Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| current advances in tissue repair and regeneration: the future is bright. | the fifth embo conference on 'the molecular and cellular basis of regeneration and repair' took place in the peaceful coastal town of sant feliu de guixols (spain) on september 2014. the meeting was organised by emili saló (u. barcelona, spain), kimberly mace (u. manchester, uk), patrizia ferretti (university college london, uk) and michael brand (centre for regenerative therapies dresden, germany) and received the generous support of society for developmental biology, the company of biologists, ... | 2015 | 27499870 |
| epidermal closure regulates histolysis during mammalian (mus) digit regeneration. | mammalian digit regeneration progresses through consistent stages: histolysis, inflammation, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and finally redifferentiation. what we do not yet know is how each stage can affect others. questions of stage timing, tissue interactions, and microenvironmental states are becoming increasingly important as we look toward solutions for whole limb regeneration. this study focuses on the timing of epidermal closure which, in mammals, is delayed compared to more rege ... | 2015 | 27499872 |
| positional information in axolotl and mouse limb extracellular matrix is mediated via heparan sulfate and fibroblast growth factor during limb regeneration in the axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum). | urodele amphibians are unique among adult vertebrates in their ability to regenerate complex body structures after traumatic injury. in salamander regeneration, the cells maintain a memory of their original position and use this positional information to recreate the missing pattern. we used an in vivo gain-of-function assay to determine whether components of the extracellular matrix (ecm) have positional information required to induce formation of new limb pattern during regeneration. we discov ... | 2015 | 27499874 |
| genome-wide analysis reveals conserved transcriptional responses downstream of resting potential change in xenopus embryos, axolotl regeneration, and human mesenchymal cell differentiation. | endogenous bioelectric signaling via changes in cellular resting potential (v mem) is a key regulator of patterning during regeneration and embryogenesis in numerous model systems. depolarization of v mem has been functionally implicated in dedifferentiation, tumorigenesis, anatomical re-specification, and appendage regeneration. however, no unbiased analyses have been performed to understand genome-wide transcriptional responses to v mem change in vivo. moreover, it is unknown which genes or ge ... | 2016 | 27499876 |
| liver histological changes and lipid peroxidation in the amphibian ambystoma mexicanum induced by sediment elutriates from the lake xochimilco. | lacustrine sediments accumulate pollutants that input from the lake watershed and can be released to the water column by sediment resuspension; thus, pollutants can change their bioavailability and exert adverse effects to aquatic biota. shallow-urban lakes are particularly susceptible to receive pollutants from urban discharges and sediment resuspension. lake xochimilco, in mexico city, an urban-shallow lake, faces multiple problems: urban sprawl, overexploitation of aquifers, drying of springs ... | 2016 | 27521947 |
| histological image data of limb skeletal tissue from larval and adult ambystoma mexicanum. | the data presented in this article are related to the article entitled "cartilage and bone cells do not participate in skeletal regeneration in ambystoma mexicanum limbs" [1]. here we present image data of the post-embryonic development of the forelimb skeletal tissue of ambystoma mexicanum. histological staining was performed on sections from the intact limbs of young (6.5 cm) and old (25 cm) animals, and on dissected skeletal tissues (cartilage, bone, and periosteum) from these animals. | 2016 | 27547798 |
| activation of smad2 but not smad3 is required to mediate tgf-β signaling during axolotl limb regeneration. | axolotls are unique among vertebrates in their ability to regenerate tissues, such as limbs, tail and skin. the axolotl limb is the most studied regenerating structure. the process is well characterized morphologically; however, it is not well understood at the molecular level. we demonstrate that tgf-β1 is highly upregulated during regeneration and that tgf-β signaling is necessary for the regenerative process. we show that the basement membrane is not prematurely formed in animals treated with ... | 2016 | 27549395 |
| convergent evolutionary reduction of atrial septation in lungless salamanders. | nearly two thirds of the approximately 700 species of living salamanders are lungless. these species respire entirely through the skin and buccopharyngeal mucosa. lung loss dramatically impacts the configuration of the circulatory system but the effects of evolutionary lung loss on cardiac morphology have long been controversial. for example, there is presumably little need for an atrial septum in lungless salamanders due to the absence of pulmonary veins and the presence of a single source of m ... | 2017 | 27558020 |
| beryllium nitrate inhibits fibroblast migration to disrupt epimorphic regeneration. | epimorphic regeneration proceeds with or without formation of a blastema, as observed for the limb and skin, respectively. inhibition of epimorphic regeneration provides a means to interrogate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate it. in this study, we show that exposing amputated limbs to beryllium nitrate disrupts blastema formation and causes severe patterning defects in limb regeneration. in contrast, exposing full-thickness skin wounds to beryllium only causes a delay in skin ... | 2016 | 27578793 |
| homeobox genes in axolotl lateral line placodes and neuromasts. | gene expression has been studied in considerable detail in the developing vertebrate brain, neural crest, and some placode-derived organs. as a further investigation of vertebrate head morphogenesis, expression patterns of several homeobox-containing genes were examined using whole-mount in situ hybridization in a sensory system primitive for the vertebrate subphylum: the axolotl lateral lines and the placodes from which they develop. axolotl msx-2 and dlx-3 are expressed in all of the lateral l ... | 1997 | 27747426 |
| multiplicity of buc copies in atlantic salmon contrasts with loss of the germ cell determinant in primates, rodents and axolotl. | the primordial germ cells (pgcs) giving rise to gametes are determined by two different mechanisms in vertebrates. while the germ cell fate in mammals and salamanders is induced by zygotic signals, maternally delivered germ cell determinants specify the pgcs in birds, frogs and teleost fish. assembly of the germ plasm in the oocyte is organized by the single buc in zebrafish, named velo1 in xenopus, and by oskar in drosophila. secondary loss of oskar in several insect lineages coincides with cha ... | 2016 | 27784263 |
| live imaging of axolotl digit regeneration reveals spatiotemporal choreography of diverse connective tissue progenitor pools. | connective tissues-skeleton, dermis, pericytes, fascia-are a key cell source for regenerating the patterned skeleton during axolotl appendage regeneration. this complexity has made it difficult to identify the cells that regenerate skeletal tissue. inability to identify these cells has impeded a mechanistic understanding of blastema formation. by tracing cells during digit tip regeneration using brainbow transgenic axolotls, we show that cells from each connective tissue compartment have distinc ... | 2016 | 27840105 |
| homology of the cranial vault in birds: new insights based on embryonic fate-mapping and character analysis. | bones of the cranial vault appear to be highly conserved among tetrapod vertebrates. moreover, bones identified with the same name are assumed to be evolutionarily homologous. however, recent developmental studies reveal a key difference in the embryonic origin of cranial vault bones between representatives of two amniote lineages, mammals and birds, thereby challenging this view. in the mouse, the frontal is derived from cranial neural crest (cnc) but the parietal is derived from mesoderm, plac ... | 2016 | 27853617 |
| re-epithelialization of large wound in paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. | axolotls (ambystoma mexicanum) may heal their skin wounds scar-free in both paedomorphs and metamorphs. in previous studies on small punch skin wounds, rapid re-epithelialisation was noted in these two axolotl morphs. however, large wound size in mammals may affect wound healing. in this study, large circumferential full thickness excision wounds on the hind limbs were created on juvenile paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. the results showed re-epithelialisation was more quickly initiated in ... | 2017 | 27859516 |
| germline transgenic methods for tracking cells and testing gene function during regeneration in the axolotl. | 2014 | 27863220 | |
| accelerated cell divisions drive the outgrowth of the regenerating spinal cord in axolotls. | axolotls are unique in their ability to regenerate the spinal cord. however, the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon remain poorly understood. previously, we showed that regenerating stem cells in the axolotl spinal cord revert to a molecular state resembling embryonic neuroepithelial cells and functionally acquire rapid proliferative divisions (rodrigo albors et al., 2015). here, we refine the analysis of cell proliferation in space and time and identify a high-proliferation zone in the re ... | 2016 | 27885987 |
| conserved and novel functions of programmed cellular senescence during vertebrate development. | cellular senescence, a form of stable cell cycle arrest that is traditionally associated with tumour suppression, has been recently found to occur during mammalian development. here, we show that cell senescence is an intrinsic part of the developmental programme in amphibians. programmed senescence occurs in specific structures during defined time windows during amphibian development. it contributes to the physiological degeneration of the amphibian pronephros and to the development of the ceme ... | 2017 | 27888193 |
| detailed tail proteomic analysis of axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) using an mrna-seq reference database. | salamander axolotl has been emerging as an important model for stem cell research due to its powerful regenerative capacity. several advantages, such as the high capability of advanced tissue, organ, and appendages regeneration, promote axolotl as an ideal model system to extend our current understanding on the mechanisms of regeneration. acknowledging the common molecular pathways between amphibians and mammals, there is a great potential to translate the messages from axolotl research to mamma ... | 2017 | 27896924 |
| joint encoding of object motion and motion direction in the salamander retina. | the processing of motion in visual scenes is important for detecting and tracking moving objects as well as for monitoring self-motion through the induced optic flow. specialized neural circuits have been identified in the vertebrate retina for detecting motion direction or for distinguishing between object motion and self-motion, although little is known about how information about these distinct features of visual motion is combined. the salamander retina, which is a widely used model system f ... | 2016 | 27903729 |
| mechanisms of vertebrate germ cell determination. | two unique characteristics of the germ line are the ability to persist from generation to generation and to retain full developmental potential while differentiating into gametes. how the germ line is specified that allows it to retain these characteristics within the context of a developing embryo remains unknown and is one focus of current research. germ cell specification proceeds through one of two basic mechanisms: cell autonomous or inductive. here, we discuss how germ plasm driven germ ce ... | 2017 | 27975276 |
| the posterior neural plate in axolotl gives rise to neural tube or turns anteriorly to form somites of the tail and posterior trunk. | classical grafting experiments in the mexican axolotl had shown that the posterior neural plate of the neurula is no specified neuroectoderm but gives rise to somites of the tail and posterior trunk. the bipotentiality of this region with neuromesodermal progenitor cell populations was revealed more recently also in zebrafish, chick, and mouse. we reinvestigated the potency of the posterior plate in axolotl using grafts from transgenic embryos, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. th ... | 2017 | 28017643 |
| regulation of injury-induced ovarian regeneration by activation of oogonial stem cells. | some animals have the ability to generate large numbers of oocytes throughout life. this raises the question whether persistent adult germline stem cell populations drive continuous oogenesis and whether they are capable of mounting a regenerative response after injury. here we demonstrate the presence of adult oogonial stem cells (oscs) in the adult axolotl salamander ovary and show that ovarian injury induces osc activation and functional regeneration of the ovaries to reproductive capability. ... | 2017 | 28028909 |
| retinoic acid receptor regulation of epimorphic and homeostatic regeneration in the axolotl. | salamanders are capable of regenerating amputated limbs by generating a mass of lineage-restricted cells called a blastema. blastemas only generate structures distal to their origin unless treated with retinoic acid (ra), which results in proximodistal (pd) limb duplications. little is known about the transcriptional network that regulates pd duplication. in this study, we target specific retinoic acid receptors (rars) to either pd duplicate (ra treatment or rarγ agonist) or truncate (rarβ antag ... | 2017 | 28087637 |
| amphibase: a new genomic resource for non-model amphibian species. | more than five thousand genes annotated in the recently published xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis genomes do not have a candidate orthologous counterpart in other vertebrate species. to determine whether these sequences represent genuine amphibian-specific genes or annotation errors, it is necessary to analyze them alongside sequences from other amphibian species. however, due to large genome sizes and an abundance of repeat sequences, there are limited numbers of gene sequences available ... | 2017 | 28095648 |
| a tissue-mapped axolotl de novo transcriptome enables identification of limb regeneration factors. | mammals have extremely limited regenerative capabilities; however, axolotls are profoundly regenerative and can replace entire limbs. the mechanisms underlying limb regeneration remain poorly understood, partly because the enormous and incompletely sequenced genomes of axolotls have hindered the study of genes facilitating regeneration. we assembled and annotated a de novo transcriptome using rna-sequencing profiles for a broad spectrum of tissues that is estimated to have near-complete sequence ... | 2017 | 28099853 |
| oral-facial tissue reconstruction in the regenerative axolotl. | absence of large amounts of orofacial tissues caused by cancerous resections, congenital defects, or trauma results in sequelae such as dysphagia and noticeable scars. oral-neck tissue regeneration was studied in the axolotl (regenerative amphibian) following a 2.5-mm punch biopsy that simultaneously removed skin, connective tissue, muscle, and cartilage in the tongue and intermandibular region. the untreated wound was studied macroscopically and histologically at 17 different time points rangin ... | 2016 | 28121390 |
| identification of mutant genes and introgressed tiger salamander dna in the laboratory axolotl, ambystoma mexicanum. | the molecular genetic toolkit of the mexican axolotl, a classic model organism, has matured to the point where it is now possible to identify genes for mutant phenotypes. we used a positional cloning-candidate gene approach to identify molecular bases for two historic axolotl pigment phenotypes: white and albino. white (d/d) mutants have defects in pigment cell morphogenesis and differentiation, whereas albino (a/a) mutants lack melanin. we identified in white mutants a transcriptional defect in ... | 2017 | 28127056 |
| mccrearamycins a-d, geldanamycin-derived cyclopentenone macrolactams from an eastern kentucky abandoned coal mine microbe. | four cyclopentenone-containing ansamycin polyketides (mccrearamycins a-d), and six new geldanamycins (gdms b-g, including new linear and mycothiol conjugates), were characterized as metabolites of streptomyces sp. ad-23-14 isolated from the rock creek underground coal mine acid drainage site. biomimetic chemical conversion studies using both simple synthetic models and gdm d confirmed that the mccrearamycin cyclopentenone derives from benzilic acid rearrangement of 19-hydroxy gdm, and thereby pr ... | 2017 | 28140487 |
| chemical activation of wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibits innervation and causes skeletal tissue malformations during axolotl limb regeneration. | limb regeneration involves several interrelated physiological processes in which a particular signalling pathway may play a variety of functions. blocking the function of wnt/β-catenin signalling during limb regeneration inhibits regeneration in axolotls (ambystoma mexicanum). limb development shares many features with limb regeneration, and wnt/β-catenin activation has different effects depending on the developmental stage. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether wnt/β-catenin signalling ... | 2017 | 28163199 |
| regrow like an axolotl. | 2017 | 28183965 | |
| methylene blue assay for estimation of regenerative re-epithelialization in vivo. | the rapidity with which epithelial cells cover a wound surface helps determine whether scarring or scar-less healing results. as methylene blue is a vital dye that is absorbed by damaged tissue but not undamaged epidermis, it can be used to assess wound closure. we sought to develop a quantitative methylene blue exclusion assay to estimate the timeframe for re-epithelialization in regenerating appendages in zebrafish and axolotls, two classic model systems of regeneration. following application ... | 2017 | 28228166 |
| repeated removal of developing limb buds permanently reduces appendage size in the highly-regenerative axolotl. | matching appendage size to body size is fundamental to animal function. generating an appropriately-sized appendage is a robust process executed during development which is also critical for regeneration. when challenged, larger animals are programmed to regenerate larger limbs than smaller animals within a single species. understanding this process has important implications for regenerative medicine. to approach this complex question, models with altered appendage size:body size ratios are req ... | 2017 | 28235582 |
| diffusion tensor tractography reveals muscle reconnection during axolotl limb regeneration. | axolotls have amazing ability to regenerate their lost limbs. our previous works showed that after amputation the remnant muscle ends remained at their original location whilst sending satellite cells into the regenerating parts to develop into early muscle fibers in the late differentiation stage. the parental and the newly formed muscle fibers were not connected until very late stage. the present study used non-invasive diffusion tensor imaging (dti) to monitor weekly axolotl upper arm muscles ... | 2017 | 28253344 |
| [experimental studies on competence in early development of amphibian ectoderm]. | the inductive effect of lithium chloride was examined on isolated presumptive ectoderm from different developmental stages (16-32-cell stage up to the early middle gastrula stage) of triturus vulgaris and ambystoma mexicanum. the following results were obtained: 1. nearly the same temporal sequence of differentiation tendencies were found for treated ectoderm of comparable stages of ambystoma- and triturus ectoderm. the lithium treatment brought about mesodermal differentiations in the morula st ... | 1968 | 28304486 |
| cinematographic observation of "surface contraction waves" (scw) during the early cleavage of axolotl eggs. | prior to the appearance of the cleavage furrows circular or semicircular zones suggesting surface contraction originate at the future initiation point of the cleavage furrow. they expand and travel in animal-vegetative direction. | 1971 | 28304568 |
| morphogenesis of mesenchyme from regeneration blastemas in the absence of digit formation in ambystoma mexicanum. | 1. undifferentiated fore limb blastemas were denuded of their epidermis and grafted to the flank musculature; each transplant consisted of four such blastemas. outgrowth of the mesenchyme and subsequent digit formation were prevented by covering the transplants with whole flank skin with its dermis intact. 2. notwithstanding the absence of digits, 26 out of the 36 differentiated transplants formed one or two oblong, stout cartilages resembling proximal skeletal elements of the limb. considering ... | 1971 | 28304630 |
| [experimental investigations into the transplantation of one telencephalon hemisphere of ambystoma mexicanum during postembryonal period]. | 1. in 52 experimental animals (ambystoma mexicanum) with a body length of 7.5-8.5 cm (including tail) the right telencephalon hemisphere was extirpated and substituted by transplantation of a hemisphere which was taken from an animal of the same bodylength. the heads of all experimental animals were cut in horizontal serial-sections. the result of the transplantation was compared with control animals (resection of one hemisphere without transplantation). 2. after transplantation marked degenerat ... | 1969 | 28304657 |
| the developmental potencies of the regeneration blastema of the axolotl limb. | 1. the developmental potencies of limb regeneration blastemas of the axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) were tested by transplanting them to the flank or to the orbit under various experimental conditions. 2. early upper-arm blastemas transplanted singly to the damaged flank musculature or to the orbit can form forearm skeletal elements in addition to hand cartilages (digital and carpal elements). 3. fusion of the mesenchyme of several early upper-arm blastemas into one transplant leads to the format ... | 1970 | 28304689 |
| [studies of the activity and the isoenzyme patterns of ldh during the development ofxenopus laevis, triturus alpestris andvulgaris andambystoma mexicanum]. | the present paper deals with studies of the activity and the isoenzyme patterns of ldh during the development ofxenopus laevis, triturus alpestris andvulgaris andambystoma mexicanum. activity measurements have been performed with the optical test method using pyruvate as substrate and the isoenzymes have been separated by vertical starch gel electrophoresis. a) substrate optima for enzyme extracts from embryonic stages 1-38 are identical in the three speciestriturus alpestris, ambystoma mexicanu ... | 1975 | 28304825 |
| inducing effects of the grey crescent region of early developmental stages of ambystoma mexicanum. | parts of the grey crescent region of 1-2 cell, 8 cell and morula stages ofambystoma mexicanum were combined with presumptive gastrula ectoderm of the same species (sandwich method).grey crescent material of the early cleavage stages induced neural tissues at a very low rate (6%-7%).from the morula stage onwards, the inducing ability of the grey crescent area increased and led to the formation of mesodermal as well as neural organs. the implanted area did not participate in the organ formations. | 1980 | 28304975 |
| early grey crescent formation experimentally induced by cycloheximide in the axolotl oocyte. | the effects of cycloheximide (ch) on grey crescent formation in artificially maturedambystoma mexicanum oocytes were determined. ch induced grey crescent formation after a few hours, especially after a 45° to 90° rotation from the vertical animal-vegetal axis. with low concentrations of ch (about 0.5 ng/oocyte), meiosis was still able to proceed normally to the stable second metaphase stage, but higher concentrations blocked it after 1st polar body extrusion and an interphasic nucleus appeared. ... | 1982 | 28305050 |
| xanthophores in chromatophore groups of the premigratory neural crest initiate the pigment pattern of the axolotl larva. | the barred pigment pattern (lehman 1957) of the axolotl larva is best observed from stage 41 onwards, where it already consists of alternating transverse bands of melanophores and xanthophores along the dorsal side of the trunk. the present study investigateswhen the two populations of neural crest derived chromatophores, melanophores and xanthophores become determined andhow they interact to create the barred pigment pattern. the presence of phenol oxidase (tyrosinase) in melanophores (revealed ... | 1984 | 28305101 |
| axial characteristics of nerve induced supernumerary limbs in the axolotl. | supernumerary limbs were produced by deviating the sciatic nerve to the surface of the axolotl hindlimb either alone or in combination with small skin grafts from specific limb positions. with no skin grafts a very low frequency of good supernumeraries were produced. however, when associated with skin grafts, this frequency was significantly increased. the pattern of skeletal elements and muscles were analysed in the supernumeraries which formed at each location. in both the anterior-posterior a ... | 1984 | 28305105 |
| inhibition of protein synthesis elicits early grey crescent formation in the axolotl oocyte. | in the axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum shaw), it was recently shown that cycloheximide (ch) could induce early grey crescent formation (egc) in non-activated oocytes, maturing in vitro (grinfeld and beetschen 1982). since it was not proved that egc was a consequence of protein synthesis inhibition rather than a side-effect of the drug, experiments were performed using microinjections of a quite different inhibitor, diphtheria toxin (dt). this toxin also appeared to elicit egc. incorporation of (3h) ... | 1983 | 28305127 |
| expression of dna ligase genes by ram spermatid nuclei and rna in amphibian eggs. | during animal development and gametogenesis two dna ligases are found and successively expressed. in this study the two dna ligases present in the axolotl egg and the two ligases present during ram sperm cell maturation were distinguished by biochemical and immunological methods. the expression of the genes for the heavy and light ram dna ligases has been studied using transplantation of spermatid and sperm nuclei in axolotl eggs. we found that ram dna ligases were expressed in axolotl egg cytop ... | 1986 | 28305254 |
| effects of retinoids on regenerating limbs: comparison of retinoic acid and arotinoid at different amputation levels. | retinoic acid and the synthetic retinoid, arotinoid, were compared for their efficacy in inducing proximodistal (pd) pattern duplication in regenerating axolotl limbs, after amputation through either the distal zeugopodium (lower arm or leg) or distal stylopodium (upper arm or leg). at each level of amputation, the morphology of the duplications produced was the same for both retinoids, and the mean level of proximalization was dose-dependent. blastema formation was delayed by both retinoids and ... | 1986 | 28305407 |
| melanin as a natural germ cell marker for intraspecific transplantation experiments in ambystoma mexicanum (urodela, amphibia). | in urodele amphibians, the lack of a reliable germ cell marker restricts the experimental study of the germ lineage. in the present work, we conducted genetic and histological analyses in order to demonstrate that melanin from oocytes constitutes a germ cell marker available for intraspecific experiments in ambystoma mexicanum. then, using this marker, we implanted germ cells from undifferentiated gonads (stage 48) into the blastocoel of host embryos and investigated their fate and determined st ... | 1990 | 28305537 |
| involvement of the cytoskeleton in early grey crescent formation in axolotl oocytes. | maturing axolotl oocytes which are treated with protein synthesis inhibitors or which are heat-shocked can be induced to reorganize their cytoplasm and to form an early grey crescent. the maturing axolotl oocyte has been used as a model system to study the role of the cytoskeleton in dorsoventral polarization as visualized by grey crescent formation. results presented here provide evidence for the involvement of microtubules in the formation of the early grey crescent. whereas inhibitors of micr ... | 1987 | 28305553 |
| effect of transferrin on amphibian limb regeneration: a blastema cell culture study. | in order to study mitogenic control during axolotl limb regeneration, we have developed a primary blastema cell culture as a very sensitive bioassay for blastema mitogens. transferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein which has been shown to be the neurotrophic factor for muscle cells, is the mitogen which has been analysed in the present report. addition of approximately 2 μg human transferrin/ ml of serum-free culture medium enhances blastema cell proliferation 11-fold over control levels and 2-fo ... | 1988 | 28305565 |
| serially duplicated regenerates from the anterior half of the axolotl limb after retinoic acid treatment. | axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) forearms were divided, by an incision between the radius and ulna, to produce anterior and posterior halves. these were prevented from fusing together again by a graft of head skin and amputated through the wrist. this procedure enabled independent regeneration from both halves of the stump. anterior half stumps produced a single digit while the posterior halves mainly regenerated three digits, the two halves together making a single hand. treatment with retinoic ac ... | 1990 | 28305663 |
| in vitro control of blastema cell proliferation by extracts from epidermal cap and mesenchyme of regenerating limbs of axolotls. | the presence of a mitogenic activity in limb blastemas of axolotls was detected in crude extracts of blastemas at the mid-bud stage. the mitogenicity of the extracts was estimated from the mitotic index of blastema cells grown for 6 days in the presence of limb blastema extracts, with colchicine present for the last 2 days. all the extracts tested (whole blastema, blastemal mesenchyme, epidermal cap) significantly enhanced proliferation of blastema cells. the highest stimulation factors we obser ... | 1990 | 28305671 |
| the effects of retinoic acid on mitosis during tail and limb regeneration in the axolotl larva, ambystoma mexicanum. | regenerating tails and limbs of axolotl larvae (a. mexicanum) were studied for overall growth and for mitosis after the animals received intraperitoneal injections of all-trans retinoic acid. both processes were depressed to approximately the same extent (60-70%). some mitosis always survived, even when the treatment was in effect during the entire history of the regenerate. the treatment duration was a major variable in the severity of the effect, whereas the post-amputation age of the regenera ... | 1987 | 28305840 |
| the relationship between migration and chondrogenic potential of trunk neural crest cells in ambystoma mexicanum. | based on results of transplantation experiments, it has long been believed that trunk neural crest cells are incapable of chondrogenesis. when pigmented trunk neural crest cells of ambystoma mexicanum are transplanted to cranial levels of albino (a/a) embryos, the graft cells ultimately produce ectopic fins, but are incapable of following the chondrogenic cranial neural crest pathways. therefore, heterotopic transplantation does not expose these cells to the same environment experienced by crani ... | 1995 | 28305867 |
| morphogenetic effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid on the regenerating limbs of the axolotl. | 9-cis-retinoic acid has recently been found to be a high affinity ligand for the retinoic x receptor (rxr). rxrs are believed to be involved in metabolic activities rather than in morphogenetic ones. interestingly, rxr has been found to form heterodimers involving other receptors from the steroid family, such as the thyroid hormone receptor, vitamin d receptor or retinoic acid receptors (rars). in this paper we examined whether or not 9-cis-retinoic acid had any morphogenetic properties on the r ... | 1994 | 28305887 |
| mesoderm differentiation in early amphibian embryos depends on the animal cap. | embryos of ambystoma mexicanum from the late morula to the late blastula stage were dissected and cultivated in varying combinations. the marginal zone (presumptive mesoderm) when isolated together with the vegetal region differentiated to notochord after dissection from early blastulae, but did not differentiate to other tissues. when isolated from middle to late blastulae, in addition myoblasts and mesenchyme were formed. the marginal zone isolated together with the animal region (presumptive ... | 1993 | 28305977 |
| stability of positional identity of axolotl blastema cells in vitro. | previous grafting experiments have demonstrated that cells from non-contiguous positions within developing and regenerating limbs differ in a property referred to as positional identity. the goal of this study was to determine how long the positional identity of axolotl limb blastema cells is stable during culture in vitro. we have developed an assay for posterior positional properties such that blastema cells can be cultured and then grafted into anterior positions in host blastemas, to determi ... | 1993 | 28305994 |
| effects of retinoic acid on regenerating normal and double half limbs of axolotls : histological studies. | retinoids induce proximodistal (pd) pattern duplication in zeugopodial (lower arm or leg) regenerates of normal limbs and pd pattern duplication plus anteroposterior (ap) pattern completion in double anterior half zeugopodial regenerates. in contrast, retinoids inhibit the regeneration of double posterior half zeugopodia (kim and stocum, 1986). here we describe the developmental histology of regenerating normal, double anterior half and double posterior half zeugopodia in axolotls after intraper ... | 1986 | 28306010 |
| morphogenetic movements during axolotl neural tube formation tracked by digital imaging. | during neurulation in vertebrate embryos, epithelial cells of the neural plate undergo complex morphogenetic movements that culminate in rolling of the plate into a tube. resolution of the determinants of this process requires an understanding of the precise movements of cells within the epithelial sheet. a computer algorithm that allows automated tracking of epithelial cells visible in digitized video images is presented. it is used to quantify the displacement field associated with morphogenet ... | 1996 | 28306034 |
| differential stability of xenopus c-myc rna during oogenesis in axolotl involvement of the 3' untranslated region in vivo. | we have used the axolotl oocyte (ambystoma mexicanum shaw) to study the stability of exogenously injected xenopus rnas. three different cellular developmental stages have been analysed: (1) the growing oocyte (stage iii-iv of vitellogenesis), (2) the full-grown oocyte at the end of vitellogenesis (stage vi) and (3) the progesterone-matured stage vi oocyte. three exogenous rnas have been synthesized in vitro from a c-myc xenopus cdna clone. one transcript is 2.3 kb long (full length), the second ... | 1995 | 28306079 |
| evidence for a nuclear factor involved in c-myc rna degradation during axolotl oocyte maturation. | we have previously described an in vivo heterologous system which has allowed us to study the stability of different xenopus c-myc rna constructs injected into axolotl oocytes. in full-grown oocytes, degradation of c-myc rna does not occur. in mature oocytes treated with progesterone, transcripts containing the coding sequence of the gene are degraded, whereas those corresponding to the 3'utr (untranslated region) alone are stable. in order to study the role of nuclear or cytoplasmic components ... | 1995 | 28306080 |
| data on chemical activation of wnt/β-catenin during axolotl limb regeneration. | limb amputation in axolotls was performed to obtain data demonstrating that a chemical agonist of wnt (int-related protein)/β-catenin signalling can have a role in axolotl limb regeneration (wischin et al., 2017) [1]. the data revealed that active β-catenin protein was present during limb regeneration in some leydig cells in the epithelium; after the chemical treatment, it was observed in more leydig cells. in addition, the chemical agonist of wnt generated distinct limb malformation. | 2017 | 28349103 |
| studies on the process of lens induction inxenopus laevis (daudin). | 1. optic vesicle from stage 24 (nieuwkoop andfaber 1956) can induce lens in the ectoderm from early to mid grastrula, and even from ventral ectoderm of a tail bud stage. 2. lenses were induced from early ectoderm cultured over night before grafting even though it remained thick. 3. for lens formation and its differentiation, prolonged contact with the optic vesicle seems essential. 4. lens anlage removed from the influence of the optic vesicle as late as the stage 24 (nieuwkoop andfaber 1956) an ... | 1959 | 28354744 |
| embryonic yolk removal affects neither morphology nor escape performance of larval axolotls. | maternal effects, the influences of maternal phenotype on the phenotypes of her offspring, mediate early ontogenetic traits through maternal investment. in amphibians, provisioning eggs with yolk is the main source of maternal investment. while larger eggs generally result in larger, higher-quality offspring, the relationship between egg size and offspring phenotype is complicated because offspring can evolve to be more or less responsive to variation in yolk provisions. previous studies of seve ... | 2017 | 28365231 |
| tissue regeneration in dentistry: can salamanders provide insight? | the ability to regenerate damaged tissues would be of tremendous benefit for medicine and dentistry. unfortunately, humans are unable to regenerate tissues such as teeth and fingers or to repair injured spinal cord. with an aging population, health problems are more prominent and dentistry is no exception as loss of bone tissue in the orofacial sphere from periodontal disease is on the rise. humans can repair oral soft tissues exceptionally well; however, hard tissues, such as bone and teeth, ar ... | 2017 | 28376251 |
| a brief history of the study of nerve dependent regeneration. | nerve dependence is a phenomenon observed across a stunning array of species and tissues. from zebrafish to fetal mice to humans, research across various animal models has shown that nerves are critical for the support of tissue repair and regeneration. although the study of this phenomenon has persisted for centuries, largely through research conducted in salamanders, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nerve dependence remain poorly-understood. here we highlight the near-ubiquity and clin ... | 2017 | 28459075 |
| senescence gives insights into the morphogenetic evolution of anamniotes. | senescence represents a mechanism to avoid undesired cell proliferation that plays a role in tumor suppression, wound healing and embryonic development. in order to gain insight on the evolution of senescence, we looked at its presence in developing axolotls (urodele amphibians) and in zebrafish (teleost fish), which are both anamniotes. our data indicate that cellular senescence is present in various developing structures in axolotls (pronephros, olfactory epithelium of nerve fascicles, lateral ... | 2017 | 28500032 |
| a retrospective study of diseases in ambystoma mexicanum: a report of 97 cases. | ambystoma mexicanum kept as pets are affected by a variety of diseases. however, no reports regarding the incidence of specific diseases are available. this study aimed to identify the diseases that occur frequently in this species by surveying the incidence of conditions in pet a. mexicanum specimens brought to a veterinary hospital. the sample comprised 97 pet a. mexicanum individuals brought to the authors' hospital during the 82-month period, i.e., from january 2008 to october 2014. in total ... | 2017 | 28529268 |
| caenogenesis, developmental variability, and evolution in the carpus and tarsus of the marbled newt triturus marmoratus. | in this paper, after a comparative analysis of the development of triturus marmoratus, we explore the existence of caenogenetic events and their ontogenetic and phylogenetic consequences. the adult morphology of the triturus marmoratus limb, in terms of number and spatial arrangement of skeletal elements, agrees with the general pattern of urodeles. the congruence in the typical pattern of adult morphology does not hint at the striking differences in embryonic development. these differences can ... | 1992 | 28568662 |
| the polytypic species revisited: genetic differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum (amphibia: caudata) complex. | we present a phylogenetic analysis of the ambystoma tigrinum complex, based on approximately 840 base pairs of mitochondrial-dna sequence from the rapidly evolving d-loop and an adjacent intron. our samples include populations of the continentally distributed species, a. tigrinum, plus all described species of mexican ambystomatids. sequence divergence is low, ranging from 0-8.5%, and most phylogenetic groupings are weakly supported statistically. we identified eight reasonably well-defined clad ... | 1996 | 28568845 |
| ion channel signaling influences cellular proliferation and phagocyte activity during axolotl tail regeneration. | little is known about the potential for ion channels to regulate cellular behaviors during tissue regeneration. here, we utilized an amphibian tail regeneration assay coupled with a chemical genetic screen to identify ion channel antagonists that altered critical cellular processes during regeneration. inhibition of multiple ion channels either partially (anoctamin1/tmem16a, anoctamin2/tmem16b, kv2.1, kv2.2, l-type cav channels and h/k atpases) or completely (glyr, gabaar, kv1.5 and serca pumps) ... | 2017 | 28603004 |
| advances in decoding axolotl limb regeneration. | humans and other mammals are limited in their natural abilities to regenerate lost body parts. by contrast, many salamanders are highly regenerative and can spontaneously replace lost limbs even as adults. because salamander limbs are anatomically similar to human limbs, knowing how they regenerate should provide important clues for regenerative medicine. although interest in understanding the mechanics of this process has never wavered, until recently researchers have been vexed by seemingly im ... | 2017 | 28648452 |
| dii perfusion as a method for vascular visualization in ambystoma mexicanum. | perfusion techniques have been used for centuries to visualize the circulation of tissues. axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) is a species of salamander that has emerged as an essential model for regeneration studies. little is known about how revascularization occurs in the context of regeneration in these animals. here we report a simple method for visualization of the vasculature in axolotl via perfusion of 1,1'-dioctadecy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (dii). dii is a lipophili ... | 2017 | 28654050 |
| tail regeneration and other phenomena of wound healing and tissue restoration in lizards. | wound healing is a fundamental evolutionary adaptation with two possible outcomes: scar formation or reparative regeneration. scars participate in re-forming the barrier with the external environment and restoring homeostasis to injured tissues, but are well understood to represent dysfunctional replacements. in contrast, reparative regeneration is a tissue-specific program that near-perfectly replicates that which was lost or damaged. although regeneration is best known from salamanders (includ ... | 2017 | 28814609 |
| novel axolotl cardiac function analysis method using magnetic resonance imaging. | the salamander axolotl is capable of complete regeneration of amputated heart tissue. however, non-invasive imaging tools for assessing its cardiac function were so far not employed. in this study, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is introduced as a non-invasive technique to image heart function of axolotls. three axolotls were imaged with magnetic resonance imaging using a retrospectively gated fast low angle shot cine sequence. within one scanning session the axolotl heart was imaged three t ... | 2017 | 28837595 |
| comparison of tissue processing methods for microvascular visualization in axolotls. | the vascular system, the pipeline for oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues, is essential for vertebrate development, growth, injury repair, and regeneration. with their capacity to regenerate entire appendages throughout their lifespan, axolotls are an unparalleled model for vertebrate regeneration, but they lack many of the molecular tools that facilitate vascular imaging in other animal models. the determination of vascular metrics requires high quality image data for the discrimination of ... | 2017 | 28913170 |
| lineage tracing of genome-edited alleles reveals high fidelity axolotl limb regeneration. | salamanders are unparalleled among tetrapods in their ability to regenerate many structures, including entire limbs, and the study of this ability may provide insights into human regenerative therapies. the complex structure of the limb poses challenges to the investigation of the cellular and molecular basis of its regeneration. using crispr/cas, we genetically labelled unique cell lineages within the developing axolotl embryo and tracked the frequency of each lineage within amputated and fully ... | 2017 | 28917058 |
| inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor decreases regenerative angiogenesis in axolotls. | angiogenesis is crucial for tissue growth and repair in mammals, and is chiefly regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) signaling. we evaluated the effect of chemical inhibition of vegf receptor signaling in animals with superior regenerative ability, axolotl salamanders, to determine the impact on vascularization and regenerative outgrowth. following tail amputation, treated animals (100 nm ptk787) and controls were examined microscopically and measured over the month-long period ... | 2017 | 28921926 |
| a novel role for sall4 during scar-free wound healing in axolotl. | the human response to serious cutaneous damage is limited to relatively primitive wound healing, whereby collagenous scar tissue fills the wound bed. scars assure structural integrity at the expense of functional regeneration. in contrast, axolotls have the remarkable capacity to functionally regenerate full thickness wounds. here, we identified a novel role for sall4 in regulating collagen transcription after injury that is essential for perfect skin regeneration in axolotl. furthermore, we ide ... | 2016 | 28955504 |
| propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an applicable immersion anesthetic in the axolotl with potential uses in hemodynamic and neurophysiological experiments. | the mexican axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) is an important model species in regenerative biology. traditionally, axolotls are anesthetized using benzocaine or ms-222, both of which act to inhibit voltage gated sodium channels thereby preventing action potential propagation. in some neurophysiological experiments this is not desirable; therefore we tested propofol as an alternative anesthetic in the axolotl. we evaluated benzocaine, ms-222, and propofol's cardiovascular effects, effects on action ... | 2017 | 28975032 |
| a new and improved algorithm for the quantification of chromatin condensation from microscopic data shows decreased chromatin condensation in regenerating axolotl limb cells. | the nuclear landscape plays an important role in the regulation of tissue and positional specific genes in embryonic and developing cells. changes in this landscape can be dynamic, and are associated with the differentiation of cells during embryogenesis, and the de-differentiation of cells during induced pluripotent stem cell (ipsc) formation and in many cancers. however, tools to quantitatively characterize these changes are limited, especially in the in vivo context, where numerous tissue typ ... | 2017 | 29023511 |
| salamander spinal cord regeneration: the ultimate positive control in vertebrate spinal cord regeneration. | repairing injured tissues / organs is one of the major challenges for the maintenance of proper organ function in adulthood. in mammals, the central nervous system including the spinal cord, once established during embryonic development, has very limited capacity to regenerate. in contrast, salamanders such as axolotls can fully regenerate the injured spinal cord, making this a very powerful vertebrate model system for studying this process. here we discuss the cellular and molecular requirement ... | 2017 | 29030146 |
| efficient gene knockin in axolotl and its use to test the role of satellite cells in limb regeneration. | salamanders exhibit extensive regenerative capacities and serve as a unique model in regeneration research. however, due to the lack of targeted gene knockin approaches, it has been difficult to label and manipulate some of the cell populations that are crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying regeneration. here we have established highly efficient gene knockin approaches in the axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) based on the crispr/cas9 technology. using a homology-independent method, we ... | 2017 | 29087939 |
| transcriptional correlates of proximal-distal identify and regeneration timing in axolotl limbs. | cells within salamander limbs retain memories that inform the correct replacement of amputated tissues at different positions along the length of the arm, with proximal and amputations completing regeneration at similar times. we investigated the possibility that positional memory is associated with variation in transcript abundances along the proximal-distal limb axis. transcripts were deeply sampled from ambystoma mexicanum limbs at the time they were administered fore arm vs upper arm amputat ... | 2017 | 29107037 |
| systemic cell cycle activation is induced following complex tissue injury in axolotl. | activation of progenitor cells is crucial to promote tissue repair following injury in adult animals. in the context of successful limb regeneration following amputation, progenitor cells residing within the stump must re-enter the cell cycle to promote regrowth of the missing limb. we demonstrate that in axolotls, amputation is sufficient to induce cell-cycle activation in both the amputated limb and the intact, uninjured contralateral limb. activated cells were found throughout all major tissu ... | 0 | 29111100 |
| transcriptome dynamics along axolotl regenerative development are consistent with an extensive reduction in gene expression heterogeneity in dedifferentiated cells. | although in recent years the study of gene expression variation in the absence of genetic or environmental cues or gene expression heterogeneity has intensified considerably, many basic and applied biological fields still remain unaware of how useful the study of gene expression heterogeneity patterns might be for the characterization of biological systems and/or processes. largely based on the modulator effect chromatin compaction has for gene expression heterogeneity and the extensive changes ... | 2017 | 29134148 |
| biology's beloved amphibian - the axolotl - is racing towards extinction. | 2017 | 29144487 | |
| pseudotyped baculovirus is an effective gene expression tool for studying molecular function during axolotl limb regeneration. | axolotls can regenerate complex structures through recruitment and remodeling of cells within mature tissues. accessing the underlying mechanisms at a molecular resolution is crucial to understand how injury triggers regeneration and how it proceeds. however, gene transformation in adult tissues can be challenging. here we characterize the use of pseudotyped baculovirus (bv) as an effective gene transfer method both for cells within mature limb tissue and within the blastema. these cells remain ... | 0 | 29198566 |
| the axolotl limb regeneration model as a discovery tool for engineering the stem cell niche. | recent advances in genomics and gene editing have expanded the range of model organisms to include those with interesting biological capabilities such as regeneration. among these are the classic models of regeneration biology, the salamander. although stimulating endogenous regeneration in humans likely is many years away, with advances in stem cell biology and biomedical engineering (e.g. bio-inspired materials), it is evident that there is great potential to enhance regenerative outcomes by a ... | 2017 | 29230380 |
| regulation of regeneration by heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. | just as the building of a house requires a blueprint, the rebuilding of lost or damaged body parts through regeneration requires a set of instructions for the assembly of the various tissues into the right places. much progress has been made in understanding how to control the differentiation of different cell types to provide the building blocks for regeneration, such as bone, muscle, blood vessels and nerves/schwann cells. these are the cells that follow the blueprint (the pattern-following ce ... | 2017 | 29242821 |
| heart regeneration in adult xenopus tropicalis after apical resection. | myocardium regeneration in adult mammals is very limited, but has enormous therapeutic potentials. however, we are far from complete understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which heart tissue can regenerate. the full functional ability of amphibians to regenerate makes them powerful animal models for elucidating how damaged mature organs are naturally reconstituted in an adult organism. like other amphibians, such as newts and axolotls, adult xenopus displays high regenerative cap ... | 2017 | 29255592 |
| reading and editing the pleurodeles waltl genome reveals novel features of tetrapod regeneration. | salamanders exhibit an extraordinary ability among vertebrates to regenerate complex body parts. however, scarce genomic resources have limited our understanding of regeneration in adult salamanders. here, we present the ~20 gb genome and transcriptome of the iberian ribbed newt pleurodeles waltl, a tractable species suitable for laboratory research. we find that embryonic stem cell-specific mirnas mir-93b and mir-427/430/302, as well as harbinger dna transposons carrying the myb-like proto-onco ... | 2017 | 29273779 |
| transcriptional landscapes of axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum). | the axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) is the vertebrate model system with the highest regeneration capacity. experimental tools established over the past 100 years have been fundamental to start unraveling the cellular and molecular basis of tissue and limb regeneration. in the absence of a reference genome for the axolotl, transcriptomic analysis become fundamental to understand the genetic basis of regeneration. here we present one of the most diverse transcriptomic data sets for axolotl by profil ... | 0 | 29291975 |
| limb regeneration in a direct-developing terrestrial salamander, bolitoglossa ramosi (caudata: plethodontidae): limb regeneration in plethodontid salamanders. | appendage regeneration is one of the most compelling phenomena in regenerative biology and is extensively studied in axolotls and newts. however, the regenerative capacity in other families of salamanders remains poorly described. here we characterize the limb regeneration process in bolitoglossa ramosi, a direct-developing terrestrial salamander of the plethodontid family. we (1) describe the major morphological features at different stages of limb regeneration, (2) show that appendage regenera ... | 2017 | 29299325 |
| tissue- and time-directed electroporation of cas9 protein-grna complexes in vivo yields efficient multigene knockout for studying gene function in regeneration. | a rapid method for temporally and spatially controlled crispr-mediated gene knockout in vertebrates will be an important tool to screen for genes involved in complex biological phenomena like regeneration. here we show that in vivo injection of cas9 protein-guide rna (grna) complexes into the spinal cord lumen of the axolotl and subsequent electroporation leads to comprehensive knockout of sox2 gene expression in sox2+ neural stem cells with corresponding functional phenotypes from the gene knoc ... | 2016 | 29302334 |
| identification of regenerative roadblocks via repeat deployment of limb regeneration in axolotls. | axolotl salamanders are powerful models for understanding how regeneration of complex body parts can be achieved, whereas mammals are severely limited in this ability. factors that promote normal axolotl regeneration can be examined in mammals to determine if they exhibit altered activity in this context. furthermore, factors prohibiting axolotl regeneration can offer key insight into the mechanisms present in regeneration-incompetent species. we sought to determine if we could experimentally co ... | 2017 | 29302364 |
| virtual genome walking across the 32 gb ambystoma mexicanum genome; assembling gene models and intronic sequence. | large repeat rich genomes present challenges for assembly using short read technologies. the 32 gb axolotl genome is estimated to contain ~19 gb of repetitive dna making an assembly from short reads alone effectively impossible. indeed, this model species has been sequenced to 20× coverage but the reads could not be conventionally assembled. using an alternative strategy, we have assembled subsets of these reads into scaffolds describing over 19,000 gene models. we call this method virtual genom ... | 0 | 29330416 |
| complement receptor c5ar1 plays an evolutionarily conserved role in successful cardiac regeneration. | background-defining conserved molecular pathways in animal models of successful cardiac regeneration could yield insight into why adult mammals have inadequate cardiac regeneration after injury. insight into the transcriptomic landscape of early cardiac regeneration from model organisms will shed light on evolutionarily conserved pathways in successful cardiac regeneration.methods-here we describe a cross-species transcriptomic screen in three model organisms for cardiac regeneration -axolotl, n ... | 2018 | 29348261 |
| the axolotl genome and the evolution of key tissue formation regulators. | salamanders serve as important tetrapod models for developmental, regeneration and evolutionary studies. an extensive molecular toolkit makes the mexican axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) a key representative salamander for molecular investigations. here we report the sequencing and assembly of the 32-gigabase-pair axolotl genome using an approach that combined long-read sequencing, optical mapping and development of a new genome assembler (marvel). we observed a size expansion of introns and interg ... | 2018 | 29364872 |
| buoyancy disorders in pet axolotls ambystoma mexicanum: three cases. | as far as we are aware, there are no previous reports on the pathologic conditions of buoyancy disorders in ambystoma mexicanum. herein, we describe various clinical test results, clinical outcomes, and the pathological findings of an experimental pneumonectomy procedure in 3 a. mexicanum exhibiting abnormal buoyancy. the 3 pet a. mexicanum were adults, and their respective ages and body weights were 1, 5, and 6 yr and 48, 55, and 56 g. two of these cases were confirmed via radiographic examinat ... | 2018 | 29384486 |
| protein expression pattern and analysis of differentially expressed peptides during various stages of tail regeneration in hemidactylus flaviviridis. | epimorphic regeneration is a process allowing the animal to regain its lost structure which depends on the resident pluripotent stem cells as well as de-differentiation of existing cells to form multi-potent stem cells. many studies have been done to understand the appendage regeneration mechanism. the animal model used since decades is an urodele amphibian the axolotl. however, this ability is also seen in some members of reptiles, mainly lizards which on autotomy of tail regain the same by for ... | 2018 | 29410260 |