Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [aedes albopictus seasonality in a protected area in the city of são paulo, brazil]. | the study had the objective of assessing the seasonality of aedes albopictus and the impact of environmental factors on breeding sites in a protected urban area. immature individuals were collected through fluid aspiration from nine tree holes, in the ecological park of tietê in the city of são paulo, southern brazil, from 2001 to 2002. the index of positivity and number of individuals results were as follows: positivity x precipitation (rho=0.69, p<0.001), positivity x temperature (rho=0.35, p< ... | 2007 | 17516004 |
| evaluation of carbon dioxide, 1-octen-3-ol, and lactic acid as baits in mosquito magnet pro traps for aedes albopictus in north central florida. | the impact of the attractants l-octen-3-ol (octenol) and l-lactic acid (lurextm) on collection of aedes albopictus in suburban backyards was assessed in mosquito magnet pro traps. these carbon dioxide-producing traps were additionally baited with commercial formulated lures with octenol, lactic acid, octenol + lactic acid, or no attractant (control) and evaluated in 4 residential sites. three repetitions of the study resulted in the total collection of 1,321 ae. albopictus. significantly more ae ... | 2007 | 17536362 |
| a new densovirus isolated from the mosquito toxorhynchites splendens (wiedemann) (diptera: culicidae). | a new densovirus was isolated and characterized in laboratory strains of toxorhynchites splendens. the virus was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from mosquitoes reared in our laboratory. pcr fragments from each mosquito were compared by single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) assay and found to be indistinguishable. thus, it is likely the densoviruses from these mosquitoes contain homologous nucleotide sequences. the pcr fragment corresponding to a 451 bp densovirus structural ... | 2007 | 17539278 |
| modelling the control strategies against dengue in singapore. | notified cases of dengue infections in singapore reached historical highs in 2004 (9459 cases) and 2005 (13,817 cases) and the reason for such an increase is still to be established. we apply a mathematical model for dengue infection that takes into account the seasonal variation in incidence, characteristic of dengue fever, and which mimics the 2004-2005 epidemics in singapore. we simulated a set of possible control strategies and confirmed the intuitive belief that killing adult mosquitoes is ... | 2007 | 17540051 |
| trend of temephos resistance in aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes in thailand during 2003-2005. | the diagnostic dose for temephos susceptibility test was established based on aedes aegypti, the susceptible bora (french polynesia) strain, for practical and routine use. the diagnostic dose was subsequently used to evaluate the susceptibility/resistance status in f1 progenies of field-collected samples from bangkok and various parts of thailand. it appeared that ae. aegypti mosquitoes of one collection site each in bangkok, nakhon sawan (northcentral), and nakhon ratchasrima (northeast) were r ... | 2007 | 17540057 |
| inhibitory potential of quercus lusitanica extract on dengue virus type 2 replication. | this study reports the in vitro inhibitory potential of crude extract of quercus lusitanica (q. lusitanica) seeds on the replication of dengue virus type 2 (den-2). in vitro antiviral activity of q. lusitanica extract, assessed in c6/36 cells (cloned cells of aedes albopictus larvae) employing a virus inhibition assay, showed dose-dependent inhibition. the q. lusitanica extract at its maximum non-toxic concentration of 0.25 mg/ml completely inhibited 10-1,000 tcid50 of virus, as indicated by the ... | 2006 | 17547068 |
| comparative laboratory study on the reaction of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus to different attractive cues in a mosquito trap. | the behavioral responses of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) adults to several attractive cues, as reactions to mosquito traps, are compared in the laboratory, and differences in the primary attractive factors for both species are discussed. target-attacking frequency of unfed ae. aegypti females was >30 times that of unfed ae. albopictus females under simulated conditions. changes in the percentage of trapped mosquitoes under several attractive conditions using commercial mosquit ... | 2007 | 17547227 |
| efficacy of two pyrethroid insecticides applied as barrier treatments for managing mosquito (diptera: culicidae) populations in suburban residential properties. | increased threat of mosquito-borne disease coupled with decreased tolerance of nuisance mosquitoes has opened a market for pest management professionals to offer mosquito control services for homeowners. a pest management professional applied bifenthrin (0.08%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.1%) at their maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments. we tested treatments residual efficacy in reducing adult mosquito populations and compared these chemicals against a water control at 24 residentia ... | 2007 | 17547233 |
| survival and replication of dengue-2 virus in diapausing eggs of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | survival and replication of dengue-2 virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, denv-2) was determined in diapausing eggs of aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) to evaluate the importance of this mechanism for viral maintenance during adverse climatic conditions. infected and uninfected eggs of ae. albopictus were induced to diapause under low temperature and short photoperiod. virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and isolated in c6/36 cells from bot ... | 2007 | 17547236 |
| development of a novel sticky trap for container-breeding mosquitoes and evaluation of its sampling properties to monitor urban populations of aedes albopictus. | collection methods currently used for large-scale sampling of adult stegomyia mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) present several operational limitations, which constitute major drawbacks to the epidemiological surveillance of arboviruses, the evaluation of the impact of control strategies, and the surveillance of the spreading of allochthonous species into non-endemic regions. here, we describe a new sticky trap designed to capture adult container-breeding mosquitoes and to monitor their population ... | 2007 | 17550438 |
| chikungunya virus, cameroon, 2006. | we report the isolation of chikungunya virus from a patient during an outbreak of a denguelike syndrome in cameroon in 2006. the virus was phylogenetically grouped in the democratic republic of the congo cluster, indicating a continuous circulation of a genetically similar chikungunya virus population during 6 years in central africa. | 2007 | 17553262 |
| processing of capsid protein by cathepsin l plays a crucial role in replication of japanese encephalitis virus in neural and macrophage cells. | the flavivirus capsid protein not only is a component of nucleocapsids but also plays a role in viral replication. in this study, we found a small capsid protein in cells infected with japanese encephalitis virus (jev) but not in the viral particles. the small capsid protein was shown to be generated by processing with host cysteine protease cathepsin l. an in vitro cleavage assay revealed that cathepsin l cleaves the capsid protein between amino acid residues lys(18) and arg(19), which are well ... | 2007 | 17553875 |
| an outbreak of dengue virus serotype 1 infection in cixi, ningbo, people's republic of china, 2004, associated with a traveler from thailand and high density of aedes albopictus. | autochthonous dengue infections have not been reported in ningbo, people's republic of china since 1929. in august-october 2004, an outbreak of dengue fever was confirmed in xiaolin, cixi, ningbo. of 83 cases reported, 68 were laboratory confirmed. fifty-three percent (34 of 64) of the cases had igm antibodies to dengue virus. dengue virus serotype-1 was isolated from two cases. the outbreak was linked to a traveler who returned from thailand. phylogenetic analysis showed that the ningbo isolate ... | 2007 | 17556633 |
| can clustal-style progressive pairwise alignment of multiple sequences be used in rna secondary structure prediction? | in ribonucleic acid (rna) molecules whose function depends on their final, folded three-dimensional shape (such as those in ribosomes or spliceosome complexes), the secondary structure, defined by the set of internal basepair interactions, is more consistently conserved than the primary structure, defined by the sequence of nucleotides. | 2007 | 17559658 |
| seasonal abundance of aedes albopictus in selected urban and suburban areas in penang, malaysia. | ovitrap surveillance was conducted in a selected urban area and suburban area, ie. taman permai indah(tpi) and kampung pasir gebu (kpg) in penang for 14 months. it was found that aedes albopictus was the most abundant aedes species in both study areas, even though a small percentage of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were found to breed simultaneously in the same ovitrap. this study indicated that the main dengue vector was ae. albopictus. a strong correlation was found between rainfall ... | 2007 | 17568381 |
| ilheus virus isolate from a human, ecuador. | 2007 | 17582910 | |
| functional conservation between structurally diverse ribosomal proteins from drosophila melanogaster and saccharomyces cerevisiae: fly l23a can substitute for yeast l25 in ribosome assembly and function. | the proposed drosophila melanogaster l23a ribosomal protein features a conserved c-terminal amino acid signature characteristic of other l23a family members and a unique n-terminal extension [koyama et al. (poly(adp-ribose) polymerase interacts with novel drosophila ribosomal proteins, l22 and l23a, with unique histone-like amino-terminal extensions. gene 1999; 226: 339-345)], absent from saccharomyces cerevisiae l25 that nearly doubles the size of fly l23a. the ability of fly l23a to replace th ... | 2007 | 17584789 |
| development of a sensitive real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay with an internal control to detect and quantify chikungunya virus. | the chikungunya virus (chikv; alphavirus, togaviridae) has emerged in the south western indian ocean since early 2005. a major outbreak of chikv infection occurred in réunion island, where the virus is transmitted by aedes albopictus mosquitoes. facing an outbreak of unprecedented magnitude, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and reliable assay for the detection and quantification of chikv in plasma samples. | 2007 | 17586592 |
| characterization of reemerging chikungunya virus. | an unprecedented epidemic of chikungunya virus (chikv) infection recently started in countries of the indian ocean area, causing an acute and painful syndrome with strong fever, asthenia, skin rash, polyarthritis, and lethal cases of encephalitis. the basis for chikungunya disease and the tropism of chikv remain unknown. here, we describe the replication characteristics of recent clinical chikv strains. human epithelial and endothelial cells, primary fibroblasts and, to a lesser extent, monocyte ... | 2007 | 17604450 |
| characterization of a small plaque variant of west nile virus isolated in new york in 2000. | a small-plaque variant (sp) of west nile virus (wnv) was isolated in vero cell culture from kidney tissue of an american crow collected in new york in 2000. the in vitro growth of the sp and parental (wt) strains was characterized in mammalian (vero), avian (df-1 and pde), and mosquito (c6/36) cells. the sp variant replicated less efficiently than did the wt in vero cells. in avian cells, sp growth was severely restricted at high temperatures, suggesting that the variant is temperature sensitive ... | 2007 | 17617432 |
| n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide-containing microcapsules for bio-cloth finishing. | to obtain long-duration protection from mosquitoes using insect repellent n, n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet), this compound was incapsulated in situ during the graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in an aqueous solution. morphology of microcapsules was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. this morphology supported successful encapsulation of deet into polymer capsules. the encapsulation ratio of deet was gr ... | 2007 | 17620630 |
| anopheles gambiae heat shock protein cognate 70b impedes o'nyong-nyong virus replication. | phylogenetic and functional analysis was conducted on an anopheles gambiae gene, ensangg00000017398. based on phylogenetic analysis, this gene belongs to the same lineage as heat shock protein cognate 70-4 (hsc70-4) in drosophila. accordingly, we propose to name this gene heat shock protein cognate 70b (hsc70b). we previously reported that expression of hsc70b and other genes including elongation factor-1alpha (ef-1alpha) and the agglutinin attachment subunit (agglutinin) were up-regulated in o' ... | 2007 | 17625007 |
| cd40-cd40 ligand interactions promote trafficking of cd8+ t cells into the brain and protection against west nile virus encephalitis. | recent studies have established a protective role for t cells during primary west nile virus (wnv) infection. binding of cd40 by cd40 ligand (cd40l) on activated cd4+ t cells provides an important costimulatory signal for immunoglobulin class switching, antibody affinity maturation, and priming of cd8+ t-cell responses. we examined here the function of cd40-dependent interactions in limiting primary wnv infection. compared to congenic wild-type mice, cd40(-/-) mice uniformly succumbed to wnv inf ... | 2007 | 17626103 |
| a survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tires in spain for the detection of imported potential vector species. | the used tire trade has facilitated the introduction, spread, and establishment of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, and other mosquito species in several countries of america, africa, oceania, and europe. a strategy for detecting these imported mosquito vectors was developed in spain during 2003-2004 by evitar (multidisciplinary network for the study of viruses transmitted by arthropods and rodents). a survey in 45 locations found no invasive species. eight autochthonous species of mo ... | 2007 | 17633420 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| in vitro replication of macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus in c6/36 mosquito cell line. | white tail disease (wtd) is a serious problem in hatcheries and nursery ponds of macrobrachium rosenbergii in india and many parts of the world. the pathogenic agents have been identified as m. rosenbergii nodavirus (mrnv) associated with extra small virus (xsv), which is 27nm and 15nm in diameter, respectively. replication of mrnv and xsv was investigated in apparently healthy c6/36 subclone of aedes albopictus cell line. the results revealed that c6/36 cells were susceptible to these viruses. ... | 2007 | 17651820 |
| a new classification system for the actions of irs chemicals traditionally used for malaria control. | knowledge of how mosquitoes respond to insecticides is of paramount importance in understanding how an insecticide functions to prevent disease transmission. a suite of laboratory assays was used to quantitatively characterize mosquito responses to toxic, contact irritant, and non-contact spatial repellent actions of standard insecticides. highly replicated tests of these compounds over a range of concentrations proved that all were toxic, some were contact irritants, and even fewer were non-con ... | 2007 | 17684562 |
| reduced infection in mosquitoes exposed to blood meals containing previously frozen flaviviruses. | the increased difficulty and expense of using live animals for delivering infectious blood meals in arthropod-borne virus vector competence experiments has resulted in an increase in the use of artificial feeding systems. compared to live hosts, artificial systems require higher viral titers to attain mosquito infection, thereby limiting the utility of such systems with low or moderate titer virus stocks. based on the report that freshly propagated virus is more infectious than previously frozen ... | 2007 | 17686541 |
| direct and indirect effects of animal detritus on growth, survival, and mass of invasive container mosquito aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | compared with plant detritus, animal detritus yields higher growth rates, survival, adult mass, and population growth of container-dwelling mosquitoes. it is unclear whether the benefit from animal detritus to larvae results from greater microorganism growth, direct ingestion of animal detritus by larvae, or some other mechanism. we tested alternative mechanisms by which animal detritus may benefit the invasive container-dwelling mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae). in the lab ... | 2007 | 17695011 |
| signatures of seaway closures and founder dispersal in the phylogeny of a circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage. | the importance of vicariance events on the establishment of phylogeographic patterns in the marine environment is well documented, and generally accepted as an important cause of cladogenesis. founder dispersal (i.e. long-distance dispersal followed by founder effect speciation) is also frequently invoked as a cause of genetic divergence among lineages, but its role has long been challenged by vicariance biogeographers. founder dispersal is likely to be common in species that colonize remote hab ... | 2007 | 17697373 |
| adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first introduced into the usa in the new york city area in 1999. since its introduction, wnv has steadily increased both its host and geographical ranges. outbreaks of the closely related flavivirus, st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), occur in the usa periodically, but levels of activity and host range are more restricted than those of wnv. understanding the selective pressures that drive arbovirus adaptation and evolution in their ... | 2007 | 17698648 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of mosquito cells requires acidification as well as mosquito homologs of the endocytic proteins rab5 and rab7. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a new world alphavirus that can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. it remains a naturally emerging disease as well as a highly developed biological weapon. veev is transmitted to humans in nature by mosquito vectors. little is known about veev entry, especially in mosquito cells. here, a novel luciferase-based virus entry assay is used to show that the entry of veev into mosquito cells requires acidification. furthermore, mosquito homologs of key h ... | 2007 | 17707875 |
| differential behavioral responses to water-borne cues to predation in two container-dwelling mosquitoes. | larvae of the mosquito toxorhynchites rutilus (coquillett) prey upon other container-dwelling insects, including larvae of aedes albopictus (skuse), which is native to asia but was introduced into the united states, and on the native tree hole mosquito ochlerotatus triseriatus (say). previous work has established that o. triseriatus adopts low-risk behaviors in the presence of predation risk from t. rutilus. it is unknown whether introduced a. albopictus show a similar response to this predator. ... | 0 | 17710216 |
| [detection of aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) in the city of cali, valle del cauca, colombia]. | aedes albopictus is the second most important dengue virus vector in the asian southeast after aedes aegypti. its entrance into the americas occurred in 1985, and laboratory studies performed show its potential as a vector in this continent as well. in colombia, this species has been reported in leticia (amazonas) in 1998 and buenaventura (valle del cauca) in 2001. the latest discoveries show that this mosquito continues to advance toward the country's interior. | 2007 | 17713638 |
| richness-productivity relationships between trophic levels in a detritus-based system: significance of abundance and trophic linkage. | most theoretical and empirical studies of productivity-species richness relationships fail to consider linkages among trophic levels. we quantified productivity-richness relationships in detritus-based, water-filled tree-hole communities for two trophic levels: invertebrate consumers and the protozoans on which they feed. by analogy to theory for biomass partitioning among trophic levels, we predicted that consumer control would result in richness of protozoans in the lower trophic level being u ... | 2007 | 17713787 |
| short communication: first record of aedes albopictus in gabon, central africa. | the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus is an important arbovirus vector. originating in east asia, the species has been introduced to the americas, the indo-pacific and australasian regions as well as europe and africa, mostly during the past 30 years and probably by transportation in used tires. we report ae. albopictus for the first time from gabon (libreville). in addition, the yellow fever mosquito ae. aegypti ssp. formosus and 16 other culicid species were detected throughout the city, f ... | 2007 | 17714432 |
| influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats on the body size of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) along the kenyan coast. | the number and productivity of larval habitats ultimately determine the density of adult mosquitoes. the biological and physicochemical conditions at the larval habitat affect larval development hence affecting the adult body size. the influence of biological and physicochemical characteristics on the body size of anopheles gambiae was assessed in jaribuni village, kilifi district along the kenyan coast. | 2007 | 17722866 |
| characterization of the early events in dengue virus cell entry by biochemical assays and single-virus tracking. | in this study, we investigated the cell entry characteristics of dengue virus (denv) type 2 strain s1 on mosquito, bhk-15, and bs-c-1 cells. the concentration of virus particles measured by biochemical assays was found to be substantially higher than the number of infectious particles determined by infectivity assays, leading to an infectious unit-to-particle ratio of approximately 1:2,600 to 1:72,000, depending on the specific assays used. in order to explain this high ratio, we investigated th ... | 2007 | 17728239 |
| dengue type 2 virus in naturally infected aedes albopictus mosquitoes in singapore. | a strain of dengue type 2 virus has been isolated from aedes albopictus collected in singapore. this is the first report of a natural isolation of dengue virus from this species, which has long been suspected as a vector in nature. | 1965 | 17747572 |
| propagation of arthropod-borne rickettsia spp. in two mosquito cell lines. | rickettsiae are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria that include pathogenic species in the spotted fever, typhus, and transitional groups. the development of a standardized cell line in which diverse rickettsiae can be grown and compared would be highly advantageous to investigate the differences among and between pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of rickettsiae. although several rickettsial species have been grown in tick cells, tick cells are more difficult to maintain and they grow ... | 2007 | 17766452 |
| host choice and west nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the culex pipiens complex, from memphis and shelby county, tennessee, 2002-2003. | the source of bloodmeals in 2,082 blood-fed mosquitoes collected from february 2002 through december 2003 in memphis and surrounding areas of shelby county, tennessee were determined. members of the genus culex and anopheles quadrimaculatus predominated in the collections. members of the cx. pipiens complex and cx. restuans were found to feed predominately upon avian hosts, though mammalian hosts made up a substantial proportion of the bloodmeals in these species. no significant difference was s ... | 2007 | 17767413 |
| [chronology of the development of aedes albopictus in the alpes-maritimes department of france, from 2002 to 2005]. | 2007 | 17784689 | |
| does japanese encephalitis virus share the same cellular receptor with other mosquito-borne flaviviruses on the c6/36 mosquito cells? | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a member of mosquito-borne flaviviridae. to date, the mechanisms of the early events of jev infection remain poorly understood, and the cellular receptors are unidentified. there are evidences that the structure of the virus attachment proteins (vap), envelope glycoprotein of mosquito-borne flaviviruses is very similar, and the vector-virus interaction of mosquito-borne flaviviruses is also very similar. based on the studies previously demonstrated that the s ... | 2007 | 17803826 |
| larvicidal activity of tectoquinone isolated from red heartwood-type cryptomeria japonica against two mosquito species. | mosquito larvicidal activities of methanolic extracts from different plant parts of red heartwood-type cryptomeria japonica d. don against the fourth-instar larvae of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus were examined. results of mosquito larvicidal tests demonstrated that the n-hexane fraction of c. japonica sapwood methanolic extract had an excellent inhibitory effect against the larvae of a. aegypti and a. albopictus and its lc50 values were 2.4 and 3.3 microg/ml, respectively, in 24h. followin ... | 2008 | 17804221 |
| field comparison of bermuda-hay infusion to infusions of emergent aquatic vegetation for collecting female mosquitoes. | field experiments were conducted in east-central alabama in 2003 and 2004 to compare the attractiveness of selected gravid-trap infusions to ovipositing female mosquitoes. comparisons were made among infusions of the following plants: bermuda hay, cynodon dactylon, and 3 species of emergent aquatic plants typical of culex larval habitats, i.e., soft rush, juncus effusus; a common sedge, rhynchospora corniculata; and broad-leaf cattail, typha latifolia. experiments were conducted at a site in lee ... | 2007 | 17847842 |
| evaluation of the mosquito magnet pro trap with and without 1-octen-3-ol for collecting aedes albopictus and other urban mosquitoes. | during the summer of 2004, 3 field studies were performed to evaluate the mosquito magnet pro trap with and without 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) in enhancing collections of aedes albopictus (skuse). at field site 1, 1,501 ae. albopictus were collected, with 89% collected with octenol. at field site 2, 570 ae. albopictus were collected, with 86% collected with octenol. aedes albopictus collections were significantly enhanced in both preliminary field trials 1 and 2 (p < 0.03). there was a 3-fold increa ... | 2007 | 17847844 |
| presence of aedes albopictus in lebanon and syria. | the occurrence of aedes albopictus in lebanon and syria is reported for the first time. larvae were found in 4 localities in lebanon, and 1 female was captured inside a house located in a coastal locality in syria. the potential of the species to vector arboviral disease in the region is noted. | 2007 | 17847859 |
| population dynamics. | this chapter reviews aspects of population dynamics that may be conceptually important for biological control of mosquitoes. density dependent population regulation among immature stages has important implications for biological control of mosquito populations, primarily because it can lead to compensatory or overcompensatory mortality due to additions of a biological control agent. this can result in control efforts leading to no change in the target population, or actual increases in the targe ... | 0 | 17853611 |
| competitive displacement and reduction. | 0 | 17853612 | |
| europe witnesses first local transmission of chikungunya fever in italy. | 2007 | 17855300 | |
| a survey of dengue viral infection in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus from re-epidemic areas in the north of thailand using nucleic acid sequence based amplification assay. | immature stages of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus were collected from 17 dengue re-epidemic areas in chiang mai and lampang provinces, in the north of thailand. they were reared to adults and tested for dengue viral rna by a nucleic acid sequence based amplification assay (nasba). of a total of 9,825 ae. aegypti and 150 ae. albopictus examined, none of them were found positive for the virus, suggesting that transovarial transmission may be very low in the vector populations and may not play a ... | 2007 | 17877218 |
| chikungunya in italy. | 2007 | 17878263 | |
| epitope determinants of a chimpanzee dengue virus type 4 (denv-4)-neutralizing antibody and protection against denv-4 challenge in mice and rhesus monkeys by passively transferred humanized antibody. | the chimpanzee monoclonal antibody (mab) 5h2 is specific for dengue virus type 4 (denv-4) and neutralizes the virus at a high titer in vitro. the epitope detected by the antibody was mapped by sequencing neutralization escape variants of the virus. one variant contained a lys174-glu substitution and another contained a pro176-leu substitution in domain i of the denv-4 envelope protein (e). these mutations reduced binding affinity for the antibody 18- to >100-fold. humanized immunoglobulin g (igg ... | 2007 | 17881450 |
| type- and subcomplex-specific neutralizing antibodies against domain iii of dengue virus type 2 envelope protein recognize adjacent epitopes. | neutralization of flaviviruses in vivo correlates with the development of an antibody response against the viral envelope (e) protein. previous studies demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain iii (diii) of the west nile virus (wnv) e protein strongly protect against infection in animals. based on x-ray crystallography and sequence analysis, an analogous type-specific neutralizing epitope for individual serotypes of the related flavivirus d ... | 2007 | 17881453 |
| natural vertical transmission of dengue virus in aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in kerala, a southern indian state. | the natural occurrence of vertical transmission of dengue viruses in aedes albopictus (skuse) mosquitoes was examined in the state of kerala in southern india. adults and larvae of ae. albopictus collected from kerala were screened for dengue viruses by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with dengue-specific monoclonal antibodies. the possibility of the vertical transmission of dengue virus in ae. albopictus was further evidenced by the detection of the virus in field-collected adult males ... | 2007 | 17881861 |
| emergency vector control in a denv-2 outbreak in 2002 in pingtung city, pingtung county, taiwan. | this paper reports the strategy and effectiveness of an emergency control program conducted in pingtung city, taiwan in response to dengue outbreaks. in our control strategy, we carried out 3 insecticide space sprays with an interval of 6-7 days and 2 source reductions to cover the entire duration of dengue virus exposure in humans and mosquito vectors. the control effect was demonstrated by a significant reduction in the breteau (51.1%) and larval (80.0%) indices, but no such effect was demonst ... | 2007 | 17881866 |
| effects of blood and virus-infected blood on protein expression in the midgut of the dengue vector aedes albopictus. | although the mosquito midgut is the primary site of bloodmeal storage and the first line of defence against pathogenic infection, little is known about its proteic composition at a time when an increasing number of proteins are reported to impair viral infection. aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) is an important vector of the dengue virus. we compared 2-dimensional protein profiles of the adult midgut in this species, taking into account bloodmeal status. the comparison of profiles fro ... | 2007 | 17897369 |
| collembase: a repository for springtail genomics and soil quality assessment. | environmental quality assessment is traditionally based on responses of reproduction and survival of indicator organisms. for soil assessment the springtail folsomia candida (collembola) is an accepted standard test organism. we argue that environmental quality assessment using gene expression profiles of indicator organisms exposed to test substrates is more sensitive, more toxicant specific and significantly faster than current risk assessment methods. to apply this species as a genomic model ... | 2007 | 17900339 |
| chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis vaccine candidates are highly attenuated and immunogenic in mice. | we developed chimeric sindbis (sinv)/eastern equine encephalitis (eeev) viruses and investigated their potential for use as live virus vaccines against eeev. one vaccine candidate contained structural protein genes from a typical north american eeev strain, while the other had structural proteins from a naturally attenuated brazilian isolate. both chimeric viruses replicated efficiently in mammalian and mosquito cell cultures and were highly attenuated in mice. vaccinated mice did not develop de ... | 2007 | 17904699 |
| differential activation of human monocyte-derived and plasmacytoid dendritic cells by west nile virus generated in different host cells. | dendritic cells (dcs) play a central role in innate immunity and antiviral responses. in this study, we investigated the production of alpha interferon (ifn-alpha) and inducible chemokines by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdcs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) infected with west nile virus (wnv), an emergent pathogen whose infection can lead to severe cases of encephalitis in the elderly, children, and immunocompromised individuals. our experiments demonstrated that wnv grown in ... | 2007 | 17913823 |
| alternative splicing generates multiple transcripts of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 in aedes and culex spp. mosquitoes. | we determined the sequences of cdna encoding inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (iap1) homologues from aedes triseriatus, aedes albopictus, aedes aegypti, culex pipiens and culex tarsalis. the cdnas encode translation products that share > or = 84% sequence similarity. the iap1 mrna of each mosquito species exists as 3-5 distinct variants due to the presence of heterogeneous sequences at the distal end of their 5'utrs. partial genomic sequencing upstream of the 5' end of the ae. triseriatus iap1 g ... | 2007 | 17916508 |
| the significance of ratios of detritus types and micro-organism productivity to competitive interactions between aquatic insect detritivores. | investigations of competitive interactions emphasize non-detrital resources, even though detritus is a major component of most food webs. studies of competing species focus usually on single resource types, although consumers in nature are likely to encounter mixtures of resource types that may affect whether competition results in exclusion or coexistence. the invasive mosquito aedes albopictus is capable of excluding the native mosquito ochlerotatus triseriatus in competition for single detrit ... | 0 | 17922707 |
| abundance and bionomics of ochlerotatus j. japonicus in two counties in southwestern virginia. | movement of ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus into virus-endemic areas in the usa has raised concern about its vector potential and prompted monitoring of its spread. the abundance and seasonal distribution of oc. japonicus in southwestern virginia was measured in 2003 and 2004 using gravid traps. in 2003, collections were made over 192 trap-nights from june to august yielding 5,879 mosquitoes of which only 24 were oc. japonicus. in 2004, 12,151 mosquitoes were trapped from june to september over ... | 2007 | 17939504 |
| associations between two mosquito populations and west nile virus in harris county, texas, 2003-06. | associations between culex quinquefasciatus, aedes albopictus and west nile virus (wnv) activity, temperature, and rainfall in harris county, texas 2003-06 are discussed. human cases were highly correlated to cx. quinquefasciatus (r = 0.87) and ae. albopictus (r = 0.78) pools, blue jays (r = 0.83), and ae. albopictus collected (r = 0.71), but not cx. quinquefasciatus collected (r = 0.45). human cases were associated with temperature (r = 0.71), not rainfall (r = 0.29), whereas temperature correl ... | 2007 | 17939505 |
| oviposition deterrence and larvicidal activity of three formulations of piperidine repellent (ai3-37220) against field populations of stegomyia albopicta. | two proprietary controlled-release (cr) formulations (cr55 and cr56) of 20% ai337220 (1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine) in an aqueous dispersion, and the same repellent formulated in water (w220), were compared with a repellent-free control for oviposition deterrent and larvicidal activity against natural populations of stegomyia albopicta. a single application of each formulation (final concentration: 0.1%) prevented oviposition by st. albopicta for 4 wk, with highest deterrence ... | 2007 | 17939507 |
| description and use of the harris county gravid trap for west nile virus surveillance 2003-06. | the harris county gravid trap (hcgt) used for west nile virus (wnv) surveillance from 2003-06 is described. the hcgt collected 1,918,483 culex quinquefasciatus females (over 36,627 periods), with 466,296.37 (8,452.74) yearly. only 48,094 aedes albopictus females (over 15,139 periods) were collected, with 10,277.79 (3,260.33) yearly. the highest mosquito production occurred in july for cx. quinquefasciatus (63,851.25 +/- 0.13), and for ae. albopictus (2,981.80 +/- 0.09). integrating gravid traps ... | 2007 | 17939522 |
| a short treatment of cells with the lanthanide ions la3+, ce3+, pr3+ or nd3+ changes the cellular chemistry into a state in which rna replication of flaviviruses is specifically blocked without interference with host-cell multiplication. | alpha- and flaviviruses contain class ii fusion proteins, which form ion-permeable pores in the target membrane during virus entry. the pores generated during entry of the alphavirus semliki forest virus have been shown previously to be blocked by lanthanide ions. here, analyses of the influence of rare earth ions on the entry of the flaviviruses west nile virus and uganda s virus revealed an unexpected effect of lanthanide ions. the results showed that a 30 s treatment of cells with an appropri ... | 2007 | 17947525 |
| imported chikungunya infection, italy. | 2007 | 17953112 | |
| the exanthem of dengue fever: clinical features of two us tourists traveling abroad. | dengue fever is the most common identifiable cause of acute febrile illness among travelers returning from south america, south central asia, southeast asia, and the caribbean. although the characteristic exanthem of dengue fever occurs in up to 50% of patients, few descriptions of it are found in the dermatology literature, and discussions of how to distinguish the dengue exanthem from other infectious disease entities are rare. chikungunya fever is an emerging infectious disease now seen in re ... | 2008 | 17959270 |
| recombination-ready sindbis replicon expression vectors for transgene expression. | sindbis viruses have been widely used as tools to study gene function in cells. despite the utility of these systems, the construction and production of alphavirus replicons is time consuming and inefficient due to potential additional restriction sites within the insert region and lack of directionality for insert ligation. in this report, we present a system useful for producing recombinant sindbis replicons that uses lambda phage recombination technology to rapidly and specifically construct ... | 2007 | 17963504 |
| surveillance of arthropod vector-borne infectious diseases using remote sensing techniques: a review. | epidemiologists are adopting new remote sensing techniques to study a variety of vector-borne diseases. associations between satellite-derived environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and land cover type and vector density are used to identify and characterize vector habitats. the convergence of factors such as the availability of multi-temporal satellite data and georeferenced epidemiological data, collaboration between remote sensing scientists and biologists, and the availabilit ... | 2007 | 17967056 |
| the 3' untranslated region of sindbis virus represses deadenylation of viral transcripts in mosquito and mammalian cells. | the positive-sense transcripts of sindbis virus (sinv) resemble cellular mrnas in that they possess a 5' cap and a 3' poly(a) tail. it is likely, therefore, that sinv rnas must successfully overcome the cytoplasmic mrna decay machinery of the cell in order to establish an efficient, productive infection. in this study, we have taken advantage of a temperature-sensitive polymerase to shut off viral transcription, and we demonstrate that sinv rnas are subject to decay during a viral infection in b ... | 2008 | 17977976 |
| dengue. | the four dengue viruses are transmitted in tropical countries that circle the globe. all can cause syndromes that are self-limited or severe. the common severe syndrome--dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss)--is characterised by sudden vascular permeability generated by cytokines released when t cells attack dengue-infected cells. dengue 1 virus became prevalent in hawaii where it was transmitted by aedes albopictus, producing a classic virgin soil epidemic, with clinical dis ... | 2007 | 17993365 |
| efficacy of eleven antimicrobials against a gregarine parasite (apicomplexa: protozoa). | the apicomplexa are a diverse group of obligate protozoan parasites infesting a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts including humans. these parasites are notoriously difficult to control and many species continue to evolve resistance to commercial antibiotics. in this study, we sought to find an effective chemotherapeutic treatment against arthropod gregarines (apicomplexa), and to identify candidate compounds for testing against other groups of protozoan parasites. | 2007 | 17997852 |
| two chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of la reunion (indian ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, aedes albopictus. | a chikungunya (chik) outbreak hit la réunion island in 2005-2006. the implicated vector was aedes albopictus. here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of ae. albopictus populations to sympatric chikv isolates from la réunion island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations. | 2007 | 18000540 |
| chikungunya: a risk for mediterranean countries? | the italian outbreak of the 2007 summer and the active spreading of the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus in southern europe, raise the possibility of local transmission of chikungunya (chik) in mediterranean countries. established in at least 12 countries in southern europe since the end of the 1970s and in southern france since 2004, ae. albopictus, is invading the french mediterranean coast from east to west. to determine the possibility of an outbreak of chik in southern france, we provi ... | 2008 | 18005927 |
| impact of extrinsic incubation temperature and virus exposure on vector competence of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) for west nile virus. | culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say mosquitoes from a laboratory colony were exposed to artificial blood meals containing west nile virus (wnv) and held at incubation temperatures approximating average daily temperatures that occur during florida arboviral periods. mosquitoes fed blood meals containing 6.2 logs plaque-forming units (pfu) wnv/ml and held at 25 degrees c, 28 degrees c, or 30 degrees c for 13 days exhibited significantly different rates of infection (30%, 52%, 93%) and dissemination ... | 2007 | 18021028 |
| multiple recombinant dengue type 1 viruses in an isolate from a dengue patient. | between 2000 and 2004, dengue virus type 1 (denv-1) genotypes i and ii from asia were introduced into the pacific region and co-circulated in some localities. envelope protein gene sequences of denv-1 from 12 patients infected on the island of new caledonia were obtained, five of which carried genotype i viruses and six, genotype ii viruses. one patient harboured a mixed infection, containing viruses assigned to both genotypes i and ii, as well as a number of inter-genotypic recombinants. this i ... | 2007 | 18024903 |
| parasitism of ascogregarina taiwanensis and ascogregarina culicis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) in larvae of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from manaus, amazon region, brazil. | the aim of the study was to determine the existence of ascogregarina spp. in larvae of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti collected in urban and suburban areas of manaus, amazon region, brazil. between may 2004 and july 2005, the mid-gut of 3rd and 4th instar larvae, collected in tire traps in six neighborhoods of manaus, was examined for the presence of trophozoites of ascogregarina. coexistence of ae. albopictus larvae infected by a. taiwanensis, and ae. aegypti larvae by a. culicis, was detec ... | 2008 | 18028941 |
| comparison of larval foraging behavior of aedes albopictus and aedes japonicus (diptera: culicidae). | aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) invaded the united states in 1985 and spread rapidly across eastern north america, whereas aedes japonicus (theobald) invaded and became established in the united states more recently (1998). the two species may co-occur in container habitats, and they are of potential public health concern as arbovirus vectors. to evaluate ecological differences between ae. albopictus and ae.japonicus, we compared larval foraging behavior of these two species. based ... | 2007 | 18047196 |
| aedes albopictus and culex pipiens implicated as natural vectors of dirofilaria repens in central italy. | to identify the natural vectors of dirofilaria repens railliet et henry, entomological samplings were carried out in four sites within the lazio region, foci of canine subcutaneous dirofilariasis. collections were made in 2002-2003 by means of dog-baited and miniature centers for disease control and prevention traps as well as on humans. microscopy identified 1576 attracted mosquito females as belonging to six species, but molecular diagnostics detected filarial dna only in culex pipiens l. and ... | 2007 | 18047207 |
| small steps or giant leaps for male-killers? phylogenetic constraints to male-killer host shifts. | arthropods are infected by a wide diversity of maternally transmitted microbes. some of these manipulate host reproduction to facilitate population invasion and persistence. such parasites transmit vertically on an ecological timescale, but rare horizontal transmission events have permitted colonisation of new species. here we report the first systematic investigation into the influence of the phylogenetic distance between arthropod species on the potential for reproductive parasite interspecifi ... | 2007 | 18047670 |
| an overview of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus control in the british overseas territory of the cayman islands. | 2007 | 18053562 | |
| host gene expression profiling of dengue virus infection in cell lines and patients. | despite the seriousness of dengue-related disease, with an estimated 50-100 million cases of dengue fever and 250,000-500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome each year, a clear understanding of dengue pathogenesis remains elusive. because of the lack of a disease model in animals and the complex immune interaction in dengue infection, the study of host response and immunopathogenesis is difficult. the development of genomics technology, microarray and high throughput quan ... | 2007 | 18060089 |
| a single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics. the 2005-2006 epidemic on reunion island that resulted in approximately 266,000 human cases was associated with a strain of chikv with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (e1-a226v). to test the hypothesis that this mutation in the epidemic chikv (strain lr2006 opy1) might influence fitness for different vector species, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of chikv were comp ... | 2007 | 18069894 |
| do natural container habitats impede invader dominance? predator-mediated coexistence of invasive and native container-dwelling mosquitoes. | predator-mediated coexistence of competitors occurs when a species that is superior in competition is also more vulnerable to a shared predator compared to a poorer competitor. the invasive mosquito aedes albopictus is usually competitively superior to ochlerotatus triseriatus. among second instar larvae, a. albopictus show a lesser degree of behavioral modification in response to water-borne cues from predation by the larval midge corethrella appendiculata than do o. triseriatus, rendering a. a ... | 2008 | 18075759 |
| larval competition alters susceptibility of adult aedes mosquitoes to dengue infection. | dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, by aedes albopictus. the current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. we determined the effects of competition on adult a. aegypti and a. albopictus, comparing their ... | 2008 | 18077250 |
| complement protein c1q inhibits antibody-dependent enhancement of flavivirus infection in an igg subclass-specific manner. | severe dengue virus infection can occur in humans with pre-existing antibodies against the virus. this observation led to the hypothesis that a subneutralizing antibody level in vivo can increase viral burden and cause more severe disease. indeed, antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ade) in vitro has been described for multiple viruses, including the flaviviruses dengue virus and west nile virus. here, we demonstrate that the complement component c1q restricts ade by anti-flavivirus igg ... | 2007 | 18078693 |
| isolation and characterization of the full coding sequence of a novel densovirus from the mosquito culex pipiens pallens. | during an investigation of arboviruses in china, a novel densovirus (dnv) was isolated from the adult female culex pipiens pallens. the virus, designated culex pipiens pallens densovirus (cppdnv), caused cytopathic effect in c6/36 cells. the virus particles were icosahedral, non-enveloped and had a mean diameter of 24 nm. the complete coding region of cppdnv was found to be 3335 nt and it contained three open reading frames (orfs). cppdnv shares 82-93 % identical nucleotides with isolates of the ... | 2008 | 18089743 |
| primary and secondary infections of macaca fascicularis monkeys with asian and american genotypes of dengue virus 2. | the goal of this study was to compare the immune response and the protection capacity induced by the dengue virus 2 (denv-2) american and asian genotypes in macaca fascicularis monkeys. animals were infected with american or asian denv-2 strains and challenged 1 year later with a denv-2 asian genotype strain. the viremia and monkey antibody levels were similar for the different strains after primary and secondary infection; however, the functionality of the antibody response was different. a lim ... | 2008 | 18094112 |
| relative susceptibility of aëdes aegypti, aëdes albopictus, aëdes canadensis and anopheles quadrimaculatus to plasmodium gallinaceum. | 1949 | 18137143 | |
| monoclonal antibodies that bind to common epitopes on the dengue virus type 2 nonstructural-1 and envelope glycoproteins display weak neutralizing activity and differentiated responses to virulent strains: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines. | the abilities of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that bind to defined sequential epitopes on the dengue virus (denv) nonstructural-1 (ns1) glycoproteins to cross-react with epitopes on the denv envelope (e) glycoproteins were investigated. in this study, some of these mabs cross-reacted with the denv type 2 (denv-2) e glycoprotein and with synthetic peptides representing x-ray crystallographically confirmed surface-exposed regions on this glycoprotein. mab 1g5.3 cross-reacted with the flavivirus-co ... | 2008 | 18160621 |
| community and school-based health education for dengue control in rural cambodia: a process evaluation. | dengue fever continues to be a major public health problem in cambodia, with significant impact on children. health education is a major means for prevention and control of the national dengue control program (ndcp), and is delivered to communities and in schools. drawing on data collected in 2003-2004 as part of an ethnographic study conducted in eastern cambodia, we explore the approaches used in health education and their effectiveness to control dengue. community health education is provided ... | 2007 | 18160981 |
| geographic distribution and developmental sites of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) during a chikungunya epidemic event. | aedes albopictus is generally considered to have a low vectorial capacity because of its lack of host specificity. nevertheless, it has been the sole vector of the chikungunya virus in recent explosive epidemics on the islands of la réunion and mauritius. we report on investigations of the seasonal prevalence, container preferences, and geographic distribution of the species on la réunion. ae. albopictus showed strong ecological plasticity. in the warm wet season, small disposable containers wer ... | 2008 | 18171104 |
| variations in insecticidal activity and chemical compositions of leaf essential oils from cryptomeria japonica at different ages. | the larvicidal effects of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of cryptomeria japonica at different ages (58, 42, and 26 years old) against 2 mosquito species, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, were studied. the analysis of major constituents of these essential oils was also investigated. results obtained from the larvicidal tests, using essential oil from the leaves of 58-year-old c. japonica was found to be most effective against both a. aegypti and a. albopictus larvae, indicating t ... | 2009 | 18178080 |
| behavioural responses of larval container mosquitoes to a size-selective predator. | the hypothesis that size-selective predation and species-specific prey behaviours facilitate the coexistence between larvae of invasive aedes albopictus (skuse) and u.s.a.-native ochlerotatus triseriatus (say) was tested experimentally with the predator corethrella appendiculata (grabham).larval behaviours associated with a higher risk of predation were identified, and prey behavioural responses were tested in either the physical presence of predators or in water containing predation cues. larva ... | 0 | 18185841 |
| risk factors associated with human infection during the 2006 west nile virus outbreak in davis, a residential community in northern california. | we collected a total of 15,329 mosquitoes during weekly sampling in davis, ca, from april through mid-october 2006 at 21 trap sites uniformly spaced 1.5 km apart over an area of approximately 26 km(2). of these mosquitoes, 1,355 pools of culex spp. were tested by multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, of which 16 pools (1.2%) were positive for west nile virus (wnv). a degree-day model with a developmental threshold of 14.3 degrees c accurately predicted episodic wnv transmiss ... | 2008 | 18187785 |
| experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ... | 2008 | 18187790 |
| dengue virus type 3 vaccine candidates generated by introduction of deletions in the 3' untranslated region (3'-utr) or by exchange of the denv-3 3'-utr with that of denv-4. | the dengue virus type 3 (denv-3) vaccine candidate, rden3delta30, was previously found to be under-attenuated in both scid-huh-7 mice and rhesus monkeys. herein, two strategies have been employed to generate attenuated rden3 vaccine candidates which retain the full complement of structural and nonstructural proteins of denv-3 and thus are able to induce humoral or cellular immunity to each of the denv-3 proteins. first, using the predicted secondary structure of the 3' untranslated region (3'-ut ... | 2008 | 18191005 |
| functional entry of dengue virus into aedes albopictus mosquito cells is dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. | entry of dengue virus 2 (denv-2) into aedes albopictus mosquito c6/36 cells was analysed using biochemical and molecular inhibitors, together with confocal and electron microscopy observations. treatment with monodansylcadaverine, chlorpromazine, sucrose and ammonium chloride inhibited denv-2 virus yield and protein expression, whereas nystatin, a blocker of caveolae-mediated endocytosis, did not have any effect. using confocal microscopy, co-localization of denv-2 e glycoprotein and the marker ... | 2008 | 18198378 |