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comprehensive analysis and characterization of the tcr alpha chain sequences in the common marmoset.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is useful as a nonhuman primate model of human diseases. although the marmoset model has great potential for studying autoimmune diseases and immune responses against pathogens, little information is available regarding the genes involved in adaptive immunity. here, we identified one tcr alpha constant (trac), 46 traj (joining), and 35 trav (variable) segments from marmoset cdna. marmoset trac, traj, and trav shared 80%, 68-100%, and 79-98% identity with ...201020405119
identification of androgen receptor phosphorylation in the primate ovary in vivo.the androgen receptor (ar) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is important for both male and female reproductive health. the receptor is a target for a number of post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, which has been intensively studied in vitro. however, little is known about the phosphorylation status of the receptor in target tissues in vivo. the common marmoset is a useful model for studying human reproductive functions, and comparison of the ar primary ...201020406952
metabolic fate of phenothiazine in the marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the fate of [35s]-phenothiazine, a veterinary anthelmintic, has been investigated in the adult male marmoset (callithrix jacchus) following oral administration. a near complete recovery of radioactivity (c. 95%) was achieved in 0-3 days, with just over one-third of the dose (c. 37%) being present in the urine and the remainder (c. 58%) being accounted for in the faeces. the majority of the urinary radioactivity (c. 91%) was present as conjugates, tentatively identified as phenothiazine n-glucuro ...200920408497
an in vivo pharmacological evaluation of pardoprunox (slv308)--a novel combined dopamine d(2)/d(3) receptor partial agonist and 5-ht(1a) receptor agonist with efficacy in experimental models of parkinson's disease.partial d(2/3) dopamine (da) receptor agonists provide a novel approach to the treatment of the motor symptoms of parkinson's disease (pd) that may avoid common dopaminergic side-effects, including dyskinesia and psychosis. the present study focussed on the in vivo pharmacological and therapeutic characterisation of the novel d(2/3) receptor partial agonist and full 5-ht(1a) receptor agonist pardoprunox (slv308; 7-[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-2(3h)-benzoxazolone monochloride). pardoprunox induced co ...201020434890
induction of progressive demyelinating autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmoset monkeys using mog34-56 peptide in incomplete freund adjuvant.experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the neotropical primate common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a relevant autoimmune animal model of multiple sclerosis. t cells specific for peptide 34 to 56 of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog34-56) have a central pathogenic role in this model. the aim of this study was to assess the requirement for innate immune stimulation for activation of this core pathogenic autoimmune mechanism. marmoset monkeys were sensitized against synthetic mog34 ...201020448482
a novel highly reproducible and lethal nonhuman primate model for orthopox virus infection.the intentional re-introduction of variola virus (varv), the agent of smallpox, into the human population is of great concern due its bio-terroristic potential. moreover, zoonotic infections with cowpox (cpxv) and monkeypox virus (mpxv) cause severe diseases in humans. smallpox vaccines presently available can have severe adverse effects that are no longer acceptable. the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and antiviral drugs for use in humans can only be demonstrated in animal models. the exis ...201020454688
small intestinal adenocarcinoma in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).small intestinal adenocarcinomas are uncommon neoplasms that are rarely reported in nonhuman primates. these neoplasms are also rare in humans, although they are thought to share a similar pathogenesis with the more common colorectal carcinoma. herein the authors report the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics of small intestinal adenocarcinoma in 10 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). retrospective analysis of necropsy records revealed small intestinal car ...201020460447
neural correlates of context-dependent perceptual enhancement in the inferior colliculus.in certain situations, preceding auditory stimulation can actually result in heightened sensitivity to subsequent sounds. many of these phenomena appear to be generated in the brain as reflections of central computations. one example is the robust perceptual enhancement (or "pop out") of a probe signal within a broadband sound whose onset time is delayed relative to the remainder of a mixture of tones. here we show that the neural representation of such stimuli undergoes a dramatic transformatio ...201020463220
synthetic studies on selective adenosine a2a receptor antagonists. part ii: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel benzofuran derivatives.based on the previously reported lead compound, a series of benzofuran derivatives were prepared to study their antagonistic activities to a(2a) receptor. the replacement of the phenyl group at the 4-position with a heterocyclic ring improved the pk profile and aqueous solubility. from these studies, we discovered a potent new a(2a) antagonist, 12a, which has both a good oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy on motor disability in mptp-treated common marmosets.201020483600
evaluation of aav-mediated expression of chop2-gfp in the marmoset retina.converting inner retinal neurons to photosensitive cells by expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (chr2) offers a novel approach for treating blindness caused by retinal degenerative diseases. in the present study, the recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (raav2)-mediated expression and function of a fusion construct of channelopsin-2 (chop2) and green fluorescent protein (gfp) (chop2-gfp) were evaluated in the inner retinal neurons in the common marmoset callithrix jacchus.201020484599
spp1 is expressed in corticospinal neurons of the macaque sensorimotor cortex.the cellular distribution of spp1, which we recently identified as a gene with greater expression in the macaque primary motor cortex than in the premotor or prefrontal cortices, was examined in rhesus macaque, common marmoset, and rat brains. in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that spp1 mrna was expressed specifically in pyramidal neurons in layer v of the sensorimotor cortex of the rhesus macaque. these spp1 mrna-positive neurons were most abundant in the primary motor area, followe ...201020503431
the marmoset and cotton rat as animal models for the study of sperm chromatin packaging.in the human, canonical histones are largely replaced by protamine 1 (p1) and protamine 2 (p2) during late spermatogenesis. recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal replacement of the histones is associated with severe male infertility and has profound implications for early embryogenesis. in this review the hispid cotton rat and the common marmoset are evaluated as animal models for the study of chromatin packaging in sperm. the dna sequences of protamine 1 and protamine 2 in the cotton r ...201020536320
the communicative content of the common marmoset phee call during antiphonal calling.vocalizations are a dominant means of communication for numerous species, including nonhuman primates. these acoustic signals are encoded with a rich array of information available to signal receivers that can be used to guide species-typical behaviors. in this study, we examined the communicative content of common marmoset phee calls, the species-typical long distance contact call, during antiphonal calling. this call type has a relatively stereotyped acoustic structure, consisting of a series ...201020549761
characterization of lethal inhalational infection with francisella tularensis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the intracellular gram-negative pathogen francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularaemia and is prevalent in many countries in the northern hemisphere. to determine whether the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) would be a suitable non-human primate model of inhalational tularaemia, a pathophysiology study was undertaken. ten animals were challenged with approximately 10(2) c.f.u. f. tularensis strain schu s4 (f. tularensis subsp. tularensis). to look for trends in the infection, p ...201020558585
development of infant common marmosets' (callithrix jacchus) preference for their parents over adults from another group.parent-offspring attachment is important for animals which have offspring that require parental care for their development. infant attachment to the mother has been examined in macaques, but it remains poorly understood in common marmosets. here, we examined the abilities of 14 common marmoset infants to show preference for their parents over adults from another group at the ages of 4, 10, and 15 weeks. each infant was exposed to its parent and an adult from another group in an i-shaped maze. al ...201120567877
finite element analysis of performance in the skulls of marmosets and tamarins.reliance on plant exudates is a relatively rare dietary specialization among mammals. one well-studied example of closely related exudate feeders is the new world marmosets and tamarins. whereas marmosets actively gouge tree bark with their incisors to stimulate the flow of sap, tamarins are opportunistic exudate feeders that do not gouge bark. several studies of the dentaries and jaw adductors indicate that marmosets exhibit specializations for increased gape at the expense of bite force. few s ...201120572898
brevity is not always a virtue in primate communication.semple et al. (semple et al. in press, biol. lett. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1062)) argued that the 'law of brevity' (an inverse relationship between word length and frequency of use) applies not only to human language but also to vocal signalling in non-human primates, because coding efficiency is paramount in both situations. we analysed the frequency of use of signals of different duration in the vocal repertoires of two neotropical primate species studied in the wild-the common marmoset (callit ...201120573617
epidermal growth factor effects on marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) oocyte in vitro maturation, ivf and embryo development are altered by gonadotrophin concentration during oocyte maturation.this is the first study of the effect of epidermal growth factor (egf) on marmoset monkey oocytes matured in vitro.201020573678
hunting strategies in wild common marmosets are prey and age dependent.we investigated the hunting strategies of wild common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) to determine whether the strategies differed among animals of different age classes and/or prey type. the study was conducted in a fragment of atlantic rain forest, situated 40 km from recife (pe/brazil). twenty-seven individuals from four social groups were observed. captured prey items were divided into three categories. the hunting strategies of the common marmosets were ranked into four categories. the acqui ...201020623501
bioavailability and efficacy of levofloxacin against francisella tularensis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies with levofloxacin were performed in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) model of inhalational tularemia. plasma levofloxacin pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separate single-dose and multidose studies. plasma drug concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization. on day 7 of a twice-daily dosing regimen of 40 mg/kg, the levofloxacin half-life, maximum concentration, and area under ...201020625157
generating induced pluripotent stem cells from common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) fetal liver cells using defined factors, including lin28.although embryonic stem (es) cell-like induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells have potential therapeutic applications in humans, they are also useful for creating genetically modified human disease models in nonhuman primates. in this study, we generated common marmoset ips cells from fetal liver cells via the retrovirus-mediated introduction of six human transcription factors: oct-3/4, sox2, klf4, c-myc, nanog, and lin28. four to five weeks after introduction, several colonies resembling marmoset ...201020670273
line transect surveying of arboreal monkeys: problems of group size and spread in a highly fragmented landscape.line transect surveying is a relatively rapid and efficient procedure for the assessment of primate populations; although the reliability of the resulting density estimates is affected by a number of factors, including habitat configuration. in this study, primate populations were surveyed at a highly fragmented site in northeastern brazil, where the resident species include the endangered coimbra-filho's titi, callicebus coimbrai, and the critically endangered yellow-breasted capuchin, cebus xa ...201020683881
morphological changes in serotoninergic neurites in the striatum and globus pallidus in levodopa primed mptp treated common marmosets with dyskinesia.hyperinnervation of the striatum by serotoninergic (5-ht) terminals occurs after destruction of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway. recent studies have suggested that non-physiological release of dopamine (da) formed from levodopa in these serotoninergic terminals underlies abnormal involuntary movement (aims) induction in 6-ohda lesioned rats. in the present study, we used tryptophan hydroxylase (tph) immunohistochemistry to determine whether 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hy ...201020713157
pardoprunox reverses motor deficits but induces only mild dyskinesia in mptp-treated common marmosets.long-acting full dopamine d(2) agonists produce less dyskinesia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated primates and in parkinson's disease than effective antiparkinsonian doses of levodopa. they do not however, prevent priming for dyskinesia expression on subsequent levodopa exposure. in contrast, the effects of partial d(2) receptor agonists on dyskinesia are unclear. we now examine the ability of the partial d(2) agonist pardoprunox (slv308) to improve motor function an ...201020721904
germ cell dynamics in the testis of the postnatal common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).the seminiferous epithelium in the nonhuman primate callithrix jacchus is similarly organized to man. this monkey has therefore been used as a preclinical model for spermatogenesis and testicular stem cell physiology. however, little is known about the developmental dynamics of germ cells in the postnatal primate testis. in this study, we analyzed testes of newborn, 8-week-old, and adult marmosets employing immunohistochemistry using pluripotent stem cell and germ cell markers ddx4 (vasa), pou5f ...201020729334
late b cell depletion with a human anti-human cd20 igg1κ monoclonal antibody halts the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in marmosets.depletion of cd20(+) b cells has been related to reduced clinical activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. the underlying mechanism is not understood, because serum igg levels were unaltered by the treatment. we report the effect of late b cell depletion on cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in a preclinical multiple sclerosis model (i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [eae] in the common marmoset). we used a novel human anti-human cd20 igg1κ mab (humab 7d8) that cross ...201020739677
influence of seasonality on circadian motor activity rhythm in common marmosets during puberty.the effect of puberty on circadian rhythmicity in nonhuman primates has been little studied, even though it has been demonstrated that puberty-related changes in circadian activity rhythm occur in a number of species, including humans. to characterize the motor activity rhythm during puberty in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), six animals was continuously monitored by actimeters between their 5th and 12th months of age. the animals were housed with their families in outdoor cages under sem ...201020795884
ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset callithrix jacchus: effects of age and refractive error.the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is a primate model for emmetropization studies. the refractive development of the marmoset eye depends on visual experience, so knowledge of the optical quality of the eye is valuable. we report on the wavefront aberrations of the marmoset eye, measured with a clinical hartmann-shack aberrometer (coas, amo wavefront sciences). aberrations were measured on both eyes of 23 marmosets whose ages ranged from 18 to 452 days. twenty-one of the subjects were memb ...201020800078
the developmental impact of prenatal stress, prenatal dexamethasone and postnatal social stress on physiology, behaviour and neuroanatomy of primate offspring: studies in rhesus macaque and common marmoset.exposure of the immature mammalian brain to stress factors, including stress levels of glucocorticoids, either prenatally or postnatally, is regarded as a major regulatory factor in short- and long-term brain function and, in human, as a major aetiological factor in neuropsychiatric disorders. experimental human studies are not feasible and animal studies are required to demonstrate causality and elucidate mechanisms. a number of studies have been conducted and reviewed in rodents but there are ...201120809212
modulation of physical understanding by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).the understanding of physical causality in common marmosets was tested using support problems in which a pair of sheets was presented to determine whether subjects would choose the sheet that had a food item on it (i.e., the sheet was supporting the food item). in two experiments, the conditions were manipulated in terms of the length of the sheet, the distance between the sheet and the food item, the presence of a gap separating the two sheets, and the size of the food item. in experiment 1, th ...201120830498
the partial dopamine agonist pardoprunox (slv308) administered in combination with l-dopa improves efficacy and decreases dyskinesia in mptp treated common marmosets.dopamine agonist treatment in early parkinson's disease (pd) induces less dyskinesia than l-dopa. however, once dyskinesia has developed, dopamine agonists administered with l-dopa exacerbate involuntary movements. the dopamine partial d2/d3 agonist pardoprunox reverses motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (mptp)-treated primates without hyperactivity, indicating that pardoprunox may alleviate dyskinesia without compromising l-dopa's beneficial actions. th ...201020843474
differences in social and vocal behavior between left- and right-handed common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) show either a left- or right-hand preference for reaching to pick up food and they retain the same preference throughout adult life. we compared the behavior of 10 right-handed and 10 left-handed marmosets, matched for age and sex. they were presented with live crickets both when alone and when in their social group. the marmosets captured more crickets and the latency to capture the first cricket was shorter when they were in a group than when they were alo ...201020853949
comparison of racemic ketamine versus (s+) ketamine when combined with midazolam for anesthesia of callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata.ten common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and 10 black-tufted marmosets (callithrix penicillata) were immobilized to compare the anesthetic effects of racemic ketamine and (s+) ketamine in combination with midazolam. the animals were distributed into four groups: five common marmosets (group cjr) and five black-tufted marmosets (group cpr) received 9.8 +/- 1.4 mg/kg of racemic ketamine, and five common marmosets (group cjs) and five black-tufted marmosets (group cps) received 10.4 +/- 1.6 mg/kg ...201020945634
zonisamide attenuates mptp neurotoxicity in marmosets.mptp (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induces parkinsonism in humans and animals. the effects of zonisamide on dopamine neurons were studied in mptp-treated common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). groups of animals (n = 3) were treated with mptp (2.5 mg/kg, every 24 h x 3); mptp plus zonisamide (40 mg/kg administered 1 h before each mptp dose); mptp plus selegiline (a known mao-b inhibitor) (2 mg/kg administered 1 h before each mptp dose); and saline controls. an immunohistochemical ...201020948167
bipolar input to melanopsin containing ganglion cells in primate retina.two morphological types of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells have been described in primate retina. both types show intrinsic light responses as well as rod- and cone-driven on-type responses. outer stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the inner nuclear layer (off sublamina); inner stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the ganglion cell layer (on sublamina). both inner and outer stratifying cells receive synaptic input via ribbon synapses, but the bipolar cell types provi ...201120950505
the bony labyrinth of the early platyrrhine primate chilecebus.we document the morphology of the bony labyrinth of chilecebus carrascoensis, one of the best preserved early platyrrhines known, based on high resolution ct scanning and 3d digital reconstruction. the cochlea is low and conical in form, as in other anthropoids, but has only 2.5 spiral turns. when the allometric relationship with body mass is considered, cochlear size is similar to that in extant primates. the relative size of the semicircular canals, which is well within the range of other prim ...201020952046
activation of frontal neocortical areas by vocal production in marmosets.primates often rely on vocal communication to mediate social interactions. although much is known about the acoustic structure of primate vocalizations and the social context in which they are usually uttered, our knowledge about the neocortical control of audio-vocal interactions in primates is still incipient, being mostly derived from lesion studies in squirrel monkeys and macaques. to map the neocortical areas related to vocal control in a new world primate species, the common marmoset, we e ...201020953246
collagen-induced arthritis in common marmosets: a new nonhuman primate model for chronic arthritis.there is an ever-increasing need for animal models to evaluate efficacy and safety of new therapeutics in the field of rheumatoid arthritis (ra). particularly for the early preclinical evaluation of human-specific biologicals targeting the progressive phase of the disease, there is a need for relevant animal models. in response to this requirement we set out to develop a model of collagen-induced arthritis (cia) in a small-sized nonhuman primate species (300 to 400 g at adult age); that is, the ...201020977720
conditioned sexual arousal in a nonhuman primate.conditioning of sexual arousal has been demonstrated in several species from fish to humans but has not been demonstrated in nonhuman primates. controversy exists over whether nonhuman primates produce pheromones that arouse sexual behavior. although common marmosets copulate throughout the ovarian cycle and during pregnancy, males exhibit behavioral signs of arousal, demonstrate increased neural activation of anterior hypothalamus and medial preoptic area, and have an increase in serum testoste ...201121029736
cellular organization of adult neurogenesis in the common marmoset.adult neurogenesis within the subgranular zone (sgz) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (svz) of the lateral ventricle (lv) has been most intensely studied within the brains of rodents such as mice and rats. however, little is known about the cell types and processes involved in adult neurogenesis within primates such as the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). moreover, substantial differences seem to exist between the neurogenic niche of the lv between rodents and hu ...201021040399
simple autogeneic feeder cell preparation for pluripotent stem cells.mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mefs) are the most commonly used feeder cells for pluripotent stem cells. however, autogeneic feeder (af) cells have several advantages such as no xenogeneic risks and reduced costs. in this report, we demonstrate that common marmoset embryonic stem (cmes) cells can be maintained on common marmoset af (cmaf) cells. these cmes cells were maintained on cmaf cells for 6 months, retaining their morphology, normal karyotype, and expression patterns for the pluripotent mar ...201021041123
molecular cloning and functional characterization of endogenous recombinant common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) follicle-stimulating hormone.common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) are readily used in biomedical research. however, superovulation for embryonic stem cell production and developmental research still remain difficult. inexplicably, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) as key player in superovulation has to be administered in extremely high dosages in this non-human primate compared to human.201021044091
population-averaged standard template brain atlas for the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).advanced magnetic resonance (mr) neuroimaging analysis techniques based on voxel-wise statistics, such as voxel-based morphometry (vbm) and functional mri, are widely applied to cognitive brain research in both human subjects and in non-human primates. recent developments in imaging have enabled the evaluation of smaller animal models with sufficient spatial resolution. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a small new world primate species, has been widely used in neuroscience research, to ...201021044887
5-ht(1b) receptor in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).serotonin (5-ht) is involved in the fine adjustments at several brain centers including the core of the mammal circadian timing system (cts) and the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn). the scn receives massive serotonergic projections from the midbrain raphe nuclei, whose inputs are described in rats as ramifying at its ventral portion overlapping the retinohypothalamic and geniculohypothalamic fibers. in the scn, the 5-ht actions are reported as being primarily mediated by the 5-ht1 typ ...201021055446
when play is a family business: adult play, hierarchy, and possible stress reduction in common marmosets.easy to recognize but not easy to define, animal play is a baffling behavior because it has no obvious immediate benefits for the performers. however, the absence of immediate advantages, if true, would leave adult play (costly but maintained by evolution, spanning lemurs to homo sapiens) unexplained. although a commonly held view maintains that play is limited by stress, an emergent hypothesis states that play can regulate stress in the short term. here we explored this hypothesis in a captive ...201021107884
advanced follicle development in xenografted prepubertal ovarian tissue: the common marmoset as a nonhuman primate model for ovarian tissue transplantation.to establish a nonhuman primate model addressing follicular development in cryopreserved prepubertal ovarian tissue after xenografting.201021122840
gene targeting and subsequent site-specific transgenesis at the β-actin (actb) locus in common marmoset embryonic stem cells.nonhuman primate embryonic stem (es) cells have vast promise for preclinical studies. genetic modification in nonhuman primate es cells is an essential technique for maximizing the potential of these cells. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a nonhuman primate, is expected to be a useful transgenic model for preclinical studies. however, genetic modification in common marmoset es (cmes) cells has not yet been adequately developed. to establish efficient and stable genetic modifications in ...201121126169
tissue-specific expression of squirrel monkey chorionic gonadotropin.pituitary gonadotropins lh and fsh play central roles in reproductive function. in old world primates, lh stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. recent studies have found that squirrel monkeys and other new world primates lack expression of lh in the pituitary. instead, chorionic gonadotropin (cg), which is normally only expressed in the placenta of old world primates, is the active luteotropic pituitary hormone in these animals. the goal of this study was to inves ...201021130091
differential endocrine responses to infant odors in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) fathers.olfactory cues can exert priming effects on many mammalian species. paternally experienced marmosets, callithrix jacchus, exposed to direct isolated olfactory contact with their own infant's scent show rapid decreases in testosterone levels within 20 min, whereas paternally inexperienced males do not. the following study tests whether there is a differential steroid response to exposure of infant scent from dependent infants (own and novel) and independent infants (own and novel). we examined th ...201121145893
overview of the marmoset as a model in nonclinical development of pharmaceutical products.callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is one of the more primitive non-human primate species and is used widely in fundamental biology, pharmacology and toxicology studies. marmosets breed well in captivity with good reproductive efficiencies and their sexual maturity is reached within 18 months of age allowing for rapid expansion of colonies and early availability of sexually mature animals permitting an earlier assessment of product candidates in the adult. their relatively small size allows a ...201021156195
circadian profile of peripheral hormone levels in sprague-dawley rats and in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).in the present study, we report the circadian profiles of a wide panel of hormones measured in rats and common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), under physiological conditions, paying special attention to minimising the stress imposed on the animals.201021164040
differential contribution of dietary fat and monosaccharide to metabolic syndrome in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).there is a critical need for animal models to study aspects type 2 diabetes (t2d) pathogenesis and prevention. while the rhesus macaque is such an established model, the common marmoset has added benefits including reduced zoonotic risks, shorter life span, and a predisposition to birth twins demonstrating chimerism. the marmoset as a model organism for the study of metabolic syndrome has not been fully evaluated. marmosets fed high-fat or glucose-enriched diets were followed longitudinally to o ...201121164504
vocalization induced cfos expression in marmoset cortex.all non-human primates communicate with conspecifics using vocalizations, a system involving both the production and perception of species-specific vocal signals. much of the work on the neural basis of primate vocal communication in cortex has focused on the sensory processing of vocalizations, while relatively little data are available for vocal production. earlier physiological studies in squirrel monkeys had shed doubts on the involvement of primate cortex in vocal behaviors. the aim of the ...201021179582
activity-dependent regulation of mhc class i expression in the developing primary visual cortex of the common marmoset monkey.several recent studies have highlighted the important role of immunity-related molecules in synaptic plasticity processes in the developing and adult mammalian brains. it has been suggested that neuronal mhci (major histocompatibility complex class i) genes play a role in the refinement and pruning of synapses in the developing visual system. as a fast evolutionary rate may generate distinct properties of molecules in different mammalian species, we studied the expression of mhci molecules in a ...201121205317
successful treatment of cryptosporidiosis in 2 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by using paromomycin.two pair-housed, 1-y-old common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) had intermittent loose feces and weight loss for approximately 2 mo. cryptosporidum parvum was identified by elisa in the feces of both animals. cbc and blood chemistry values, including liver enzymes, were within normal range. both marmosets were treated with the antibiotic paromomycin (15 mg/kg po) twice daily for 28 d. resolution of clinical signs coincided with treatment. three follow-up samples, taken 2 wk apart after treatment ...201021205457
evolutionary glycomics: characterization of milk oligosaccharides in primates.free oligosaccharides are abundant components of mammalian milk and have primary roles as prebiotic compounds, in immune defense, and in brain development. a mass spectrometry-based technique is applied to profile milk oligosaccharides from apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, and siamang), new world monkeys (golden lion tamarin and common marmoset), and an old world monkey (rhesus). the purpose of this study is to evaluate the patterns of primate milk oligosaccharide composition from a phylogenetic persp ...201121214271
oxytocin changes primate paternal tolerance to offspring in food transfer.oxytocin facilitates social recognition in rats and mice, onset of maternal behavior in virgin mice and formation of pair bonds without copulation in prairie voles. however, the relationship between this peptide and paternal behavior in primates remains largely unknown. we investigated whether oxytocin affects paternal behavior in common marmosets. in these primates, fathers as well as mothers take care of their infants, and transferring food to the infants is one of their more obvious caretakin ...201121225271
effects of constant daylight exposure during early development on marmoset psychosocial behavior.due to global industrialization, the light cycle is shifting to longer daytime. mounting evidence indicates that social developmental disorders may correlate with longer periods of daytime in childhood. however, the exact mechanisms of this link remain unclear. to examine the impact of longer day-time on psychosocial development, we developed a novel non-human primate model, using the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) reared under constant daylight from birth. marmosets were reared individual ...201121238530
cellular composition and organization of the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream in the adult and neonatal common marmoset brain.the adult subventricular zone (svz) of the lateral ventricle contains neural stem cells. in rodents, these cells generate neuroblasts that migrate as chains toward the olfactory bulb along the rostral migratory stream (rms). the neural-stem-cell niche at the ventricular wall is conserved in various animal species, including primates. however, it is unclear how the svz and rms organization in nonhuman primates relates to that of rodents and humans. here we studied the svz and rms of the adult and ...201121246550
a comparison of the imaging performance of high resolution ultrasound scanners for preclinical imaging.nine ultrasound transducers from six ultrasound scanners were assessed for their utility for preclinical ultrasound imaging. the transducers were: l8-16, l10-22 (diasus; dynamic imaging ltd., livingston, uk); l17-5, l15-7io (iu22; philips, seattle, wa, usa), hfl38/13-6 (micromaxx; sonosite inc., bothell, wa, usa); il3lv (vivid 5; ge, fairfield, ct, usa), rmv 704 (vevo 770; visualsonics inc., toronto, canada) and ms550s, ms550d (vevo 2100; visualsonics inc.). a quantitative analysis of the ultras ...201121256667
internet-based atlas of the primate spinal cord.in 2009, we reported an online brain atlas of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) at http://marmoset-brain.org:2008. here we report new digital images of the primate spinal cord sections added to the website. we prepared histological sections of every segment of the spinal cord of the common marmoset, rhesus monkey and japanese monkey with various staining techniques. the sections were scanned with carl zeiss mirax scan at light microscopic resolution. obtained digital data were processed a ...201121291922
reading marmoset behavior 'semantics' under particular social context by multi-parameters correlation analysis.social interactions are a fundamental aspect of human and animal behavior. although neuroimaging and other non-invasive methods have progressed recently, the neurobiology of social behavior requires the use of animal models. here, we introduced a multi-behavior parameter integration method and applied it to female-male interaction of adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). based on the correlated parameters and meeting context, we found that the behavioral endpoints clustered in four distin ...201121300127
macaque cytochromes p450: nomenclature, transcript, gene, genomic structure, and function.monkeys, especially macaques, including cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), are frequently used in drug metabolism studies due to their evolutionary closeness to humans. recently, numerous cytochrome p450 (p450 or cyp) cdnas have been identified and characterized in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys and were named by the p450 nomenclature committee. however, recent advances in genome analysis of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys revealed that some monkey p450s are appar ...201121303270
measurement of absolute auditory thresholds in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is a small, arboreal, new world primate that has emerged as a promising non-human model system in auditory neuroscience. a complete understanding of the neuroethology of auditory processing in marmosets will include behavioral work examining how sounds are perceived by these animals. however, there have been few studies of the marmoset's hearing and perceptual abilities and the audiogram of this species has not been measured using modern psychophysical methods. the present ex ...201121303689
rapid high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of t1 and age-dependent variations in the non-human primate brain using magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (mprage) sequence.the use of quantitative t(1) mapping in neuroscience and neurology has raised strong interest in the development of t(1)-mapping techniques that can measure t(1) in the whole brain, with high accuracy and precision and within short imaging and computation times. here, we present a new inversion-recovery (ir) based t(1)-mapping method using a standard 3d magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (mprage) sequence. by varying only the inversion time (ti), but keeping other parameters constant, mp ...201121376814
molecular evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily genes in primates.genes of the immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) have a wide variety of cellular activities. in this study, we investigated molecular evolution of igsf genes in primates by comparing orthologous sequences of 249 igsf genes among human, chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, and common marmoset. to evaluate the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (¤ë), we applied bn-bs program and paml program. igsf genes were classified into 11 functional categories based on the gene ontology (go) databas ...201121390552
the marmoset as a model of aging and age-related diseases.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is poised to become a standard nonhuman primate aging model. with an average lifespan of 5 to 7 years and a maximum lifespan of 16½ years, marmosets are the shortest-lived anthropoid primates. they display age-related changes in pathologies that mirror those seen in humans, such as cancer, amyloidosis, diabetes, and chronic renal disease. they also display predictable age-related differences in lean mass, calf circumference, circulating albumin, hemoglobi ...201121411858
the development of small primate models for aging research.nonhuman primate (nhp) aging research has traditionally relied mainly on the rhesus macaque. but the long lifespan, low reproductive rate, and relatively large body size of macaques and related old world monkeys make them less than ideal models for aging research. manifold advantages would attend the use of smaller, more rapidly developing, shorter-lived nhp species in aging studies, not the least of which are lower cost and the ability to do shorter research projects. arbitrarily defining "smal ...201121411860
altered neural responses to sounds in primate primary auditory cortex during slow-wave sleep.how sounds are processed by the brain during sleep is an important question for understanding how we perceive the sensory environment in this unique behavioral state. while human behavioral data have indicated selective impairments of sound processing during sleep, brain imaging and neurophysiology studies have reported that overall neural activity in auditory cortex during sleep is surprisingly similar to that during wakefulness. this responsiveness to external stimuli leaves open the question ...201121414918
synaptic inputs to two types of koniocellular pathway ganglion cells in marmoset retina.the retinal connectivity of the diverse group of cells contributing to koniocellular visual pathways (widefield ganglion cells) is largely unexplored. here we examined the synaptic inputs onto two koniocellular-projecting ganglion cell types named large sparse and broad thorny cells. ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde tracer injections targeted to koniocellular layer k3 in the lateral geniculate nucleus in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and subsequently photofilled. retinal preparations w ...201121452222
protamine-1 represents a sperm specific gene transcript: a study in callithrix jacchus and bos taurus.spermatozoa are transcriptionally inactive cells, but contain acetylated histones, normally a characteristic of transcriptionally active cells. acetylgroups are thought to represent epigenetic marks that are transmitted to the oocyte and are involved in starting gene expression in the zygote and in regulating gene expression during early embryogenesis. we performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) and in bovine spermatozo ...201121486395
a case report of spontaneous opening of congenitally fused labia in a female common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) followed by pregnancy and birth of twins.a first case of spontaneous opening of congenitally fused labia (cfl phenotype) in a captive common marmoset followed by pregnancy and birth is presented here. the occurrence of this phenotype has been previously published in captive marmosets, but so far the etiology is unknown.201121488885
comparative genome analysis of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i b/c segments in primates elucidated by genomic sequencing in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) have emerged as important animal models for biomedical research, necessitating a more extensive characterization of their major histocompatibility complex (mhc) region. however, the genomic information of the marmoset mhc (caja) is still lacking. the mhc-b/c segment represents the most diverse mhc region among primates. therefore, in this paper, to elucidate the detailed gene organization and evolutionary processes of the caja class i b (caja-b) segme ...201121505866
characterization of bcar4, a novel oncogene causing endocrine resistance in human breast cancer cells.resistance to the antiestrogen tamoxifen remains a major problem in the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. knowledge on the resistance mechanisms is needed to develop more effective therapies. breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 4 (bcar4) was identified in a functional screen for genes involved in tamoxifen resistance. bcar4 is expressed in 27% of primary breast tumors. in patients treated with tamoxifen for metastized disease high bcar4 mrna levels are associated with red ...201121506106
a major metabolite of bupropion reverses motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated common marmosets.the atypical antidepressant, bupropion, causes a partial reversal of motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primates. however, its monoamine uptake blocking actions are believed to be mediated by the major metabolites, racemic (-)-(2r,3r)-2-(3-chlorophenyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-morphinol) (r,r-hydroxybupropion) and (+)-(2s,3s)-2-(3-chlorophenyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-morphinol) (s,s-hydroxybupropion). therefore, we have evaluated the ability of enantiomers to improve locom ...201121522056
post-exposure therapy of inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset.the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ciprofloxacin as post-exposure therapy against inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with other non-human primate models in order to determine whether the marmoset is a suitable model to test post-exposure therapies for anthrax. pharmacokinetic (pk) and efficacy studies with ciprofloxacin were performed in the marmoset. ciprofloxacin plasma pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separ ...201121530184
development of a compact and general-purpose experimental apparatus with a touch-sensitive screen for use in evaluating cognitive functions in common marmosets.common marmosets have been used extensively in biomedical research and the recent advent of techniques to generate transgenic marmosets has accelerated the use of this model. new methods that efficiently assess the degree of cognitive function in common marmosets are needed in order to establish their suitability as non-human primate models of higher brain function disorders. here, we have developed a new apparatus suitable for testing the cognitive functions of common marmosets. utilizing a min ...201121549751
possible organizational effect of sex steroids on the stabilization of manual preference in female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).handedness has been widely studied in nonhuman primates. however, few studies investigate this behavior throughout ontogenetic development. to determine the influence of developmental stage in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) females, we used six animals, which were observed in food-reaching tests involving hand-use preference from the infantile to the adult phase. during this period, fecal samples were collected for sexual hormone analysis (estrogen and progesterone). the results point to c ...201121553197
inhibition of maternal behaviour by central infusion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in marmoset monkeys.stress can inhibit maternal behaviour and increase rates of child abuse in humans and other animals; however, the neuroendocrine mechanisms are not known. to determine whether corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh) plays a role in stress-induced disruption of maternal behaviour in primates, we characterised the effects of acute intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of crh on maternal and abusive behaviour in common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). nulliparous females were implanted with ...201121554432
effects of ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in the hypothalamus upon proceptivity and sexual receptivity in the female marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the sexual behaviour of 16, oestradiol-treated, ovariectomized common marmosets was recorded before and after bilateral microinfusions of ibotenic acid (n = 8) or isotonic saline (n = 8) into the hypothalamus. ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration occurred in 5 females, mainly affecting the anterior and dorsomedial hypothalamus. marked decreases in proceptivity (tongue-flicking, staring and immobile displays) occurred after ibotenic acid lesions, whereas sexual receptivity (refusals and te ...199221554659
establishment of the milk-borne transmission as a key factor for the peculiar endemicity of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1): the atl prevention program nagasaki.in late 2010, the nation-wide screening of pregnant women for human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) infection was implemented in japan to prevent milk-borne transmission of htlv-1. in the late 1970s, recognition of the adult t-cell leukemia (atl) cluster in kyushu, japan, led to the discovery of the first human retrovirus, htlv-1. in 1980, we started to investigate mother-to-child transmission (mtct) for explaining the peculiar endemicity of htlv-1. retrospective and prospective epidemiolog ...201121558754
characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) enantiomers in vitro and in the mptp-lesioned primate: r-mdma reduces severity of dyskinesia, whereas s-mdma extends duration of on-time.l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) is the most effective treatment for parkinson's disease, but long-term l-dopa administration is marred by the emergence of motor complications, namely, dyskinesia and a shortening of antiparkinsonian benefit (wearing-off). 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) is unique in that it exerts antidyskinetic effects and may enhance antiparkinsonian actions of l-dopa. mdma is composed of two enantiomers with different pharmacological profiles; here, we describe ...201121562283
visualizing myeloarchitecture with magnetic resonance imaging in primates.the pattern of myelination over the cerebral cortex, termed myeloarchitecture, is an established and often-used feature to visualize cortical organization with histology in a variety of primate species. in this paper, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and advanced image processing using surface rendering to visualize and characterize myeloarchitecture in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). through images made in four female adult marmosets, we produc ...201121599695
hormonal and behavioral responses to stress in lactating and non-lactating female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).in several mammalian species, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) and behavioral responses to stressors are down-regulated in lactating females, possibly preventing stress-induced disruptions of maternal care. experimental elevations of hpa axis hormones have been found to inhibit maternal behavior in lactating common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus), raising the question of whether lactating female marmosets also have blunted endogenous responses to stress. therefore, we compared hpa and ...201121600906
distinct structural plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala of the middle-aged common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).adult neurogenesis in the primate brain is generally accepted to occur primarily in two specific areas; the subgranular zone (sgz) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (dg) and the subventricular zone (svz) of the lateral ventricles. hippocampal neurogenesis is well known to be downregulated by stress and aging in rodents, however there is less evidence documenting the sensitivity of neuroblasts generated in the svz. in primates, migrating cells generated in the svz travel via a unique temporal stre ...201121605555
fine frequency tuning in monkey auditory cortex and thalamus.the frequency resolution of auditory neurons throughout the ascending auditory pathway is an important parameter for understanding how sounds are processed. it has been shown in previous animal studies that the frequency tuning widths are about 1/5 octave wide in auditory nerve fibers and much wider in auditory cortex neurons (pickles, 1979; mclaughlin et al., 2008; see table 1). psychophysical studies show that humans are capable of discriminating far finer frequency differences (oxenham and sh ...201121613589
modeling hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan in seven species.the aim of this study was to estimate the number of new cells and neurons added to the dentate gyrus across the lifespan, and to compare the rate of age-associated decline in neurogenesis across species. data from mice (mus musculus), rats (rattus norvegicus), lesser hedgehog tenrecs (echinops telfairi), macaques (macaca mulatta), marmosets (callithrix jacchus), tree shrews (tupaia belangeri), and humans (homo sapiens) were extracted from 21 data sets published in 14 different reports. analysis ...201121621300
[risks of transmitting rabies virus from captive domiciliary common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) to human beings, in the metropolitan region of fortaleza, state of ceará, brazil.] 201121625806
evolution of the cyp2d gene cluster in humans and four non-human primates.the human cytochrome p450 2d6 (cyp2d6) is a primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of about 25% of commonly used therapeutic drugs. cyp2d6 belongs to the cyp2d subfamily, a gene cluster located on chromosome 22, which comprises the cyp2d6 gene and pseudogenes cyp2d7p and cyp2d8p. although the chemical and physiological properties of cyp2d6 have been extensively studied, there has been no study to date on molecular evolution of the cyp2d subfamily in the human genome. such knowledge could grea ...201121670550
quantification of zp1, zp2 and zp3 mrna of marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) oocytes from periantral and antral follicles.in mammals, the oocyte and preimplantation embryo are protected by the zona pellucida (zp) consisting mainly of zp glycoproteins, which are responsible for sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and zona pellucida hardening to prevent polyspermia. the zp proteins become increasingly important as possible predictors for in vitro cultured oocytes competence. as little is known about the stage-dependent expression of zp1, zp2 and zp3 in marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) oocytes, mrna ...201121689136
common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as a primate model of dengue virus infection: development of high levels of viremia and demonstration of protective immunity.dengue virus (denv) causes a wide range of illness in humans: dengue fever (df), dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) and dengue shock syndrome (dss). animal models that constantly develop high levels of viremia are required for the development of protective and preventive measures. common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) demonstrated high levels of viremia after inoculation with clinical isolates of four serotypes of denv; in particular, over 10(6) genome copies/ml after inoculation with denv-2. nonstr ...201121697346
bronchoconstriction in nonhuman primates: a species comparison.bronchoconstriction is a characteristic symptom of various chronic obstructive respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. precision-cut lung slices (pcls) are a suitable ex vivo model to study physiological mechanisms of bronchoconstriction in different species. in the present study, we established an ex vivo model of bronchoconstriction in nonhuman primates (nhps). pcls prepared from common marmosets, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and anubis baboons w ...201121700889
triiodothyronine administration ameliorates the demyelination/remyelination ratio in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis by correcting tissue hypothyroidism.remyelination failure is a key landmark in chronic progression of multiple sclerosis (ms), the most diffuse demyelinating disease in human, but the reasons for this are still unknown. it has been shown that thyroid hormone administration in the rodent models of acute and chronic demyelinating diseases improved their clinical course, pathology and remyelination. in the present study, we translated this therapeutic attempt to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) in the non-human primate c ...201121707794
tool-use learning by common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).one of the most critical and common features of tool use is that the tool essentially functions as a part of the body. this feature is likely rooted in biological features that are shared by tool users. to establish an ideal primate model to explore the neurobiological mechanisms supporting tool-use behaviours, we trained common marmosets, a small new world monkey species that is not usually associated with tool use, to use a rake-shaped tool to retrieve food. five naive common marmosets were sy ...201121713504
serotonin at the level of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex modulates distinct aspects of positive emotion in primates.impaired top-down regulation of the amygdala, and its modulation by serotonin (5-ht), is strongly implicated in the dysregulation of negative emotion that characterizes a number of affective disorders. however, the contribution of these mechanisms to the regulation of positive emotion is not well understood. this study investigated the role of 5-ht within the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex (ofc), on the expression of appetitive pavlovian conditioned emotional responses and their reversal ...201221726490
colonization of collagen scaffolds by adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells of the common marmoset monkey.in regenerative medicine, human cell replacement therapy offers great potential, especially by cell types differentiated from immunologically and ethically unproblematic mesenchymal stem cells (mscs). in terms of an appropriate carrier material, collagen scaffolds with homogeneous pore size of 65++m were optimal for cell seeding and cultivating. however, before clinical application and transplantation of msc-derived cells in scaffolds, the safety and efficiency, but also possible interference in ...201121726528
oxalate nephropathy in a laboratory colony of common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) following the ingestion of eucalyptus viminalis.seven common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) from a laboratory colony of 17 died over a period of eight months. death of six of these monkeys was attributed to kidney failure from an oxalate-induced nephropathy. the epidemiology of this outbreak suggested an exogenous source and there was strong evidence that the source was bark and leaves from an eucalyptus viminalis tree. branches of this tree were introduced one month before the first death. the branches were removed one month after dea ...201121727186
object permanence in adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): not everything is an "a-not-b" error that seems to be one.in this paper, we describe a behaviour pattern similar to the "a-not-b" error found in human infants and young apes in a monkey species, the common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). in contrast to the classical explanation, recently it has been suggested that the "a-not-b" error committed by human infants is at least partially due to misinterpretation of the hider's ostensively communicated object hiding actions as potential 'teaching' demonstrations during the a trials. we tested whether this so- ...201121739135
do snakes represent the principal predatory threat to callitrichids? fatal attack of a viper (bothrops leucurus) on a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in the atlantic forest of the brazilian northeast.a juvenile common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was attacked by a whitetail lancehead viper (bothrops leucurus) while playing with other group members close to the ground at a site in northeastern brazil. the attack was almost immediately fatal, but the viper was unable to ingest the body of the marmoset. after approximately 10 min, during which it attempted to swallow the marmoset a number of times, the viper moved away, abandoning the body. while raptors are the principal predators of callitri ...201121766229
increased positive selection pressure within the complementarity determining regions of the t-cell receptor ß gene in new world monkeys.because of the long-term co-evolution of tcr and mhc molecules, numerous nucleotide substitutions have accumulated within the domains of tcrß genes. we previously found that nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions occurred more frequently in complementarity determining region (cdr)ß than in cdra, even though only a limited number of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and human t-cell receptor ß variable (trbv) sequences were compared. this interesting finding raised the question of whether the ...201121769905
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