Publications

meningoencephalitis and pneumonia associated with cryptococcus neoformans infection in a free-ranging elk in the usa.		2002	12356239
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease, scrapie, and the threat to humans from prion disease epizootics.	ongoing endemics and epidemics of prion disease afflict several species of ruminants regularly consumed by humans. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is epidemic in british cattle, and is now found in the cattle of more than 20 countries. a large, and apparently growing, epidemic of chronic wasting disease plagues deer and elk in north america. finally, scrapie has been endemic in the sheep of most countries for many decades. it was once assumed that humans were not susceptible to these rumi ...	2002	12359101
oxidative metabolism modulates signal transduction and micronucleus formation in bystander cells from alpha-particle-irradiated normal human fibroblast cultures.	the role of oxidative metabolism in the up-regulation/activation of stress-induciblesignaling pathways as well as induction of micronucleus formation in bystander cells was investigated. by immunoblotting and in situ immunofluorescence, active cu-zn superoxide dismutase (sod) enzyme and active catalase enzyme were shown to inhibit the up-regulation of p21(waf1) as well as the induction of micronucleus formation in bystander cells from confluent cultures of normal human diploid fibroblasts irradi ...	2002	12359750
reproductive seasonality in female iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	this study characterized the seasonal pattern of luteal cyclicity in iberian red deer (n=16), by measuring plasma progesterone concentrations in hinds (female red deer) twice per week from calving (may and june) 1996 until may 1997. in eight of these hinds we also examined plasma prolactin profiles to assess seasonal responses to photoperiod. plasma progesterone concentration in the 16 hinds studied indicated that the reproductive pattern is seasonal, and lasts for 5.73 +/- 0.27 months. after ca ...	2002	12374125
negative regulatory role of overexpression of plc gamma 1 in the expression of early growth response 1 gene in rat 3y1 fibroblasts.	the early growth response 1 (egr-1) gene product is a transcription factor that functions as an oikis factor. loss of egr-1 expression is closely associated with tumor formation. phospholipase cgamma1 (plcgamma1) is overexpressed in some tumors, and its overexpression causes anchorage-independent growth. here we report that overexpression of plcgamma1 and sh2-sh3 domain of plcgamma1 decreased induction of egr-1 and the egr-1-regulated genes tsp-1 and pai-1. results from the nuclear run-on assay ...	2002	12374773
amphetamine increases phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and transcription factors in the rat striatum via group i metabotropic glutamate receptors.	amphetamine is an indirect dopamine receptor agonist and increases glutamate release in the striatum. activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) upregulates camp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2) in the striatum in vivo. in the present study the role of mglurs in the regulation of erk1/2 pathways leading to creb and elk-1 phosphorylation by amphetamine was investigated using immunohist ...	2002	12377393
evaluation of brucella abortus strain rb51 and strain 19 in pronghorn antelope.	free-roaming elk and bison in the greater yellowstone area remain the only wildlife reservoirs for brucella abortus in the united states, and the large number of animals and a lack of holding facilities make it unreasonable to individually vaccinate each animal. therefore, oral delivery is being proposed as a possible option to vaccinate these wild ungulates. one of the main problems associated with oral vaccination is the potential exposure of nontarget species to the vaccines. the purpose of t ...	2002	12381572
elk restoration in ontario, canada: infectious disease management strategy, 1998-2001.	ontario has embarked upon a program to restore elk (cervus elaphus) that were once native to that province. a comprehensive disease-management strategy has ensured that elk are free of infectious diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis prior to shipment to ontario. postmortem analysis occurs on elk mortalities in ontario to ensure that elk are not infected with diseases such as chronic wasting disease and tuberculosis. between 1998 and 2001, a total of 443 elk were transported from elk isl ...	2002	12381618
extracellular zinc stimulates erk-dependent activation of p21(cip/waf1) and inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells.	zinc is an important trace element in the body and is involved in both the proliferation and growth arrest of many kinds of cells including colorectal epithelial cells. the aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanism of the growth regulation of colorectal cancer cells by extracellular zinc. zinc-stimulated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade was measured by immunoblotting and elk-1 dependent trans-reporter gene expression, and zinc-stimulated p21(cip/w ...	2002	12381673
failure to demonstrate involvement of antibodies to acinetobacter calcoaceticus in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of animals.	acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a soil microbe, contains molecular sequences which resemble those found in neurofilaments of the brain tissue. it was hypothesized that if cattle ingest large amounts of feedstuff containing a. calcoaceticus, they may develop an autoimmune reaction, with consequences of pathological changes associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). the hypothesis was tested using a small number of serum samples collected from cattle and it was found that affec ...	2002	12383651
measuring prions causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy or chronic wasting disease by immunoassays and transgenic mice.	there is increasing concern over the extent to which bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) prions have been transmitted to humans, as a result of the rising number of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) cases. toward preventing new transmissions, diagnostic tests for prions in livestock have been developed using the conformation-dependent immunoassay (cdi), which simultaneously measures specific antibody binding to denatured and native forms of the prion protein (prp). we employed high-aff ...	2002	12389035
effects of nutritional stress during lactation on immunity costs and indices of future reproduction in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	nutrition may affect the balance between immunity and traits such as reproduction or growth. this study examines the effect of low nutrient availability on immunity indices and lactation in captive iberian red deer. twelve hinds and their calves were allotted to a food-restricted (50-60% daily energy requirements) or a control group just after calving. low calorie intake exerted a greater effect on the immunity of calves than on that of hinds. whereas no difference was found for hinds, calves of ...	2002	12390895
[transformation with the e1a + cha-ras oncogenes enhances the trans-repressor function of the elk-1 transcription factor].	rat embryo fibroblasts (ref) transformed with the complementing e1a and cha-ras oncogenes show a down-regulation of the c-fos early response gene, which is transcribed with the participation of elk-1. the role of elk-1 was studied with constructs coding for the full-length factor or its n- or c-terminal fragment fused with gal. the trans-activating effect of each construct on the gal4-luc reporter plasmid was estimated in contransfected ref52 and e1a + cha-ras cells stimulated with serum or trea ...	2002	12391846
hypoglycemia in sick and moribund farmed elk calves.	blood glucose was found to be below the reference range in most farmed elk calves examined at the western college of veterinary medicine teaching hospital. hypoglycemia was associated with diarrhea, sepsis, and malnutrition. blood glucose analysis and, when indicated, intravenous dextrose administration are recommended when treating moribund farmed elk calves.	2002	12395760
comparative ungulate dynamics: the devil is in the detail.	attempts to relate species differences in population dynamics to variation in life histories rely on the assumption that the causes of contrasts in demography are sufficiently simple to be derived from first principles. here, we investigate the causes of contrasts in dynamics between two ungulate populations on hebridean islands (red deer and soay sheep) and show that differences in stability, as well as in the effects of variation in density and climate, are related to differences in timing of ...	2002	12396519
a case of chronic wasting disease in an elk imported to korea from canada.	a seven-year-old male elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) was euthanized and necropsied after having a 3-week history of body weight loss, emaciation, excessive salivation, teeth grinding, fever, anorexia, and respiratory distress. the elk was imported into korea from canada on march 9, 1997. gross pathologic findings were restricted to a diffuse fibrinous pneumonia. microscopic lesions included mild neuronal vacuolation and spongiform change in the neuropil of selected brain stem nuclei and generalize ...	2002	12399615
activation of the epha2 tyrosine kinase stimulates the map/erk kinase signaling cascade.	intracellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases regulates many different aspects of cell behavior. recent studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that the epha2 receptor tyrosine kinase critically regulates tumor cell growth, migration and invasiveness. although the cellular consequences of epha2 signaling have been the focus of recent attention, the biochemical changes that are triggered by ligand-mediated activation of epha2 remain largely unknown. herein, we demonstrate th ...	2002	12400011
effects of calcium modulation on percutaneous absorption of a model drug.	to investigate the effect of modulation of the calcium gradient in the skin on the percutaneous absorption of nicotinic acid (na).	2002	12403077
macrophage signaling and respiratory burst.	macrophages are key defenders of the lung and play an essential role in mediating the inflammatory response. critical to this is the activation of the nadph oxidase. through receptor-mediated interactions, extracellular stimuli activate pathways that signal for the phosphorylation and assembly of the nadph oxidase. once the nadph oxidase is activated, it produces superoxide and h2o2 in a process known as the respiratory burst. the involvement of o2.- and h2o2 in the antimicrobicidal function of ...	2002	12403349
glucose upregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.	we investigated the effects of high concentrations of glucose on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (pai-1) gene expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc). in response to a high glucose concentration (27.5 mm), pai-1 mrna increased within 2 h, peaked at 4 h, remained elevated for another 4 h, then decreased to basal levels at 24 h. on the other hand, mannose at the same concentration (22.5 mm mannose plus 5.5 mm glucose) as an osmotic control had little effect on pai-1 mrna e ...	2002	12409145
grp receptor-mediated immediate early gene expression and transcription factor elk-1 activation in prostate cancer cells.	bombesin (bn) and its mammalian homologue gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) have been shown to play an important role in human cancer as autocrine and paracrine growth factors. prostatic neuroendocrine cells are thought to secrete these regulatory peptides and they may therefore interact with their specific, aberrantly expressed grp receptor (grp-r) in prostate cancer. in this study, we investigated the effect of bn on immediate early gene expression in two androgen-independent prostate cancer cel ...	2002	12409226
ventilation-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	mechanical ventilation of patients can be a life-saving treatment, but also imposes additional stress on the lung. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) represent a family of protein kinases that become phosphorylated and activated by many different forms of stress. using western blot analysis, the present study analysed the effects of high distending pressure ventilation on the activation of the mapk extracellular signal-related kinases (erk)-1/2, c-jun amino-terminal kinases (jnk) and p38 k ...	2002	12412688
brucella vaccines in wildlife.	brucellosis has been known to exist in populations of wildlife since the early part of the 20th century. at the beginning of this century in the us, brucella abortus is a problem in elk and bison in the greater yellowstone area, b. suis is prevalent in millions of feral swine in most of the southern states, and caribou/reindeer in alaska are infected with b. suis biovar 4. brucellosis has been virtually eliminated in domestic livestock in the us after decades of expensive governmental disease pr ...	2002	12414169
comparison of abnormal prion protein glycoform patterns from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agent-infected deer, elk, sheep, and cattle.	analysis of abnormal prion protein glycoform patterns from chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected deer and elk, scrapie-affected sheep and cattle, and cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy failed to identify patterns capable of reliably distinguishing these transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases. however, prp-res patterns sometimes differed among individual animals, suggesting infection by different or multiple cwd strains in some species.	2002	12414979
development of pcr assay for differentiation of some important wild animal meat of sri lanka.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to differentiate meat of ceylon spotted deer (axis axis ceylonensis), ceylon hog deer (a. porcius oryzus), ceylon sambhur (cervus unicolor unicolor) and barking deer (muntiacus muntijak malabaricus) from meat of cattle, goat, buffalo, pig, dog and sheep. a set of primers was designed according to the sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of c. elaphus canadensis and by pcr amplification about 450 bp band was observed for all four an ...	2002	12420866
infection with anaplasma phagocytophila in cervids from slovenia: evidence of two genotypic lineages.	human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) was recently recognized as an emerging tick-borne infection in europe. the disease is caused by anaplasma (previously ehrlichia) phagocytophila. the first confirmed acute human disease caused by a. phagocytophila was reported from slovenia in 1998. the tick ixodes ricinus was identified as the likely vector for this pathogen of humans and animals in europe. in order to assess the possibility that roe and red deer in slovenia serve as potential reservoir host ...	2002	12422618
tyrosine phosphorylation of vhr phosphatase by zap-70.	the zap-70 tyrosine kinase is a key component of the signaling machinery for the t cell antigen receptor (tcr). whereas recruitment and activation of zap-70 are relatively well understood, the proteins phosphorylated by zap-70 are incompletely known. we report here that vhr, a vaccinia virus vh1-related dual-specific protein phosphatase that inactivates the mitogen-activated kinases erk2 and jnk, is phosphorylated at y138 by zap-70. tyr138 phosphorylation was required for vhr to inhibit the erk2 ...	2003	12447358
program evaluation of mobile dental services for children with special health care needs.	this paper summarizes an evaluation of the elk mobile dental program for children with special health care needs. evaluation results indicated overall client satisfaction with mobile dental unit services in the absence of competent community based dental care. evaluator recommendations included expanding the mobile dental services along with a continued effort to establish permanent community based dental care for children with special healthcare needs. recommendations for program improvement in ...	2002	12449460
helicobacter pylori caga protein activates serum response element-driven transcription independently of tyrosine phosphorylation.	infection with helicobacter pylori possessing the cag pathogenicity island (pai) is associated with severe gastritis and gastric cancer. caga protein, one of the products of cag pai, is translocated into epithelial cells, where cytoskeletal rearrangements occur as a result of caga tyrosine (tyr) phosphorylation. here we identify a new role for caga protein as an activator of host cell signaling.	2002	12454853
urea signalling to immediate-early gene transcription in renal medullary cells requires transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.	signalling by physiological levels of urea (e.g. 200 mm) in cells of the mammalian renal medulla is reminiscent of activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase. the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor may be transactivated by a variety of g-protein-coupled receptors, primarily through metalloproteinase-dependent cleavage of a membrane-anchored egf precursor. in the murine inner medullary collecting duct (mimcd3) cell line, urea (200 mm) induced prompt (1-5 min) tyrosine phosphorylation of the egf ...	2003	12466022
cytoplasmic aggregates of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in lewy body diseases.	a better understanding of cellular mechanisms that occur in parkinson's disease and related lewy body diseases is essential for development of new therapies. we previously found that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda) elicits sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) activation that contributes to neuronal cell death in vitro. as subcellular localization of activated kinases affect accessibility to downstream targets, we examined spatial patterns of erk phosphorylation in 6-ohda-treated cell ...	2002	12466125
negative regulation of erk and elk by protein kinase b modulates c-fos transcription.	in this study, we have identified novel regulatory steps involved in the cross-talk between protein kinase b (pkb) and mapk signaling pathways. we found that pkb down-regulates the ras-raf-mek-erk pathway by reducing the activity of erk, which leads to inactivation of the transcription factor elk1. in addition, pkb is able to reduce protein levels of elk1. both events lead to suppression of serum response element (sre)-dependent transcription and a consequent decrease in the transcription of sre ...	2003	12468535
the stability of the g protein-coupled receptor-beta-arrestin interaction determines the mechanism and functional consequence of erk activation.	by binding to agonist-activated g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs), beta-arrestins mediate homologous receptor desensitization and endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits. recent data suggest that beta-arrestins also contribute to gpcr signaling by acting as scaffolds for components of the erk mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. because of these dual functions, we hypothesized that the stability of the receptor-beta-arrestin interaction might affect the mechanism and functional consequences ...	2003	12473660
helminth fauna of cervids in belorussian polesie.	we report on the examination of 18 elk ( alces alces), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus)and 16 roe deer ( capreolus capreolus) from the belorussian polesie in the period 1981-1998 for helminths. a total of 18 helminth species were found including dictyocaulus eckerti, fasciola hepatica, oesophagostomum venulosum, taenia hydatigena larvae and trichuris ovis, all of which occurred in all host species. sixteen of the species found are known to infect humans, domestic animals and/or farm animals.	2003	12474047
modulation of taste-induced elk-1 activation by identified neurotransmitter systems in the insular cortex of the behaving rat.	taste consumption activates the extracellular responsive kinases 1-2 (erk1-2) and the transcription factor elk-1 in the insular cortex (ic) of the behaving rat. erks activation, an obligatory step for the encoding of long- but not short-term memory, was shown to be regulated by multiple neurotransmitter systems in the ic. here i show, by the use of local microinfusions of pharmacological agents into the ic of the behaving rat, that a set of similar systems is required for the taste-induced activ ...	2003	12482687
growth marks observation: preferential techniques and teeth for ageing of spanish red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	a total of 207 teeth belonging to 53 deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from sierra morena (south of spain) were analysed using histological thin sections and/or polished thick sections. growth marks were observed in dentine and cementum of incisors, molars and canines. tooth, region of the tooth, and type of preparation giving the best performance in terms of sharpness and interpretation ease of the growth marks, when used for spanish deer ageing, were identified. the tissue chosen for the study ...	2002	12484425
experimental validation of a microcracking-based toughening mechanism for cortical bone.	it has been proposed that cortical bone derives its toughness by forming microcracks during the process of crack propagation (j. biomech. 30 (1997) 763; j. biomech. 33 (2000) 1169). the purpose of this study was to experimentally validate the previously proposed microcrack-based toughening mechanism in cortical bone. crack initiation and propagation tests were conducted on cortical bone compact tension specimens obtained from the antlers of red deer. for these tests, the main fracture crack was ...	2003	12485646
expansion of the asiatic parasite ashworthius sidemi (nematoda, trichostrongylidae) in wild ruminants in polish territory.	the abomasa of 40 wild ruminants (18 red deer, 9 roe deer, 13 european bison) shot in the bieszczady mountains and another 8 european bison shot in bialowieza primeval forest, were examined for worms. ashworthius sidemi was found in all of the animals from the bieszczady mountains, and the intensity of infection was usually massive. in bialowieza forest few specimens of a. sidemi were noted among three bison. wild ruminants were infected by a. sidemi from june to september. the nematodes origina ...	2003	12489006
activities of map-kinase pathways in normal uroepithelial cells and urothelial carcinoma cell lines.	it is often assumed that mapk pathways drive proliferation of normal uroepithelial (uec) and urothelial carcinoma (tcc) cells. to check this assumption, activities and inducibilities of promoters containing serum-response elements (sre) or ap-1 binding sites were investigated in cultured uec and seven tcc lines. reporter plasmids dependent on sre or ap-1 sites were highly active in uec, but significantly less so in tcc lines. reporter activity in tcc lines could be induced by constitutively acti ...	2003	12490193
adenosine triphosphate activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells.	to investigate the role of atp in ovarian tumorigenesis, the present study examined the expression of the p2u purinoceptor (p2u-r) and effect of atp on growth stimulation in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial (ose) cells. the immortalized ose (iose) cell lines, including iose-29 (pre-neoplastic), iose-29ec (neoplastic), and ovcar-3 (ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line) were used. our results indicated that p2u-r mrna was expressed and that atp exerted a growth-stimulatory effe ...	2003	12493727
the lateral enamel lamina--component of tooth primordia in selected mammalian species.	the lateral enamel lamina (lel) is a part of the enamel organ, which is probably not involved in tooth formation. it represents, besides the "stalk" of the tooth primordium, a second interconnection between enamel organ and oral epithelium or vestibular lamina. we detected the lel in the sheep (ovis aries), the dolphin (stenella attenuata), and the vole (microtus agrestis) by light microscopy and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction. the lel could be found in cap to bell stage tooth p ...	2002	12494916
asbestos inhalation induces tyrosine nitration associated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in the rat lung.	nitration of proteins by peroxynitrite (onoo-) has been shown to critically alter protein function in vitro. we have shown previously that asbestos inhalation induced nitrotyrosine formation, a marker of onoo- production, in the rat lung. to determine whether asbestos-induced protein nitration may affect mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways, lung lysates from crocidolite and chrysotile asbestos-exposed rats and from sham-exposed rats were immunoprecipitated with anti-nitrot ...	2003	12495932
induction of the early growth response gene 1 promoter by tcr agonists and partial agonists: ligand potency is related to sustained phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase substrates.	responses to partial agonist tcr signals include positive selection of thymocytes, survival of naive t cells, and homeostatic proliferation. as part of an effort to understand the molecular basis of these processes, we have determined how agonist and partial agonist ligands act differently to induce a change in gene expression. we have found that the early growth response gene 1 (egr1) promoter is activated by agonist and partial agonist ligands, but the partial agonist induces 10-fold lower pro ...	2003	12496415
comparison of lidocaine and compression for velvet antler analgesia in wapiti.	this research compared ring block lidocaine anesthesia (l) and compression (c) for velvet antler removal in elk. thirty-two wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate. the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute and given either a compression device or a lidocaine ring block on the antler pedicle. behavioral and physiological responses to treatment application and antler removal were recorded, and blood was collected for cortisol analysis. during application of l ...	2002	12497964
chronic wasting disease in a rocky mountain elk.	a 24-month-old rocky mountain elk was presented because of suspected chronic wasting disease (cwd). the animal was emaciated, had retained its winter hair, and had abnormal behavior patterns suggestive of cwd, including bruxism, ptyalism, and diminished flight zone size. immunohistochemical analysis of the brain confirmed the diagnosis of cwd.	2002	12497966
phosphorylation of hippocampal erk-1/2, elk-1, and p90-rsk-1 during contextual fear conditioning: interactions between erk-1/2 and elk-1.	the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the map kinase signal transduction pathway was investigated during associative learning of c57bl/6j mice. context-dependent fear conditioning, consisting of a single exposure of mice to a context followed by foot shock, was employed as a learning paradigm. control groups consisted of mice exposed to context only or an immediate shock in the context. coincident up-regulation of phosphorylated erk-1/2 and elk-1 was observed in the ca3 hippocampal subfiel ...	2002	12498787
new developments reproductive technologies in deer.	in vitro embryo production is the platform for advanced reproductive technologies, such as cloning. the in vitro embryo production system developed for farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) evolved along similar lines to that pioneered by other domestic species researchers. however, applying existing in vitro embryo production methods from these other species resulted in limited success and has necessitated developing a species-specific methodology for red deer based on the their physiology. analysis ...	2003	12499028
regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression by mycobacteria involves the assembly of a unique enhanceosome dependent on the coactivator proteins cbp/p300.	tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) plays an important role in host containment of infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death by an infectious agent globally. using the pathogenic m. tuberculosis strain h37rv, we present evidence that upon stimulation of monocytic cells by m. tuberculosis a unique tnf-alpha enhanceosome is formed, and it is distinct from the tnf-alpha enhanceosome that forms in t cells stimulated by antigen engagement or virus infection. a di ...	2003	12509451
map kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300.	cbp/p300 recruitment to enhancer-bound complexes is a key determinant in promoter activation by many transcription factors. we present a novel mechanism of activating such complexes and show that pre-assembled elk-1-p300 complexes become activated following elk-1 phosphorylation by changes in elk-1-p300 interactions rather than recruitment. it is known that elk-1 binds to promoter in the absence of stimuli. however, it is unclear how activation of elk-1 by mitogen-acivated protein kinase (mapk)- ...	2003	12514134
mycobacterium bovis infection in a farmed elk in korea.	a case of tuberculosis is reported in an eight-year-old, male, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the elk showed severe coughing, respiratory distress, abdominal breathing, anorexia, and severe progressive emaciation in the elk farm. at necropsy, the elk appeared in poor body condition. mild enlargement of retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph node was observed in the head. diffuse fibrinous pleuritis and purple red lobar pneumonia were found in the thorax. well demarcated numerous dark yellow disc ...	2002	12514326
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane suppresses neurite outgrowth and induces apoptosis in pc12 pheochromocytoma cells.	it is well known that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) is used as an insecticide and prevents many people in the tropical zone from devastating malaria. on the other hand, a number of reports have indicated that it may act as an endocrine disruptor and also has possible carcinogenic effects. however, the effects of ddt on the neural cells remain to be investigated. in this study, therefore, we observed the effects of p,p'-ddt, o,p'-ddt and its major metabolite p,p'-dde on the differentiatio ...	2003	12523960
a genome scan for quantitative trait loci in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus).	recent empirical evidence indicates that although fitness and fitness components tend to have low heritability in natural populations, they may nonetheless have relatively large components of additive genetic variance. the molecular basis of additive genetic variation has been investigated in model organisms but never in the wild. in this article we describe an attempt to map quantitative trait loci (qtl) for birth weight (a trait positively associated with overall fitness) in an unmanipulated, ...	2002	12524355
beneficial effects of antioxidants and l-arginine on oxidation-sensitive gene expression and endothelial no synthase activity at sites of disturbed shear stress.	atherogenesis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed blood flow, indicating the active participation of the hemodynamic environment in lesion formation. turbulent shear stress selectively regulates responsive genes in the endothelium and increases the damage induced by free radicals. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intervention with antioxidants and l-arginine on endothelial no synthase (enos) and oxidation-sensitive gene perturbation induced by dis ...	2003	12525696
immune responses of elk to vaccination with brucella abortus strain rb51.	in a study conducted from january to august 2000, elk (cervus elaphus) were vaccinated with brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51, n = 6) or injected with 0.15 m nacl solution (n = 3) at approximately 6 mo of age. beginning at 2 wk and continuing to 25 wk after vaccination, srb51-vaccinated elk had greater antibody responses (p < 0.05) to srb51 when compared to nonvaccinated elk. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from srb51-vaccinated elk had greater (p < 0.05) proliferative responses to s ...	2002	12528441
an indirect elisa to detect the serologic response of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) inoculated with brucella abortus strain rb51.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to identify elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with brucella abortus strain rb51 (rb51)-specific antibodies using a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for bovine igg1. this test was relatively easy to perform, accurate, and easily reproducible; therefore it could be standardized for use between laboratories. in addition, we attempted to compensate for inherent variabilities encountered when comparing elisa readings from multiple sampl ...	2002	12528442
molecular identification and prevalence of dictyocaulus spp. (trichostrongyloidea: dictyocaulidae) in swedish semi-domestic and free-living cervids.	lungs of 102 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 136 moose (alces alces), 68 fallow deer (dama dama), and six red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during hunting seasons from 16 september 1997 to 1 march 2000. the aim was to determine the species composition and prevalence of dictyocaulus lungworms in these hosts in sweden. worms were identified following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal dna (its2), followed by hybridization with four s ...	2002	12528445
docking sites on mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) kinases, mapk phosphatases and the elk-1 transcription factor compete for mapk binding and are crucial for enzymic activity.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades control gene expression patterns in response to extracellular stimuli. mapk/erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinases (meks) activate mapks by phosphorylating them; activated mapks, in turn, phosphorylate target transcription factors, and are deactivated by phosphatases. one mechanism for maintaining signal specificity and efficiency is the interaction of mapks with their substrates and regulators through high-affinity docking sites. in ...	2003	12529172
echinococcus granulosus in finland.	echinococcus granulosus is shown to occur in eastern finland in a sylvatic cycle involving wolves (canis lupus) as the definitive host and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and probably also elk (alces alces) and the wild forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus fennicus) as intermediate hosts. even though the prevalence of e. granulosus in reindeer has increased in recent years, it is still very low (<0.013%). the results suggest, however, that the reindeer is a good sentinel animal to show the c ...	2003	12531293
translocation of yope and yopn into eukaryotic cells by yersinia pestis yopn, tyea, sycn, yscb and lcrg deletion mutants measured using a phosphorylatable peptide tag and phosphospecific antibodies.	yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, exports a set of virulence proteins called yops upon contact with eukaryotic cells. a subset of these yops is translocated directly into the cytosol of host cells. in this study, a novel protein tag-based reporter system is used to measure the translocation of yops into cultured eukaryotic cells. the reporter system uses a small bipartite phosphorylatable peptide tag, termed the elk tag. translocation of an elk-tagged protein into eukaryotic cells ...	2003	12535078
effects of season, sex, and sample collection on concentrations of fecal cortisol metabolites in red deer (cervus elaphus).	seasonal variation, sex differences, and invasive sample collection may confound glucocorticoid measures as indices of stress. we investigated the effects of sex and season on glucocorticoid production on a non-invasive basis by measuring concentrations of cortisol metabolites in feces of undisturbed red deer (cervus elaphus). although feces can be collected easily, assignment to individuals is difficult. anonymous fecal samples may cause overrepresentation of particular individuals thus introdu ...	2003	12535624
storage of red deer epididymides for four days at 5 degrees c: effects on sperm motility, viability, and morphological integrity.	the purpose of this study was to assess the sperm motility, the plasma membrane integrity and the morphology of red deer spermatozoa when maintained within epididymides stored for 4 days at 5 degrees c, and to evaluate whether such stored spermatozoa are able to withstand a refrigeration process. thirty pairs of testes, with attached epididymides, were collected from 30 hunter-killed mature stags (cervus elaphus hispanicus), and spermatozoa from each one of the pairs were immediately collected i ...	2003	12541303
mapping of synergistic components of weakly interacting protein-protein motifs using arrays of paired peptides.	protein-protein recognition usually involves multiple interactions among different motifs that are scattered over protein surfaces. to identify such weak interactions, we have developed a novel double peptide synthesis (ds) method. this method allows us to map protein-protein interactions that involve two linear dis- continuous components from a polypeptide by the use of spatially addressable synergistic pairs of synthetic peptides. the ds procedure is based on the "spot" membrane-bound peptide ...	2003	12551909
case-control study of early-term abortions (early fetal losses) associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in central kentucky.	to identify factors associated with abortions during early gestation classified as mare reproductive loss syndrome (mrls).	2003	12555985
[character identification of 12 kinds of pilose antler medicinal materials].	in this paper, commercial medicinal materials of 12 kinds of pilose antler, cervus nippon, c. elaphus, c. albirostris, c. unicolor, c. eldihainanus, c. timorensis c. porinus, dama dama, rangifer farandus, alces alces, elaphurus davidianus, capreolus capreolus were compared and identified. a key and simple character illustration were listed.	1999	12571919
[character and uv spectral identification of deer's heart].	in this paper, the fresh and dried hearts of cervus nippon and c. elaphus are identified on character, fluorescence and uv spectra. the alcohol extract of the blood of the deer's hearts has mininum absorption at uv 310 nm.	1997	12572451
[identification of deer's foetus and its mixed drugs and flase drugs].	in this paper, the traditional chinese materia medicas--the foetuses of sika deer, red deer and the one of sheep and ox are compared and identified on characters and dissecting characteristices. the comparion and identification table about charaeters and commodity shape drawings is attached.	1997	12572462
activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by keratinocyte growth factor or fibroblast growth factor-10 promotes cell proliferation in human endometrial carcinoma cells.	fibroblast growth factors (fgfs) exert diverse effects resulting from their interaction with cognate receptors on target cells. our current study was designed to examine the local production and action of two specific stromal-epithelial cell mediatory factors, keratinocyte growth factor (kgf) and fgf-10, in human endometrial carcinoma cells. the rt-pcr method was used to determine gene expression of kgf, fgf-10, and kgf receptor in human endometrial carcinoma cells (hec-1) and human endometrial ...	2003	12574212
[study on allele-specific diagnostic pcr of the traditional chinese medicines of the deers].	to develop a convenient and accurate method of dna molecular marker for the identification of traditional chinese medicines made of deers, consisting of pilose antler, penis and testis, tendon and foetus.	2001	12579945
identification of novel erk2 substrates through use of an engineered kinase and atp analogs.	the mitogen-activated protein kinases are key regulators of cellular organization and function. to understand the mechanisms(s) by which these ubiquitous kinases affect specific cellular changes, it is necessary to identify their diverse and numerous substrates in different cell contexts and compartments. as a first step in achieving this goal, we engineered a mutant erk2 in which a bulky amino acid residue in the atp binding site (glutamine 103) is changed to glycine, allowing this mutant to ut ...	2003	12594221
synergistic activation of the serum response element-dependent pathway by hepatitis b virus x protein and large-isoform hepatitis delta antigen.	hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is a naturally occurring satellite of hepatitis b virus (hbv). there are few studies of the effects of the combination of hbv and hdv proteins (hdv antigens [hdags]) on intracellular signaling pathways. to understand the influence of hbv and hdv coinfection on hepatocytes, we investigated the effect of hbv proteins and hdags on the serum response element (sre)-dependent pathway. reporter assays revealed that only hbv x protein (hbx), alone or with the large isoform of ...	2003	12599056
chlamydia pneumoniae induces tissue factor expression in mouse macrophages via activation of egr-1 and the mek-erk1/2 pathway.	recent studies have suggested that infection with chlamydia pneumoniae (c pneumoniae) may contribute to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis and is associated with acute coronary events. tissue factor (tf), a potent prothrombotic molecule, is expressed by macrophages and other cell types within atherosclerotic lesions and plays an essential role in thrombus formation after plaque rupture. therefore the effects of c pneumoniae on induction of tf expression in macrophages were ...	2003	12600889
detection of papillomavirus-dna in mesenchymal tumour cells and not in the hyperplastic epithelium of feline sarcoids.	we examined 12 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline skin tumours which had the histopathological features of fibropapillomas for the presence of papillomavirus (pv) dna using touchdown polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing and nonradioactive in situ hybridization. nine of the tumours contained a 102-bp pcr product demonstrated using consensus pv primers that amplify a portion of the l1 gene. the nucleotide sequences are closely related, but not identical to that of ovine pv type 2, ...	2003	12603685
merlin suppresses the sre-dependent transcription by inhibiting the activation of ras-erk pathway.	the neurofibromatosis type 2 (nf2) gene encodes an intracellular membrane-associated protein called merlin or schwannomin, which is known to be a tumor suppressor. numerous studies have suggested that merlin is involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. previously, merlin/schwannomin was reported to block ras-induced cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell growth. also, the n-terminus of merlin was found to suppress cell proliferation, although it appears to be less e ...	2003	12604337
seasonal changes in melatonin concentrations in female iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	in deer, most of the earlier investigations on pineal function examined the effects of artificial photoperiods or the administration of melatonin to manipulate reproduction. however, endogenous melatonin rhythms have not been studied in red deer. thus, we monitored seasonal changes in plasma melatonin concentrations in 16 adult female iberian red deer living in outdoor enclosures. blood was sampled on the day of each seasonal change every 3-4 hr overnight and 1 hr before and after sunset and sun ...	2003	12614474
immune responses of elk to mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette guerin vaccination.	although rare, detection of mycobacterium bovis infection of captive or free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) elicits serious concern due to regulatory and zoonotic implications. few studies, however, have evaluated the immune response of elk to m. bovis or other pathogens. to model natural infection, elk were vaccinated with live m. bovis bacillus calmette guerin (bcg, pasteur strain) for evaluation of immune responsiveness to this attenuated live vaccine. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) ...	2003	12615449
fatal degenerative neurologic illnesses in men who participated in wild game feasts--wisconsin, 2002.	creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) is a fatal neurologic disorder in humans. cjd is one of a group of conditions known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), or prion diseases, that are believed to be caused by abnormally configured, host-encoded prion proteins that accumulate in the central nervous tissue. cjd has an annual incidence of approximately 1 case per million population in the united states and occurs in three forms: sporadic, genetically determined, and acquired by infecti ...	2003	12617536
grape seed extract inhibits egf-induced and constitutively active mitogenic signaling but activates jnk in human prostate carcinoma du145 cells: possible role in antiproliferation and apoptosis.	a loss of functional androgen receptor and an enhanced expression of growth factor receptors and associated ligands are causal genetic events in prostate cancer (pca) progression. these genetic alterations lead to an epigenetic mechanism where a feedback autocrine loop between membrane receptor and ligand (e.g. egfr-tgfalpha) results in a constitutive activation of mapk-elk1-ap1-mediated mitogenic signaling in human pca at an advanced and androgen-independent stage. we rationalized that inhibiti ...	2003	12618755
effects of testosterone on pedicle formation and its transformation to antler in castrated male, freemartin and normal female red deer (cervus elaphus).	pedicles and antlers are male deer secondary sexual characters. as such, development of these structures is under the control of androgen hormones. pedicle growth is caused by increasing and elevated plasma testosterone (t) levels, whereas first antler transformation from a fully formed pedicle occurs when the t levels are decreasing. castration prior to pedicle initiation abrogates future pedicle and antler formation. female deer also have the potential to develop pedicles and antlers, but they ...	2003	12620243
role of igf system of mitogens in the induction of fibroblast proliferation by keloid-derived keratinocytes in vitro.	keloids are proliferative dermal growths representing a pathological wound-healing response. we report high proliferation rates in normal (nf) and keloid-derived fibroblasts (kf) cocultured with keloid-derived keratinocytes (kk). igf binding protein (igfbp)-3 mrna and secreted igfbp-3 in conditioned media were increased in nf cocultured with kk compared with nf but markedly reduced in kf cocultured with kk or normal keratinocytes (nk). igfbp-2 and igfbp-4 mrna levels were elevated, whereas igfbp ...	2003	12620890
erk1/2-dependent contractile protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.	in vivo, vascular smooth muscle (vsm) cells change their contractile phenotype toward a more proliferative phenotype during the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. because these dedifferentiated vsm cells may gradually regain contractile functions, we aimed to identify signaling pathways that result in an increased expression of contractile proteins in vsm cells. in vitro, serum and thrombin induced a reversible upregulation of smooth muscle myosin heavy-chain (sm-mhc) in cultured neonatal rat vs ...	2003	12623957
phenyl n-tert-butylnitrone down-regulates interleukin-1 beta-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression in human chondrocytes: suppression of c-jun nh2-terminal kinase, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating protein-1.	cytokine-mediated induction and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) is recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of arthritis. interleukin (il)-1 beta is a proinflammatory cytokine that is known to superinduce the expression and production of mmp-13 in many cell types. phenyl n-tert-butylnitrone (pbn), a spin trap agent, inhibited the il-1 beta-induced expression of mmp-13 in human osteoarthritis (oa) chondrocytes. down-regulation of mmp-13 expression correlated with t ...	2003	12626640
preliminary observations on the experimental transmission of scrapie to elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) by intracerebral inoculation.	to determine the transmissibility of scrapie to rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), six elk calves were inoculated intracerebrally with brain suspension from sheep naturally affected with scrapie. one elk developed a brain abscess and was euthanatized at 7 weeks postinoculation (pi), and two others died at 6 and 15 months pi because of physical injuries. at 25 and 35 months pi, two other elk died after brief terminal neurologic episodes. necropsy of these revealed moderate weight loss b ...	2003	12627716
calcium induces cell survival and proliferation through the activation of the mapk pathway in a human hormone-dependent leukemia cell line, tf-1.	survival and proliferation of cells of a human myelo-erythroid cd34+ leukemia cell line (tf-1) depend on the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interleukin-3. upon hormone withdrawal these cells stop proliferating and undergo apoptotic process. in this report we demonstrate that a controlled increase in [ca2+]i induces hormone-independent survival and proliferation of tf-1 cells. we found that moderate elevation of [ca2+]i by the addition of cyclopiasonic-acid protec ...	2003	12643264
bio-effectiveness of tat-catalase conjugate: a potential tool for the identification of h2o2-dependent cellular signal transduction pathways.	reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) have taken center stage as bona fide second messengers in various signaling pathways. here, we report the synthesis, metabolic fate, and effectiveness in modulating such pathways of a tat-catalase conjugate. incubation of l2 cells with tat-catalase greatly increased cell-associated enzymatic activity, reaching close to a plateau by 30 min. the cell-associated catalase activity and antibody-detectable tat-derivatives declined over time ...	2003	12646200
suppression of insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway and collagen expression in keloid-derived fibroblasts by quercetin: its therapeutic potential use in the treatment and/or prevention of keloids.	keloids are characterized by abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and overproduction of collagen. insulin-like growth factor (igf)-i is mitogenic for fibroblasts and a stimulatory factor for collagen synthesis.	2003	12653748
the current and future management of wild mammals hunted with dogs in england and wales.	there is increasing concern about the use of lethal methods to control wild mammal populations, especially those methods that may have significant impacts on animal welfare. the continued use of dogs to hunt wild mammals in england and wales, principally foxes (vulpes vulpes), red deer (cervus elaphus), brown hares (lepus europaeus) and mink (mustela vison), has become a focus for political debate and has been the subject of a recent uk government inquiry. this paper reports the results of a que ...	2003	12654279
immediate-early gene induction by the stresses anisomycin and arsenite in human osteosarcoma cells involves mapk cascade signaling to elk-1, creb and srf.	cellular stress activates multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades and immediate-early gene (ieg) transcription. to address how these events are linked, we investigated the endogenous signaling/transcription factor network driving ieg activation by arsenite and anisomycin in the human osteosarcoma cell line hos/te-85. induction of ieg transcription by both stresses corresponded temporally with the phosphorylation of the regulatory factors elk-1 and camp response element-binding ...	2003	12660819
erk(mapk) activity as a determinant of tumor growth and dormancy; regulation by p38(sapk).	after dissemination from a primary tumor, cancer cells may resume growth, leading to overt metastasis, or enter a state of protracted dormancy. however, mechanisms that determine their fate, or markers that predict it, are mostly unavailable. we previously showed that in hep3 human head and neck carcinoma, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)(mapk)/p38(sapk) activity ratio predicts whether the cells will proliferate or enter a state of dormancy in vivo. the proliferative balance of hi ...	2003	12670923
early modifications in the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk/erk), stress-activated kinases sapk/jnk and p38, and their phosphorylated substrates following focal cerebral ischemia.	focal ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) to adult rats results in necrosis at the infarct core and activation of complex signal pathways for cell death and cell survival in the penumbra. upstream from the cell death promoters and executioners are several kinases that, once activated by phosphorylation, may activate several transcription factor substrates involved in cell death and cell survival. in the present study we examined, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of ...	2003	12677442
activation of cytosolic phospholipase a2 in human t-lymphocytes involves inhibitor-kappab and mitogen-activated protein kinases.	the group iv 85 kda cytosolic phospholipase a(2) regulates many aspects of innate immunity. however, the function of this enzyme in t-cells remains controversial. we show here that human peripheral blood lymphocytes and jurkat cells express cytosolic phospholipase a(2) and produce prostaglandin a(2) and leukotriene b(4). selective inhibitors of this enzyme suppressed ca(2+)-ionophore-, mitogen- and t-cell receptor-mediated expression of interleukin-2 at the level of transcription from the promot ...	2003	12679154
effects of mobile phone radiation on reproduction and development in drosophila melanogaster.	in this report we examined the effects of a discontinuous radio frequency (rf) signal produced by a gsm multiband mobile phone (900/1,900 mhz; sar approximately 1.4 w/kg) on drosophila melanogaster, during the 10-day developmental period from egg laying through pupation. as found earlier with low frequency exposures, the non-thermal radiation from the gsm mobile phone increased numbers of offspring, elevated hsp70 levels, increased serum response element (sre) dna-binding and induced the phospho ...	2003	12682907
circadian and photic regulation of phosphorylation of erk1/2 and elk-1 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the syrian hamster.	in this study we investigated the circadian and photic regulation of phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (erk) 1/2, and the transcription factor elk-1 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the syrian hamster. we report that levels of phosphorylated erk (p-erk) are rhythmic, peaking during the mid subjective day, whereas phosphorylated elk-1 (p-elk-1) shows no distinct rhythm. light pulses during the subjective night rapidly, but transiently, induce p-erk, whereas p-elk-1 is als ...	2003	12684495
prevalence of chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging deer and elk in south dakota.	heads of hunter-harvested deer and elk were collected throughout south dakota (usa) and within established chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance areas from 1997-2002 to determine infection with cwd and bovine tuberculosis (tb). we used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 1,672 deer and elk sampled via geographically targeted surveillance. a total of 537 elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), 813 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and 322 mule deer (o. hemionus) was ...	2003	12685066
enzootic ataxia in farmed red deer.		2003	12696718
molecular determinants of the cell-cycle regulated mcm1p-fkh2p transcription factor complex.	the mads-box transcription factor mcm1p and forkhead (fkh) transcription factor fkh2p act in a dna-bound complex to regulate cell-cycle dependent expression of the clb2 cluster in saccharomyces cerevisiae. binding of fkh2p requires prior binding by mcm1p. here we have investigated the molecular determinants governing the formation of the mcm1p- fkh2p complex. fkh2p exhibits cooperativity in complex formation with mcm1p and we have mapped a small region of fkh2p located immediately upstream of th ...	2003	12711672
the epithelial-specific ets transcription factor esx/ese-1/elf-3 modulates breast cancer-associated gene expression.	several members of the ets family of transcription factors contribute to tumorigenesis in many different tissues, including breast epithelium. the esx gene is an epithelial-specific ets member that is particularly relevant to breast cancer. esx is amplified in early breast cancers, it is overexpressed in human breast ductal carcinoma in situ, and there may be a positive feedback loop between the her2/neu proto-oncogene and esx. despite this progress in our understanding of esx, its ability to re ...	2003	12713734
lithium enhances long-term potentiation independently of hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus.	we measured the temporal and spatial profiles of neural precursor cells, hippocampal long-term potentiation (ltp), and signaling molecules in neurogenesis-induced adult rats. chronic lithium treatment produced a significant 54% and 40% increase in the numbers of bromodeoxyuridine [brdu(+)] cells after 12 h and 28 days, respectively, after treatment completion in the dentate gyrus (dg). both ltp obtained from slices perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (acsf-ltp) and ltp recorded in the p ...	2003	12716419
metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-regulated elk-1 phosphorylation and immediate early gene expression in striatal neurons.	the galphaq protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype-5 (mglur5) is densely expressed in medium spiny projection neurons of striatum. emerging evidence suggests a significant role of mglur5 in the addictive plasticity of striatal neurons that is likely derived from inducible cellular gene expression related to stimulation of mglur5 and associative signaling proteins. in this study, we found that activation of mglur5 with a selective agonist (rs)-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-phenylglycine (ch ...	2003	12716432
relationship between the characteristics of epididymal red deer spermatozoa and penetrability into zona-free hamster ova.	a heterologous (zona-free hamster oocytes) in vitro fertilization (ivf) system was used to evaluate the relationship between sperm factors and penetration capacity of epididymal red deer spermatozoa. the sperm parameters evaluated in 36 sperm samples obtained postmortem from stags selectively shot during the rutting season were sperm motility, functional integrity of plasma membrane by means of the hypo-osmotic swelling test (host), and, simultaneously, viability and acrosomal status via a tripl ...	2003	12721216
decelerating and sex-dependent tooth wear in norwegian red deer.	in ungulates, tooth wear is often suggested as a proximate cause of senescence. tooth wear is expected to be sex-dependent since energetic requirements and food selection varies largely between sexes in sexually dimorphic ungulates. furthermore, tooth wear may lower mastication efficiency, and we predict a negative correlation between tooth wear and body weight or condition. we tested these predictions on data on tooth wear (estimated as height of first molar) of 1,311 male and 1,348 female red ...	2003	12721823