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bovine papillomatosis: first detection of bovine papillomavirus types 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 in italian cattle herds.limited information about the distribution of different bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types in italy is available; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of bpvs in bovine lesions in the emilia romagna region. sixty-four proliferative lesions were collected between december 2011 and december 2014, and subsequently analysed by qualitative pcr with genus- and type-specific primer pairs, as well as rolling circle amplification (rca). the results demonstrated, for the first time in it ...201626965086
genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus types, including two putative new types, in teat warts from dairy cattle herds.teat papillomatosis affects dairy cows worldwide. milking can become difficult due to teat warts, and maintaining affected cows in the herds may diminish economic profit in the dairy industry. currently, 13 bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types have been fully characterized, and numerous putative bpv types have been identified through partial l1 gene pcr. in order to identify the viral types present in warts on the udders of dairy cows, 40 teat lesions from 24 cows from 13 cattle farms in three stat ...201626997614
host genetic influence on papillomavirus-induced tumors in the horse.the common equine skin tumors known as sarcoids have been causally associated with infection by bovine papillomavirus (bpv). additionally, there is evidence for host genetic susceptibility to sarcoids. we investigated the genetic basis of susceptibility to sarcoid tumors on a cohort of 82 affected horses and 270 controls genotyped on a genome-wide platform and two custom panels. a genome wide association study (gwas) identified candidate regions on six chromosomes. bayesian probability analysis ...201627037728
differential expression of micrornas in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types 1 and 2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids (es), the most common cutaneous tumour affecting horses. micrornas (mirnas), small non-coding rnas that regulate essential biological and cellular processes, have been found dysregulated in a wide range of tumours. the aim of this study was to identify mirnas associated with es. differential expression of mirnas was assessed in control equine fibroblasts (eqpalfs) and eqpalfs transformed with ...201627039895
complete genome sequence of deltapapillomavirus 4 (bovine papillomavirus 2) from a bovine papillomavirus lesion in amazon region, brazil.the complete genome sequence of bovine papillomavirus 2 (bpv2) from brazilian amazon region was determined using multiple-primed rolling circle amplification followed by illumina sequencing. the genome is 7,947 bp long, with 45.9% gc content. it encodes seven early (e1, e2,e4, e5, e6,e7, and e8) and two late (l1 and l2) genes. the complete genome of a bpv2 can help in future studies since this bpv type is highly reported worldwide although the lack of complete genome sequences available.201627074259
both tumour cells and infiltrating t-cells in equine sarcoids express foxp3 associated with an immune-supressed cytokine microenvironment.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) infections of equine species have a central role in the aetiology of equine sarcoids; a common benign skin tumour of horses, zebras and donkeys. within the lesions, all of the early papillomavirus genes are expressed and promote the excessive replication of fibroblasts which characterise these tumours. equine sarcoids differ from bpv induced fibro-papillomas of cattle (the natural host of bpv), in that they do not produce high amounts of virus particles, do not usuall ...201627160146
topical distribution of acyclovir in normal equine skin and equine sarcoids: an in vitro study.topical acyclovir application is an owner-friendly treatment for occult equine sarcoids, without the caustic side-effects other topical treatments have. variable clinical success rates have been described, but it is not known to what rate and extent acyclovir penetrates in and through equine skin from a topical formulation. in the current study, an in vitro franz diffusion model was used to determine the permeation parameters for a generic 5% acyclovir cetomacrogol cream for both healthy and sar ...201627234546
eras protein is overexpressed and binds to the activated platelet-derived growth factor β receptor in bovine urothelial tumour cells associated with papillomavirus infection.embryonic stem cell-expressed ras (eras) encodes a constitutively active form of guanosine triphosphatase (gtpase) that binds to and activates phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (pi3k), which in turn phosphorylates and activates downstream targets such as akt. the current study evaluated eras regulation and expression in papillomavirus-associated urothelial tumours in cattle grazing on lands rich in bracken fern. eras was found upregulated and overexpressed by pcr, real time pcr and western blot. fur ...201627256024
detection of bovine papillomavirus type 14 dna sequences in urinary bladder tumors in cattle.bovine papillomavirus type 14 (bpv-14) is a novel deltapapillomavirus (δpv) which is most closely related to bpv-1, -2, and -13, well-known members of the δpv genus. so far bpv-14 has been detected in cutaneous neoplastic lesions in cattle and in feline sarcoids. as bpv-14 may share biological and pathological properties with bpv-1, -2 and -13, it has been hypothesized that, like other δpvs, bpv-14 could be associated with bovine bladder neoplasia. in this study, 50 tumors of the urinary bladder ...201627283849
bovine papillomavirus dna and s100 profiles in sarcoids and other cutaneous spindle cell tumors in horses.histopathologic differentiation between deep dermal or subcuticular equine sarcoids (ie, nodular sarcoids) and other spindle cell tumors in the dermis and subcutis such as peripheral nerve sheath tumors (pnsts) can be challenging based on morphologic criteria alone. it has been proposed that polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for bovine papillomavirus (bpv) dna and s100 immunohistochemistry be used as diagnostic tests to separate equine sarcoids from pnsts. we reviewed 197 skin-associated spindle c ...201727312364
molecular and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 1: first report in iraqi cattle.this study aimed to provide the first molecular characterization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) in iraq. bpv is a widely spread oncogenic virus in iraqi cattle and is associated with the formation of both benign and malignant lesions, resulting in notable economic losses in dairy and beef cattle. in the current study, 140 cutaneous papilloma specimens were collected from cattle in central iraq. these samples were submitted to histopathological examination, pcr, and sequencing analysis. ...201627413374
novel bovine papillomavirus type discovered by rolling-circle amplification coupled with next-generation sequencing.currently, fifteen bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types have been identified and classified into four genera: deltapapillomavirus, epsilonpapillomavirus, dyoxipapillomavirus, and xipapillomavirus. here, the complete genome sequence of a new bpv type (bpv 04ac14) recovered from a papillomatous lesion is reported. the genome is 7,282 bp in length and exhibits the classic genetic organization and motifs of the members of papillomaviridae. maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses revealed that bpv 04ac ...201627606703
quantitative analysis of infiltrating immune cells and bovine papillomavirus type 1 e2-positive cells in equine sarcoids.sarcoids are the most frequently observed skin tumours in equids and consist of cutaneous accumulations of transformed fibroblasts. their aetiopathogenesis is closely linked to a presumably abortive infection by bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types 1 and 2. in cattle, dermal fibropapillomas induced by bpv1/2 usually regress spontaneously due to a local, cell-mediated, immune response; however, equids appear to lack an effective immune response to bpv1/2 and mechanisms of immune evasion have been po ...201627687925
immune response to bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine sarcoid. 201627687935
detection and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus in cutaneous warts in cattle in tamaulipas, mexico.papillomas occur more frequently in cattle than other domestic animals. the causal agent of bovine papillomatosis is a virus that belongs to the family papillomaviridae. in tamaulipas, mexico, the virus is considered a serious problem and has impeded the export of cattle to the united states, resulting in serious economic losses. owing to the lack of information regarding the subtypes of papillomaviruses that infect cattle in mexico, the aim of this study was to determine the subtypes in tamauli ...201627733780
the cellular dna helicase chlr1 regulates chromatin and nuclear matrix attachment of the human papillomavirus 16 e2 protein and high-copy-number viral genome establishment.in papillomavirus infections, the viral genome is established as a double-stranded dna episome. to segregate the episomes into daughter cells during mitosis, they are tethered to cellular chromatin by the viral e2 protein. we previously demonstrated that the e2 proteins of diverse papillomavirus types, including bovine papillomavirus (bpv) and human papillomavirus 16 (hpv16), associate with the cellular dna helicase chlr1. this virus-host interaction is important for the tethering of bpv e2 to m ...201727795438
phosphorylation of the bovine papillomavirus e2 protein on tyrosine regulates its transcription and replication functions.papillomaviruses are small, double-stranded dna viruses that encode the e2 protein, which controls transcription, replication, and genome maintenance in infected cells. posttranslational modifications (ptms) affecting e2 function and stability have been demonstrated for multiple types of papillomaviruses. here we describe the first phosphorylation event involving a conserved tyrosine (y) in the bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv-1) e2 protein at amino acid 102. while its phosphodeficient phenylalanine ...201727807239
genome characterization of a bovine papillomavirus type 5 from cattle in the amazon region, brazil.papillomaviruses are small and complex viruses with circular dna genome that belongs to the papillomavirus family, which comprises at least 39 genera. the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) causes an infectious disease that is characterized by chronic and proliferative benign tumors that affect cattle worldwide. in the present work, the full genome sequence of bpv type 5, an epsilonpapillomavirus, is reported. the genome was recovered from papillomatous lesions excised from cattle raised in the amazon ...201727817150
potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine to prevent bpv1- or bpv2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of ecpv2 l1 vlps in the horse.we have previously shown that immunization of horses with bpv1 l1 virus-like particles (vlp) is safe and highly immunogenic, and that bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (bpv1, bpv2) are closely related serotypes. here we evaluated the protective potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine against experimental bpv1 and bpv2 challenge, and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent ecpv2/bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine. fourteen healthy horses were immunized with bpv1 l1 vlps (100 µg/injection) plus adjuvant ...201627926826
epidemiologic analysis of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys in northern italy.equine sarcoids develop upon bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (bpv1, bpv2) infection in conjunction with trauma and represent the most common tumour disease in horses and other equids, including donkeys. in face of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys and mules at the 'rifugio degli asinelli', a subsidiary charity organization of the donkey sanctuary, non-invasively collected sample material including crusts, dandruff, swabs and hair roots was collected from sarcoid-affected and 26 he ...201627939161
integrated analysis of recombinant bpv-1 l1 protein for the production of a bovine papillomavirus vlp vaccine.bovine papillomatosis is an infectious disease that is caused by bovine papillomavirus (bpv), which results in important economic losses. however, no bpv vaccines or effective treatment methods are commercially available to date. moreover, the absence of papillomavirus replication in vitro makes the use of recombinant protein a promising candidate for vaccine formulations. hence, we developed an integrated study on the l1 capsid protein of bpv-1, obtained from a bacterial expression system, rega ...201728222997
potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine to prevent bpv1- or bpv2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of ecpv2 l1 vlps in horse.we have previously shown that immunization of horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) l1 virus-like particles (vlps) is safe and highly immunogenic and that bpv1 and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv2) are closely related serotypes. here we evaluated the protective potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine against experimental bpv1 and bpv2 challenge and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2)/bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine. fourteen healthy horses were imm ...201728284277
a novel bovine papillomavirus type in the genus dyokappapapillomavirus.papillomaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that are known to infect a wide range of animal species. bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are divided into at least 21 genotypes (bpv1 to bpv21),  with most bpv isolates/strains described to date belonging to one of four genera, including deltapapillomavirus, xipapillomavirus, epsilonpapillomavirus and dyoxipapillomavirus. here, we describe the identification and genetic characterization of a new bpv type in the genus dyokappapapillomavirus. a farm i ...201728616671
type-specific l1 virus-like particle-mediated protection of horses from experimental bovine papillomavirus 1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation is long-lasting.equine sarcoids are common therapy-resistant skin tumours induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (bpv1, bpv2) infection. we have previously shown that prophylactic vaccination with bpv1 l1 virus-like particles (vlps) efficiently protects horses from experimental bpv1-induced pseudo-sarcoid development. here, we assessed bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine-mediated long-term protection from experimental tumour formation in seven horses 5 years after immunization with three different doses of bpv1 l1 vlps, ...201728635592
phylogenetic analysis of a partial l1 gene from bovine papillomavirus type 1 isolated from naturally occurring papilloma cases in the northwestern region of turkey.this study was aimed at the molecular characterisation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) isolated from papilloma cases in the northwestern region of turkey. bpv-1 is a widely occurring oncogenic virus in cattle and is associated with benign epithelial neoplasia which causes significant economic losses in dairy and beef cattle because of treatment costs. in this study, 29 suspected papilloma specimens were collected from cattle in northwestern turkey. these samples underwent molecular chara ...201728697610
two transmembrane dimers of the bovine papillomavirus e5 oncoprotein clamp the pdgf β receptor in an active dimeric conformation.the dimeric 44-residue e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus is the smallest known naturally occurring oncoprotein. this transmembrane protein binds to the transmembrane domain (tmd) of the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (pdgfβr), causing dimerization and activation of the receptor. here, we use rosetta membrane modeling and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in a membrane environment to develop a chemically detailed model of the e5 protein/pdgfβr complex. in this model, an active ...201728808001
enhancing antitumor immunogenicity of hpv16-e7 dna vaccine by fusing dna encoding e7-antigenic peptide to dna encoding capsid protein l1 of bovine papillomavirus.human papillomavirus (hpv) has been identified as the primary etiologic factor of cervical cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. we have previously shown that coadministration of dna encoding l1 capsid protein of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) can enhance the antigen-specific immune response elicited by a therapeutic hpv16-e7 dna vaccination. in this study, we sought to generate and evaluate the immunogenicity of a therapeutic hpv16-e7 dna vaccine that encodes the f ...201728852471
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