of cases are associated with other congenital defects, particularly malformations of the upper limb or craniofacial region. mutations in the gene coding for the ribosomal protein rps19 have been identified in 25% of patients with dba, with resulting impairment of 18s rrna processing and 40s ribosomal subunit formation. moreover, mutations in other ribosomal protein coding genes account ...201020454576
immunodeficiencies caused by infectious diseases.immunodeficiencies caused by infectious agents may result from disruption of normal host barriers or dysregulation of cellular immunity, the latter serving to promote survival of the infectious agent through immune evasion. such infections may be followed by opportunistic infections with a variety of other microorganisms. classic infectious causes of immunodeficiency in companion animals are the immunodeficiency retroviruses, including feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. oth ...201020471525
naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection in cats from western canada: prevalence, disease associations, and survival analysis.this retrospective study evaluated epidemiologic features and disease associations of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection in client owned cats from western canada. among 1205 cats that were tested 66 (5.5%) were positive for fiv antibody (fiv(+)) with a higher prevalence in males than females. fiv(+) cats were older than the overall population. epidemiologic features and disease associations were compared between 58 fiv(+), but feline leukemia virus negative (felv(-)) cats and 58 age a ...201020514250
unexpected allelic heterogeneity and spectrum of mutations in fowler syndrome revealed by next-generation exome sequencing.protein coding genes constitute approximately 1% of the human genome but harbor 85% of the mutations with large effects on disease-related traits. therefore, efficient strategies for selectively sequencing complete coding regions (i.e., "whole exome") have the potential to contribute our understanding of human diseases. we used a method for whole-exome sequencing coupling agilent whole-exome capture to the illumina dna-sequencing platform, and investigated two unrelated fetuses from nonconsangui ...201020518025
light whole genome sequence for snp discovery across domestic cat breeds.the domestic cat has offered enormous genomic potential in the veterinary description of over 250 hereditary disease models as well as the occurrence of several deadly feline viruses (feline leukemia virus--felv, feline coronavirus--fecv, feline immunodeficiency virus--fiv) that are homologues to human scourges (cancer, sars, and aids respectively). however, to realize this bio-medical potential, a high density single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) map is required in order to accomplish disease a ...201020576142
polymerase chain reaction survey of feline haemoplasma infections in greece.the aim of this study was to use real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to determine the prevalence of three haemoplasma species in cats from greece and to evaluate possible associations between haemoplasma infection and age, gender, feline immunodeficiency virus/feline leukaemia virus (fiv/felv) status and packed cell volume (pcv). ninety-seven cats (24 ill anaemic, 55 ill non-anaemic, 18 healthy non-anaemic) were included in the study. twenty cats (20.6%) were haemoplasma positive; seven c ...201020580298
kinetics and specificity of feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor (flvcr) export function and its dependence on hemopexin.the feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor (flvcr) is a heme export protein that is required for proerythroblast survival and facilitates macrophage heme iron recycling. however, its mechanism of heme export and substrate specificity are uncharacterized. using [(55)fe]heme and the fluorescent heme analog zinc mesoporphyrin, we investigated whether export by flvcr depends on the availability and avidity of extracellular heme-binding proteins. export was 100-fold more efficient when the medium ...201020610401
does a feline leukemia virus infection pave the way for bartonella henselae infection in cats?domestic cats serve as the reservoir hosts of bartonella henselae and may develop mild clinical symptoms or none after experimental infection. in humans, b. henselae infection can result in self-limiting cat scratch disease. however, immunocompromised patients may suffer from more-severe courses of infection or may even develop the potentially lethal disease bacillary angiomatosis. it was reasoned that cats with immunocompromising viral infections may react similarly to b. henselae infection. th ...201020610682
malignant lymphoma in african lions (panthera leo).malignant lymphoma has become an increasingly recognized problem in african lions (panthera leo). eleven african lions (9 male and 2 female) with clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions of malignant lymphoma were evaluated in this study. all animals were older adults, ranging in age from 14 to 19 years. immunohistochemically, 10 of the 11 lions had t-cell lymphomas (cd3(+), cd79a(-)), and 1 lion was diagnosed with a b-cell lymphoma (cd3(-), cd79a(+)). the spleen appeared to be the prima ...201020610770
evolutionary dynamics of endogenous feline leukemia virus proliferation among species of the domestic cat lineage.endogenous feline leukemia viruses (enfelvs) occur in the germ lines of the domestic cat and related wild species (genus felis). we sequenced the long terminal repeats and part of the env region of enfelvs in domestic cats and five wild species. a total of 305 enfelv sequences were generated across 17 individuals, demonstrating considerable diversity within two major clades. distinct proliferations of enfelvs occurred before and after the black-footed cat diverged from the other species. diversi ...201020615520
a serological and molecular study of leishmania infantum infection in cats from the island of ibiza (spain).the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of leishmania infantum infection within a feline population by serologic and molecular methods and to identify associated risk factors. one hundred five cats living outdoors were studied. sera were tested for igg antibodies against l. infantum, toxoplasma gondii, and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and for the detection of feline leukemia virus (felv) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). l. infantum real-time polymeras ...201120804432
bartonella species, feline herpesvirus-1, and toxoplasma gondii pcr assay results from blood and aqueous humor samples from 104 cats with naturally occurring endogenous uveitis.toxoplasma gondii, bartonella henselae and feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1) have been implicated as causative agents in feline uveitis. the usefulness of serum and aqueous humor (ah) antibody testing for these agents is limited as antibodies can be detected in both healthy cats and cats with uveitis. very few studies using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays to amplify organism dna from samples from cats with uveitis have been performed. in this study, assays to detect t gondii antibodies, feline ...201020817587
the fowler syndrome-associated protein flvcr2 is an importer of heme.mutations in flvcr2, a cell surface protein related by homology and membrane topology to the heme exporter/retroviral receptor flvcr1, have recently been associated with fowler syndrome, a vascular disorder of the brain. we previously identified flvcr2 to function as a receptor for fy981 feline leukemia virus (felv). however, the cellular function of flvcr2 remains unresolved. here, we report the cellular function of flvcr2 as an importer of heme, based on the following observations. first, flvc ...201020823265
increased neutralizing antibody response after simultaneous immunization with leucogen and the feline leukemia virus transmembrane protein.to develop improved vaccination strategies against feline leukemia virus (felv), rats were immunized with the transmembrane envelope protein p15e of felv alone or in combination with the commercial vaccine leucogen® comprising the nonglycosylated felv surface envelope protein. binding and neutralizing antibodies were induced in both groups and in the group immunized with leucogen alone. higher titers of antibodies neutralizing felv were induced by simultaneous immunization with leucogen and p15e ...201120829603
protection against feline leukemia virus challenge for at least 2 years after vaccination with an inactivated feline leukemia virus vaccine.twelve cats were vaccinated at 8 and 11 weeks of age with a commercially available inactivated felv vaccine (nobivac felv, intervet/schering-plough animal health). eleven cats served as age-matched, placebo-vaccinated controls. all cats were kept in isolation for 2 years after vaccination and were then challenged with virulent felv to evaluate vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity. cats were monitored for 12 weeks after challenge for development of persistent viremia using a commercial felv ...201020957616
prevalence of feline leukaemia provirus dna in feline lymphomas.a significant drop in the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (felv) antigenaemic cats and antigen-associated lymphomas has been observed after the introduction of felv vaccination and antigen-testing with removal of persistently antigenaemic cats. however, recent reports have indicated that regressively infected cats may contain felv provirus dna and that lymphoma development may be associated with the presence of provirus alone. in the present study, we investigated the presence of felv antig ...201021036089
relevance of feline calicivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, feline herpesvirus and bartonella henselae in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis.despite its common occurrence, the aetiology of chronic gingivostomatitis in cats remains uncertain. aetiology is likely multifactorial, and several infectious agents may be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of feline calicivirus (fcv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), feline leukemia virus (felv), feline herpesvirus (fhv), and bartonella henselae (b. henselae) in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis and in an age-matched co ...201021038808
mutations in flvcr1 cause posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa.the study of inherited retinal diseases has advanced our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in sensory neural signaling. dysfunction of two specific sensory modalities, vision and proprioception, characterizes the phenotype of the rare, autosomal-recessive disorder posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (pcarp). using targeted dna capture and high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed the entire 4.2 mb candidate sequence on chromosome 1q32 to find the gene mutated ...201021070897
immunization with the transmembrane protein of a retrovirus, feline leukemia virus: absence of antigenemia following challenge.a major challenge in the development of vaccines against retroviruses is the induction of neutralizing antibodies since they prevent infection of the cells where the virus may persist. the transmembrane envelope (tm) protein contains highly conserved domains and seems to be a suitable target. to study whether vaccinating with a tm protein of a retrovirus could protect from infection in vivo, cats were immunized with the tm protein p15e of feline leukemia virus (felv) and subsequently challenged. ...201021108970
incidence of persistent viraemia and latent feline leukaemia virus infection in cats with lymphoma.in the past, feline leukaemia virus (felv) infection, and also latent felv infection, were commonly associated with lymphoma and leukaemia. in this study, the prevalence of felv provirus in tumour tissue and bone marrow in felv antigen-negative cats with these tumours was assessed. seventy-seven diseased cats were surveyed (61 antigen-negative, 16 antigen-positive). blood, bone marrow, and tumour samples were investigated by two polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays detecting deoxyribonucleic a ...201021131219
isolation and genotyping of toxoplasma gondii causing fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent 10-year-old cat.a 10-year-old male, neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented with fever, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. serologic testing for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus were negative. fine-needle aspirates of mesenteric lymph nodes revealed the presence of banana-shaped apicomplexan parasites. the cat died after 4 days of hospitalization. postmortem polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis confirmed the presence of toxoplasma gondii in all examined organs. parasites were ex ...201121217037
establishment of a novel feline leukemia virus (felv)-negative b-cell cell line from a cat with b-cell lymphoma.we established a novel feline b-cell line, ms4, from the neoplastic pleural effusion of a cat with cutaneous b-cell lymphoma. immunophenotype staining of the ms4 cells was positive for cd20, cd79a, and iga and negative for cd3, cd4, cd5, cd8a, cd18, cd21, cd22, igm, igg, ig light chain, and mhc class ii. pcr analysis for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements revealed a monoclonal rearrangement, whereas no clonal rearrangement of the t-cell receptor ? gene was detected. southern blotting ...201121272942
feline leukemia virus outbreak in the critically endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus): high-throughput sequencing of envelope variable region a and experimental transmission.the iberian lynx is the most endangered felid species. during winter/spring 2006/7, a feline leukemia virus (felv) outbreak of unexpected virulence killed about 2/3 of the infected iberian lynxes. all felv-positive animals were co-infected with feline hemoplasmas. to further characterize the iberian lynx felv strain and evaluate its potential virulence, the felv envelope gene variable region a (vra) mutant spectrum was analyzed using the roche 454 sequencing technology, and an in vivo transmissi ...201121302124
production and purification of hybrid ty-vlps.the self-assembly properties of a protein encoded by the tya gene of the yeast ty element can be exploited to produce hybrid ty-vlps (virus-like particles) (1,2). there has been developed a series of expression vectors that allow the construction of ty fusion genes containing protein coding sequences of interest (see chapter 24 ). many different hybrid ty-vlps have now been produced that carry additional proteins that range in size from 3 to 42 kda. these include regions from human immunodeficie ...199221390720
broadening the use of antiretroviral therapy: the case for feline leukemia virus.antiretroviral drugs have saved and extended the lives of millions of individuals infected with hiv. the major classes of anti-hiv drugs include reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and entry/fusion inhibitors. while antiretroviral drug regimens are not commonly used to treat other types of retroviral infections, there are instances where there is a perceived need for re-evaluation of the benefits of antiretroviral therapy. one case in point is that of fel ...201121479142
feline tetherin efficiently restricts release of feline immunodeficiency virus but not spreading of infection.domestic cats endure infections by all three subfamilies of the retroviridae: lentiviruses (feline immunodeficiency virus [fiv]), gammaretroviruses (feline leukemia virus [felv]), and spumaretroviruses (feline foamy virus [ffv]). thus, cats present an insight into the evolution of the host-retrovirus relationship and the development of intrinsic/innate immune mechanisms. tetherin (bst-2) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from infected ...201121490095
assessment of feline blood for transfusion purposes in the dublin area of ireland.the prevalence of a, b and ab blood types and of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukaemia virus (felv) infection was determined in cats in ireland, in order to determine risk factors for blood taken for transfusion purposes. edta blood samples were available from 137 non-pedigree cats and 39 pedigree cats (91 females and 85 males, aged four months to 15.0 years) in the dublin area of ireland. of the 176 edta blood samples obtained, 112 (from 92 healthy cats and 20 sick cats) were ...201121498236
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and concurrent bartonella spp., feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, and dirofilaria immitis infections in egyptian cats.abstract toxoplasma gondii and bartonella spp. are zoonotic pathogens of cats. feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) are related to human immunodeficiency virus and human leukemia virus, respectively, and these viruses are immunosuppressive. in the present study, the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii , bartonella spp., fiv, as well as felv and dirofilaria immitis antigens was determined in sera from feral cats ( felis catus ) from cairo, egypt. using a modified ...201121506874
serological detection of viral infections in captive wild cats from costa rica.serum samples from a total of 44 wildcats, 28 margays (leopardus wiedii), 10 ocelots (leopardus pardalis), four jaguaroundis (herpailurus yaguaroundi), one oncilla (leopardus tigrina), and one jaguar (panthera onca) were obtained between january 2001 and august 2002 from the profelis centre for rehabilitation of wild felids, located in the northwestern region of costa rica. forty three samples were tested for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and p27 antigen of feline leukem ...201121547230
distinctive receptor binding properties of the surface glycoprotein of a natural feline leukemia virus isolate with unusual disease spectrum.abstract: background: feline leukemia virus (felv)-945, a member of the felv-a subgroup, was previously isolated from a cohort of naturally infected cats. an unusual multicentric lymphoma of non-t-cell origin was observed in natural and experimental infection with felv-945. previous studies implicated the felv-945 surface glycoprotein (su) as a determinant of disease outcome by an as yet unknown mechanism. the present studies demonstrate that felv-945 su confers distinctive properties of binding ...201121569491
inhibition of feline leukemia virus replication by the integrase inhibitor raltegravir.the oncogenic gammaretrovirus feline leukemia virus (felv) has been the leading cause of death among domestic cats until the introduction of efficient diagnostics and vaccines in the late 1980s. so far, no efficient treatment for viremic animals is available. hence, use of the felv model to evaluate antiretroviral therapies applied to hiv is a timely task. the efficacy of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir, which is widely used for the treatment of hiv in humans, has been assessed in vitro for ...201121570781
placental expression of the heme transporter, feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor, is related to maternal iron status in pregnant adolescents.little is known about the expression of heme transporters in human placenta and possible associations between these transporters and maternal or neonatal iron status. to address this area of research, relative protein expression of 2 heme transporters, feline leukemia virus, subgroup c, receptor 1 (flvcr1) and breast cancer resistance protein (bcrp), was assessed using western-blot analysis in human placental tissue in relation to maternal/neonatal iron status and placental iron concentration. p ...201121593354
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, and leishmania spp. infections and risk factors for cats from brazil.the seroprevalence of infection by toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, and leishmania spp. was detected through an indirect immunofluorescence in 70 cats from the andradina municipality, são paulo state, brazil. anti-t. gondii antibodies (titer >64) were detected in 15.7% (11/70) of animals, whereas positivity for n. caninum (titer 16) was not observed in any animal. of the cats from urban and rural areas, 10.4% (5/48) and 27.2% (6/22) were positive for t. gondii, respectively. breed, age, food ...201121626423
when cats' ways of life interact with their viruses: a study in 15 natural populations of owned and unowned cats (felis silvestris catus).in natural populations, virus circulation is influenced by host behavior and physiological characteristics. cat populations exhibit a great variability in social and spatial structure, the existence of different ways of life within a same population may also result in different epidemiological patterns. to test this hypothesis, we used a logistic regression to analyze the risk factors of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), feline herpes virus (fhv), feline calicivirus (fcv), and feline parvovir ...201121705099
are endogenous feline leukemia viruses really endogenous?full length endogenous feline leukemia virus (felv) proviruses exist within the genomes of many breeds of domestic cat raising the possibility that they may also exist in a transmissible exogenous form. such viruses would share receptor usage with the recombinant felv-b subgroup, a viral subgroup that arises in vivo by recombination between exogenous subgroup a virus (felv-a) and endogenous felv. accordingly, all isolates of felv-b made to date have contained a "helper" felv-a, consistent with t ...201121715022
the innate antiviral immune system of the cat: molecular tools for the measurement of its state of activation.the innate immune system plays a central role in host defence against viruses. while many studies portray mechanisms in early antiviral immune responses of humans and mice, much remains to be discovered about these mechanisms in the cat. with the objective of shedding light on early host-virus interactions in felids, we have developed 12 real-time taqman(-«) qpcr systems for feline genes relevant to innate responses to viral infection, including those encoding for various ifn+¦ and ifn¤ë subtype ...201121719112
use of recombinant interferon omega in feline retrovirosis: from theory to practice.type-i interferons (ifns) are cytokines that have non-specific antiviral activity, participating mostly in innate defense mechanisms. their administration has been proposed to treat several viral and immunomediated diseases as an immunomodulatory therapy. due to its availability, recombinant human interferon-alpha (rhuifn-+¦) has been studied in relation to feline retrovirosis, both in vitro and in vivo. however, ifns are species-specific and antibodies have been shown to develop in response to ...201121719116
a review of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in cats in canada.feline leukemia virus (felv) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are common and important infectious diseases of cats in canada. prevalence data are necessary to define prophylactic, management, and therapeutic measures for stray, feral and owned cats. recently, comprehensive data on the seroprevalence of retrovirus infections of cats in canada have become available and are reviewed. further investigation into geographic variations in retrovirus seroprevalence within canada is warranted, and ...201121757241
the surface glycoprotein of a natural feline leukemia virus subgroup a variant, felv-945, as a determinant of disease outcome.feline leukemia virus (felv) is a natural retrovirus of domestic cats associated with degenerative, proliferative and malignant diseases. studies of felv infection in a cohort of naturally infected cats were undertaken to examine felv variation, the selective pressures operative in felv infection that lead to predominance of natural variants, and the consequences for infection and disease progression. a unique variant, designated felv-945, was identified as the predominant isolate in the cohort ...201121764142
clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus infection.feline leukemia virus (felv) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are retroviruses with a global impact on the health of domestic cats. the two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. fiv can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. in most naturally infected cats, however, fiv itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and fiv-infected cats may live many years without any healt ...201121807418
quantification and molecular characterization of the feline leukemia virus a receptor.virus receptors and their expression patterns on the cell surface determine the cell tropism of the virus, host susceptibility and the pathogenesis of the infection. feline thiamine transport protein 1 (fthtr1) has been identified as the receptor for feline leukemia virus (felv) a. the goal of the present study was to develop a quantitative, taqman real-time pcr assay to investigate fthtr1 mrna expression in tissues of uninfected and felv-infected cats, cats of different ages, in tumor tissues a ...201121889617
in vitro inhibition of feline leukaemia virus infection by synthetic peptides derived from the transmembrane domain.the feline leukaemia virus (felv) is a gammaretrovirus commonly affecting cats. infection with this virus often leads to fatal outcomes and, so far, no cure is available for this disease. synthetic peptides with structures mimicking the transmembrane protein of the viral surface proteins hold the potential to effectively interfere with viral entry by hampering the fusion of viral and host cell membranes and constitute a novel approach for the treatment of infections with retroviruses. we identif ...201121900723
Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids.The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic myco ...201121908268
Vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma with keloidal differentiation in a cat.A 6-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat was presented with a history of subcutaneous mass of the lateral left hind limb. The subcutaneous mass developed over a period of approximately 16 months subsequent to administration of Feline leukemia virus vaccines. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, the subcutaneous mass was diagnosed as vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma with keloidal differentiation.201121908376
Feline leukemia virus infection requires a post-receptor binding envelope-dependent cellular component.Gammaretrovirus receptors have been suggested to contain the necessary determinants to mediate virus binding and entry. Here, we show that murine NIH 3T3 and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells overexpressing receptors for subgroup A, B, and C feline leukemia viruses (FeLVs) are weakly susceptible (10(1) to 10(2) CFU/ml) to FeLV pseudotype viruses containing murine leukemia virus (MLV) core (Gag-Pol) proteins, whereas FeLV receptor-expressing murine Mus dunni tail fibroblast (MDTF) cells are highly ...201121917946
detection of encephalitozoon cuniculi in the feline cataractous lens.identification of encephalitozoon cuniculi (e. cuniculi) as a possible causative agent for cataracts and uveitis in cats.201121923822
Identification of a Cullin5-ElonginB-ElonginC E3 complex in degradation of feline immunodeficiency virus Vif-mediated feline APOBEC3 proteins.Various feline APOBEC3 (fA3) proteins exhibit broad antiviral activities against a wide range of viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline foamy virus (FFV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV), as well as those of other species. This activity can be counteracted by the FIV Vif protein, but the mechanism by which FIV Vif suppresses fA3s is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that FIV Vif could act via a proteasome-dependent pathway to overcome fA3s. FIV Vif interacted ...201121957297
Viral determinants of FeLV infection and pathogenesis: lessons learned from analysis of a natural cohort.Detailed analysis has been performed over many years of a geographic and temporal cohort of cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Molecular analysis of FeLV present in the diseased tissues and application of those viruses to experimental systems has revealed unique isolates with distinctive disease potential, previously uncharacterized virus-receptor interactions, information about the role of recombinant viruses in disease induction, and novel viral and cellular oncogenes i ...201121994802
[FeLV infection in the cat: clinically relevant aspects].The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus of the domestic cat that was described almost 50 years ago. The FeLV-infection may lead to fatal diseases in domestic and small wild cats. The use of efficacious diagnostics assays and vaccines led to a reduction of the FeLV prevalence; however, FeLV still poses a problem for the cat presented with the infection. This article aims to describe recent developments in diagnostics and findings in the infection pathogenesis that are clinically relevant ...201122045454
feline leukemia virus & feline immunodeficiency virus. 199622074523
diamond blackfan anemia.mutations affecting genes encoding ribosomal proteins cause diamond blackfan anemia (dba), a rare congenital syndrome associated with physical anomalies, short stature, red cell aplasia, and an increased risk of malignancy. p53 activation has been identified as a key component in the pathophysiology of dba after cellular and molecular studies of knockdown cellular and animal models of dba and other disorders affecting ribosomal assembly or function. other potential mechanisms that warrant furthe ...201122160079
Altered plasma concentrations of sex hormones in cats infected by feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus.Gender differences may affect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans and may be related to fluctuations in sex hormone concentration. The different percentage of male and female cats observed to be infected by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been traditionally explained through the transmission mechanisms of both viruses. However, sexual hormones may also play a role in this different distribution. To study this possibility, 17ß-estradiol, ...201122177694
uterine adenocarcinoma with feline leukemia virus infection.feline endometrial adenocarcinomas are uncommon malignant neoplasms that have been poorly characterized to date. in this study, we describe a uterine adenocarcinoma in a persian cat with feline leukemia virus infection. at the time of presentation, the cat, a female persian chinchilla, was 2 years old. the cat underwent surgical ovariohystectomy. a cross-section of the uterine wall revealed a thickened uterine horn. the cat tested positive for feline leukemia virus as detected by polymerase chai ...201122232645
serosurvey of free-ranging amur tigers in the russian far east.wild amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica, n=44) from the russian far east were tested for antibodies to feline leukemia virus, feline corona virus (fcov), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline parvovirus (fpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), toxoplasma gondii, and bartonella henselae. antibodies to fcov, cdv, fpv, and t. gondii were detected in 43, 15, 68, and 42% of tigers, respectively. no differences were detected in antibody prevalence estimates between tigers captured as part of a research ...201222247389
discovery of drugs that possess activity against feline leukemia virus.feline leukemia virus (felv) is a gammaretrovirus that is a significant cause of neoplastic-related disorders affecting cats worldwide. treatment options for felv are limited, associated with serious side effects, and can be cost-prohibitive. the development of drugs used to treat a related retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), has been rapid, leading to the approval of five drug classes. although structural differences affect the susceptibility of gammaretroviruses to anti-hi ...201222258856
coinfection of leishmania chagasi with toxoplasma gondii, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) in cats from an endemic area of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.the aim of the present study was to determine the coinfection of leishmania sp. with toxoplasma gondii, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) in a population of cats from an endemic area for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. an overall 66/302 (21.85%) cats were found positive for leishmania sp., with infection determined by direct parasitological examination in 30/302 (9.93%), by serology in 46/302 (15.23%) and by both in 10/302 (3.31%) cats. real time pcr followed ...201222285010
feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in canada: recommendations for testing and management.feline leukemia virus (felv) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are common and important infectious disease agents of cats in canada. seroprevalence data for felv and fiv in various populations of canadian cats are reviewed and recommendations for testing and management of infections by these viruses in cats in canada are presented. retrovirus testing in canada is infrequent in comparison with the united states, and efforts should be focused on reducing physical and other barriers to testin ...201122294790
abnormal erythroid cell proliferation and myelofibrosis in a cat.a cat was presented with severe progressive anemia despite marked erythroblastosis. the cat was negative for feline leukemia virus antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus antibody. bone marrow cytology revealed an excess of erythroid cells with a predominance of prorubricytes and basophilic rubricytes. no response to immunosuppressive therapy was obtained, and a tentative diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome was made. the cat showed a partial response to low-dose cytarabine (20 mg/m(2) subcut ...201222313965
cryptosporidium species screening using kinyoun technique in domestic cats with diarrhea.cryptosporidium is a coccidian that can lead to diarrhea, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. retroviruses are considered a primary cause of immunosuppression in cats. fecal specimens and blood collected from the 60 cats were evaluated for the presence of acid-fast cryptosporidia in three consecutive stool samples and for feline leukemia virus (felv) antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibody by elisa testing. five animals (8.33%) shedding oocysts were found, one was both f ...201222314086
infectious disease prevalence in a feral cat population on prince edward island, canada.ninety-six feral cats from prince edward island were used to determine the prevalence of selected infectious agents. the prevalence rates were 5.2% for feline immunodeficiency virus, 3.1% for feline leukemia virus, 3.1% for mycoplasma haemofelis, 8.4% for candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum, 2.1% for bartonella spp. and 29.8% for exposure to toxoplasma gondii. oocysts of t. gondii were detected in 1.3% of the fecal samples that were collected. gender and retroviral status of the cats were signifi ...201122379197
survey of the feline leukemia virus infection status of cats in southern germany.most studies that investigate the prevalence of infections with feline leukemia virus (felv) are based on the detection of p27 antigen in blood, but they do not detect proviral dna to identify the prevalence of regressive felv infections. the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and status of felv infection in cats in southern germany. p27 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), anti-p45 antibody elisa, dna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of blood and rna pcr of saliv ...201222403413
comparison of the convergent receptor utilization of a retargeted feline leukemia virus envelope with a naturally-occurring porcine endogenous retrovirus a.in vitro screening of randomized felv envelope libraries identified the cp isolate, which enters cells through hupar-1, one of two human receptors utilized by porcine endogenous retrovirus-a (perv-a), a distantly related gammaretrovirus. the cp and perv-a envs however, share little amino acid homology. their receptor utilization was examined to define the common receptor usage of these disparate viral envs. we demonstrate that the receptor usage of cp extends to hupar-2 but not to the porcine re ...201222405627
doppler echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical therapy of constrictive pericarditis in a cat.a 4-year-old ragdoll cat presented for dyspnea secondary to chylous pleural effusion to the university of georgia veterinary teaching hospital. physical examination, complete blood count, serum chemistries, urinalysis, thoracic radiographs, abdominal radiographs, and thoracic fluid cytology and culture failed to identify an etiology for the chylous effusion. the patient tested negative for feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and heartworm disease. respiration phasic influences o ...201222412166
virological survey in free-ranging wildcats (felis silvestris) and feral domestic cats in portugal.to determine the presence of viral pathogens in natural areas a survey was conducted on an opportunistic sample of fifty eight wild (felis silvestris silvestris) and feral cats (f. s. catus). the biological materials included serum, lung tissue extract and stool. feline leukemia virus p27 antigen was detected in 13/50 serum/lung tissue extract samples (26%), canine distemper virus antibodies were detected in 2/26 serum/lung tissue extract samples (7.7%), feline coronavirus rna was present in 6/2 ...201222424865
emerging viruses in the felidae: shifting paradigms.the domestic cat is afflicted with multiple viruses that serve as powerful models for human disease including cancers, sars and hiv/aids. cat viruses that cause these diseases have been studied for decades revealing detailed insight concerning transmission, virulence, origins and pathogenesis. here we review recent genetic advances that have questioned traditional wisdom regarding the origins of virulent feline infectious peritonitis (fip) diseases, the pathogenic potential of feline immunodefic ...201222470834
mutations of flvcr1 in posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa result in the loss of heme export activity.the feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor 1 (flvcr1) is a heme exporter that maintains the intracellular heme concentration. flvcr1 was previously assumed to be involved in diamond-blackfan anemia, and it was recently reported that mutations in the flvcr1 gene are found in patients with posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (pcarp). four mutations in flvcr1 (asn121asp, cys192arg, ala241thr, and gly493arg) are located within putative transmembrane domains; however, the effects of f ...201222483575
prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection in domestic cats in rio de janeiro.peripheral blood smears of 1094 domestic cats were collected and tested by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay for p27 antigen in cells to study the prevalence and risk factors for feline leukemia virus (felv) in the state of rio de janeiro. sex, age, breed, outdoor access, neutering status, type of habitation (household, shelter, veterinary clinics and other places), number of household cats and clinical signs were registered on a form. among the tested samples, 11.52% were positive. ris ...201222492347
serological survey of toxoplasma gondii, dirofilaria immitis, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) infections in pet cats in bangkok and vicinities, thailand.the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) infections was examined using serum or plasma samples from 746 pet cats collected between may and july 2009 from clinics and hospitals located in and around bangkok, thailand. the samples were tested for heartworm, fiv, and felv using a commercial elisa. of the 746 samples, 4.6% (34/746) were positive for heartworm antigen, 24.5% (183/746) had circulating ...201222497870
feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus article - a comment. 201122547834
quantification of the humoral immune response and hemoplasma blood and tissue loads in cats coinfected with 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum' and feline leukemia virus.'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum' (cmhm) is a hemotropic mycoplasma (aka hemoplasma) of domestic cats and wild felids. in a transmission study, we exposed eight specified pathogen-free cats to blood from iberian lynxes (lynx pardinus) infected with cmhm. the cats were coinfected with feline leukemia virus (felv) from an iberian lynx or with a prototype felv. the goal of the present study was to quantify the humoral immune response to cmhm and to identify potential target tissues and sequestra ...201222588083
infectious endogenous retroviruses in cats and emergence of recombinant viruses.endogenous retroviruses (ervs) comprise a significant percentage of the mammalian genome, and it is poorly understood whether they will remain as inactive genomes or emerge as infectious retroviruses. although several types of ervs are present in domestic cats, infectious ervs have not been demonstrated. here, we report a previously uncharacterized class of endogenous gammaretroviruses, termed erv-dcs, that is present and hereditary in the domestic cat genome. we have characterized a subset of e ...201222674983
antibody response to vaccines for rhinotracheitis, caliciviral disease, panleukopenia, feline leukemia, and rabies in tigers (panthera tigris) and lions (panthera leo).this article presents the results of a study of captive tigers (panthera tigris) and lions (panthera leo) vaccinated with a recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus; an inactivated adjuvanted vaccine against rabies virus; and a multivalent modified live vaccine against feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus. the aim of the study was to assess the immune response and safety of the vaccines and to compare the effects of the administration of single (1 ml) and double (2 m ...201222779227
a novel population of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells activated in a rat model of stroke: an analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution in response to ischemia.in a rat model of stroke, the spatio-temporal distribution of α-smooth muscle actin-positive, (αsma+) cells was investigated in the infarcted hemisphere (ipsilateral) and compared with the contralateral hemisphere. at day 3 postischemia, αsma+ cells were concentrated in two main loci within the ipsilateral hemisphere (area a) in the medial corpus callosum and (area b) midway through the striatum adjacent to the lateral ventricle. by day 7 and further by day 14, fewer αsma+ cells remained in area ...201222805872
a case of feline neurolymphomatosis: pathological and molecular investigations.neurolymphomatosis is a very rare form of nervous system infiltration by lymphoma that can affect cranial and peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots. the clinical appearance can mimic autoimmune or paraneoplastic neuropathies. to date, only 2 cases of neurolymphomatosis have been reported in the veterinary literature (1 dog and 1 cat). a case of neurolymphomatosis in a 5-year-old female domestic shorthair cat is reported. two, whitish, bosselated, non-symmetric masses (1 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.5 cm) ...201222964430
exposure to selected pathogens in to selected pathogens in geoffroy's cats and domestic carnivores from central argentina.wild carnivores share a high percentage of parasites and viruses with closely related domestic carnivores. because of increased overlap and potential contact with domestic species, we conducted a retrospective serosurvey for 11 common carnivore pathogens in 40 geoffroy's cats (leopardus geoffroyi) sampled between 2000 and 2008 within or near two protected areas in central argentina (lihué calel national park, la pampa, and campos del tuyú national park, buenos aires), as well as five domestic ca ...201223060491
the mitochondrial heme exporter flvcr1b mediates erythroid differentiation.feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor 1 (flvcr1) is a cell membrane heme exporter that maintains the balance between heme levels and globin synthesis in erythroid precursors. it was previously shown that flvcr1-null mice died in utero due to a failure of erythropoiesis. here, we identify flvcr1b, a mitochondrial flvcr1 isoform that promotes heme efflux into the cytoplasm. flvcr1b overexpression promoted heme synthesis and in vitro erythroid differentiation, whereas silencing of flvcr1b cause ...201223187127
mitochondrial heme: an exit strategy at last.the transport of heme across membranes is critical for iron absorption, the formation of hemoglobin and other hemoproteins, and iron recycling in macrophages. however, the identity of heme transport proteins has been elusive. in this issue of the jci, chiabrando et al. reveal that an isoform of the feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor (flvcr1) exports heme from the mitochondria and is critical for erythroid differentiation.201223187133
clinical aspects of feline retroviruses: a review.feline leukemia virus (felv) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are retroviruses with global impact on the health of domestic cats. the two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. felv is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. felv can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia), and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus o ...201223202500
immunising with the transmembrane envelope proteins of different retroviruses including hiv-1: a comparative study.the induction of neutralizing antibodies is a promising way to prevent retrovirus infections. neutralizing antibodies are mainly directed against the envelope proteins, which consist of two molecules, the surface envelope (su) protein and the transmembrane envelope (tm) protein. antibodies broadly neutralizing the human immunodeficiencvy virus-1 (hiv-1) and binding to the tm protein gp41 of the virus have been isolated from infected individuals. their epitopes are located in the membrane proxima ...201323249763
disruption of thiamine uptake and growth of cells by feline leukemia virus subgroup a.feline leukemia virus (felv) is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic cats and some wild cats despite the availability of relatively effective vaccines against the virus. felv subgroup a (felv-a) is transmitted in natural infections, and felv subgroups b, c, and t can evolve directly from felv-a by mutation and/or recombination with endogenous retroviruses in domestic cats, resulting in a variety of pathogenic outcomes. the cell surface entry receptor for felv-a is a putativ ...201223269813
comparison of the geographical distribution of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in the united states of america (2000-2011).although feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) have similar risk factors and control measures, infection rates have been speculated to vary in geographic distribution over north america. since both infections are endemic in north america, it was assumed as a working hypothesis that their geographic distributions were similar. hence, the purpose of this exploratory analysis was to investigate the comparative geographical distribution of both viral infections. counts ...201323289366
acute virulent infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) results in lymphomagenesis via an indirect mechanism.four cats (24%) experimentally infected with fiv unexpectedly developed neoplastic changes within four months of inoculation. while fiv has previously been associated with neoplasia, the rapidity and high attack rate seen here is highly unusual. pcr for antigen receptor rearrangements (parr) detected clonally rearranged t cells in two animals diagnosed with b cell follicular lymphoma by classical means. all cats were negative for feline leukemia virus; gamma-herpesvirus dna was not amplified usi ...201323290868
complete genome sequences of two feline leukemia virus subgroup b isolates with novel recombination sites.it is generally accepted that all primary isolates of feline leukemia virus (felv) contain a subgroup a virus (felv-a) that is essential for transmission. in contrast, felv-b is thought to arise de novo in the infected animal through rna recombination events with endogenous felv transcripts, presumably through copackaging of rna from endogenous felv and exogenous felv-a. here, we report the complete genome sequences of two novel strains of felv-b (felv-2518 and felv-4314) that were isolated in t ...201323405366
heme and flvcr-related transporter families slc48 and slc49.heme is critical for a variety of cellular processes, but excess intracellular heme may result in oxidative stress and membrane injury. feline leukemia virus subgroup c receptor (flvcr1), a member of the slc49 family of four paralogous genes, is a cell surface heme exporter, essential for erythropoiesis and systemic iron homeostasis. disruption of flvcr1 function blocks development of erythroid progenitors, likely due to heme toxicity. mutations of slc49a1 encoding flvcr1 are noted in patients w ...201723506900
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