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first report of clinical disease associated with canine distemper virus infection in a wild black bear (ursus americana).an approximately 1-yr-old black bear was discovered on the porch of a rural residence in southwestern pennsylvania on october 26, 2011, where it remained during the day in spite of efforts to frighten it away. the bear exhibited periods of somnolence and sporadic tremors and seizures. it was euthanized by gunshot that evening. immediately after euthanasia it was observed to have footpads that exuded fluid when compressed. it was submitted for necropsy the next day where roughened footpads were n ...201324502734
using the ferret model to study morbillivirus entry, spread, transmission and cross-species infection.canine distemper virus (cdv) is an animal morbillivirus with a worldwide circulation that infects carnivores, including domestic dogs and an assortment of wildlife hosts. the development of reverse genetics systems for wild-type strains of cdv and the use of the resulting recombinant (r) viruses to infect ferrets by a natural route has shed new light on the temporal pathogenesis of distemper. combining fluorescent protein expressing recombinant viruses and multimodal, macroscopic and microscopic ...201424525290
real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for detection of canine distemper virus modified live vaccine shedding for differentiation from infection with wild-type strains.canine distemper virus (cdv) remains a common cause of infectious disease in dogs, particularly in high-density housing situations such as shelters. vaccination of all dogs against cdv is recommended at the time of admission to animal shelters and many use a modified live virus (mlv) vaccine. from a diagnostic standpoint for dogs with suspected cdv infection, this is problematic because highly sensitive diagnostic real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) tests are able ...201424532693
a monoclonal antibody against truncated n protein (aa 277-471) of canine distemper virus.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs seen worldwide. the nucleocapsid protein (np) of canine distemper virus encloses virus assembly and has some regulatory functions in viral transcription and replication. here, we describe a procedure to generate a monoclonal antibody (mab) against cdv n protein and investigate its characteristics. western blot analysis showed that the mabs produced in this study were against cdv n specifically. indirect immunofluoresce ...201424555938
canine distemper virus and badgers. 201424578436
invasive american mink: linking pathogen risk between domestic and endangered carnivores.infectious diseases, in particular canine distemper virus (cdv), are an important threat to the viability of wild carnivore populations. cdv is thought to be transmitted by direct contact between individuals; therefore, the study of species interactions plays a pivotal role in understanding cdv transmission dynamics. however, cdv often appears to move between populations that are ecologically isolated, possibly through bridge hosts that interact with both species. this study investigated how an ...201424604545
emergence of canine distemper virus strains with two amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin protein, detected from vaccinated carnivores in north-eastern china in 2012-2013.a total of 16 strains of canine distemper virus (cdv) were detected from vaccinated minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs in four provinces in north-eastern china between the end of 2011 and 2013. upon sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin gene and comparison with wild-type cdv from different species in the same geographical areas, two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in 10 cdv strains, which led to amino acid changes at positions 542 (isoleucine to asparagine) and 549 ( ...201424618397
whole genome sequence analysis of the arctic-lineage strain responsible for distemper in italian wolves and dogs through a fast and robust next generation sequencing protocol.dynamic surveillance and characterization of canine distemper virus (cdv) circulating strains are essential against possible vaccine breakthroughs events. this study describes the setup of a fast and robust next-generation sequencing (ngs) ion pgm™ protocol that was used to obtain the complete genome sequence of a cdv isolate (cdv2784/2013). cdv2784/2013 is the prototype of cdv strains responsible for severe clinical distemper in dogs and wolves in italy during 2013. cdv2784/2013 was isolated on ...201424642239
molecular typing of canine distemper virus strains reveals the presence of a new genetic variant in south america.canine distemper virus (cdv, paramyxoviridae, morbillivirus) is the causative agent of a severe infectious disease affecting terrestrial and marine carnivores worldwide. phylogenetic relationships and the genetic variability of the hemagglutinin (h) protein and the fusion protein signal-peptide (fsp) allow for the classification of field strains into genetic lineages. currently, there are nine cdv lineages worldwide, two of them co-circulating in south america. using the fsp-coding region, we an ...201424647552
domestic dog health worsens with socio-economic deprivation of their home communities.dogs play an important role in infectious disease transmission as reservoir hosts of many zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. nevertheless, unlike wildlife species involved in the life cycle of pathogens, whose health status might be a direct reflection of their fitness and competitive abilities, dog health condition could be sensitive to socio-economic factors impacting the well-being of their owners. here, we compare several dog health indicators in three rural communities of panama with differen ...201424681221
genetic characterization of an isolate of canine distemper virus from a tibetan mastiff in china.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious, often fatal, multisystemic, and incurable disease in dogs and other carnivores, which is caused by canine distemper virus (cdv). although vaccines have been used as the principal means of controlling the disease, cd has been reported in vaccinated animals. the hemoagglutinin (h) protein is one of the most important antigens for inducing protective immunity against cd, and antigenic variation of recent cdv strains may explain vaccination failure. in t ...201424691820
morbillivirus vaccines: recent successes and future hopes.the impact of morbilliviruses on both human and animal populations is well documented in the history of mankind. indeed, prior to the development of vaccines for these diseases, morbilliviruses plagued both humans and their livestock that were heavily relied upon for food and motor power within communities. measles virus (mev) was responsible for the death of millions of people annually across the world and those fortunate enough to escape the disease often faced starvation where their livestock ...201424703852
the v domain of dog pvrl4 (nectin-4) mediates canine distemper virus entry and virus cell-to-cell spread.the entry of canine distemper virus (cdv) is a multistep process that involves the attachment of cdv hemagglutinin (h) to its cellular receptor, followed by fusion between virus and cell membranes. our laboratory recently identified pvrl4 (nectin-4) to be the epithelial receptor for measles and canine distemper viruses. in this study, we demonstrate that the v domain of pvrl4 is critical for cdv entry and virus cell-to-cell spread. furthermore, four key amino acid residues within the v domain of ...201424725937
an orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model.measles virus is a highly infectious morbillivirus responsible for major morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated humans. the related, zoonotic canine distemper virus (cdv) induces morbillivirus disease in ferrets with 100% lethality. we report an orally available, shelf-stable pan-morbillivirus inhibitor that targets the viral rna polymerase. prophylactic oral treatment of ferrets infected intranasally with a lethal cdv dose reduced viremia and prolonged survival. ferrets infected with the same ...201424739760
molecular and serological surveillance of canine enteric viruses in stray dogs from vila do maio, cape verde.infections caused by canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in dogs worldwide. prior to this study, no information was available concerning the incidence and prevalence of these viruses in cape verde archipelago.201424755118
transcriptional changes in canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis favor a biphasic mode of demyelination.canine distemper virus (cdv)-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis in dogs (canis familiaris) is suggested to represent a naturally occurring translational model for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis in humans. the aim of this study was a hypothesis-free microarray analysis of the transcriptional changes within cerebellar specimens of five cases of acute, six cases of subacute demyelinating, and three cases of chronic demyelinating and inflammatory cdv leukoencephaliti ...201424755553
canine distemper virus infection leads to an inhibitory phenotype of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro with reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and increased interleukin-10 transcription.canine distemper virus (cdv) exhibits a profound lymphotropism that causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility of affected dogs to opportunistic infections. similar to human measles virus, cdv is supposed to inhibit terminal differentiation of dendritic cells (dcs), responsible for disturbed repopulation of lymphoid tissues and diminished antigen presenting function in dogs. in order to testify the hypothesis that cdv-infection leads to an impairment of professional antigen presenting ...201424769532
recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus and variation in its receptor, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule, in carnivores.the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is a receptor for morbilliviruses. to understand the recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus (cdv) in carnivores, we determined the nucleotide sequences of slams of various carnivores and generated three-dimensional homology slam models. thirty-four amino acid residues were found for the candidates binding to cdv on the interface of the carnivore slams. slam of the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris) were similar to those of oth ...201424807184
identification of amino acid substitutions with compensational effects in the attachment protein of canine distemper virus.the hemagglutinin (h) gene of canine distemper virus (cdv) encodes the receptor-binding protein. this protein, together with the fusion (f) protein, is pivotal for infectivity since it contributes to the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. of the two receptors currently known for cdv (nectin-4 and the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule [slam]), slam is considered the most relevant for host susceptibility. to investigate how evolution might have impacted the host-cdv i ...201424807725
diagnoses of canine distemper virus in puppies. 201424812182
transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia.schwann cells (scs), olfactory ensheathing cells (oecs), and central nervous system schwann cell-like glia (sg) represent a group of nerve growth factor receptor p75 (ngfr)-positive cells, originating from different tissues. because of their pro-regenerative capacities, these cells are subjects in experimental transplantation-based therapies of spinal cord trauma. the objective of this study was to compare the transcriptomes of uninfected and canine distemper virus-infected oecs, scs, sg and fib ...201424889922
the tumor-associated marker, pvrl4 (nectin-4), is the epithelial receptor for morbilliviruses.pvrl4 (nectin-4) was recently identified as the epithelial receptor for members of the morbillivirus genus, including measles virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. here, we describe the role of pvrl4 in morbillivirus pathogenesis and its promising use in cancer therapies. this discovery establishes a new paradigm for the spread of virus from lymphocytes to airway epithelial cells and its subsequent release into the environment. measles virus vaccine strains have eme ...201424892636
construction of an expression system for bioactive il-18 and generation of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing il-18.interleukin 18 (il-18) plays an important role in the t-helper-cell type 1 immune response against intracellular parasites, bacteria and viral infections. it has been widely used as an adjuvant for vaccines and as an anticancer agent. however, il-18 protein lacks a typical signal sequence and requires cleavage into its mature active form by caspase 1. in this study, we constructed mammalian expression vectors carrying cdna encoding mature canine il-18 (cil-18) or mouse il-18 (mil-18) fused to th ...201424898077
canine kobuvirus infections in korean dogs.to investigate canine kobuvirus (cakov) infection, fecal samples (n = 59) were collected from dogs with or without diarrhea (n = 21 and 38, respectively) in the republic of korea (rok) in 2012. cakov infection was detected in four diarrheic samples (19.0 %) and five non-diarrheic samples (13.2 %). all cakov-positive dogs with diarrhea were found to be infected in mixed infections with canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus or canine adenovirus. there was no significant difference in the pr ...201424906525
viral oncolysis - can insights from measles be transferred to canine distemper virus?neoplastic diseases represent one of the most common causes of death among humans and animals. currently available and applied therapeutic options often remain insufficient and unsatisfactory, therefore new and innovative strategies and approaches are highly needed. periodically, oncolytic viruses have been in the center of interest since the first anecdotal description of their potential usefulness as an anti-tumor treatment concept. though first reports referred to an incidental measles virus ...201424921409
phylogenetic evidence of a new canine distemper virus lineage among domestic dogs in colombia, south america.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious viral disease of carnivores affecting both wild and domestic populations. the hemagglutinin gene, encoding for the attachment protein that determines viral tropism, shows high heterogeneity among strains, allowing for the distinction of ten different lineages distributed worldwide according to a geographic pattern. we obtained the sequences of the full-length h gene of 15 wild-type cdv strains circulating in domestic dog populations from the ab ...201424950886
detection of respiratory viruses and bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute respiratory tract infections.canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) is an acute, highly contagious disease complex caused by a variety of infectious agents. at present, the role of viral and bacterial components as primary or secondary pathogens in cird is not fully understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine influenza virus (civ), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), canine herpes virus-1 (chv-1), canine distempe ...201424980809
the role of canine distemper virus and persistent organic pollutants in mortality patterns of caspian seals (pusa caspica).persistent organic pollutants are a concern for species occupying high trophic levels since they can cause immunosuppression and impair reproduction. mass mortalities due to canine distemper virus (cdv) occurred in caspian seals (pusa caspica), in spring of 1997, 2000 and 2001, but the potential role of organochlorine exposure in these epizootics remains undetermined. here we integrate caspian seal mortality data spanning 1971-2008, with data on age, body condition, pathology and blubber organoc ...201424987857
new aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a member of the genus morbillivirus, which is known to cause a variety of disorders in dogs including demyelinating leukoencephalitis (cdv-dl). in recent years, substantial progress in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of cdv-dl has been made. in vivo and in vitro investigations provided new insights into its pathogenesis with special emphasis on axon-myelin-glia interaction, potential endogenous mechanisms of regeneration, and astroglial plasticity. cdv-d ...201424992230
serosurvey for selected pathogens in free-ranging american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa.american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. from 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. a large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies ...201425075540
parasitology, virology, and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central georgia, usa.we examined 31 free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central georgia, usa, for select parasites and viral agents. sixteen coyotes had adult heartworms (dirofilaria immitis). serum samples from 27 animals revealed antibodies against canine parvovirus (100%), canine distemper virus (48%), canine adenovirus (37%), and trypanosoma cruzi (7%); none were detected against leishmania spp. twenty-two of 24 (92%) coyotes were positive for toxoplasma gondii. real-time pcr of feces revealed 32% of coyot ...201425098300
post-vaccinal distemper encephalitis in two border collie cross littermates.one 4.5-month-old male border collie cross presented with aggression and seizures in october 2006. a 16-month-old, female, spayed border collie cross presented with hypersalivation and a dropped jaw and rapidly became stuporous in september 2007. the dogs were littermates and developed acute neurological signs 5 and 27 days, respectively, after vaccination with different modified live vaccines containing canine distemper virus.201525120026
serologic survey for cross-species pathogens in urban coyotes (canis latrans), colorado, usa.abstract as coyotes (canis latrans) adapt to living in urban environments, the opportunity for cross-species transmission of pathogens may increase. we investigated the prevalence of antibodies to pathogens that are either zoonotic or affect multiple animal species in urban coyotes in the denver metropolitan area, colorado, usa, in 2012. we assayed for antibodies to canine parvovirus-2, canine distemper virus, rabies virus, toxoplasma gondii, yersinia pestis, and serotypes of leptospira interrog ...201425121408
epidemiology of viral pathogens of free-ranging dogs and indian foxes in a human-dominated landscape in central india.there is an increasing concern that free-ranging domestic dog (canis familiaris) populations may serve as reservoirs of pathogens which may be transmitted to wildlife. we documented the prevalence of antibodies to three viral pathogens, canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus (cav), in free-ranging dog and sympatric indian fox (vulpes bengalensis) populations in and around the great indian bustard wildlife sanctuary, in maharashtra, central india. a total of 2 ...201425135467
variable transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in phocine lymphocytes following canine distemper virus infection.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious viral pathogen. domesticated dogs are the main reservoir of cdv. although phocine distemper virus was responsible for the recent epidemics in seals in the north and baltic seas, most devastating epidemics in seals were also caused by cdv. to further study the pathogenesis of cdv infection in seals, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the mechanisms of cdv induced immunosuppression in seals by analyzing the gene transcription of d ...201425190509
development of a two-step sybr green i based real time rt-pcr assay for detecting and quantifying peste des petits ruminants virus in clinical samples.a two-step sybr green i based real time rt-pcr targeting the matrix (m) gene of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was developed. the specificity of the assay was assessed against viral nucleic acid extracted from a range of animal viruses of clinical and structural similarities to pprv including canine distemper virus, measles virus, bluetongue virus and newcastle disease virus. but none of the viruses and no template control showed an amplification signal. sensitivity of the same assay wa ...201425194891
rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by one-tube reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction.canine distemper virus (cdv) has been associated with outbreaks of canine infectious respiratory disease in shelters and boarding kennel environments. pockittm nucleic acid analyzer is a field-deployable device capable of generating automatically interpreted insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) results from extracted nucleic acid within one hour. in this study, reverse transcription iipcr (rt-iipcr) was developed to facilitate point-of-need diagnosis of cdv infection.201425200113
preparation of monoclonal antibody of anti-feline calicivirus and establishment of double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting method.this study aimed to prepare monoclonal antibody of feline calicivirus (fcv) and identify its basic biological characteristics. saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation, combined differential centrifugation, and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation were used for the purification of fcv. the purified fcv was used as antigen to immunize balb/c mice. the hybridoma lines of anti-fcv monoclonal antibodies were established using cell fusion and hybridoma screening techniques. the subtypes of ...201425222237
use of hydrophilic extra-viral domain of canine distemper virus h protein for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay development.simple methods for measuring the levels of serum antibody against canine distemper virus (cdv) would assist in the effective vaccination of dogs. to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) specific for cdv, we expressed hydrophilic extra-viral domain (hevd) protein of the a75/17-cdv h gene in a pet 28a plasmid-based escherichia (e.) coli vector system. expression was confirmed by dot and western blotting. we proposed that detection of e. coli-expressed h protein might be conformatio ...201425234325
pathologic and molecular virologic characterization of a canine distemper outbreak in farmed civets.in october 2011, a fatal disease outbreak occurred in 3 civet species farmed for their use in the coffee industry in thailand. the disease quickly killed 20 animals in a mixed population of asian palm civets (paradoxurus hermaphroditus; n = 18), a masked palm civet (paguma larvata; n = 1), and small indian civet (viverricula indica; n = 1). clinical signs consisted of severe lethargy, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea with associated dehydration, dyspnea, nasal and footpad hyperkeratosis, and sei ...201525253065
canine distemper outbreak in raccoons suggests pathogen interspecies transmission amongst alien and native carnivores in urban areas from germany.from december 2012 to may 2013, an outbreak occurred among urban wild carnivores from berlin. we collected 97 free-ranging raccoons from the city area. pcr assays, histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in 74 raccoons. phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutinin gene fragments (1767 nucleotides) of cdv isolated from four raccoons showed close relation to cdv isolates from foxes from germany and a domestic dog from hungary; all belonging to the "europ ...201425258173
surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals phoca vitulina from central california.the infection status of harbor seals phoca vitulina in central california, usa, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. stranded animals from mendocino county to san luis obispo county were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: the marine mammal center (tmmc, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: san francisco bay (sf, n = 78) and tomales bay (tb, n = 97), that ...201425266897
occurrence of different canine distemper virus lineages in italian dogs.this study describes the sequence analysis of the h gene of 7 canine distemper virus (cdv) strains identified in dogs in italy between years 2002-2012. the phylogenetic analysis showed that the cdv strains belonged to 2 clusters: 6 viruses were identified as arctic-like lineage and 1 as europe 1 lineage. these data show a considerable prevalence of arctic-like-cdvs in the analysed dogs. the dogs and the 3 viruses more recently identified showed 4 distinctive amino acid mutations compared to all ...201425273966
efficacy of two canine distemper vaccines in wild nearctic river otters (lontra canadensis).canine distemper virus (cdv), a contagious morbillivirus, infects families in the order carnivora, including nearctic river otters (lontra canadensis). as a preventative measure, vaccinations against cdv are frequently given to mustelids in captive environments. the pennsylvania river otter reintroduction project (prorp) used wild-caught river otters to evaluate the efficacy and need for vaccinations against cdv as part of any reintroduction project. the objectives of this study were to: 1) eval ...201425314818
duration of immunity in red wolves (canis rufus) following vaccination with a modified live parvovirus and canine distemper vaccine.there is growing information available regarding duration of immunity for core vaccines in both domestic and nondomestic species. vaccination protocols in nondomestic canids have frequently followed guidelines developed for the domestic dog; however, these protocols can be inappropriate for nondomestic canids such as the african wild dog (lycaon pictus), leaving some animals susceptible to infectious disease and others at risk for contracting vaccine-induced disease. in this study, red wolves (c ...201425314821
first genome sequence of a canine distemper virus strain from south america.canine distemper virus causes a severe infectious disease in carnivores worldwide. herein, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a new strain (uy251/2012) isolated from a dog in uruguay. the uy251/2012 strain belongs to the europe1/south america1 lineage, and constitutes the first report of a genomic sequence in south america.201425342674
estimating the potential impact of canine distemper virus on the amur tiger population (panthera tigris altaica) in russia.lethal infections with canine distemper virus (cdv) have recently been diagnosed in amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica), but long-term implications for the population are unknown. this study evaluates the potential impact of cdv on a key tiger population in sikhote-alin biosphere zapovednik (sabz), and assesses how cdv might influence the extinction potential of other tiger populations of varying sizes. an individual-based stochastic, sird (susceptible-infected-recovered/dead) model was used t ...201425354196
canine distemper virus envelope protein interactions modulated by hydrophobic residues in the fusion protein globular head.membrane fusion for morbillivirus cell entry relies on critical interactions between the viral fusion (f) and attachment (h) envelope glycoproteins. through extensive mutagenesis of an f cavity recently proposed to contribute to f's interaction with the h protein, we identified two neighboring hydrophobic residues responsible for severe f-to-h binding and fusion-triggering deficiencies when they were mutated in combination. since both residues reside on one side of the f cavity, the data suggest ...201525355896
in-vitro antiviral efficacy of ribavirin and interferon-alpha against canine distemper virus.canine distemper is a highly contagious disease with high incidence and lethality in the canine population. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral action with ribavirin (rbv), interferon-alpha (ifnα), and combinations of rbv and ifnα against canine distemper virus (cdv). vero cells inoculated with cdv were treated with rbv, ifnα, and combinations of these drugs. the efficacy to inhibit viral replication was evaluated by adding the compounds at different times to de ...201425355997
fatal canid herpesvirus 1 respiratory infections in 4 clinically healthy adult dogs.four healthy adult dogs (golden retrievers aged 6 years and 9 years, dalmatian aged 13 years, and mastiff aged 5 years) developed clinical signs of acute respiratory disease and died within 2 to 7 days of onset of clinical signs. the lungs of the 3 dogs submitted for necropsy were diffusely and severely reddened due to hyperemia and hemorrhage. microscopic lesions in all dogs were suggestive of acute viral or toxic respiratory damage and varied from acute severe fibrinonecrotic or hemorrhagic br ...201525358536
serologic evidence for selected infectious diseases in marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in italy (2004-09).we tested 30 serum samples collected during 2004-09 from 22 free-ranging marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in the national park of abruzzo, lazio, and molise, italy, for antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), brucella spp., and eight leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars. antibody to cdv was detected in 11 samples (37%); only two bears (10%) had detectable cav-2 and brucella spp. antibodies; three bea ...201525375945
adjuvant effects of recombinant giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) il-18 on the canine distemper disease vaccine in mice.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a morbillivirus known to cause morbidity and mortality in a broad range of animals. giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca), especially captive ones, are susceptible to natural infection with cdv. interleukin-18 (il-18) is a powerful adjuvant molecule that can enhance the development of antigen-specific immunity and vaccine efficacy. in this study, a giant panda il-18 gene eukaryotic expression plasmid (pcamil-18) was constructed. female balb/c mice were muscularly ...201525399820
necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a large mixed-breed dog.a 4-year-old 26-kg (57.2-lb) spayed female staffordshire bull terrier mix was evaluated because of a 24-hour history of cluster seizures.201425406708
phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in domestic dogs in nanjing, china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a broad range of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. the hemagglutinin gene, which encodes the attachment protein that determines viral tropism, has been widely used to determine the relationship between cdv strains of different lineages circulating worldwide. we determined the full-length h gene sequences of seven cdv field strains detected in domestic dogs in nanjing, china. a phylogenetic analysis of the h gene sequences of cdv strains from di ...201525416856
canine distemper virus antigen detection in external epithelia of recently vaccinated, sick dogs by fluorescence microscopy is a valuable prognostic indicator.currently, there are no reliable predictors of the clinical outcomes of domesticated dogs that have been recently vaccinated against canine distemper virus (cdv) and develop respiratory disease. in this study, vaccinated dogs from oklahoma city that were showing clinical signs of respiratory disease were evaluated for cdv antigen using a direct fluorescent antibody test (fat). clinical outcomes after standard symptomatic therapy for respiratory disease were recorded, and a statistical analysis o ...201425428156
major histocompatibility complex, demographic, and environmental predictors of antibody presence in a free-ranging mammal.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) variability plays a key role in pathogen resistance, but its relative importance compared to environmental and demographic factors that also influence resistance is unknown. we analyzed the mhc ii drb exon 2 for 165 raccoons (procyon lotor) in missouri (usa). for each animal we also determined the presence of immunoglobulin g (igg) and immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to two highly virulent pathogens, canine distemper virus (cdv) and parvovirus. we investi ...201425446941
recombinant rabies virus expressing the h protein of canine distemper virus protects dogs from the lethal distemper challenge.the rabies virus (rv) vector lbnse expressing foreign antigens have shown considerable promise as vaccines against viral and bacteria diseases, which is effective and safe. we produced a new rv-based vaccine vehicle expressing 1.824 kb hemagglutinin (h) gene of the canine distemper virus (cdv) by reverse genetics technology. the recombinant virus lbnse-cdv-h retained growth properties similar to those of vector lbnse both in bsr and mna cell culture. the h gene of cdv was expressed and detected ...201425465178
characterization of two recent japanese field isolates of canine distemper virus and examination of the avirulent strain utility as an attenuated vaccine.recently, several new strains of canine distemper virus (cdv) have been isolated in japan. to investigate their pathogenesis in dogs, the yanaka and bunkyo-k strains were investigated by infecting dogs and determining clinical signs, amount of virus, and antibody responses. the yanaka strain is avirulent and induced an antibody response. the bunkyo-k strain induced typical cdv clinical signs in infected dogs and virulence was enhanced by brain passage. molecular and phylogenetic analyses of h ge ...201425465179
antiviral activity of a bacillus sp. p34 peptide against pathogenic viruses of domestic animals.p34 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by a bacillus sp. strain isolated from the intestinal contents of a fish in the brazilian amazon basin with reported antibacterial activity. the aim of this work was to evaluate the peptide p34 for its in vitro antiviral properties against canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine coronavirus (ccov), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), equine arteritis virus (eav), equine influenza virus (eiv), feline calicivirus (fcv) and felin ...201425477947
development of a duplex real-time rt-qpcr assay to monitor genome replication, gene expression and gene insert stability during in vivo replication of a prototype live attenuated canine distemper virus vector encoding siv gag.advancement of new vaccines based on live viral vectors requires sensitive assays to analyze in vivo replication, gene expression and genetic stability. in this study, attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) was used as a vaccine delivery vector and duplex 2-step quantitative real-time rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) assays specific for genomic rna (grna) or mrna have been developed that concurrently quantify coding sequences for the cdv nucleocapsid protein (n) and a foreign vaccine antigen (siv gag). these a ...201525486083
virological and serological findings in dogs with naturally occurring distemper.canine distemper virus (cdv) is the cause of a severe and highly contagious disease in dogs. the unpredictable and variable course of cdv-related disease may hamper correct diagnosis of infection and makes it crucial the collection of samples suitable for laboratory confirmation. in the present study we were able to follow the disease in two dogs infected naturally, collecting different biological matrices during the entire period of infection. by real time rt-pcr, viral rna was detected and qua ...201525512131
development of a nanoparticle-assisted pcr (nanopcr) assay for detection of mink enteritis virus (mev) and genetic characterization of the ns1 gene in four chinese mev strains.mink enteritis virus (mev) causes mink viral enteritis, an acute and highly contagious disease whose symptoms include violent diarrhea, and which is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a recently developed technique for the rapid detection of bacterial and viral dna. here we describe a novel nanopcr assay for the clinical detection and epidemiological characterization of mev.201525582057
dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic-wildlife interface: canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions.morbilliviruses cause many diseases of medical and veterinary importance, and although some (e.g., measles and rinderpest) have been controlled successfully, others, such as canine distemper virus (cdv), are a growing concern. a propensity for host-switching has resulted in cdv emergence in new species, including endangered wildlife, posing challenges for controlling disease in multispecies communities. cdv is typically associated with domestic dogs, but little is known about its maintenance and ...201525605919
canine adenovirus type 1 in a fennec fox (vulpes zerda).a 10-mo-old female fennec fox (vulpes zerda) with drooling suddenly died and was examined postmortem. histologic examination of different tissue samples was performed. vacuolar degeneration and diffuse fatty change were observed in the liver. several diagnostic methods were used to screen for canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus, canine coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine adenovirus (cadv). only cadv type 1 (cadv-1) was detected in several organs (liv ...201425632689
canine distemper virus dna vaccination of mink can overcome interference by maternal antibodies.canine distemper virus (cdv) is highly contagious and can cause severe disease against which conventional live vaccines are ineffective in the presence of maternal antibodies. vaccination in the presences of maternal antibodies was challenged by vaccination of 5 days old and 3 weeks old mink kits with cdv dna vaccines. virus neutralising (vn) antibody responses were induced in mink kits vaccinated with a plasmid encoding the haemaglutinin protein (h) of cdv (n=5, pcdv-h) or a combination of the ...201525637861
canine distemper virus threatens wild tigers. 201425638955
development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus hemagglutinin protein.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a serious multisystemic disease in dogs and other carnivora. hemagglutinin (h) protein-specific antibodies are mainly responsible for protective immunity against cdv infection. in the present study, six neutralizing mabs to the h protein of cdv were newly obtained and characterized by immunizing balb/c mice with a recent chinese field isolate. competitive binding inhibition assay revealed that they recognized four distinct antigenic regions of the h protein. i ...201525644427
in vitro anti-canine distemper virus activity of fucoidan extracted from the brown alga cladosiphon okamuranus.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a morbillivirus related to measles virus that infects dogs and other carnivores. cdv has a significant global impact on animal health; however, there is no current antiviral treatment for cdv infection. in recent years, it has been demonstrated that sulfated polysaccharides exhibit antiviral properties both in vivo and in vitro, despite their low cytotoxicity to host cells. fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide found in the cell wall matrix of brown algae. in this ...201425674625
the anti-canine distemper virus activities of ex vivo-expanded canine natural killer cells.natural killer (nk) cells play critical roles in induction of antiviral effects against various viruses of humans and animals. however, few data on nk cell activities during canine distemper virus (cdv) infections are available. recently, we established a culture system allowing activation and expansion of canine non-b, non-t, large granular nk lymphocytes from pbmcs of normal dogs. in the present study, we explored the ability of such expanded nk cells to inhibit cdv infection in vitro. culture ...201525680810
serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from zimbabwe.domestic dogs are common amongst communities in sub-saharan africa and may serve as important reservoirs for infectious agents that may cause diseases in wildlife. two agents of concern are canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), which may infect and cause disease in large carnivore species such as african wild dogs and african lions, respectively. the impact of domestic dogs and their diseases on wildlife conservation is increasing in zimbabwe, necessitating thorough assessmen ...201425686382
demographic characteristics and infectious diseases of a population of american black bears in humboldt county, california.american black bears (ursus americanus) are common, widely distributed, and broad-ranging omnivorous mammals in northern california forests. bears may be susceptible to pathogens infecting both domestic animals and humans. monitoring bear populations, particularly in changing ecosystems, is important to understanding ecological features that could affect bear population health and influence the likelihood that bears may cause adverse impacts on humans. in all, 321 bears were captured between may ...201525700042
pathology in practice. canine distemper virus disease in a dog. 201525719842
use of quantitative real-time rt-pcr to investigate the correlation between viremia and viral shedding of canine distemper virus, and infection outcomes in experimentally infected dogs.we used real-time rt-pcr and virus titration to examine canine distemper virus (cdv) kinetics in peripheral blood and rectal and nasal secretions from 12 experimentally infected dogs. real-time rt-pcr proved extremely sensitive, and the correlation between the two methods for rectal and nasal (r=0.78, 0.80) samples on the peak day of viral rna was good. although the dogs showed diverse symptoms, viral rna kinetics were similar; the peak of viral rna in the symptomatic dogs was consistent with th ...201525728411
a recombinant canine distemper virus expressing a modified rabies virus glycoprotein induces immune responses in mice.canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rv) are two important pathogens of the dog. cdv, a member of the morbillivirus genus, has shown promise as an expression vector. the glycoprotein from rv is a main contributor to protective immunity and capable of eliciting the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. in this study, we recovered an attenuated strain of canine distemper virus and constructed a recombinant virus, rcdv-rv-g, expressing a modified (r333q) rabies virus glycoprotein ( ...201525764477
establishment of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection and differentiation of canine distemper virus infected and vaccinated animals.although widespread vaccination against canine distemper virus (cdv) has been conducted for many decades, several canine distemper outbreaks in vaccinated animals have been reported frequently. in order to detect and differentiate the wild-type and vaccine strains of the cdv from the vaccinated animals, a novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method was developed. a set of four primers-two internal and two external-were designed to target the h gene for the ...201525769803
xenosurveillance: a novel mosquito-based approach for examining the human-pathogen landscape.globally, regions at the highest risk for emerging infectious diseases are often the ones with the fewest resources. as a result, implementing sustainable infectious disease surveillance systems in these regions is challenging. the cost of these programs and difficulties associated with collecting, storing and transporting relevant samples have hindered them in the regions where they are most needed. therefore, we tested the sensitivity and feasibility of a novel surveillance technique called xe ...201525775236
slam- and nectin-4-independent noncytolytic spread of canine distemper virus in astrocytes.measles and canine distemper viruses (mev and cdv, respectively) first replicate in lymphatic and epithelial tissues by using slam and nectin-4 as entry receptors, respectively. the viruses may also invade the brain to establish persistent infections, triggering fatal complications, such as subacute sclerosis pan-encephalitis (sspe) in mev infection or chronic, multiple sclerosis-like, multifocal demyelinating lesions in the case of cdv infection. in both diseases, persistence is mediated by vir ...201525787275
co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia.bacterial pneumonia (bp) is an inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. the pathogenesis of bp in dogs is complex and the role of canine respiratory viruses has not been fully evaluated.201525818209
a histopathology study of caspian seal (pusa caspica) (phocidae, mammalia) liver infected with trematode, pseudamphistomum truncatum (rudolphi, 1819) (opisthorchidae, trematoda).main objective of this study was to investigate the invasive activity of the liver fluke, pseudamphistomom truncatum against the caspian seal (pusa caspica) and was exemplified at the gross, light microscopy (lm) and electron microscopy (em) levels.201725848395
recombinant newcastle disease viral vector expressing hemagglutinin or fusion of canine distemper virus is safe and immunogenic in minks.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects many carnivores and cause several high-mortality disease outbreaks. the current cdv live vaccine cannot be safely used in some exotic species, such as mink and ferret. here, we generated recombinant lentogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota expressing either envelope glycoproyein, heamagglutinine (h) or fusion protein (f), named as rla-cdvh and rla-cdvf, respectively. the feasibility of these recombinant ndvs to serve as live virus-vectored cd vaccine w ...201525865465
canine distemper virus neutralization activity is low in human serum and it is sensitive to an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin protein.serum was analyzed from 146 healthy adult volunteers in eastern africa to evaluate measles virus (mv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) neutralizing antibody (nab) prevalence and potency. mv plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) results indicated that all sera were positive for mv nabs. furthermore, the 50% neutralizing dose (nd50) for the majority of sera corresponded to antibody titers induced by mv vaccination. cdv nabs titers were low and generally were detected in sera with high mv nab ...201525880113
cloning, expression and antiviral activity of mink alpha-interferons.as a key link between innate and adaptive immune responses, the interferon (ifn) system is the first line of defense against viral infection. ifn, and in particular, ifn-α, has been used clinically as an effective therapeutic agent for viral infections. however, different subtypes of ifn-α demonstrate distinct antiviral activity. therefore, it is important to identify ifn-α subtypes with high antiviral activity for the development of genetically engineered antiviral drugs.201525889984
canine distemper in endangered ethiopian wolves.the ethiopian wolf (canis simensis) is the world's rarest canid; ≈500 wolves remain. the largest population is found within the bale mountains national park (bmnp) in southeastern ethiopia, where conservation efforts have demonstrated the negative effect of rabies virus on wolf populations. we describe previously unreported infections with canine distemper virus (cdv) among these wolves during 2005-2006 and 2010. death rates ranged from 43% to 68% in affected subpopulations and were higher for s ...201525898177
comparative clinical sample preparation of dna and rna viral nucleic acids for a commercial deep sequencing system (illumina miseq(®)).sequence-independent methods for viral discovery have been widely used for whole genome sequencing of viruses. different protocols for viral enrichment, library preparation and sequencing have increasingly been more available and at lower costs. however, no study to date has focused on optimization of viral sample preparation for commercial deep sequencing. accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate an in-house enzymatic protocol for double-stranded dna (dsdna) synthesis and also ...201525901649
canine distemper virus as a threat to wild tigers in russia and across their range.canine distemper virus (cdv) has recently been identified in populations of wild tigers in russia and india. tiger populations are generally too small to maintain cdv for long periods, but are at risk of infections arising from more abundant susceptible hosts that constitute a reservoir of infection. because cdv is an additive mortality factor, it could represent a significant threat to small, isolated tiger populations. in russia, cdv was associated with the deaths of tigers in 2004 and 2010, a ...201525939829
sequential conformational changes in the morbillivirus attachment protein initiate the membrane fusion process.despite large vaccination campaigns, measles virus (mev) and canine distemper virus (cdv) cause major morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, respectively. the mev and cdv cell entry system relies on two interacting envelope glycoproteins: the attachment protein (h), consisting of stalk and head domains, co-operates with the fusion protein (f) to mediate membrane fusion. however, how receptor-binding by the h-protein leads to f-triggering is not fully understood. here, we report that an a ...201525946112
antibody study in canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein gene-immunized mice.the gene for the nucleocapsid (n) protein of canine distemper virus was cloned into the pmd-18t vector, and positive recombinant plasmids were obtained by enzyme digestion and sequencing. after digestion by both ecori and kpni, the plasmid was directionally cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcdna; the positive clone pcdna-n was screened by electrophoresis and then transfected into cos-7 cells. immunofluorescence analysis results showed that the canine distemper virus n protein was exp ...201525966074
novel furin inhibitors with potent anti-infectious activity.new peptidomimetic furin inhibitors with unnatural amino acid residues in the p3 position were synthesized. the most potent compound 4-guanidinomethyl-phenylacteyl-arg-tle-arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (mi-1148) inhibits furin with a ki value of 5.5 pm. the derivatives also strongly inhibit pc1/3, whereas pc2 is less affected. selected inhibitors were tested in cell culture for antibacterial and antiviral activity against infectious agents known to be dependent on furin activity. a significant protec ...201525974265
parasitology and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in north carolina, usa.coyotes (canis latrans) have expanded recently into the eastern us and can serve as a source of pathogens to domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris), livestock, and humans. we examined free-ranging coyotes from central north carolina, us, for selected parasites and prevalence of antibodies against viral and bacterial agents. we detected ticks on most (81%) coyotes, with amblyomma americanum detected on 83% of those with ticks. fifteen (47%) coyotes were positive for heartworms (dirofilaria immiti ...201525984773
epidemiology of canine distemper and canine parvovirus in domestic dogs in urban and rural areas of the araucanía region in chile.to assess whether the seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) in domestic dogs is higher in urban versus rural areas of the araucanía region in chile and risk factors for exposure, a serosurvey and questionnaire survey at three, urban-rural paired sites was conducted from 2009 to 2012. overall, 1161 households were interviewed of which 71% were located in urban areas. a total of 501 blood samples were analysed. the overall cdv and cpv seroprevalences were 61% ( ...201526013417
a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis.meningoencephalitis (me) is a common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in dogs. clinically, me has both infectious and non-infectious causes. in the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqpcr) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (blastomyces dermatitidis, cryptococcus spp., neospora caninum, borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., toxoplasma gondii, ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [cdv]). ...201526040611
canine distemper virus infection among wildlife before and after the epidemic.in 2007-2008, a canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemic occurred among wild animals in wakayama prefecture, japan, and many mammals, including the wild boar and deer, were infected. in this study, cdv prevalence among wild animals was surveyed before and after the epidemic. at first, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated protein a/g was established to detect cdv antibodies in many mammalian species. this established elisa was available for testing dogs ...201526074342
mortality of amur tigers: the more things change, the more they stay the same.poaching as well as loss of habitat and prey are identified as causes of tiger population declines. although some studies have examined habitat requirements and prey availability, few studies have quantified cause-specific mortality of tigers. we used cumulative incidence functions (cifs) to quantify cause-specific mortality rates of tigers, expanding and refining earlier studies to assess the potential impact of a newly emerging disease. to quantify changes in tiger mortality over time, we re-e ...201526096683
phylogenetic features of hemagglutin gene in canine distemper virus strains from different genetic lineages.in the present study, the genotype of two canine distemper virus (cdv) strains, namely, zjj-sd and zjj-ln, were investigated, based on the whole hemagglutinin (ha) gene. the cdv strains were obtained from two foxes in shandong province and liaoning province in 2011. phylogenetic analyses were carried out for 260 cdv strains worldwide, and a statistical analysis was performed in the amino acid substitutions at positions 530 and 549 of the ha protein. phylogenetic analyses revealed that the two st ...201526131292
molecular phylogeography of canine distemper virus: geographic origin and global spreading.canine distemper virus (cdv) (paramyxoviridae-morbillivirus) is a worldwide spread virus causing a fatal systemic disease in a broad range of carnivore hosts. in this study we performed bayesian inferences using 208 full-length hemagglutinin gene nucleotide sequences isolated in 16 countries during 37 years (1975-2011). the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor suggested that current cdv strains emerged in the united states in the 1880s. this ancestor diversified through time into tw ...201526151219
efficacy of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing leishmania antigen against leishmania challenge in dogs.canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination confers long-term protection against cdv reinfection. to investigate the utility of cdv as a polyvalent vaccine vector for leishmania, we generated recombinant cdvs, based on an avirulent yanaka strain, that expressed leishmania antigens: lack, tsa, or lmsti1 (rcdv-lack, rcdv-tsa, and rcdv-lmsti1, respectively). dogs immunized with rcdv-lack were protected against challenge with lethal doses of virulent cdv, in the same way as the parental yanaka strain. ...201526162094
immunohistochemical detection of autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) in the cerebellums of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus.we investigated the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) protein in the cerebellums of dogs infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) using immunohistochemistry to detect autophagy. the cerebellums of 20 dogs infected with cdv were used. specimens showing demyelination of white matter were considered to have an acute infection, whereas specimens showing signs of severe perivascular cuffing and demyelination of white matter were classified as having chronic cdv. cer ...201526179070
canine dysautonomia in a litter of havanese puppies.canine dysautonomia is a sporadic, generally fatal disease that rarely affects groups of related animals. four 10-week-old havanese puppies from a litter of 5 developed clinical signs of canine dysautonomia. the 4 affected dogs were exposed to an outdoor environment, whereas the fifth littermate was not exposed to the outdoors and remained clinically healthy. clinical signs of dysautonomia developed 10-16 days after going outside the house. an unrelated dog also developed dysautonomia after expo ...201526179098
clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from hungary to switzerland.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. in switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. in recent years, the import of dogs from eastern europe to switzerland has steadily increased. in the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from hungary to switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. the data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected ...201526179635
prevalence of canine infectious respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at us animal shelters.to determine the prevalence of nine canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at animal shelters across the united states.201526199194
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