Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| in vitro and in vivo developmental competence of dromedary (camelus dromedarius) embryos produced in vitro using two culture systems (mksomaa and oviductal cells). | development competence and pregnancy rate of in vitro-produced (ivp) dromedary embryos were studied in two culture systems: (i) semi-defined modified medium (mksomaa) and (ii) co-culture using camel epithelial oviducal cells. five hundred and three cumulus-oocytes complexes (cocs) were selected, allowed to mature, fertilized and cultured in vitro (38.5 degrees c; 5% co2, maximum humidity > 95%, with concentration of oxygen of 5% for semi-defined medium and 20% for co-culture cells). maturation w ... | 2005 | 15943699 |
| hydatidosis in camels (camelus dromedarius) and their potential role in the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in iran. | hydatid cysts were recovered from 35.2% (233/661) of camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered in five different regions of iran. the degree of prevalence between males (34.4%) and females (36.6%) was not statistically significant. the highest rate of infection (59.3%) was found in the isfahan region (in the central part of iran) while the lowest (25.7%) was found in kerman province. the organ distribution of cysts was 49.4% in lungs alone, 30.0% in both liver and lungs, 14.6% in liver only and 6 ... | 2005 | 15946390 |
| osmotic and diffusive properties of intracellular water in camel erythrocytes: effect of hemoglobin crowdedness. | camel erythrocytes have exceptional osmotic resistance and is believed to be due to augmented water-binding associated with the high hydrophilicity of camel hemoglobin. in practical terms this means that the proportion of osmotically non-removable water in camel erythrocytes is nearly 3-fold greater than that in human erythrocytes (approximately 65 vs approximately 20%). the relationship between water diffusion and the osmotic characteristics of intracellular water is the subject of this report. ... | 2005 | 15951204 |
| incidence of spontaneous ovulation and development of the corpus luteum in non-mated dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | the occurrence of spontaneous ovulation in dromedaries was examined in two separate studies including 20 non-lactating, barren and 12 lactating dromedaries, respectively. lactating camels were milked twice a day with an automatic bucket milking machine. ovarian activity was monitored by repeated ultrasonography. blood samples for progesterone were collected daily or two to three times a week. to compare cl development after spontaneous and induced ovulations, ovulation was induced by a gnrh anal ... | 2005 | 15955354 |
| purification and partial characterisation of camel milk xanthine oxidoreductase. | xanthine oxidoreductase (xor) was purified in the presence of dithiothrietol from camel milk with yields of up to 22.2mg/l that were comparable to those obtained from bovine and human milk sources. on sds-page, the freshly purified camel milk xor had a protein flavin (a280/a450) ratio of 5.3 +/- 0.4 and appeared homogenous with a single major band of approximately mr 145.3 kda. surprisingly, in all the batches (n = 8) purified camel milk xor showed no detectable activity towards xanthine or nadh ... | 2003 | 16026028 |
| antibody repertoire development in camelids. | the humoral immune response of the camelidae is unique as these animals are the only known mammals that seem to possess functional homodimeric heavy-chain antibodies besides the classical heteromeric antibodies composed of heavy (h) and light (l) chains. by definition, the heavy-chain antibodies lack the l-chain, and it was noticed that their h-chain is devoid of the typical first constant domain (ch1) and contains a dedicated variable domain, referred to as vhh. the vhh exon is assembled from s ... | 2006 | 16051357 |
| hyaluronidase isoforms from developing embryos of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii. | changes in hyaluronidase activity in the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii were followed throughout embryogenesis. peak activity of the enzyme on days 21 and 24 during development was accompanied with a complete organization of larvae before hatching on day 27. during purification of hyaluronidase to homogeneity, ion exchange chromatography lead to four forms (haase1, 2, 3 and 4). haase2 and haase4 with highest purity and specific activities after chromatography on sephacryl s-200. the apparent mol ... | 2005 | 16051510 |
| in vivo and in vitro metabolism of dexamethasone in the camel. | the metabolism of dexamethasone (dxm) in the camel was assessed by in vivo and in vitro techniques. liver samples were collected at the abattoir from camels of either sex, and microsomes were isolated and characterized as to their protein and haemoprotein content as well as for their ability to metabolise several cytochrome p450 model substrates. the expression of different p450 enzymes was evaluated by means of immunoblotting, and the glucuronidating capacity was assessed with 1-naphthol as the ... | 2006 | 16061409 |
| prostate-specific antigen immunosensing based on mixed self-assembled monolayers, camel antibodies and colloidal gold enhanced sandwich assays. | prostate-specific antigen (psa) is a valuable biomarker for prostate cancer screening. we developed a psa immunoassay on a commercially available surface plasmon resonance biosensor. our psa receptor molecule consists of a single domain antigen-binding fragment, cabpsa-n7, derived from dromedary heavy-chain antibodies and identified after phage display. it binds psa with a high k(on) value of 1.9x10(6) m-1 s-1, and was covalently immobilised on a gold substrate via a mixed self-assembled monolay ... | 2004 | 16076438 |
| camel-related injuries in the pediatric age group. | road traffic accidents continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. domestic animal-related injuries in general, camel-related in particular, have not been given much attention, and very little is written about them. | 2005 | 16080927 |
| incidence of nematodirus species and their differentiation through the infective third stage larvae among egyptian camels. | coprological examination on camels (camelus dromedarius) from different localities in egypt revealed the presence of nematodirus eggs in 38 out of 312 (12.18%). the faecal samples positive to nematodirus eggs were cultured for collection of infective third stage larvae (l3). details of the general and differential categories of each sample were given. the recovered species were nematodirus battus, nematodirus filicollis and nematodirus spathiger. | 2005 | 16083058 |
| characterization of measured menthol in 48 u.s. cigarette sub-brands. | more than 25% of cigarettes sold in the united states are branded as mentholated, and these cigarettes are smoked disproportionately among populations with disparate tobacco-related health outcomes. this study is the first (independent of the tobacco industry) to report menthol for 48 popular commercially available mentholated cigarette sub-brands. the dependent variable "menthol per cigarette" was obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer assay, whereas average per-cigarette milligram we ... | 2005 | 16085523 |
| identification of a universal vhh framework to graft non-canonical antigen-binding loops of camel single-domain antibodies. | camel single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) are promising tools in numerous biotechnological and medical applications. however, some conditions under which antibodies are used are so demanding that they can be met by only the most robust vhhs. a universal framework offering the required properties for use in various applications (e.g. as intrabody, as probe in biosensors or on micro-arrays) is highly valuable and might be further implemented when employment of vhhs in human therapy is envisage ... | 2005 | 16095608 |
| seasonal variations in the nycthemeral rhythm of plasma melatonin in the camel (camelus dromedarius). | seasonal changes in the pattern of plasma melatonin were investigated in two groups of camels (camelus dromedarius): 11 adult and six young camels. animals were subjected to the outdoor conditions of a desert environment. blood samples were taken at regular intervals of about 3 hr (added to particular samples at 1 hr before then 30 min and 1 hr after sunset, and 1 hr before and 1 hr after sunrise) for 24 hr at both solstices and equinoxes of the year. the plasma melatonin levels steeply increase ... | 2005 | 16098088 |
| [south american camelids in switzerland. i. population, management and health problems]. | at the beginning of 2000, a population of 1622 south american camelids in 257 herds was living in switzerland. the origin of the animals, their age, the management systems, their feeding habits, their use as well as the observed medical conditions and the indications for treatment were assessed with a questionnaire. results of this study show that 60% of the south american camelid population in switzerland consisted of llamas (999 animals) and 40% of alpacas (623), and that females younger than ... | 2005 | 16128437 |
| partial cloning and localisation of leptin and its receptor in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | based on the studies and results presented here, leptin and its receptor were expressed by adipose tissue, mammary alveolar epithelial cells, liver hepatocytes, and the lining epithelium of the bile duct of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). our observations support the biological importance of leptin in the mammary gland as well as the likely local effect of leptin on the peripheral tissues. we suggest that there may be an association between hepatic leptin and the lipogenic activity o ... | 2005 | 16129347 |
| carbohydrate phenotyping of human and animal milk glycoproteins. | breast-milk has a well-known anti-microbial effect, which is in part due to the many different carbohydrate structures expressed. this renders it a position as a potential therapeutic for treatment of infection by different pathogens, thus avoiding the drawbacks of many antibiotics. the plethora of carbohydrate epitopes in breast-milk is known to differ between species, with human milk expressing the most complex one. we have investigated the expression of protein-bound carbohydrate epitopes in ... | 2005 | 16133831 |
| expression of a dromedary heavy chain-only antibody and b cell development in the mouse. | in mature b cells of mice and most mammals, cellular release of single h chain abs without l chains is prevented by h chain association with ig-specific chaperons in the endoplasmic reticulum. in precursor b cells, however, surface expression of mu-h chain in the absence of surrogate and conventional l chain has been identified. despite this, ag-specific single h chain ig repertoires, using mu-, gamma-, epsilon-, or alpha-h chains found in conventional abs, are not produced. moreover, removal of ... | 2005 | 16148123 |
| characterization of trypanosoma evansi type b. | a distinctive feature of trypanosoma evansi is the possession of a kinetoplast that contains homogeneous dna minicircles, but lacks dna maxicircles. two major sequence variants of the minicircle have been described and here we have sequenced the type b variant and designed a specific pcr test to distinguish it from type a. further a test based on maxicircles to distinguish t. brucei brucei from t. evansi was designed and evaluated. using the designed pcr tests, we detected three type b isolates ... | 2006 | 16157514 |
| changes in chemical composition of alxa bactrian camel milk during lactation. | changes in chemical composition of alxa bactrian camels reared in inner mongolia (china) during lactation were investigated. colostrum and milk samples from 10 nomadic female camels in their first season of lactation were collected periodically from parturition until 90 d postpartum (pp). the average contents of gross composition were 14.23% protein, 4.44% lactose, 0.27% fat, 0.77% ash, and 20.16% total solids in colostrum at 2 h pp, and the respective mean values were 3.55, 4.24, 5.65, 0.87, an ... | 2005 | 16162513 |
| child camel jockeys: a present-day tragedy involving children and sport. | 2005 | 16162984 | |
| camel racing injuries among children. | the aim of this study is to determine the frequency and severity of camel racing injuries among children aged 5 to 15 years during the period 1992 to 2003 in the state of qatar. | 2005 | 16162985 |
| giardiosis in camels (camelus dromedarius). | 2005 | 16170004 | |
| effect of season and gonadotropins on the superovulatory response in camel (camelus dromedarius). | the purpose of the present investigation was to study the extent to which season and the gonadotropin preparation interferes with the superovulatory response in the dromedary. adult camels were treated for superovulation during the breeding (november to april) and non-breeding season (may to october). animals were synchronized by daily i.m. injections of progesterone (125 mg/animal/day, jurox, uk) for 10 to 14 days. superovulation was induced by 400mg pfsh alone (follitropin v, vetrepharm, canad ... | 2005 | 16182873 |
| factors associated with adverse reactions induced by caprylic acid-fractionated whole igg preparations: comparison between horse, sheep and camel iggs. | caprylic acid purification of igg, currently used in the manufacture of horse-derived antivenoms, was successfully adapted for the preparation of sheep and camel igg. sheep igg had a molecular mass of approximately 150 kda, whereas camel igg presented two bands of molecular masses of approximately 160 and 100 kda, the latter corresponding to heavy-chain igg, which is devoid of light chains. horse, sheep and camel iggs were compared by several parameters aiming at predicting their potential for i ... | 2005 | 16183094 |
| acrolein in cigarette smoke inhibits t-cell responses. | cigarette smoking inhibits t-cell responses in the lungs, but the immunosuppressive compounds have not been fully identified. cigarette smoke extracts inhibit il-2, ifn-gamma, and tnf-alpha production in stimulated lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood, even when the extracts were diluted 100-fold to 1000-fold. | 2005 | 16210070 |
| molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of camelidae (llama and camel). | we cloned, sequenced and analyzed the cdnas encoding camelidae inflammatory cytokines, including llama (lama glama) interleukin (il)-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and camel (camelus bactrianus) il-6 and tnf-alpha. the similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of il-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6 and tnf-alpha from llama (camel) to those from other mammalian species, ranged from 60.7% to 87.7%, 52.8% to 75.3%, 41.4% to 98.6%, and 72.9% to 99.6%, respectively. phylo ... | 2005 | 16210805 |
| plague from eating raw camel liver. | we investigated a cluster of 5 plague cases; the patients included 4 with severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. these 4 case-patients had eaten raw camel liver. yersinia pestis was isolated from bone marrow of the camel and from jirds (meriones libycus) and fleas (xenopsylla cheopis) captured at the camel corral. | 2005 | 16229781 |
| analysis of putative rnase p rna from orthopoxviruses. | a putative rnase p rna gene in camelpox virus, one of the orthopoxviruses, was cloned and transcribed in vitro. no rnase p activity could be detected in vitro from camelpox virus rnase p rna alone, or by addition of the escherichia coli rnase p protein subunit to reaction mixtures. camelpox virus rnase p rna reconstituted in vitro with camel or hela cell extracts, which were pre-treated with micrococcal nuclease to degrade the endogenous rnase p rna, showed no rnase p activity. vaccinia virus, a ... | 2005 | 16253270 |
| molecular structure, binding properties and dynamics of lactoferrin. | lactoferrin (lf), a prominent protein in milk, many other secretory fluids and white blood cells, is a monomeric, 80-kda glycoprotein, with a single polypeptide chain of about 690 amino acid residues. amino acid sequence relationships place it in the wider transferrin family. crystallographic analyses of human lf, and of the lfs from cow, horse, buffalo and camel, reveal a highly conserved three-dimensional structure, but with differences in detail between species. the molecule is folded into ho ... | 2005 | 16261257 |
| variations in antigen-antibody association kinetics as a function of ph and salt concentration: a qsar and molecular modeling study. | the relationship between three environmental factors (ionic strength, ph, and temperature) and antigen-antibody binding kinetics was investigated using qsar (quantitative structure-activity relationship) and molecular modeling approaches. the interaction used for this analysis is that between the camel antibody fragment cablys3 and lysozyme. binding kinetics were measured using a biacore 2000 instrument, at nacl concentrations between 50 and 500 mm, at ph's between 5 and 10, and at temperatures ... | 2005 | 16262241 |
| the first dromedary (camelus dromedarius) offspring obtained from in vitro matured, in vitro fertilized and in vitro cultured abattoir-derived oocytes. | dromedary offspring have never been produced fully in vitro. we have previously demonstrated that embryos obtained by culture in semi-defined medium (mksomaa) have better in vitro development ability than those cultured with oviductal epithelial cells. the aim of the present experiment was to study the pregnancy rate after embryo transfer of in vitro-produced (ivp) dromedary embryos cultured in semi-defined modified medium (mksomaa). ivm/ivf procedures were conducted on six hundred and sixty fou ... | 2006 | 16263162 |
| a 12-case outbreak of pharyngeal plague following the consumption of camel meat, in north-eastern jordan. | between late january and early february 1997, an outbreak of plague, associated with cervical lymphadenopathy and fever, occurred in the jordanian village of azraq ad-druze, which lies about 50 km west of the border with saudi arabia. the 12 cases who presented at hospital were initially assumed to have tularaemia, and all were successfully treated with gentamicin. when, however, their sera were tested for evidence of yersinia pestis or francisella tularensis infection (using haemagglutination, ... | 2005 | 16297292 |
| dromedary glycosaminoglycans: molecular characterization of camel lung and liver heparan sulfate. | glycosaminoglycans (gags) are the portion of a proteoglycan that determine its final shape and function. the molecular structure of predominant gag species in camel liver and lung is reported for the first time. the one-humped camel survives in an extreme, arid habitat and, thus, offers a good model to study the role of glycomics on homeostasis. heparan sulfate (hs) from the lung and liver of the one-humped camel were isolated. characterization of these newly isolated glycosaminoglycans included ... | 2006 | 16298150 |
| the production and characterization of novel heavy-chain antibodies against the tandem repeat region of muc1 mucin. | camelidae are known to produce immunoglobulins (igs) devoid of light chains and constant heavy-chain domains (ch1). antigen-specific fragments of these heavy-chain iggs (vhh) are of great interest in biotechnology applications. this paper describes the first example of successfully raised heavy-chain antibodies in camelus dromedarius (single-humped camel) and camelus bactrianus (two-humped camel) against a muc1 related peptide that is found to be an important epitope expressed in cancerous tissu ... | 2005 | 16302687 |
| animal hair as biological indicator for heavy metal pollution in urban and rural areas. | animal hair is a good biomonitoring tool for heavy metals assessment and reflects the content of heavy metals in the forage and soil. heavy metals fe, mn, co and ni as well as toxic metals cd and pb were determined in goat, sheep and camel hair, forage and soil collected from four different environmental urban and rural regions. these regions are aswan city farms, allaqi desert pasture, kalabsha farms and halaiub desert pasture at far south of egypt. the results reveal that sheep hair contains t ... | 2005 | 16308777 |
| engineering camel single-domain antibodies and immobilization chemistry for human prostate-specific antigen sensing. | the specificity and affinity characteristics of antibodies make them excellent probes in biosensor applications. unfortunately, their large size, unstable behavior, and random immobilization properties create numerous problems. the single-domain antigen-binding fragment derived from heavy-chain antibodies of camelids (termed vhh) offers special advantages in terms of size, stability, and ease of generating different antibody constructs. in this study, we show the potential of those vhhs in sensi ... | 2005 | 16316161 |
| anti-schistosomal activity of colostral and mature camel milk on schistosoma mansoni infected mice. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-schistosomal activity of colostral and mature camel milk on schistosoma mansoni infected mice. six weeks post infection, mean percentage of protection was detected through the hepatic portal vein. glutathione-s-transferase (gst), alanine, aspartate transaminase (alt and ast) and immunoglobulin g (igg) levels were detected in sera of treated mice before and after infection. antischistosomal activity of colostral and mature camel milk on sch ... | 2005 | 16326652 |
| present situation of echinococcosis in the middle east and arabic north africa. | echinococcosis is one of the major zoonotic parasitic diseases in the middle east and arabic north africa from morocco to egypt. both cystic and alveolar echinococcosis has been reported from these areas. however, cystic echinococcosis is more prevalent and has been reported from all countries in the middle east and arabic north africa. alveolar echinococcosis is less prevalent and has been reported only from iran, turkey, iraq and tunisia. present situation of echinococcosis in dogs and other d ... | 2006 | 16337429 |
| over expression of anti-muc1 single-domain antibody fragments in the yeast pichia pastoris. | the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris has become a highly popular expression host system for the recombinant production of a wide variety of proteins, such as antibody fragments. camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains and constant heavy-chain domain (ch1). the antigen binding fragments of such heavy chain antibodies are therefore comprised in one single domain, the so-called vh of the camelid heavy chain antibody (vhh). to test the feasibility of expressing vhhs in the ... | 2006 | 16337485 |
| comparison of pregnancy rates in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) after deep intra-uterine versus cervical insemination. | the ovarian follicular wave patterns of sixty adult female camels were monitored by serial trans-rectal ultrasound examinations and when the dominant follicle reached 1.3-1.8 cm in diameter they received a single intravenous injection of 20 microg buserelin, to induce ovulation, and were inseminated with a known number of spermatozoa 24 h later. ejaculates were collected from the male camels and diluted 1:1 in green buffer with 20% egg yolk (v:v) added. sperm concentration and motility were asse ... | 2006 | 16356542 |
| a synthetic camel anti-lysozyme peptide antibody (peptibody) with flexible loop structure identified by high-resolution affinity mass spectrometry. | we describe the synthesis and characterisation of the fully functional molecular recognition structure of a 26-amino acid residue peptide antibody, referred to as peptibody, designed from a monoclonal single-domain antibody fragment derived from a camel heavy-chain antibody. the cdr3 region (cdr = complementarity determining region) of the cablys3 camel antibody fragment, which binds to the active site of hen eggwhite lysozyme (hel) and acts as a potent enzyme inhibitor by mimicking an oligosacc ... | 2006 | 16358348 |
| neutralisation of venom-induced haemorrhage by igg from camels and llamas immunised with viper venom and also by endogenous, non-igg components in camelid sera. | envenoming by snakes results in severe systemic and local pathology. intravenous administration of antivenom, prepared from igg of venom immunised horses or sheep, is the only effective treatment of systemic envenoming. conventional antivenoms, formulated as intact igg, papain-cleaved (fab) or pepsin-cleaved f(ab')2 fragments, are however ineffective against the local venom effects because of their inability to penetrate the blood/tissue barrier. we have embarked on a new research program to exa ... | 2006 | 16359717 |
| dealing with an innovative industry: a look at flavored cigarettes promoted by mainstream brands. | product and marketing innovation is key to the tobacco industry's success. one recent innovation was the development and marketing of flavored cigarettes as line extensions of 3 popular brands (camel, salem, and kool). these products have distinctive blends and marketing as well as innovative packaging and have raised concerns in the public health community that they are targeted at youths. several policy initiatives have aimed at banning or limiting these types of products on that basis. we des ... | 2006 | 16380563 |
| camel milk for food allergies in children. | food allergies in children are often very serious and can lead to anaphylactic reactions. observations that camel milk ameliorates allergic reactions were noted over the years. the effect of camel milk is probably related to its special composition. | 2005 | 16382703 |
| species-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of camel (camelus) dna extracts. | a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method based on amplification of a specific dna fragment was established for the identification of camel (camelus) materials. the species-specific primer pair l183/h372 was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and its specificity was confirmed by amplification of 3 camel (domestic double-humped camel, wild double-humped camel, wild one-humped camel) samples and 11 non-camelus animal (sheep, goat, pig, chicke ... | 2005 | 16385988 |
| epidemiology and control of echinococcosis in sub-saharan africa. | cystic echinococcosis (ce) is highly endemic among the nomadic pastoral tribes of east africa, but is rare amongst the agriculturally based communities. echinococcus granulosus infections are common in dogs from all countries in sub-saharan africa where they have been examined. transmission of e. granulosus to humans is affected by such factors as prevalence of the parasite in domestic dogs, behaviors of humans towards dogs, and heterogenicity of the parasite and susceptibility of humans to infe ... | 2006 | 16406684 |
| anti-erythrocyte natural antibody activity in the unconventional 'heavy chain' immunoglobulins of indian desert camel (camelus dromedarius). | members of the family camelidae contain unconventional 'heavy chain' antibodies (hcabs) that are devoid of light chains (lcs) in their structure and occur under physiological conditions. the spectrum of antigenic specificities in hcabs and hence their biological significance is not known at present. recent studies have however indicated that they contribute significantly towards the immunoglobulin (ig) receptor diversity. the present study was planned to investigate the natural antibody (nab) ac ... | 2006 | 16413613 |
| seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in camels (camelus dromedarius) in mashhad, iran. | one hundred twenty camels were blood-sampled and used to evaluate serological screening for neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infection by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) in mashhad, iran, during years 2004-2005. of the 120 camels, antibodies to n. caninum were found in three in titers of 1:20 and in four in titers of 1:40 using whole n. caninum tachyzoites as ifat slide (vmrd inc., pullman, wa 99163, usa). antibodies to t. gondii were found in three camels in titers 1:20 and in t ... | 2006 | 16425066 |
| postal survey of the population of south american camelids in the united kingdom in 2000/01. | the members of the two leading british camelid breeders associations were surveyed by means of a postal questionnaire between december 2000 and january 2001; 696 questionnaires were posted and 218 usable responses were returned. a total of 3520 camelids were recorded, of which 2719 (77.2 per cent) were alpacas (lama pacos) and 726 (20.6 per cent) were llamas (lama glama). ninety-four per cent of the camelid herds were of one species, and 70 per cent of the animals were kept for more than one pur ... | 2006 | 16428662 |
| immunochemical quantification of heat denaturation of camel ( camelus dromedarius ) whey proteins. | the major whey proteins igg, serum albumin and alpha-lactalbumin were purified from camel milk using gel permeation and ion-exchange chromatography. specific antisera against each of them were raised and used to quantify their heat denaturation in early or mature milk over a range of 60-90 degrees c for 10-60 min using the single radial immunodiffusion technique. the heat denaturation midpoints for the mature milk heated 30 min were 67.2, 73.0 and 77.5 degrees c for igg, albumin and alpha-lactal ... | 2006 | 16433955 |
| grain founder in a male camel (camelus dromedarius). | a rare case of laminitis was recorded in an adult camel that was kept in confinement without giving any exercise and fed daily with considerable quantity of pearl millet grains (pennisetum typhoideus) for more than five months. | 2006 | 16434859 |
| the superior colliculus of the camel: a neuronal-specific nuclear protein (neun) and neuropeptide study. | in this study we examined the superior colliculus of the midbrain of the one-humped (dromedary) camel, camelus dromedarius, using nissl staining and anti-neuronal-specific nuclear protein (neun) immunohistochemistry for total neuronal population as well as for the enkephalins, somatostatin (som) and substance p (sp). it was found that, unlike in most mammals, the superior colliculus is much larger than the inferior colliculus. the superior colliculus is concerned with visual reflexes and the co- ... | 2006 | 16441568 |
| comparison of california mastitis test (cmt), somatic cell counts (scc) and bacteriological examinations for detection of camel (camelus dromedarius) mastitis in ethiopia. | a total of 956 quarter milk samples from 253 traditionally managed lactating camels were collected aseptically from negele (borena region), dire dawa, and gewane (afar region), ethiopia, according to multi-stage sampling. the quarter milk samples were subjected to california mastitis test (cmt), somatic cell counts (scc) and bacteriological examinations. five hundred and seventy one (59.7%) quarter milk samples had microorganisms. of these, 428 (75.0%) had isolates that were identified as major ... | 2006 | 16450708 |
| lack of susceptibility of the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o. | 2006 | 16474054 | |
| ruminants genome no longer contains whey acidic protein gene but only a pseudogene. | whey acidic protein (wap) has been identified in the milk of only a few species, including mouse, rat, rabbit, camel, pig, tammar wallaby, brushtail possum, echidna and platypus. despite intensive studies, it has not yet been found in the milk of ruminants. we have isolated and characterized genomic wap clones from ewe, goat and cow, identified their chromosomal localization and examined the expression of the endogenous wap sequence in the mammary glands of all three species. the wap sequences w ... | 2006 | 16483732 |
| characterization of recombinant camel chymosin reveals superior properties for the coagulation of bovine and camel milk. | enzymatic milk coagulation for cheese manufacturing involves the cleavage of the scissile bond in kappa-casein by an aspartic acid protease. bovine chymosin is the preferred enzyme, combining a strong clotting activity with a low general proteolytic activity. in the present study, we report expression and enzymatic properties of recombinant camel chymosin expressed in aspergillus niger. camel chymosin was shown to have different characteristics than bovine chymosin. camel chymosin exhibits a 70% ... | 2006 | 16488399 |
| "presemantic" cognition in semantic dementia: six deficits in search of an explanation. | on the basis of a theory about the role of semantic knowledge in the recognition and production of familiar words and objects, we predicted that patients with semantic dementia would reveal a specific pattern of impairment on six different tasks typically considered "pre-" or "non-" semantic: reading aloud, writing to dictation, inflecting verbs, lexical decision, object decision, and delayed copy drawing. the prediction was that all tasks would reveal a frequency-by-typicality interaction, with ... | 2006 | 16494679 |
| characterization of echinococcus granulosus isolates from human, sheep and camel in iran. | in the present study, echinoccocus granulosus isolates collected from human, sheep and camel samples in iran were characterized based on rostellar hook morphology of protoscoleces as well as pcr-rflp. morphological study on human and animal isolates showed the presence of two distinct strains of the parasite, one in sheep and the other one in camels. in this regard, rostellar hook of sheep isolates were significantly different from those of camel origin, meanwhile human isolates were found to be ... | 2006 | 16503509 |
| emsb, a tandem repeated multi-loci microsatellite, new tool to investigate the genetic diversity of echinococcus multilocularis. | in order to explore the genetic diversity within echinococcus multilocularis (e. multilocularis), the cestode responsible for the alveolar echinococcosis (ae) in humans, a microsatellite, composed of (ca) and (ga) repeats and designated emsb, was isolated and characterized in view of its nature and potential field application. pcr-amplification with specific primers exhibited a high degree of size polymorphism between e. multilocularis and echinococcus granulosus sheep (g1) and camel (g6) strain ... | 2006 | 16504596 |
| microanatomic features of pancreatic islets and immunolocalization of glucose transporters in tissues of llamas and alpacas. | to describe the microanatomic features of pancreatic islets and the immunohistochemical distribution of glucose transporter (glut) molecules in the pancreas and other tissues of new world camelids. | 2006 | 16506921 |
| high-resolution diffraction from crystals of a membrane-protein complex: bacterial outer membrane protein ompc complexed with the antibacterial eukaryotic protein lactoferrin. | crystals of the complex formed between the outer membrane protein ompc from escherichia coli and the eukaryotic antibacterial protein lactoferrin from camelus dromedarius (camel) have been obtained using a detergent environment. initial data processing suggests that the crystals belong to the hexagonal space group p6, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 116.3, c = 152.4 a, alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120 degrees. this indicated a matthews coefficient (vm) of 3.3 a3 da(-1), corresponding to a possib ... | 2005 | 16511154 |
| heterogeneous nuclear-transferred-embryos reconstructed with camel (camelus bactrianus) skin fibroblasts and enucleated ovine oocytes and their development h-m. | this study reconstructed heterogeneous embryos using camel skin fibroblast cells as donor karyoplasts and ovine oocytes as recipient cytoplasts for investigating the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos. serum-starved adult camel skin fibroblast cells were used as donor somatic cells. ovine oocytes matured in vitro were employed as recipient cytoplasts. the fusion of fibroblast cells into recipient cytoplasm was induced by electrofusion. the fused oocytes were activated by 5mm/ml ... | 2006 | 16513300 |
| molecular basis for the preferential cleft recognition by dromedary heavy-chain antibodies. | clefts on protein surfaces are avoided by antigen-combining sites of conventional antibodies, in contrast to heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) of camelids that seem to be attracted by enzymes' substrate pockets. the explanation for this pronounced preference of hcabs was investigated. eight single domain antigen-binding fragments of hcabs (vhh) with nanomolar affinities for lysozyme were isolated from three immunized dromedaries. six of eight vhhs compete with small lysozyme inhibitors. this ratio ... | 2006 | 16537393 |
| ultrastructural analysis of the integument of a desert-adapted mammal, the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). | in this study, we conducted a light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the integument of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). in general, the epidermal strata of the camel integument appeared typical of those found in non-desert mammals. two cell populations were noted in the stratum basale: one with a flat, non-serrated base and the other with a highly serrated base. typical fine structure was observed in keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. the stratum ... | 2006 | 16542174 |
| compressive myelopathy due to intervertebral disk extrusion in a llama (lama glama). | a 12-year-old intact female llama was euthanized following acute onset of spastic tetraparesis and recumbency with inability to rise. postmortem examination revealed caudal cervical spinal cord compression due to a mass within the ventral spinal canal arising from the c6-c7 intervertebral disk space and attached to an irregularly thickened annulus fibrosis. on histopathologic examination, the mass was composed of amorphous acellular basophilic to amphophilic material admixed with irregularly arr ... | 2006 | 16566272 |
| camel (camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin g, alpha-lactalbumin, serum albumin and lactoferrin in colostrum and milk during the early post partum period. | colostrum and milk samples from twelve tunisian camels were analysed for concentration of immunoglobulin g (igg), alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la), serum albumin (csa) and lactoferrin throughout the first 14 milkings post partum (7 days of lactation) using single radial immunodiffusion assay. concentrations (mg/ml, means+/-sd) at first milking were igg, 100.7+/-60.4; alpha-la, 2.2+/-0.7; csa, 8.5+/-3.6 and lactoferrin, 1.2+/-0.3. large variations were recorded for igg and csa concentrations (11.8-21 ... | 2006 | 16566855 |
| hematological and biochemical changes in water buffalo calves (bubalus bubalis) infected with trypanosoma evansi. | four water buffalo calves (bubalus bubalis) were each inoculated intravenously with 10(6)t. evansi (camel isolate) and the fifth calf kept as non-infected control. the blood and sera of all calves were examined every 4 days during the first month post-inoculation (pi) and then once weekly until the end of the experiment (88 days pi). they were examined for hematological and biochemical changes, liver and kidney function tests. hemoglobin concentration (hb%), packed cell volume (pcv) and red bloo ... | 2006 | 16567045 |
| rabbit oocyte cytoplasm supports development of nuclear transfer embryos derived from the somatic cells of the camel and tibetan antelope. | this study was designed to examine the ability of rabbit metaphase ii oocyte cytoplasm to support the development of interspecies nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed using donor nuclei from different species. skin fibroblast cells from a camel and tibetan antelope were used as donor nuclei. as a first step, we investigated the efficiency of different activation protocols by comparing the parthenogenetic development of rabbit oocytes. the protocol that yielded the highest blastocyst rate was u ... | 2006 | 16575155 |
| corticotropin and beta-endorphin-like materials are native to unicellular organisms. | multiple molecular forms of immunoreactive corticotropin (acth) and beta-endorphin were present in extracts of a unicellular eukaryote (tetrahymena pyriformis). one form of immunoreactive acth reacted similarly with two different acth antisera (one specific for the 11-24 sequence and the other with determinants within sequences 1-14 and 17-39) and migrated with synthetic hacth-(1-39) in a gel filtration system. this form also exhibited acth bioactivity in a dispersed rat adrenal cell bioassay sy ... | 1982 | 16593172 |
| geomyces pannorum as a possible causative agent of dermatomycosis and onychomycosis in two patients. | chrysosporium pannorum (link) hughes is a soil keratinophilic fungus present in organic residues, on human skin surface and in the general environment of human beings. clear evidence for the pathogenicity of this fungus for human beings was lacking. in 1999, a case of fungal infection in a chow-chow dog and its owner was published, where chrysosporium pannorum (link) hughes was determined as the only possible infection trigger. the state hygiene institute in bratislava repeatedly confirmed the c ... | 2006 | 16603097 |
| conserved and non-conserved loci of the glucagon gene in old world ruminating ungulates. | the homology and diversification of genomic sequence encoding glucagon gene among native egyptian buffalos, camel and sheep were tested using cattle as model. oligodeoxynucleotide primers designed from the available genbank data were used for pcr probing of the glucagon gene encoding sequence at different loci. the dna oligomer probes were constructed to flank either the whole gene encoding sequence or different intra-gene encoding sequences. the pcr products were visualized using agarose gel el ... | 2006 | 16610231 |
| heterogeneous nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed by bovine oocytes and camel (camelus bactrianus) skin fibroblasts and their subsequent development. | this study reconstructed heterogeneous embryos using camel skin fibroblast cells as donor karyoplasts and the bovine oocytes as recipient cytoplasts to investigate the reprogramming of camel somatic cell nuclei in bovine oocyte cytoplasm and the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos. serum-starved skin fibroblast cells, obtained from adult camel, were electrically fused into enucleated bovine metaphase ii (mii) oocytes that were matured in vitro. the fused eggs were activated by i ... | 2006 | 16618206 |
| effectiveness of a tris-based extender (shotor diluent) for the preservation of bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) semen. | the development of a suitable semen extender is required to extend artificial breeding programs and to preserve the genetic potential of bactrian camel. experiments were conducted to provide the optimal osmolality and ph of tris-based extender and to compare that with available extenders for short-term preservation of bactrian camel semen at 4 degrees c during 24 h. in experiments i and ii, the effects of varying osmolalities (270, 300, 330, 360, and 390 mosm/kg) and phs (5.5, 6, 6.9, 7.5, 7.9, ... | 2006 | 16647050 |
| comparative pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after a single intramuscular administration at two dosages to camels (camelus dromedarius). | 2006 | 16669868 | |
| construction and evaluation of novel fusion proteins for targeted delivery of micro particles to cellulose surfaces. | the use of igg antibodies and fragments has been limited to specific sectors of the biotechnology industry due to the high cost of producing large batches of product necessary for alternative applications. a novel class of camelid antibodies, known as v(hh) offer a more economical opportunity to meet a wider application in industry. in this study, we report the evaluation of four llama v(hh)-cellulose binding domain fusion proteins displaying varying formats of v(hh) and cbd domains. proteins we ... | 2006 | 16673421 |
| cloning and characterization of the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) neonatal fc receptor (drfcrn). | the full length cdna of the dromedary neonatal fc receptor (drfcrn) alpha chain was isolated and found that it is similar to the neonatal fc receptor (fcrn) of other species with a high overall similarity to ruminant fcrn alpha chains. the drfcrn/fc contact residues are highly conserved and predicted to bind both conventional (igg1) and heavy chain (igg2a, igg3) antibodies. using immunohistochemistry, we detected its expression in the hepatocytes and in epithelial cells of portal bile ductuli an ... | 2006 | 16690125 |
| infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids. | reproductive losses in camelids are due to infertility, pregnancy loss, udder diseases and neonatal mortality caused by a variety of infectious diseases. uterine infection and abortion represent the major complaint in camelid veterinary practice. the major infectious organisms in endometritis and metritis are e. coli and streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. abortion rates due to infectious diseases vary from 10% to more than 70% in some areas. leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydiosi ... | 2006 | 16697037 |
| a simple and rapid method for detection of trypanosoma evansi in the dromedary camel using a nested polymerase chain reaction. | a nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr)-based assay, was developed and evaluated for rapid detection of trypanosoma evansi in experimentally infected mice and naturally infected camels (camelus dromedarius). four oligonucleotide primers (te1, te2, te3 and te4), selected from nuclear repetitive gene of t. evansi, were designed and used for pcr amplifications. the first amplification, using a pair of outer primers te1 and te2, produced a 821-bp primary pcr product from t. evansi dna. the second ... | 2006 | 16712737 |
| evolutionary differentiation of cetartiodactyl placentae in the light of the viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis. | we analysed the evolution of placental traits in the novel mammalian clade cetartiodactyla (cetaceans and artiodactyls) by a parsimony-based computer program (macclade). a diffuse epitheliochorial placenta was identified as the stem species pattern of this clade. trophoblast giant cells (tgcs) independently evolved in camelids and ruminants. the polycotyledonary placenta is an apomorphic character for pecora (higher ruminants) and the oligocotyledonary placenta developed as a further step on the ... | 2007 | 16712927 |
| a review of reproduction in the female camel (camelus dromedarius). | the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius), the one-humped camel, is a primary inhabitant of the northern half of africa, the middle east and pakistan and india. the dromedary is a multipurpose animal used for transportation, the production of milk and meat, as well as such by-products as wool, hair and hides. dromedaries are extremely well adapted to their hot, arid environment. consequently, arabian camels are of considerable economic importance. relatively little attention has been paid to the b ... | 1987 | 16726319 |
| clinical and anatomical studies of the camel (camelus dromedarius) genitalia. | clinical and anatomical studies of the genitalia of 294 camel (197 males and 97 females) were carried out between may 1984 and october 1985. preslaughter (clinical) examination was followed by detailed post-mortem (anatomical) examination and dissection of genitalia at the abattoir. measurements and weights of the various segments of genitalia were made to establish the baseline data for breeding soundness evaluation in the dromedary in northern nigeria. | 1988 | 16726545 |
| circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones in pregnant camels (camelus dromedarius ). | blood samples from 16 female camels were collected at monthly intervals commencing from 60 d post. breeding until the last month of gestation. two camels failed to conceive and two had unnoticed abortions. the average gestation period was 398+/-13 and 372+/-11 in camels bearing male and female fetus, respectively, with an overall mean of 383+/-9 d. sera were analyzed for thyroxine (t(4)) and triiodothyronine (t(3)) by radioimmunoassay. mean t(4) and t(3) concentrations varied from 76 to 116 ng/m ... | 1989 | 16726643 |
| hormonal studies in postpartum female camels and their neonates. | the expulsion of the fetus from the mother at parturition necessitates reorganization of the endocrine status in both individuals. in this study, the patterns of hormonal changes were investigated in postpartum dromedary camels and their neonates. blood samples were recovered within a few hours after calving from 10 female dromedary camels and their calves, and sampling was continued at varying intervals upto day 21 post partum. sera were assayed for progesterone, cortisol and thyroid hormone co ... | 1992 | 16727176 |
| induction of sexual activity in female camels during the nonbreeding season. | sixteen anestrous adult female camels (camelus dromedarius ) in good health and with inactive ovaries were selected from the herd during the month of june (non-breeding season). the camels were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. to induce ovarian activity, camels in groups i,ii and iii were given an intramuscular injection of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate followed by 1000 iu ecg on days 2 and 3 of treatment. the camels were mated on day 5 after the last ecg injection. ovulation in grou ... | 1997 | 16728011 |
| purification and biochemical characterization of phospholipase a2 from dromedary pancreas. | dromedary pancreatic pla2 (drpla2) was purified from delipidated pancreases. pure protein was obtained after heat and acidic treatment (70 degrees c; ph 3.0), precipitation by ammonium sulphate and ethanol respectively, followed by sequential column chromatographies on sephadex g-50, monos sepharose, monoq sepharose and c-8 reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. purified drpla2, which is not glycosylated protein, was found to be monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 13748.55 da. ... | 2006 | 16733083 |
| formatted anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha vhh proteins derived from camelids show superior potency and targeting to inflamed joints in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. | the advent of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-blocking drugs has provided rheumatologists with an effective, but highly expensive, treatment for the management of established rheumatoid arthritis (ra). our aim was to explore preclinically the application of camelid anti-tnf vhh proteins, which are single-domain antigen binding (vhh) proteins homologous to human immunoglobulin v(h) domains, as tnf antagonists in a mouse model of ra. | 2006 | 16736523 |
| protein complex compositions predicted by structural similarity. | proteins function through interactions with other molecules. thus, the network of physical interactions among proteins is of great interest to both experimental and computational biologists. here we present structure-based predictions of 3387 binary and 1234 higher order protein complexes in saccharomyces cerevisiae involving 924 and 195 proteins, respectively. to generate candidate complexes, comparative models of individual proteins were built and combined together using complexes of known str ... | 2006 | 16738133 |
| efficient inhibition of egfr signaling and of tumour growth by antagonistic anti-efgr nanobodies. | the development of a number of different solid tumours is associated with over-expression of erbb1, or the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), and this over-expression is often correlated with poor prognosis of patients. therefore, this receptor tyrosine kinase is considered to be an attractive target for antibody-based therapy. indeed, antibodies to the egfr have already proven their value for the treatment of several solid tumours, especially in combination with chemotherapeutic treatment ... | 2007 | 16738850 |
| genetic differences between tunisian camel and sheep strains of the cestode echinococcus granulosus revealed by sscp. | ovine and dromedary echinococcus granulosus isolates from tunisia were identified as g1 and g6 strains based on polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase co1. single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) was used in order to examine the genetic variation within and between tunisian g1 and g6 strains and to estimate the extent of selfing. the dromedary isolates are genetically distinct from sheep isolates (high value of genetic variation between populations: fst= 0.46). no signific ... | 2006 | 16800121 |
| isolation and characterization of a thermally stable recombinant anti-caffeine heavy-chain antibody fragment. | we have isolated and characterized a caffeine-specific, heavy-chain-only antibody fragment (v(hh)) from llama that is capable of being utilized to analyze caffeine in hot and cold beverages. camelid species (llama and camel) were selected for immunization because of their potential to make heat-stable, heavy-chain-only antibodies. llamas and camels were immunized with caffeine covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and recombinant antibody techniques were used to create phage displayed ... | 2006 | 16808459 |
| molecular characterization of echinococcus isolates of cervid origin from finland and sweden. | the species echinococcus granulosus is made up of several genotypic strain groups, whose taxonomical classification is still undetermined. genotypes in the cervid-wolf life-cycle are poorly known, especially in europe. in this study, 33 echinococcus isolates from cervids from finland and sweden were characterized using mitochondrial nd1 gene sequencing. in addition, phylogenetic analysis of e. granulosus strains using the mitochondrial atp6, nd1, nd3 and co1 genes was performed using maximum lik ... | 2006 | 16834793 |
| comparing smoking behaviors and exposures from flavored and unflavored cigarettes. | cigarettes with flavors such as mocha and citrus have been introduced in growing numbers. besides their potential marketing appeal to nonsmokers, there is concern that flavors might mask smoke harshness, making inhalation easier. this pilot study evaluates differences in puff topography and cigarette ratings among 20 college student smokers smoking camel light (10mg tar, 0.9 mg nicotine, 35% filter ventilation) and camel exotic blend cigarettes (11 mg tar, 0.9 mg nicotine, 23% filter ventilation ... | 2007 | 16839697 |
| studies of thermostability in camelus bactrianus (bactrian camel) single-domain antibody specific for the mutant epidermal-growth-factor receptor expressed by pichia. | camelids have a unique immune system capable of producing heavy-chain antibodies lacking the light chains and ch1 (constant heavy-chain domain 1). it has been shown that, in contrast with conventional antibody fragments, the variable domains of these heavy-chain antibodies are functional at or after exposure to high temperatures. in the present study, the vhh (variable domain of heavy-chain antibody) camel antibody was subcloned into vector ppiczc and expressed in pichia pastoris. orb1-83 vhh an ... | 2007 | 16848761 |
| reliable and controllable antibody fragment selections from camelid non-immune libraries for target validation. | with the completion of the sequence of the human genome, emphasis is now switching to the human proteome. however, the number of proteins is not only larger than mrnas in the transcriptome, proteins need often to be in complex with other proteins to be functional. a favourable option to study proteins in their natural context is with a combination of biochemical and microscopic techniques using specific antibodies. therefore, we designed a fast, reliable and controllable selection and screening ... | 2006 | 16872921 |
| a camel passes through the eye of a needle: protein unfolding activity of clp atpases. | clp atpases are protein machines involved in protein degradation and disaggregation. the common structural feature of clp atpases is the formation of ring-shaped oligomers. recent work has shown that the function of all clp atpases is based on an energy-dependent threading of substrates through the narrow pore at the centre of the ring. this review gives an outline of known mechanistic principles of threading machines that unfold protein substrates either before their degradation (clpa, clpx, hs ... | 2006 | 16879409 |
| motor vehicle collisions with large animals. | motor vehicle collisions mvc with large animals are a worldwide problem. in this review, we aim to analyze the mechanisms and patterns of human injuries caused by mvc with large animals and various ways to prevent them. reported studies on large animals that can cause such accidents include the moose, camels, deer, and kangaroos. the moose causes a typical rear-and downward deformity of the roof of the car. the camel falls on the roof of the car causing cervical and head injury to the occupants. ... | 2006 | 16883436 |
| malaysia: camel tourism trick. | 2006 | 16885572 | |
| effect of follicular size on in vitro developmental competence of oocytes and viability of embryos after transfer in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius). | the aim of this work was to determine the effect of follicle size on camel oocyte quality as measured by developmental competence in vitro and in vivo. ovaries from a local slaughterhouse were dissected to obtain two classes of follicle size: small (3-6 mm) and large (>6 mm) follicles. quality of the oocytes was assessed after in vitro maturation (ivm), in vitro fertilization (ivf) and in vitro culture (ivc) of cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs). all cultures were done in four replicates at 38.5 de ... | 2007 | 16889909 |
| efficacy of training in theriogenology as determined by a survey of veterinarians. | to determine whether veterinarians perceive that theriogenology training at veterinary medical schools in north america and the caribbean is adequate for achievement of theriogenology skills commonly used in private practice. | 2006 | 16910848 |