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identification and organization of genes for diutan polysaccharide synthesis from sphingomonas sp. atcc 53159.a cluster of genes for diutan polysaccharide synthesis was isolated from a library of sphingomonas sp. atcc 53159 genomic dna by complementation of glucosyl-isoprenylphosphate transferase-deficient mutants of sphingomonas elodea atcc 31461 (producing gellan) and xanthomonas campestris (producing xanthan). the synthesis of polysaccharide in these strains shares a common first step, transfer of glucose-1-phosphate from udp-glucose to the isoprenylphosphate lipid. the cluster of 24 genes was compar ...200818210176
further characterization of vibrio vulnificus rugose variants and identification of a capsular and rugose exopolysaccharide gene cluster.capsular polysaccharide (cps) is a major virulence factor in vibrio vulnificus, and encapsulated strains have an opaque, smooth (ops) colony morphology, while nonencapsulated strains have a translucent, smooth (trs) colony morphology. previously, we showed that ops and trs parental strains can yield a third colony type, rugose (r), and that the resulting strains, with the opr and trr phenotypes, respectively, form copious biofilms. here we show that while opr and trr strains both produce three-d ...200818212074
induction of l1 and l2 beta-lactamase production in stenotrophomonas maltophilia is dependent on an ampr-type regulator.a divergently oriented ampr has been located upstream of blal2 in stenotrophomonas maltophilia. ampr is necessary for l1 and l2 beta-lactamase induction in response to beta-lactam challenge, and activation of ampr is sufficient to induce l1 and l2 production. l1 induction requires more activation of ampr than does l2 induction.200818212097
molecular cloning and characterization of ghnpr1, a gene implicated in pathogen responses from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).a novel gene, designated as ghnpr1 (gossypium hirsutum non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1), was isolated from g. hirsutum (cotton) by rt-pcr (reverse transcription-pcr) and race (rapid amplification of cdna ends). the full-length cdna was 2108 bp long and had an orf (open reading frame) that putatively encoded a polypeptide of 592 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 66 kda. comparison of this protein sequence with that of arabidopsis thaliana, brassica juncea and nicotiana ...200818215146
predicting the interactome of xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae for target selection and db service.protein-protein interactions (ppis) play key roles in various cellular functions. in addition, some critical inter-species interactions such as host-pathogen interactions and pathogenicity occur through ppis. phytopathogenic bacteria infect hosts through attachment to host tissue, enzyme secretion, exopolysaccharides production, toxins release, iron acquisition, and effector proteins secretion. many such mechanisms involve some kind of protein-protein interaction in hosts. our first aim was to p ...200818215330
[antimicrobial activity of calendula l. plants].the sap of different organs of genus calendula plant species has been studied for antimicrobial activity. the sap of racemes demonstrated the most expressed antimicrobial effect while that of the roots - the least one. calendula species inhibited all tested pathogenic microorganisms, especially pseudomonas syringae, p. fluorescens, xanthomonas campestris, agrobacterium tumefaciens. calendula suffruticosa was the most active to all investigated microorganisms.200718217350
myb72 is required in early signaling steps of rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance in arabidopsis.colonization of arabidopsis thaliana roots by nonpathogenic pseudomonas fluorescens wcs417r bacteria triggers a jasmonate/ethylene-dependent induced systemic resistance (isr) that is effective against a broad range of pathogens. microarray analysis revealed that the r2r3-myb-like transcription factor gene myb72 is specifically activated in the roots upon colonization by wcs417r. here, we show that t-dna knockout mutants myb72-1 and myb72-2 are incapable of mounting isr against the pathogens pseu ...200818218967
pilb and pilt are atpases acting antagonistically in type iv pilus function in myxococcus xanthus.type iv pili (t4p) are dynamic surface structures that undergo cycles of extension and retraction. t4p dynamics center on the pilb and pilt proteins, which are members of the secretion atpase superfamily of proteins. here, we show that pilb and pilt of the t4p system in myxococcus xanthus have atpase activity in vitro. using a structure-guided approach, we systematically mutagenized pilb and pilt to resolve whether both atp binding and hydrolysis are important for pilb and pilt function in vivo. ...200818223089
the iron stimulon of xylella fastidiosa includes genes for type iv pilus and colicin v-like bacteriocins.xylella fastidiosa is the etiologic agent of a wide range of plant diseases, including citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc), a major threat to citrus industry. the genomes of several strains of this phytopathogen were completely sequenced, enabling large-scale functional studies. dna microarrays representing 2,608 (91.6%) coding sequences (cds) of x. fastidiosa cvc strain 9a5c were used to investigate transcript levels during growth with different iron availabilities. when treated with the iron che ...200818223091
moraxella osloensis gene expression in the slug host deroceras reticulatum.the bacterium moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. in nature, p. hermaphrodita vectors m. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host deroceras reticulatum in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug. as m. osloensis is the main killing agent, genes expressed by m. osloensis in the slug are likely to play important roles in virulence. studies on pathogenic interactions between bacteria and lower order hosts are few, ...200818226222
coevolution of gene families in prokaryotes.we study gene family coevolution on a tree of life based on a large-scale ancestral gene content reconstruction, which includes gene duplication and deletion events. the insights obtained from this study are threefold: (1) global properties, such as the distribution of coevolution partners and the formation of disconnected clusters of coevolving families, can be an inevitable consequence of evolution along a tree. (2) concerted family expansion (gene duplication) and contraction (gene deletion) ...200818230804
structure of the minor pseudopilin epsh from the type 2 secretion system of vibrio cholerae.many gram-negative bacteria use the multi-protein type ii secretion system (t2ss) to selectively translocate virulence factors from the periplasmic space into the extracellular environment. in vibrio cholerae the t2ss is called the extracellular protein secretion (eps) system,which translocates cholera toxin and several enzymes in their folded state across the outer membrane. five proteins of the t2ss, the pseudopilins, are thought to assemble into a pseudopilus, which may control the outer memb ...200818241884
structure of the minor pseudopilin epsh from the type 2 secretion system of vibrio cholerae.many gram-negative bacteria use the multi-protein type ii secretion system (t2ss) to selectively translocate virulence factors from the periplasmic space into the extracellular environment. in vibrio cholerae the t2ss is called the extracellular protein secretion (eps) system,which translocates cholera toxin and several enzymes in their folded state across the outer membrane. five proteins of the t2ss, the pseudopilins, are thought to assemble into a pseudopilus, which may control the outer memb ...200818241884
comparative bacterial proteomics: analysis of the core genome concept.while comparative bacterial genomic studies commonly predict a set of genes indicative of common ancestry, experimental validation of the existence of this core genome requires extensive measurement and is typically not undertaken. enabled by an extensive proteome database developed over six years, we have experimentally verified the expression of proteins predicted from genomic ortholog comparisons among 17 environmental and pathogenic bacteria. more exclusive relationships were observed among ...200818253490
virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria attenuated by degradation of fatty acid cell-to-cell signaling factors.diffusible signal factor (dsf) is a fatty acid signal molecule involved in regulation of virulence in several xanthomonas species as well as xylella fastidiosa. in this study, we identified a variety of bacteria that could disrupt dsf-mediated induction of virulence factors in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. while many bacteria had the ability to degrade dsf, several bacterial strains belonging to genera bacillus, paenibacillus, microbacterium, staphylococcus, and pseudomonas were identif ...200818257682
development of an improved pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis tac125 strain for recombinant protein secretion at low temperature.abstract:200818257924
the hopz family of pseudomonas syringae type iii effectors require myristoylation for virulence and avirulence functions in arabidopsis thaliana.pseudomonas syringae utilizes the type iii secretion system to translocate effector proteins into plant cells, where they can contribute to the pathogen's ability to infect and cause disease. recognition of these effectors by resistance proteins induces defense responses that typically include a programmed cell death reaction called the hypersensitive response. the yopj/hopz family of type iii effector proteins is a common family of effector proteins found in animal- and plant-pathogenic bacteri ...200818263728
comparing patterns of natural selection across species using selective signatures.comparing gene expression profiles over many different conditions has led to insights that were not obvious from single experiments. in the same way, comparing patterns of natural selection across a set of ecologically distinct species may extend what can be learned from individual genome-wide surveys. toward this end, we show how variation in protein evolutionary rates, after correcting for genome-wide effects such as mutation rate and demographic factors, can be used to estimate the level and ...200818266472
dna gyrase from the albicidin producer xanthomonas albilineans has multiple-antibiotic-resistance and unusual enzymatic properties.the sugarcane pathogen xanthomonas albilineans produces a family of antibiotics and phytotoxins termed albicidins, which inhibit plant and bacterial dna gyrase supercoiling activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (50 nm) comparable to those of coumarins and quinolones. here we show that x. albilineans has an unusual, antibiotic-resistant dna gyrase. the x. albilineans gyra and gyrb genes are not clustered with previously described albicidin biosynthesis and self-protection genes. the gyra ...200818268084
a cell-cell signaling sensor is required for virulence and insect transmission of xylella fastidiosa.cell-cell signaling in xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-colonizing plant pathogenic bacterium, mediated by a fatty acid diffusible signaling factor (dsf), is required to colonize insect vectors and to suppress virulence to grape. here, we show that a hybrid two-component regulatory protein rpfc is involved in negative regulation of dsf synthesis by rpff in x. fastidiosa. x. fastidiosa rpfc mutants hyperexpress rpff and overproduce dsf and are deficient in virulence and movement in the xylem vessels o ...200818268318
the type iii secretion effector xopxccn of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is required for full virulence.xopn was originally identified from xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria as an effector translocated into plant cells via the type iii secretion system (t3ss), and is required for pathogenicity. we report here that the xopn homologue in the x. campestris pv. campestris genome, named xopxccn, also encodes a t3ss effector and is required for full virulence. we further demonstrate that expression of xopxccn is positively regulated by the key hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) regulat ...200818281198
discovering mechanisms of signaling-mediated cysteine oxidation.accumulating evidence reveals hydrogen peroxide as a key player both as a damaging agent and, from emerging evidence over the past decade, as a second messenger in intracellular signaling. this rather mild oxidant acts upon downstream targets within signaling cascades to modulate the activity of a host of enzymes (e.g. phosphatases and kinases) and transcriptional regulators through chemoselective oxidation of cysteine residues. with the recent development of specific detection reagents for hydr ...200818282483
comparative analysis of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected ducklings with salmonella enteritidis by eric-pcr.to analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and (s. enteritidis) orally infected ducklings.200818286697
prediction of reversibly oxidized protein cysteine thiols using protein structure properties.protein cysteine thiols can be divided into four groups based on their reactivities: those that form permanent structural disulfide bonds, those that coordinate with metals, those that remain in the reduced state, and those that are susceptible to reversible oxidation. physicochemical parameters of oxidation-susceptible protein thiols were organized into a database named the balanced oxidation susceptible cysteine thiol database (balosctdb). balosctdb contains 161 cysteine thiols that undergo re ...200818287280
recent advances in cotton genomics.genome research promises to promote continued and enhanced plant genetic improvement. as a world's leading crop and a model system for studies of many biological processes, genomics research of cottons has advanced rapidly in the past few years. this article presents a comprehensive review on the recent advances of cotton genomics research. the reviewed areas include dna markers, genetic maps, mapped genes and qtls, ests, microarrays, gene expression profiling, bac and bibac libraries, physical ...200818288253
role of soil, crop debris, and a plant pathogen in salmonella enterica contamination of tomato plants.in the u.s., tomatoes have become the most implicated vehicle for produce-associated salmonellosis with 12 outbreaks since 1998. although unconfirmed, trace backs suggest pre-harvest contamination with salmonella enterica. routes of tomato crop contamination by s. enterica in the absence of direct artificial inoculation have not been investigated.200818301739
origin and evolution of gala-lrr, a new member of the cc-lrr subfamily: from plants to bacteria?the phytopathogenic bacterium ralstonia solanacearum encodes type iii effectors, called gala proteins, which contain f-box and lrr domains. the gala lrrs do not perfectly fit any of the previously described lrr subfamilies. by applying protein sequence analysis and structural prediction, we clarify this ambiguous case of lrr classification and assign gala-lrrs to cc-lrr subfamily. we demonstrate that side-by-side packing of lrrs in the 3d structures may control the limits of repeat variability w ...200818301771
the genome of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris b100 and its use for the reconstruction of metabolic pathways involved in xanthan biosynthesis.the complete genome sequence of the xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain b100 was established. it consisted of a chromosome of 5,079,003bp, with 4471 protein-coding genes and 62 rna genes. comparative genomics showed that the genes required for the synthesis of xanthan and xanthan precursors were highly conserved among three sequenced x. campestris pv. campestris genomes, but differed noticeably when compared to the remaining four xanthomonas genomes available. for the xanthan biosynthes ...200818304669
reliability and applications of statistical methods based on oligonucleotide frequencies in bacterial and archaeal genomes.the increasing number of sequenced prokaryotic genomes contains a wealth of genomic data that needs to be effectively analysed. a set of statistical tools exists for such analysis, but their strengths and weaknesses have not been fully explored. the statistical methods we are concerned with here are mainly used to examine similarities between archaeal and bacterial dna from different genomes. these methods compare observed genomic frequencies of fixed-sized oligonucleotides with expected values, ...200818307761
regulation of the peha gene encoding the major polygalacturonase of xanthomonas campestris by clp and rpff.exopolysaccharide and several extracellular enzymes of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, are virulence factors. in this study, sequence and mutational analysis has demonstrated that xcc peha encodes the major polygalacturonase, a member of family 28 of the glycosyl hydrolases. using the 5' race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) method, the peha transcription initiation site was mapped at 102 nt downstream of a clp (camp receptor protein- ...200818310017
the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein oprl helps protect a pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant devoid of the transactivator oxyr from hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing during planktonic and biofilm culture.oxyr controls h(2)o(2)-dependent gene expression in pseudomonas aeruginosa. without oxyr, diluted (<10(7)/ml) organisms are easily killed by micromolar h(2)o(2). the goal of this study was to define proteins that contribute to oxyr mutant survival in the presence of h(2)o(2). we identified proteins in an oxyr mutant that were oxidized by using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for protein carbonyl detection, followed by identification using a two-dimensional gel/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionizat ...200818310335
comparative mapping of brassica juncea and arabidopsis thaliana using intron polymorphism (ip) markers: homoeologous relationships, diversification and evolution of the a, b and c brassica genomes.extensive mapping efforts are currently underway for the establishment of comparative genomics between the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana and various brassica species. most of these studies have deployed rflp markers, the use of which is a laborious and time-consuming process. we therefore tested the efficacy of pcr-based intron polymorphism (ip) markers to analyze genome-wide synteny between the oilseed crop, brassica juncea (aabb genome) and a. thaliana and analyzed the arrangement of 24 (p ...200818315867
mining xanthomonas and streptomyces genomes for new pectinase-encoding sequences and their heterologous expression in escherichia coli.microbial genome sequencing has left a legacy of annotated yet uncharacterized genes or open reading frames, activities that may have useful applications in health and/or the environment. we are interested in the discovery and characterization of potentially new pectinolytic activities for the enzymatic retting of natural bast fibers such as hemp and flax. a highlight in this study is the discovery of a cold-active pectate lyase among five pectate-lyase-encoding sequences and two polygalacturona ...200818317750
in vivo proteome analysis of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in the interaction with the host plant brassica oleracea.the genus xanthomonas is composed of several species that cause severe crop losses around the world. in latin america, one of the most relevant species is xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which is responsible for black rot in cruciferous plants. this pathogen causes yield losses in several cultures, including cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. although the complete structural genome of x. campestris pv. campestris has been elucidated, little is known about the protein expression of this pa ...200818318710
laterally transferred genomic islands in xanthomonadales related to pathogenicity and primary metabolism.lateral gene transfer (lgt) is considered as one of the drivers in bacterial genome evolution, usually associated with increased fitness and/or changes in behavior, especially if one considers pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic bacterial groups. the genomes of two phytopathogens, xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, were previously inspected for genome islands originating from lgt events, and, in this work, potentially early and late lgt events were identified a ...200818318843
the rsma-like gene rsma(xcc) of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is involved in the control of various cellular processes, including pathogenesis.rsma is an rna-binding protein functioning as a global post-transcriptional regulator of various cellular processes in bacteria and has been demonstrated to be an important virulence regulator in many animal bacterial pathogens. however, its function in other phytopathogenic bacteria is unclear, except for the erwinia carotovora rsma, which acts as a negative virulence regulator. in this work, we investigated the function of the rsma-like gene, named rsma(xcc), of the phytopathogen xanthomonas c ...200818321187
cohesion group approach for evolutionary analysis of tyra, a protein family with wide-ranging substrate specificities.many enzymes and other proteins are difficult subjects for bioinformatic analysis because they exhibit variant catalytic, structural, regulatory, and fusion mode features within a protein family whose sequences are not highly conserved. however, such features reflect dynamic and interesting scenarios of evolutionary importance. the value of experimental data obtained from individual organisms is instantly magnified to the extent that given features of the experimental organism can be projected u ...200818322033
molecular control of bacterial death and lysis.although the phenomenon of bacterial cell death and lysis has been studied for over 100 years, the contribution of these important processes to bacterial physiology and development has only recently been recognized. contemporary study of cell death and lysis in a number of different bacteria has revealed that these processes, once thought of as being passive and unregulated, are actually governed by highly complex regulatory systems. an emerging paradigm in this field suggests that, analogous to ...200818322035
the type iii secretion system of xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans is involved in the phyllosphere colonization process and in transmission to seeds of susceptible beans.understanding the survival, multiplication, and transmission to seeds of plant pathogenic bacteria is central to study their pathogenesis. we hypothesized that the type iii secretion system (t3ss), encoded by hrp genes, could have a role in host colonization by plant pathogenic bacteria. the seed-borne pathogen xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans causes common bacterial blight of bean (phaseolus vulgaris). directed mutagenesis in strain cfbp4834-r of x. fuscans subsp. fuscans and bacterial popula ...200818326683
a myb transcription factor regulates very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis for activation of the hypersensitive cell death response in arabidopsis.plant immune responses to pathogen attack include the hypersensitive response (hr), a form of programmed cell death occurring at invasion sites. we previously reported on arabidopsis thaliana myb30, a transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of a cell death pathway conditioning the hr. here, we show by microarray analyses of arabidopsis plants misexpressing myb30 that the genes encoding the four enzymes forming the acyl-coa elongase complex are putative myb30 targets. the acyl-coa ...200818326828
pepper pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein capmei1 is required for antifungal activity, basal disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance.pectin is one of the main components of the plant cell wall that functions as the primary barrier against pathogens. among the extracellular pectinolytic enzymes, pectin methylesterase (pme) demethylesterifies pectin, which is secreted into the cell wall in a highly methylesterified form. here, we isolated and functionally characterized the pepper (capsicum annuum l.) gene capmei1, which encodes a pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein (pmei), in pepper leaves infected by xanthomonas campestris ...200818327607
sequence level analysis of recently duplicated regions in soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] genome.a single recessive gene, rxp, on linkage group (lg) d2 controls bacterial leaf-pustule resistance in soybean. we identified two homoeologous contigs (gma and gma') composed of five bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) during the selection of bac clones around rxp region. with the recombinant inbred line population from the cross of pureunkong and jinpumkong 2, single-nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat marker genotyping were able to locate gma' on lg a1. on the basis of informa ...200818334514
genomic insights into mn(ii) oxidation by the marine alphaproteobacterium aurantimonas sp. strain si85-9a1.microbial mn(ii) oxidation has important biogeochemical consequences in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments, but many aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of this process remain obscure. here, we report genomic insights into mn(ii) oxidation by the marine alphaproteobacterium aurantimonas sp. strain si85-9a1, isolated from the oxic/anoxic interface of a stratified fjord. the si85-9a1 genome harbors the genetic potential for metabolic versatility, with genes for organoheterotro ...200818344346
lectr2, a ctr1-like protein kinase from tomato, plays a role in ethylene signalling, development and defence.arabidopsis atctr1 is a raf-like protein kinase that interacts with etr1 and ers and negatively regulates ethylene responses. in tomato, several ctr1-like proteins could perform this role. we have characterized lectr2, which has similarity to atctr1 and also to edr1, a ctr1-like arabidopsis protein involved in defence and stress responses. protein-protein interactions between lectr2 and six tomato ethylene receptors indicated that lectr2 interacts preferentially with the subfamily i etr1-type et ...200818346193
the redox switch of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase via a reversible monomer-dimer transition is a mechanism unique to plants.in plants, the first committed enzyme for glutathione biosynthesis, gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (gcl), is under multiple controls. the recent elucidation of gcl structure from brassica juncea (bjgcl) has revealed the presence of two intramolecular disulfide bridges (cc1, cc2), which both strongly impact on gcl activity in vitro. here we demonstrate that cysteines of cc1 are confined to plant species from the rosids clade, and are absent in other plant families. conversely, cysteines of cc2 inv ...200818346196
the acylation and phosphorylation pattern of lipid a from xanthomonas campestris strongly influence its ability to trigger the innate immune response in arabidopsis.lipopolysaccharides (lpss) are major components of the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria. lpss comprise a hydrophilic heteropolysaccharide (formed by the core oligosaccharide and the o-specific polysaccharide) that is covalently linked to the glycolipid moiety lipid a, which anchors these macromolecules to the external membrane. lpss are one of a group of molecules called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are indispensable for bacterial growth and viability, and act to tri ...200818350528
molecular characterization and temporal expression analyses indicate that the mic (meloidogyne induced cotton) gene family represents a novel group of root-specific defense-related genes in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).the molecular events underlying the resistance of upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) to the root-knot nematode (rkn) are largely unknown. in this report, we further characterize the previously identified mic3 gene including the identification of 14 related mic cdnas in nematode-infected roots of allotetraploid cotton that show >85% identity with mic3. a time-course analysis of rkn infection in resistant and susceptible cotton lines showed that maximum mic transcript accumulation occurred imme ...200818357465
an ortholog of oxyr in legionella pneumophila is expressed postexponentially and negatively regulates the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahpc2d) operon.legionella pneumophila expresses two peroxide-scavenging alkyl hydroperoxide reductase systems (ahpc1 and ahpc2d) that are expressed differentially during the bacterial growth cycle. functional loss of the postexponentially expressed ahpc1 system is compensated for by increased expression of the exponentially expressed ahpc2d system. in this study, we used an acrylamide capture of dna-bound complexes (acdc) technique and mass spectrometry to identify proteins that bind to the promoter region of ...200818359810
a circular loop of the 16-residue repeating unit in ice nucleation protein.ice nucleation protein (inp) from gram-negative bacteria promotes the freezing of supercooled water. the central domain of inps with 1034-1567 residues consists of 58-81 tandem repeats with the 16-residue consensus sequence of axxxsxltagygstxt. this highly repetitive domain can also be represented by tandem repeats of 8-residues or 48-residues. in order to elucidate the structure of the tandem repeats, nmr measurements were made for three synthetic peptides including qtarkgsdlttgygsts correspond ...200818361918
genome mapping and molecular breeding of tomato.the cultivated tomato, lycopersicon esculentum, is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide and a well-studied crop species in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding. it is one of the earliest crop plants for which a genetic linkage map was constructed, and currently there are several molecular maps based on crosses between the cultivated and various wild species of tomato. the high-density molecular map, developed based on an l. esculentum x l. pennellii cross, includes more than 2200 ma ...200718364989
impact of transcription units rearrangement on the evolution of the regulatory network of gamma-proteobacteria.in the past years, several studies begun to unravel the structure, dynamical properties, and evolution of transcriptional regulatory networks. however, even those comparative studies that focus on a group of closely related organisms are limited by the rather scarce knowledge on regulatory interactions outside a few model organisms, such as e. coli among the prokaryotes.200818366643
the soybean-phytophthora resistance locus rps1-k encompasses coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat-like genes and repetitive sequences.a series of rps (resistance to pytophthora sojae) genes have been protecting soybean from the root and stem rot disease caused by the oomycete pathogen, phytophthora sojae. five rps genes were mapped to the rps1 locus located near the 28 cm map position on molecular linkage group n of the composite genetic soybean map. among these five genes, rps1-k was introgressed from the cultivar, kingwa. rps1-k has been providing stable and broad-spectrum phytophthora resistance in the major soybean-produci ...200818366691
the airborne metagenome in an indoor urban environment.the indoor atmosphere is an ecological unit that impacts on public health. to investigate the composition of organisms in this space, we applied culture-independent approaches to microbes harvested from the air of two densely populated urban buildings, from which we analyzed 80 megabases genomic dna sequence and 6000 16s rdna clones. the air microbiota is primarily bacteria, including potential opportunistic pathogens commonly isolated from human-inhabited environments such as hospitals, but non ...200818382653
two xanthomonas extracellular polygalacturonases, pghaxc and pghbxc, are regulated by type iii secretion regulators hrpx and hrpg and are required for virulence.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease, produces a suite of extracellular cell-wall degrading enzymes (cwde) that are involved in bacterial virulence. polygalacturonase (pg) is an important cwde and functions to degrade the pectic layers of plant cell walls. although previous studies have documented the virulence functions of pg in erwinia and ralstonia species, the regulation of pg genes still needs to be elucidated. in this study, we identified two novel p ...200818393615
heterologous expression of a hyperthermophilic alpha-amylase in xanthan gum producing xanthomonas campestris cells.a hyperthermophilic alpha-amylase encoding gene from pyrococcus woesei was transferred and expressed in xanthomonas campestris atcc 13951. the heterologous alpha-amylase activity was detected in the intracellular fraction of x. campestris and presented similar thermostability and catalytic properties with the native p. woesei enzyme. the recombinant alpha-amylase was found to be stable at 90 degrees c for 4 h and within the same period it retained more than 50% of its initial activity at 110 deg ...200818401740
the complete genome, comparative and functional analysis of stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals an organism heavily shielded by drug resistance determinants.stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial opportunistic pathogen of the xanthomonadaceae. the organism has been isolated from both clinical and soil environments in addition to the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients and the immunocompromised. whilst relatively distant phylogenetically, the closest sequenced relatives of s. maltophilia are the plant pathogenic xanthomonads.200818419807
role of stomata in plant innate immunity and foliar bacterial diseases.pathogen entry into host tissue is a critical first step in causing infection. for foliar bacterial plant pathogens, natural surface openings, such as stomata, are important entry sites. historically, these surface openings have been considered as passive portals of entry for plant pathogenic bacteria. however, recent studies have shown that stomata can play an active role in limiting bacterial invasion as part of the plant innate immune system. as a counter-defense, the plant pathogen pseudomon ...200818422426
upag, a new member of the trimeric autotransporter family of adhesins in uropathogenic escherichia coli.the ability of escherichia coli to colonize both intestinal and extraintestinal sites is driven by the presence of specific virulence factors, among which are the autotransporter (at) proteins. members of the trimeric at adhesin family are important virulence factors for several gram-negative pathogens and mediate adherence to eukaryotic cells and extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins. in this study, we characterized a new trimeric at adhesin (upag) from uropathogenic e. coli (upec). molecular ana ...200818424525
a novel pepper membrane-located receptor-like protein gene camrp1 is required for disease susceptibility, methyl jasmonate insensitivity and salt tolerance.plant receptor proteins are involved in the signaling networks required for defense against pathogens. the novel pepper pathogen-induced gene camrp1 was isolated from pepper leaves infected with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). this gene is predicted to encode a membrane-located receptor-like protein that has an n-terminal signal peptide and a c-terminal transmembrane helix. a camrp1-gfp fusion protein localized primarily to the plasma membrane of plant cells. strong and early induc ...200818427932
a genome-wide functional investigation into the roles of receptor-like proteins in arabidopsis.receptor-like proteins (rlps) are cell surface receptors that typically consist of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmatic tail. in several plant species, rlps have been found to play a role in disease resistance, such as the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) cf and ve proteins and the apple (malus domestica) hcrvf2 protein that mediate resistance against the fungal pathogens cladosporium fulvum, verticillium spp., and venturia inaequalis, respe ...200818434605
agr-mediated dispersal of staphylococcus aureus biofilms.the agr quorum-sensing system of staphylococcus aureus modulates the expression of virulence factors in response to autoinducing peptides (aips). recent studies have suggested a role for the agr system in s. aureus biofilm development, as agr mutants exhibit a high propensity to form biofilms, and cells dispersing from a biofilm have been observed displaying an active agr system. here, we report that repression of agr is necessary to form a biofilm and that reactivation of agr in established bio ...200818437240
preliminary investigation on the development of diltiazem resin complex loaded carboxymethyl xanthan beads.the objective of this study was to develop a multiunit sustained release dosage form of diltiazem using a natural polymer from a completely aqueous environment. diltiazem was complexed with resin and the resinate-loaded carboxymethyl xanthan (rcmx) beads were prepared by interacting sodium carboxymethyl xanthan (scmx), a derivatized xanthan gum, with al(+3) ions. the beads were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency (dee) and release characteristics in enzyme free simulated gastric fluid (sgf, ...200818446495
genome sequence and rapid evolution of the rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pxo99a.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight of rice (oryza sativa l.), a major disease that constrains production of this staple crop in many parts of the world. we report here on the complete genome sequence of strain pxo99a and its comparison to two previously sequenced strains, kacc10331 and maff311018, which are highly similar to one another.200818452608
escherichia coli biofilms.escherichia coli is a predominant species among facultative anaerobic bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. both its frequent community lifestyle and the availability of a wide array of genetic tools contributed to establish e. coli as a relevant model organism for the study of surface colonization. several key factors, including different extracellular appendages, are implicated in e. coli surface colonization and their expression and activity are finely regulated, both in space and time, to ...200818453280
cell-cell communication in bacteria: united we stand. 200818456806
triad pattern algorithm for predicting strong promoter candidates in bacterial genomes.bacterial promoters, which increase the efficiency of gene expression, differ from other promoters by several characteristics. this difference, not yet widely exploited in bioinformatics, looks promising for the development of relevant computational tools to search for strong promoters in bacterial genomes.200818471287
structure-activity relationships for some diamine, triamine and schiff base derivatives and their copper(ii) complexes.ethylenediamine (en), putrescine (pu), diethylenetriamine (dien), dipropylenetriamine (dpta), spermidine (spmd) and their cu(ii) compounds as well as the schiff bases with 2-furaldehyde (dienoo), 2- thiophenecarboxaldehyde (dienss) and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (diennn) of dien and that of dpta with 2- thiophenecarboxaldehyde (dptass), were prepared and characterised. they were tested against bacillus substilis, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris and xantho ...199818475868
characterization and antimicrobial activity of erbium(iii) complexes of c-3 substituted 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione-1-oxime derivatives.erbium(iii) complexes of 2-hydroxy-l,4-naphthalenedione-1-oxime and its c-3 substituted derivatives are synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione-1-oxime derivatives are analysed using (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the molecular composition of the synthesized complexes is found to be [ml(3)(h(2)o)(2)]. the antimicrobial activity of these complexes is determined by ...200118475990
peptidoglycan and muropeptides from pathogens agrobacterium and xanthomonas elicit plant innate immunity: structure and activity.peptidoglycan (pgn) is a unique and essential structural part of the bacterial cell wall. pgns from two contrasting gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria elicited components characteristic of the innate immune system in arabidopsis thaliana, such as transcription of the defense gene pr1, oxidative burst, medium alkalinization, and formation of callose. highly purified muropeptides from pgns were more effective elicitors of early defense responses than native pgn. therefore, pgn and its constit ...200818482696
hpaa from xanthomonas is a regulator of type iii secretion.the gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to inject effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. efficient secretion of several effector proteins depends on the cytoplasmic global t3s chaperone hpab. in this study, we show that hpab interacts with the virulence factor hpaa, which is secreted by the t3s system and translocated into the plant cell. hpaa promotes secretion of pilus, translocon and effector protei ...200818485076
unraveling the evolutionary history of the phosphoryl-transfer chain of the phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase system through phylogenetic analyses and genome context.the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (pts) plays a major role in sugar transport and in the regulation of essential physiological processes in many bacteria. the pts couples solute transport to its phosphorylation at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) and it consists of general cytoplasmic phosphoryl transfer proteins and specific enzyme ii complexes which catalyze the uptake and phosphorylation of solutes. previous studies have suggested that the evolution of the constituents ...200818485189
mutation of a rice gene encoding a phenylalanine biosynthetic enzyme results in accumulation of phenylalanine and tryptophan.two distinct biosynthetic pathways for phe in plants have been proposed: conversion of prephenate to phe via phenylpyruvate or arogenate. the reactions catalyzed by prephenate dehydratase (pdt) and arogenate dehydratase (adt) contribute to these respective pathways. the mtr1 mutant of rice (oryza sativa) manifests accumulation of phe, trp, and several phenylpropanoids, suggesting a link between the synthesis of phe and trp. here, we show that the mtr1 mutant gene (mtr1-d) encodes a form of rice ...200818487352
amyloids: friend or foe?amyloidogenesis is the aggregation of soluble proteins into structurally conserved fibers. amyloid fibers are distinguished by their resistance to proteinase k, tinctorial properties and beta-sheet-rich secondary structure. amyloid formation is a hallmark of many human diseases including alzheimer's, huntington's and the prion diseases. therefore, understanding amyloidogenesis will provide insights into the development of therapeutics that target these debilitating diseases. a new class of ;func ...200818487849
genome sequence of the beta-rhizobium cupriavidus taiwanensis and comparative genomics of rhizobia.we report the first complete genome sequence of a beta-proteobacterial nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes, cupriavidus taiwanensis lmg19424. the genome consists of two chromosomes of size 3.42 mb and 2.50 mb, and a large symbiotic plasmid of 0.56 mb. the c. taiwanensis genome displays an unexpected high similarity with the genome of the saprophytic bacterium c. eutrophus h16, despite being 0.94 mb smaller. both organisms harbor two chromosomes with large regions of synteny interspersed by speci ...200818490699
a class 1 integron present in a human commensal has a hybrid transposition module compared to tn402: evidence of interaction with mobile dna from natural environments.in a survey of class 1 integrons from human stools, an unusual class 1 integron from a strain of enterobacter cloacae was isolated and characterized in detail. sequence analysis of a fosmid containing the class 1 integron revealed a complex set of transposons which included two tn402-like transposons. one of these transposons, tn6007, included a class 1 integron with two non-antibiotic-resistance-type gene cassettes and a complete transposition module. this tni module is a hybrid with a boundary ...200818502858
diversification of the function of cell-to-cell signaling in regulation of virulence within plant pathogenic xanthomonads.the virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria belonging to the genera xanthomonas and xylella depends upon cell-to-cell signaling mediated by the diffusible signal molecule dsf (diffusible signaling factor). synthesis and perception of the dsf signal require products of the rpf gene cluster. the synthesis of dsf depends on rpff, whereas the rpfc/rpfg two-component system is implicated in dsf perception and signal transduction. the sensor rpfc acts to negatively regulate synthesis of dsf. in xanthom ...200818506032
distinct roles of the pepper pathogen-induced membrane protein gene capimp1 in bacterial disease resistance and oomycete disease susceptibility.plant integral membrane proteins have essential roles in diverse internal and external physiological processes as signal receptors or ion transporters. the pepper capimp1 gene encoding a putative integral membrane protein with four transmembrane domains was isolated and functionally characterized from pepper leaves infected with the avirulent strain xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). capimp1-green fluorescence protein (gfp) fusions localized to the plasma membrane in onion cells, as o ...200818506481
microarray-based characterization of microbial community functional structure and heterogeneity in marine sediments from the gulf of mexico.marine sediments of coastal margins are important sites of carbon sequestration and nitrogen cycling. to determine the metabolic potential and structure of marine sediment microbial communities, two cores were collected each from the two stations (gmt at a depth of 200 m and gms at 800 m) in the gulf of mexico, and six subsamples representing different depths were analyzed from each of these two cores using functional gene arrays containing approximately 2,000 probes targeting genes involved in ...200818515485
analysis of outer membrane vesicle associated proteins isolated from the plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are released from the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria. these extracellular compartments are known to transport compounds involved in cell-cell signalling as well as virulence associated proteins, e.g. the cytolysine from enterotoxic e. coli.200818518965
comparative genome analysis of filamentous fungi reveals gene family expansions associated with fungal pathogenesis.fungi and oomycetes are the causal agents of many of the most serious diseases of plants. here we report a detailed comparative analysis of the genome sequences of thirty-six species of fungi and oomycetes, including seven plant pathogenic species, that aims to explore the common genetic features associated with plant disease-causing species. the predicted translational products of each genome have been clustered into groups of potential orthologues using markov chain clustering and the data int ...200818523684
identification of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris galactose utilization genes from transcriptome data.a 70 mer oligonucleotide microarray was constructed to analyze genome-wide expression profiles of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris b100, a plant-pathogenic bacterium that is industrially employed to produce the exopolysaccharide xanthan gum which has many applications as a stabilizing, thickening, gelling, and emulsifying agent in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. as an application example, global changes of gene expression were monitored during growth of x. campestris pv. camp ...200818538881
naga-dependent uptake of n-acetyl-glucosamine and n-acetyl-chitin oligosaccharides across the outer membrane of caulobacter crescentus.among the 67 predicted tonb-dependent outer membrane transporters of caulobacter crescentus, naga was found to be essential for growth on n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine (glcnac) and larger chitin oligosaccharides. naga (93 kda) has a predicted typical domain structure of an outer membrane transport protein: a signal sequence, the tonb box eqvvit, a hatch domain of 147 residues, and a beta-barrel composed of 22 antiparallel beta-strands linked by large surface loops and very short periplasmic turns. ...200818539735
cadmium toxicity in glutathione mutants of escherichia coli.the higher affinity of cd(2+) for sulfur compounds than for nitrogen and oxygen led to the theoretical consideration that cadmium toxicity should result mainly from the binding of cd(2+) to sulfide, thiol groups, and sulfur-rich complex compounds rather than from cd(2+) replacement of transition-metal cations from nitrogen- or oxygen-rich biological compounds. this hypothesis was tested by using escherichia coli for a global transcriptome analysis of cells synthesizing glutathione (gsh; wild typ ...200818539742
emulsifying and metal ion binding activity of a glycoprotein exopolymer produced by pseudoalteromonas sp. strain tg12.in this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of a new exopolymer that exhibits high emulsifying activities against a range of oil substrates and demonstrates a differential capacity to desorb various mono-, di-, and trivalent metal species from marine sediment under nonionic and seawater ionic-strength conditions. this polymer, pe12, was produced by a new isolate, pseudoalteromonas sp. strain tg12 (accession number ef685033), during growth in a modified zobell's 2216 medium amen ...200818552188
quorum sensing and virulence regulation in xanthomonas campestris.it is now clear that cell-cell communication, often referred to as quorum sensing (qs), is the norm in the prokaryotic kingdom and this community-wide genetic regulatory mechanism has been adopted for regulation of many important biological functions. since the 1980s, several types of qs signals have been identified, which are associated commonly with different types of qs mechanisms. among them, the diffusible signal factor (dsf)-dependent qs system, originally discovered from bacterial pathoge ...200818557946
a two-genome microarray for the rice pathogens xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and x. oryzae pv. oryzicola and its use in the discovery of a difference in their regulation of hrp genes.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) and x. oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) are bacterial pathogens of the worldwide staple and grass model, rice. xoo and xoc are closely related but xoo invades rice vascular tissue to cause bacterial leaf blight, a serious disease of rice in many parts of the world, and xoc colonizes the mesophyll parenchyma to cause bacterial leaf streak, a disease of emerging importance. both pathogens depend on hrp genes for type iii secretion to infect their host. we constructed ...200818564427
recent advances in the analysis of biological particles by capillary electrophoresis.this review covers research papers published in the years 2005-2007 that describe the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biological particles such as whole cells, subcellular organelles, viruses and microorganisms.200818576409
hpac controls substrate specificity of the xanthomonas type iii secretion system.the gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to inject bacterial effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. one essential pathogenicity factor is hrpb2, which is secreted by the t3s system. we show that secretion of hrpb2 is suppressed by hpac, which was previously identified as a t3s control protein. since hpac promotes secretion of translocon and effector proteins but inhibits secretion of hrpb2, hpac presumabl ...200818584024
the zur of xanthomonas campestris functions as a repressor and an activator of putative zinc homeostasis genes via recognizing two distinct sequences within its target promoters.it has been long considered that zinc homeostasis in bacteria is maintained by export systems and uptake systems, which are separately controlled by their own regulators and the uptake systems are negatively regulated by zur which binds to an about 30-bp at-rich sequence known as zur-box present in its target promoters to block the entry of rna polymerase. here, we demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that in addition to act as a repressor of putative zn(2+)-uptake systems, the zur of the bacterial ...200818586823
the plant-associated bacterium stenotrophomonas rhizophila expresses a new enzyme for the synthesis of the compatible solute glucosylglycerol.the rhizobacterium stenotrophomonas rhizophila accumulates the compatible solutes glucosylglycerol (gg) and trehalose under salt stress conditions. the complete gene for the gg synthesis enzyme was cloned and sequenced. this enzyme from s. rhizophila represented a novel fusion protein composed of a putative c-terminal gg-phosphate synthase domain and an n-terminal putative gg-phosphate phosphatase domain, which was named ggpps. a similar gene was cloned from pseudomonas sp. strain oa146. the ggp ...200818586931
conversion of bacillus subtilis ohrr from a 1-cys to a 2-cys peroxide sensor.ohrr proteins can be divided into two groups based on their inactivation mechanism: 1-cys (represented by bacillus subtilis ohrr) and 2-cys (represented by xanthomonas campestris ohrr). a conserved cysteine residue near the amino terminus is present in both groups of proteins and is initially oxidized to the sulfenic acid. the b. subtilis 1-cys ohrr protein is subsequently inactivated by formation of a mixed-disulfide bond with low-molecular-weight thiols or by cysteine overoxidation to sulfinic ...200818586944
modelling xanthomonas campestris batch fermentations in a bubble column.rate and yield expressions relating to biomass and xanthan formation and to nitrogen, glucose, and oxygen consumption were established for xanthomonas campestris batch fermentations in a bubble column. microbial growth was described by the logistic rate equation, characterized by a maximum specific growth rate mu(m) = 0.5 h(-1) and a maximum attainable cell concentration provided by nitrogenous compounds. with regard to carbon metabolism, the decrease with time in experimental yields and in the ...198918587930
the influence of agitation rate on xanthan production by xanthomonas campestris. 198918588083
mass transfer studies using cloned-luminous strain of xanthomonas campestris.measurements of mass transfer in a highly viscous pseudoplastic broth, which is typical to xanthomonas campestris fermentations, are difficult to obtain by conventional methods and little data is available. a novel research method that uses bioluminescence for mass transfer studies has been developed. a plasmid carrying the luminescence operon of marine luminous bacteria is introduced into an industrial bacteria, x. campestris. besides producing the polysaccharide xanthangum, the bioluminescent ...198918588151
binding of bivalent cations by xanthan in aqueous solution.the interaction between xanthan and selected bivalent cations (ca2+, mg2+, mn2+, fe2+, cu2+, zn2+, cd2+ and pb2+) was studied by means of conductometry, viscometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. xanthan from xanthomonas campestris was studied in comparison with dextran from leuconostoc mesenteroides. while dextran does not develop specific interactions with the bivalent cations, the analysis of the experimental data shows that xanthan chains (mn approximately 1.4x10(5) to 2.9x10(6 ...200818588910
complete sequence of p07-406, a 24,179-base-pair plasmid harboring the blavim-7 metallo-beta-lactamase gene in a pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the united states.an outbreak involving a pseudomonas aeruginosa strain that was resistant to all tested antimicrobials except polymyxin b occurred in a hospital in houston, tx. previous studies on this strain showed that it possesses a novel mobile metallo-beta-lactamase (mbl) gene, designated bla(vim-7), located on a plasmid (p07-406). here, we report the complete sequence, annotation, and functional characterization of this plasmid. p07-406 is 24,179 bp in length, and 29 open reading frames were identified rel ...200818591274
effects of temperature on cell growth and xanthan production in batch cultures of xanthomonas campestris.batch xanthan fermentations by xanthomonas campestris nrrl b-1459 at various temperatures ranging between 22 degrees c and 35 degrees c were studied. at 24 degrees c or lower, xanthan formation lagged significantly behind cell growth, resembling typical secondary metabolism. however, at 27 degrees c and higher, xanthan biosynthesis followed cell growth from the beginning of the exponential phase and continued into the stationary phase. cell growth at 35 degrees c was very slow; the specific grow ...199018592538
nitrogen metabolism in haloarchaea.the nitrogen cycle (n-cycle), principally supported by prokaryotes, involves different redox reactions mainly focused on assimilatory purposes or respiratory processes for energy conservation. as the n-cycle has important environmental implications, this biogeochemical cycle has become a major research topic during the last few years. however, although n-cycle metabolic pathways have been studied extensively in bacteria or eukarya, relatively little is known in the archaea. halophilic archaea ar ...200818593475
structure and mechanism of gumk, a membrane-associated glucuronosyltransferase.xanthomonas campestris gumk (beta-1,2-glucuronosyltransferase) is a 44-kda membrane-associated protein that is involved in the biosynthesis of xanthan, an exopolysaccharide crucial for this bacterium's phytopathogenicity. xanthan also has many important industrial applications. the gumk enzyme is the founding member of the glycosyltransferase family 70 of carbohydrate-active enzymes, which is composed of bacterial glycosyltransferases involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis. no x-ray structures ...200818596046
crystal structure of the c-terminal domain of a flagellar hook-capping protein from xanthomonas campestris.the crystal structure of the c-terminal domain of a hook-capping protein flgd from the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris (xc) has been determined to a resolution of ca 2.5 a using x-ray crystallography. the monomer of whole flgd comprises 221 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22.7 kda, but the flexible n-terminus is cleaved for up to 75 residues during crystallization. the final structure of the c-terminal domain reveals a novel hybrid comprising a tudor-like domain interdigitated with a ...200818599076
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