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assessment of the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in commercially pasteurized milk.conflicting laboratory-acquired data have been published about the heat resistance of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the cause of the deadly paratuberculosis (johne's disease) of ruminants. results of surveys of the presence of map in industrially pasteurized milk from several countries are conflicting also. this paper critically reviews the available data on the heat resistance of map and, based on these studies, a quantitative model describing the probability of finding map ...200718041953
gastrointestinal infections, an overview: from pathogens to metagenomes. 200818043224
the evidence for mycobacterium paratuberculosis in crohn's disease.though long hypothesized, the putative link between mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and crohn's disease remains neither confirmed nor refuted. this article reviews published contributions that directly or indirectly address this question.200818043227
a novel multi-antigen virally vectored vaccine against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes systemic infection and chronic intestinal inflammation in many species including primates. humans are exposed through milk and from sources of environmental contamination. hitherto, the only vaccines available against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis have been limited to veterinary use and comprised attenuated or killed organisms.200718043737
intra-uterine transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in subclinically affected red deer (cervus elaphus).to determine the rate of transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb) from hind to fetus in utero, and the risk of transmission from dam to fawn via infected colostrum and milk in subclinically affected red deer hinds.200718059649
visualization of mycobacterium avium in crohn's tissue by oil-immersion microscopy.studies seeking mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in crohn's disease by pcr have generated inconsistent findings. as an alternative, microscopy offers a number of advantages, including direct visualization of organisms in tissue. experimental infections have demonstrated that m. avium organisms can be seen by both acid-fast staining and species-specific in situ hybridization, but because they are smaller than m. tuberculosis, oil-immersion microscopy (x 1,000 magnification) is needed. ...200718062905
lipopentapeptide induces a strong host humoral response and distinguishes mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from m. avium subsp. avium.many non-tuberculous mycobacteria synthesize abundant glycopeptidolipids (gpls). these surface-located gpls are involved in pathogenicity by interfering with the host immune system. in mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (mav), gpls consist of a lipopeptide core composed of a tetrapeptide o-linked to mono- and oligo-saccharides. the biosynthesis pathway of the simplest gpls is now relatively well understood and involves probably more than fifteen genes. whereas it is very obvious that most, if not ...200818068277
[paratuberculose enteritis and crohn's disease].paratuberculose enteritis is an infectious and contagious chronic disease of the rumiants. it is characterised by periodic diarrhoea and progressive emaciation and loss of condition, intestinal ileitis and oedematous mucosa with cirumvolutions. the disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. crohn's disease or inflammatory bowel disease has identical characterization with ileitis, colitis with oedematous state and enlarged intestinal mucosa. iflammatory infiltration of the ...200718069597
thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.the in vitro susceptibility of human- and bovine-origin mycobacterium paratuberculosis to the thioupurine drugs 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) and azathioprine (aza) was established using conventional plate counting methods and the mgit 960 paratb culture system. both 6-mp and aza had antibacterial activity against m. paratuberculosis; isolates from crohn's disease patients tended to be more susceptible than were bovine-origin isolates. isolates of mycobacterium avium, used as controls, were generally ...200818070971
bovine igg1 antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis protein p34-cx improve association of bacteria and macrophages.paratuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is a chronic granulomatous enteric disease in cattle. among molecular components of map, protein p34 was identified as specific and immunodominant for bovine b cells. in order to determine if specific antibodies could influence the course of map pathogenesis, the interaction between bacteria and bovine macrophages was studied. bovine polyclonal antibodies from 3 calves vaccinated with protein p34-cx, 6 calves vaccinat ...200818073093
humoral immune responses of type 1 diabetes patients to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis lend support to the infectious trigger hypothesis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a zoonotic pathogen whose association with crohn's disease in humans is under scrutiny. the objective of this work was to investigate its association with other chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm), where the involvement of a persistent pathogen such as m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis could be the trigger. for this purpose, 59 diabetic patients and 59 healthy controls were investigated for the presence of antibodies against two ...200818077612
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a sonicate immunoassay based on surface-enhanced raman scattering.a sandwich immunoassay for the rapid, low-level detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis has been developed. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease in cattle, and one of the major obstacles in controlling the spread of this disease is the inability to rapidly detect small amounts of bacteria or other diagnostic markers shed during the subclinical stage of infection. this paper details the development and performance of an assay for sonicated m. ...200818077613
impact of protein shedding on detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by a whole-cell immunoassay incorporating surface-enhanced raman scattering.the etiological agent of johne's disease is mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. controlling the spread of this disease is hindered by the lack of sensitive, selective, and rapid detection methods for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. by using a recently optimized sandwich immunoassay (b. j. yakes, r. j. lipert, j. p. bannantine, and m. d. porter, clin. vaccine immunol. 15:227-234, 2008), which incorporates a new monoclonal antibody for the selective capture and labeling of m. avium subs ...200818077615
antigenic profiles of recombinant proteins from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in sheep with johne's disease.methods to improve the elisa test to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have been explored over several years. previously, selected recombinant proteins of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis were found to be immunogenic in cattle with johne's disease. in the present study, antibody responses of infected and healthy sheep were evaluated using 18 purified recombinant proteins in an elisa-based format for the serodiagnosis of ovine paratuberculosis. these selected recombinant prot ...200818079002
role of cell membrane receptors in the suppression of monocyte anti-microbial activity against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the agent of paratuberculosis, is a slow growing mycobacteria that survives within ruminant mononuclear phagocytes by preventing cell activation and phagosome maturation. we investigated interactions between map and monocyte membrane receptors that result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) p38 pathway and suppression of monocyte antimicrobial activity. bovine monocytes were treated with blocking antibodies or specific c ...200818079089
new global map of crohn's disease: genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic correlations.seventy-five years after the initial characterization of crohn's disease (cd), much remains obscure about its etiology. the authors sought to evaluate the incidence trends of the last 25 years worldwide, and the existence of potential correlations with genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors that could be etiologically implicated in the pathogenesis of cd. relevant medical literature for individual countries on the incidence of cd, on the incidence of associated genetic mutations, and ...200818095316
association between the presence of antibodies to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and somatic cell count.somatic cell counts (scc) in bulk tank milk delivered for human consumption are one of the indicators of milk quality and are used for milk pricing. consequently, milk from cows with high scc is frequently used by farmers for feeding of calves to lower the scc in bulk tank milk. young calves are more susceptible to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) and may acquire the infection early in life through ingestion of map-contaminated milk. the occurrence of map antibodies can be an indi ...200818096931
isolation from acid-fast bacteria of a growth-factor for mycobacterium johnei and of a precursor of phthiocol. 194918112287
immunization with heat-killed mycobacterium paratuberculosis in mineral oil. 194918139156
carboxyl terminus of the 34 kda protein of mycobacterium paratuberculosis shares homologous b-cell epitopes with mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against a recombinant carboxyl terminus of the 34 kda protein of mycobacterium paratuberculosis were produced in mice. two of the mabs cross-reacted with mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare in both an elisa and immunoblot. the recombinant protein also reacted with polyclonal sera produced in rabbits against all three mycobacteria, indicating the presence of cross-reactive epitopes in the protein. to determine the reactivity of cattle sera against epi ...200718156594
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis bacteremia in type 1 diabetes mellitus: an infectious trigger? 200818171233
high genetic diversity among mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from german cattle herds shown by combination of is900 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem-repeat typing.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of johne's disease and is endemic to the national cattle herds of many countries. because of the very low level of genetic heterogeneity of this organism, it is difficult to select a workable procedure for strain differentiation at a resolution sufficient to investigate epidemiological links between herds or different ruminant species and the suggested zoonotic potential of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis for crohn's disease. an ...200818174306
comparison of bacterial culture, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of johne's disease in culled dairy cows.paired samples of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ileum and lymph node from 204 culled dairy cows were investigated for evidence of infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. of the samples, 151 were from animals that were tissue-culture positive for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and 53 were from animals that were tissue and fecal culture negative. from the culture-positive animals, m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from 78 samples of ileum and from 107 samples o ...200818182508
development and use of a partial mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis protein array.as an initial step toward systematically characterizing all antigenic proteins produced by a significant veterinary pathogen, 43 recombinant mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) expression clones were constructed, cataloged, and stored. nc filters were spotted with purified proteins from each clone along with a whole cell lysate of m. paratuberculosis. spots on the resulting dot array consisted of hypothetical proteins (13), metabolic proteins (3), cell envelope ...200818186021
bayesian kriging of seroprevalence to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and neospora caninum in alberta beef and dairy cattle.identifying spatial patterns of risk is important in the study of diseases with ecologic causes. furthermore, relatively complex hierarchical modeling is required to determine how factors that are organized across levels interact, such as how an ecologic cause interacts with farm management and with animal characteristics. the objective of this study was to map the risk for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map - the causative agent of johne's disease) and neospora caninum (nc - t ...200718189052
demonstration of allelic exchange in the slow-growing bacterium mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and generation of mutants with deletions at the pkng, rela, and lsr2 loci.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative pathogen of johne's disease, a chronic inflammatory wasting disease in ruminants. this disease has been difficult to control because of the lack of an effective vaccine. to address this need, we adapted a specialized transduction system originally developed for m. tuberculosis and modified it to improve the efficiency of allelic exchange in order to generate site-directed mutations in preselected m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genes. ...200818192416
receiver operating characteristic-based assessment of a serological test used to detect johne's disease in israeli dairy herds.the overall accuracy of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) used to detect johne's disease at herd level was explored in relation to an imperfect test (fecal culture) in 57 israeli dairy herds. receiver-operating characteristic (roc) analysis indicated an area under the curve (auc) that corresponded to a test accuracy of 82.0% (69.5% to 90.9%; 95% confidence), with optimized herd sensitivity and herd specificity of 70.4% and 83.3%, respectively; and predictive values of 79.2 (+) and 75. ...200818214157
early antibody response against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens in subclinical cattle.our laboratories have previously reported on the experimental infection of cattle with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) using an intratonsillar infection model. in addition, we have recently developed a partial protein array representing 92 m. paratuberculosis coding sequences. these combined tools have enabled a unique look at the temporal analysis of m. paratuberculosis antigens within the native host. the primary objective of this study was to identify m. parat ...200818226229
in this issue: proteomics 3/2008.in this issue of proteomics you will find the following highlighted articles:once upon a complex busyonce upon a complex busy spied cn pang et al. who found a doozy: proteins partnered for tours of duty and lived lives measured by general utility. all right, enough is enough, back to work. from a variety of studies, particularly in yeast, it is now apparent that specific protein complexes form and disperse as needed or not, in solution or membrane-associated. a common general structure has been ...200818232059
effects of shipping and storage conditions of fecal samples on viability of mycobacterium paratuberculosis. 200818234861
expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (tgf-beta1) in different types of granulomatous lesions in bovine and ovine paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is manifested by a broad spectrum of clinical and lesional presentations. we have evaluated the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (tgf-beta1), a cytokine known to have immunosuppressor effects, by immunohistochemistry, in different paratuberculosis lesions in the intestine and lymph nodes from 20 sheep and 25 cattle. peripheral immune responses were assessed by interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) test and the pr ...200918242702
atp release by infected bovine monocytes increases the intracellular survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of johne's disease, a chronic intestinal infection in ruminants. adenosine 5'-triphosphate (atp) has been reported to induce killing of several mycobacterium species in human and murine macrophages. we investigated whether atp secreted from m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected bovine monocytes affects intracellular survival of the bacilli. bovine monocytes constitutively secreted atp during an 8-day incubation period in vitr ...200918243311
current value of historical and ongoing surveillance for disease freedom: surveillance for bovine johne's disease in western australia.'confidence' in freedom from disease is generally derived from multiple sources of varied surveillance information, and typically this surveillance evidence has been accumulated over time. in the state of western australia (wa) the main surveillance evidence supporting free zone status in the national bovine johne's disease (bjd) program comprises periodic surveys and the ongoing clinical diagnostic system. this paper illustrates a simple approach to current valuation of historical surveillance ...200818243373
immune responses in mice to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis following vaccination with a novel 74f recombinant polyprotein.johne's disease (jd) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). here, we report the cloning and expression of a 74kda recombinant polyprotein (map74f) and its protective efficacy against map infection in mice. map74f was generated by the sequential linkage of the orfs of the approximately 17.6-kda c-terminal fragment of map3527 to the full-length orf of map1519, followed at the c-terminus with approximately 14.6-kda n-terminal portio ...200818243427
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and m. avium subsp. avium are independently evolved pathogenic clones of a much broader group of m. avium organisms.mycobacterium avium comprises organisms that share the same species designation despite considerable genomic and phenotypic variability. to determine the degree and nature of variability between subspecies and strains of m. avium, we used multilocus sequencing analysis, studying 56 genetically diverse strains of m. avium that included all described subspecies. in total, 8,064 bp of sequence from 10 gene loci were studied, with 205 (2.5%) representing variable positions. the majority (149/205) of ...200818245284
relationships between clinical signs, pathological changes and tissue distribution of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in 21 cows from herds affected by johne's disease.twenty-one cows from eight herds affected by johne's disease were assigned to four groups: seven were not thriving and had persistent diarrhoea, six were not thriving and had intermittent diarrhoea, four were not thriving but did not have diarrhoea, and four were clinically normal. postmortem, macroscopic lesions consistent with johne's disease were identified in 17 of the cows and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) was isolated from all of them. however, except for the fact t ...200818245746
ante mortem diagnosis of paratuberculosis: a review of accuracies of elisa, interferon-gamma assay and faecal culture techniques.infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) can be latent for years without affecting the animal, but the animal may become infectious or clinical at some point. diagnosis of paratuberculosis can be a challenge primarily in latent stages of the infection, and different diagnosis interpretations are usually required by the variety of decision makers. the objective of this paper was to provide a critical review of reported accuracies of elisa tests, interferon-gamma assays (i ...200818255239
milk quality assurance for paratuberculosis: simulation of within-herd infection dynamics and economics.a bulk milk quality assurance programme for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in dairy herds was simulated with a stochastic simulation model (johnessim). the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological and economic effects of preventive management measures and various test schemes in a simulated population of closed dutch dairy herds over a 20-year period. herds were certified as ;low-map bulk milk' if, with a certain probability, the concentration of map in bulk milk ...200818258169
selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern minnesota.to determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected during january 2000-03 from multiple locations in southeast (se) and southwest (sw) minnesota. antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, leptospira interrogans (six serovars), anaplasma marginale, b ...200818263838
longterm investigation in an austrian dairy herd with low prevalence of paratuberculosis detection of antibodies in blood and milk.paratuberculosis (johne's disease), which is widely distributed throughout the world, is caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). diagnosis of subclinically infected cattle is challenging and is especially problematic in herds with low prevalence of map. the aim of this long-term study was the comparison of different diagnostic tests for map and specific antibodies in a herd with low prevalence of map. three different commercially available serum-elisa (svanovir-elisa, sv ...200718265703
sequence polymorphisms in a surface ppe protein distinguish types i, ii, and iii of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.in the last 2 decades, a variety of different molecular typing methods have been developed to differentiate strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the most successful techniques are based on insertion sequences, repetitive loci, comparative genomics, or single nucleotide polymorphisms. in the present study, we chose to examine whether a single m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis gene could serve as a means of differentiation of a variety of isolates. the map1506 gene locus encodes ...200818272710
genetic resistance of mice to mycobacterium paratuberculosis is influenced by slc11a1 at the early but not at the late stage of infection.we have recently described the development of a luminescent mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain of bovine origin expressing the luxab genes of vibrio harveyi. with this luminescent isolate, fastidious and costly enumeration of cfu by plating them on agar can be replaced by easy and rapid luminometry. here, we have reevaluated the effect of slc11a1 (formerly nramp1) polymorphism on susceptibility to m. paratuberculosis, using this luminometric method. a series of inbred mouse strains were infec ...200818285491
selective th2 pattern of cytokine secretion in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected crohn's disease.the pathogenesis of crohn's disease (cd) remains unclear. a major controversy has been whether infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) plays a significant role. current support for a role of map is largely based on epidemiological data. the aim of this study was to determine whether map detection in gut biopsies is associated with a different cytokine secretion profile as observed in whole blood culture.200818289359
parturition invokes changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations in holstein dairy cows naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease (jd) is characterized by a protracted period of subclinical infection. infected cows may remain in the subclinical state until stressors such as parturition and lactation invoke more clinical signs of disease. the objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the percentages of cd4(+), cd8(+), and gammadelta t-cells, b-cells, monocytes, as well as the expression of the activation marker, cd5, on these cell subpopulations in the peripheral blood of dairy cows naturally infect ...200818294700
tactics of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes.johne's disease is a condition that refers to chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. it is believed that survival and replication of mycobacterium (m.) paratuberculosis in mononuclear phagocytes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of johne's disease. however, it is not clear how m. paratuberculosis survives for long time periods in mononuclear phagocytes, nor is it clear which factors trigger multiplication of these bacilli and result in the development of johne's disease. investi ...200818296882
vaccination with recombinant mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins induces differential immune responses and protects calves against infection by oral challenge.we previously reported the in vitro cellular immune responses to recombinant antigens (rags) of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). here we report the differential immune responses and protective efficacy of four rags of map (85a, 85b, 85c, and superoxide dismutase (sod)) used with two adjuvants (monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) containing synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate, cell wall skeleton (mpla) and bovine il-12), against map challenge in calves. group i was administered the f ...200818304707
large-scale elisa testing of spanish red deer for paratuberculosis.a role of wildlife species as paratuberculosis reservoirs is strongly suspected based on field and molecular epidemiologic evidence. this paper presents the first large-scale data on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) antibodies in red deer from spain, and tests the effect of host and environmental risk factors on antibody levels. a total of 257 out of 852 serum samples tested positive, yielding a total seroprevalence of 30.16% ...200818313144
evaluation of four commercial serum elisas for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dairy cows.during the first 3 months of 2006, a study was performed on four dairy cattle herds with a history of clinical paratuberculosis, to evaluate different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). serum samples obtained from 326 animals were analysed using four elisas to detect antibodies to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). kappa (kappa) concordance coefficients in pairwise comparisons of the elisa outcomes ranged up to 0.22 (linear kappa) and 0.25 (quadratic kappa). when the bo ...200918314355
efficacy, immune responses and side-effects of vaccines against johne's disease in young red deer (cervus elaphus) experimentally challenged with mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to test the efficacy of a commercially available and an experimental vaccine against johne's disease in young red deer (cervus elaphus), using experimental challenge with live virulent mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (m. ptb), measure injection-site reactions, and assess the effects of vaccination and challenge on results of subsequent skin tests and ancillary blood tests for bovine tuberculosis (tb).200818322553
new triplex real-time pcr assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine feces.in the present study, a robust taqman real-time pcr amplifying the f57 and the ismav2 sequences of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples was developed and validated. the validation was based on the recommendations of international organization for standardization protocols for pcr and real-time pcr methods. for specificity testing, 205 bacterial strains were selected, including 105 m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains of bovine, ovine, and human origin and 100 ...200818326682
evaluation of test-strategies for estimating probability of low prevalence of paratuberculosis in danish dairy herds.paratuberculosis is a chronic infection affecting cattle and other ruminants. in the dairy industry, losses due to paratuberculosis can be substantial in infected herds and several countries have implemented national programmes based on herd-classification to manage the disease. the aim of this study was to develop a method to estimate the probability of low within-herd prevalence of paratuberculosis for danish dairy herds. a stochastic simulation model was developed using the r programming envi ...200818336936
live mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and a killed-bacterium vaccine induce distinct subcutaneous granulomas, with unique cellular and cytokine profiles.type ii (lepromatous) granulomas are characterized by a lack of organization, with large numbers of macrophages heavily burdened with bacilli and disorganized lymphocyte infiltrations. type ii granulomas are a characteristic feature of the enteric lesions that develop during clinical mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the bovine. considering the poor organization and function of these granulomas, it is our hypothesis that dendritic cell (dc) function within the granuloma is ...200818337380
blood cultures of 19 crohn's disease patients. 200818341502
histopathological classification of lesions observed in natural cases of paratuberculosis in free-ranging fallow deer (dama dama).ninety-five adult fallow deer, legally hunted in the regional hunting reserve of el sueve (northern spain), were subjected to a post-mortem examination for paratuberculosis, samples being taken from the proximal and distal jejunum, proximal and distal ileum, ileocaecal valve and associated lymph nodes. the lesions were divided into four categories. focal lesions (n=19 cases) consisted of small granulomas, mainly in the jejunal and ileal lymph nodes. multifocal lesions (n=4) consisted of well-dem ...200818342877
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific mpt operon expressed in m. bovis bcg as vaccine candidate.mycobacterium (m.) avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in ruminants. vaccination against paratuberculosis with an attenuated live vaccine has been shown not only to prevent or reduce disease symptoms but also to have severe side effects. in contrast, the tuberculosis vaccine strain m. bovis bcg is considered safe and the efficacy of vaccination with m. bovis bcg transformants carrying foreign antigens has been shown in several studies. ...200818343053
cross species transmission of ovine johne's disease from sheep to cattle: an estimate of prevalence in exposed susceptible cattle.to determine the prevalence of infection of cattle with the sheep strain of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis at least two years after exposure at < 6 months old.200818363982
incidence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in a population-based cohort of patients with crohn's disease and control subjects.to define the incidence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in patients with crohn's disease (cd) and in control subjects.200818371139
modulation of cytokine gene expression and secretion during the periparturient period in dairy cows naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is estimated to infect more than 22% of us dairy herds. periods of immunosuppression may contribute to the transition from the subclinical to the clinical stage of infection. understanding the effects of stressors such as parturition on the escalation of disease may provide information that will help to manage jd. the objective of this study was to characterize cytokine gene expression and secretion in periparturi ...200818374424
mycobacterium porcinum strains isolated from bovine bulk milk: implications for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection by pcr and culture.in this study, the isolation of 52 mycobactin-independent fast growing mycobacteria from 631 bulk milk samples (8.2%), is reported. these strains, isolated during a bulk milk survey for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), strongly affected map detection both by pcr and by culture, as they gave a positive is900 pcr signal and resulted to totally inhibit the growth of map when spotted on heym slants already inoculated with 200 microl of 10-fold dilutions containing from 5 x 10 to 5 ...200818378411
association among results of serum elisa, faecal culture and nested pcr on milk, blood and faeces for the detection of paratuberculosis in dairy cows.paratuberculosis is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants that entails a serious concern for the cattle industry. one of the main issues relates to the efficiency of diagnosis of subclinically infected animals. the objective of this field study was to analyse the association among results of a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), faecal culture and nested pcr tests on milk, blood and faeces for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection in dairy cows. faeces, blood a ...200818397500
differential immune responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) following experimental challenge with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.immune responses of red deer (cervus elaphus) that presented with different levels of paucibacillary pathology were profiled to detail immune changes during the progression of johne's disease. immune responses were monitored using an immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), a gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) elisa, and flow cytometry. animals in the study were divided into outcome groups postmortem according to disease severity. all animals mounted igg1 antibody a ...200818400974
toll-like receptor genes are differentially expressed at the sites of infection during the progression of johne's disease in outbred sheep.toll-like receptors (tlr) are engaged by ligands on microbial pathogens to initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. little is known about tlr involvement during infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. ptb), the cause of johne's disease in ruminants, although there is a profound immunopathological response in affected animals. we have analyzed the expression of 10 tlr genes relative to validated reference genes at predilection sites in ileum, jejunum and associated ly ...200818403023
comparison of three methods of surveillance with application to the detection of johne's disease seropositivity in texas cattle.surveillance and monitoring are important for measuring the level of disease in a population, documenting changes in prevalence over time, determining high-risk areas for implementation of control measures, eradicating disease, and documenting freedom from disease. the documentation of freedom from disease has importance for international trade and the resumption of production after an outbreak. johne's disease (jd) is an example of an endemic disease of cattle that has variable prevalence relat ...200818406483
use of host population reduction to control wildlife infection: rabbits and paratuberculosis.reduction in wildlife populations is a common method for the control of livestock infections which have wildlife hosts, but its success is dependent on the characteristics of the infection itself, as well as on the spatial and social structure of the wildlife host. paratuberculosis (mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; map) is a widespread and difficult infection to control in livestock populations and also has possible links to crohn's disease in humans. rabbits have recently been ident ...200918419853
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is not associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus.the role of pathogenic mycobacteria in diabetes has been a focus of speculation since a decade without any meaningful insights into the mechanism of diabetes causation vis a vis mycobacterial factors. two of our studies based on pcr identification of mycobacterial dna and detection of antibodies specific to the recombinant antigens and whole cell lysates of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) shown a clear association of map with the presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm).200818430197
association of severity of enteric granulomatous inflammation with disseminated mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and antemortem test results for paratuberculosis in dairy cows.disseminated infection (di) of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in cattle may impair cow health, potentiate spread of disease, and is a potential food-safety risk. the objectives of this study were to determine the association between severity of histologic enteric lesions and the occurrence of di, clinical signs, and positive fecal culture and serum elisa results. bacteriologic fecal culture and serum elisa were performed on 40 dairy cows from map-infected herds. cows were ...200818448275
prevalence on beef carcasses of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dna.fifty samples were collected from each of skinned and dressed carcasses, from each of culled beef breeding cows and fed beef cattle <18 months old at two beef packing plants a and b, and from culled dairy cows at a packing plant c. the 450 samples were collected by swabbing an area of about 1000 cm2 in the anal region of each carcass. dna extracted from each swab was tested for the is900 and f57 sequences of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) genome by two stage, nested polyme ...200818450311
expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray characterization of a putative glycosyltransferase of the gt-a fold found in mycobacteria.glycosidic bond formation is a ubiquitous enzyme-catalysed reaction. this glycosyltransferase-mediated process is responsible for the biosynthesis of innumerable oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates and is often organism- or cell-specific. however, despite the abundance of genomic information on glycosyltransferases (gts), there is a lack of structural data for this versatile class of enzymes. here, the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of an essential 329-amino-acid (34.8 kd ...200818453718
the zoonotic potential of mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis: a systematic review.the zoonotic potential of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) has been debated for almost a century because of similarities between johne's disease (jd) in cattle and crohn's disease (cd) in humans. our objective was to evaluate scientific literature investigating the potential association between these two diseases (map and cd) and the presence of map in retail milk or dairy products using a qualitative systematic review.200818457292
differential expression of pattern recognition receptors in the three pathological forms of sheep paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gut caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. three forms have been described in sheep--paucibacillary, multibacillary and asymptomatic. the pauci- and multibacillary forms are characterized by type 1 and type 2 immune responses respectively; asymptomatic animals have no clinical signs or pathology. what determines this polarization is unknown, although pattern recognition receptors (prr) have been implicated in other myc ...200818457974
evaluation of four commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis in chilean dairy herds.the accuracy of 4 commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis was compared using sera from 53 mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) fecal culture-positive dairy cows (cases) and sera from 345 dairy cattle resident in 11 fecal culture-negative herds on 2 consecutive occasions 1 year apart (controls). the specificity of all 4 elisa kits was >99%, and their diagnostic sensitivity ranged from 30.2% to 41.5%. pairwise comparison of elisa ...200818460620
correlation between rpob gene mutation in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and clinical rifabutin and rifampicin resistance for treatment of crohn's disease.to investigate overlapping regions of the rpob gene previously involved with rifamycin resistance in m. tuberculosis and seek correlation between rpob mutations in clinical map strains with susceptibility to rif and rfb.200818461657
familial and herd-level associations with paratuberculosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay status in beef cattle.a cross-sectional study was performed to determine the odds of having a positive paratuberculosis elisa result if the dam was elisa positive in texas beef cattle, adjusted for individual and herd-level risk factors for seropositivity. texas beef cattle (n = 2,621) were tested for paratuberculosis by using a commercial elisa and microbiologic culture of feces for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). pedigree data were collected to identify dam-and sire-offspring pairs. bayesian mixe ...200818469058
management practices associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and the effects of the infection on dairy herds.during 2004, a survey of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) was conducted in 101 randomly selected dairy herds to investigate associations between the infection status of the herds, different management practices, and possible disease indicators, such as indices of mastitis and reproductive performance. data were collected by means of a questionnaire through personal interviews with the farmers and veterinarians in charge of each farm. at the same time, blood samples were take ...200818480020
paratuberculosis in holstein-friesian cattle farms in central iran.paratuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants with a worldwide distribution. in developing countries where funding constraints challenge establishment of control schemes, large losses are incurred on cattle farmers due to paratuberculosis. in this study, faecal specimens from holstein-friesian cows with progressed and moderate clinical paratuberculosis (n = 223) from 13 dairy farms in isfahan, central iran, were subjected to bacterial culture. culture growth diagnostic for m. avium subsp ...200818484118
herd-level prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by bulk-tank milk pcr in fars province (southern iran) dairy herds.a cross-sectional study was conducted from march to august 2006 in dairy herds in fars province, southern iran to determine the herd-level prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection. bulk-tank milk samples were collected from 110 dairy herds in the 3 districts (shiraz, marvdasht and sepidan) of the province. among study populations, 12 herds (11%, 95%ci: 5-17%) were positive for map infection based on is900 nested pcr. the prevalence of positive milk samples in ...200818501450
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's disease. 200818501847
potential pathogenic role of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in crohn's disease. 200818508318
effects of nuclear factor-kappab on regulation of cytokine expression and apoptosis in bovine monocytes exposed to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis.to evaluate the role of the nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) in the response of bovine monocytes to exposure to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map).200818518662
cxcl10+ t cells and nk cells assist in the recruitment and activation of cxcr3+ and cxcl11+ leukocytes during mycobacteria-enhanced colitis.the role of mycobacteria in the etiology of crohn's disease (cd) has been a contentious subject for many years. recently, our laboratory showed that spontaneous colitis in il-10-/- mice is driven in part by antigens (ags) conserved in mycobacteria. the present study dissects some of the common cellular and molecular mechanism that drive mycobacteria-mediated and spontaneous colitis in il-10-/- mice.200818533024
effectiveness of mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolation from raw milk by means of direct isolation of dna and classic culture.detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis (map) in tissues of patients suffering from crohn's disease has given rise to speculation that this mycobacterium may play some role in the development of this disease in humans. food products, especially milk obtained from animals infected with paratuberculosis, may be a potential vector of map to humans, yet the detection of this pathogen poses a number of difficulties. this study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness of map isolation from milk sa ...200818540204
the recovery of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the intestine of infected ruminants for proteomic evaluation.johne's disease is a slowly developing intestinal disease, primarily of ruminants, caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. the disease contributes to significant economic losses worldwide in agricultural industry. analysis of bacterial proteomes isolated directly from infected animals can provide important information about the repertoire of proteins present during infection and disease progression. in this study, m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis has been extracted from jo ...200818547663
diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis by a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on early secreted antigens of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.we previously reported that protein antigens of serodiagnostic potential were more abundant in culture filtrates than cellular extracts from liquid cultures of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (d. cho and m. t. collins, clin. vaccine immunol. 13:1155-1161, 2006). based on this observation, a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using antigens secreted by young (early- to mid-log-phase) cultures of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis jtc303 (a low-passage isolate originating fr ...200818550730
evaluation of five elisa test kits for the measurement of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine serum.five commercially available elisa tests for the detection of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine serum were evaluated at the individual animal level using sera from 286 paratuberculosis-free and 110 paratuberculosis-infected dairy cattle. sensitivity (se) and specificity (sp) of the tests were estimated after determination of the cut-off dtheta by tg-roc analysis or using the cut-off values recommended by the manufacturers, respectively. when the dtheta cut-o ...200818557524
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: comparing fecal culture versus serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct fecal polymerase chain reaction.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of johne's disease in cattle. the disease causes diarrhea, reduced milk production, poor reproductivity, emaciation, and eventually death. culture on herrold's egg yolk agar is considered to be the definitive test for diagnosis of johne's in cattle. this method has moderate sensitivity (30 to 50%) and is 100% specific; however, it can take up to 16 wk due to the slow growth of map. currently, serum elisa is used to screen her ...200818565921
the importance of culling in johne's disease control.johne's disease is caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection and results in economic losses in the dairy industry. to control map transmission in herds, test-based culling has been recommended and immediate culling of high shedding animals is typically implemented. in this study, we quantified the effects of map control in us dairy herds, using the basic reproduction ratio r(0). the effectiveness of culling strategies was evaluated for good and poor herd management (l ...200818573505
immunization with a dna vaccine cocktail induces a th1 response and protects mice against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis challenge.several antigens of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis have been studied as vaccine components and their immunogenicity has been evaluated. previously, we reported that 85 antigen complex (85a, 85b, and 85c), superoxide dismutase (sod), and 35kda protein could induce significant lymphocyte proliferation as well as the elaboration of th1-associated cytokines including interferon gamma (ifn-gamma), interleukin-2 (il-2), il-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). based on these res ...200818582521
herd characteristics and management practices associated with seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds.to investigate herd characteristics and management practices associated with a high seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) in dairy herds in central california.200818593244
on the prevalence of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis dna in the blood of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease.mycobacteria, such as m. leprae and m. tuberculosis infect billions of humans. however, because of appropriate immune responses and antibiotic therapy, overt mycobacterial diseases occur far less frequently. m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease in ruminants, an affliction evocative of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). several agents used to treat ibd (5-asa, methotrexate, azathioprine and its metabolite 6-mp) have recently been shown to be antimap antibiotics. we her ...200818596984
transitions in diagnostic tests used for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections in cattle.diagnosis of infections with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is difficult due to a long incubation period and lack of tests which can accurately predict the future status of animals. early detection of infectious animals is necessary to reduce transmission of map. the objective of this study was to determine the time from first detection of map-antibodies in milk elisa to start of map shedding, for animals with various shedding patterns. an observational longitudinal study was ...200818599225
antigen-specific regulatory t cells in bovine paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular pathogen that survives in the host's intestinal macrophages and causes chronic enteritis in ruminants. the subclinical stage of map infection is accompanied by loss of pro-inflammatory t(h)1 response, and a predominant, but ineffective, antibody-mediated t(h)2 response. how map interacts with the bovine immune system and suppresses t(h)1 responses is unclear. studies carried out in our lab and others indicate that when per ...200818602164
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's disease granulomas.chronic infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) has been proposed as a cause of crohn's disease. although numerous investigators have examined the link between m. paratuberculosis and crohn's disease, the evidence remains controversial. the aim of this study was to examine intestinal granuloma from crohn's patients for m. paratuberculosis using a semi-nested m. paratuberculosis-specific is900 polymerase chain reaction (pcr).200818609156
radiometric pooled faecal culture for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in low-shedder cattle.to identify the optimum pooling rate for pooled faecal culture (pfc) as a diagnostic tool in bovine johne's disease control, for detection of cattle shedding low concentrations of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map).200818616475
osteopontin immunoreactivity in the ileum and ileocecal lymph node of dairy cows naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.osteopontin (opn), a highly acidic glycoprotein, promotes cellular adhesion and recruitment and has been shown to be upregulated in the granulomas of mycobacterial infections. johne's disease, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), is associated with granulomatous enteritis. the objective of this experiment was to identify opn in the ileum and ileocecal lymph node (icn) of dairy cows naturally infected with map and to compare the frequency and intensity of staining between ...200818620757
pathogenic agents in inflammatory bowel diseases.infectious agents are still thought to be involved in the origin of inflammatory bowel disease. the focus in recent years has been more on mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, adherent-invasive escherichia coli or yeasts.200818622157
estimate of the direct production losses in canadian dairy herds with subclinical mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.the objective of this study was to estimate the annual losses from mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) for an average, map-seropositive, canadian dairy herd. a partial-budget simulation model was developed with 4 components of direct production losses (decreased milk production, premature voluntary culling, mortality, and reproductive losses). input values were obtained primarily from a national seroprevalence survey of 373 canadian dairy farms in 8 of 10 provinces. the model t ...200818624066
detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-specific dna by pcr in intestinal biopsies of dogs.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the cause of paratuberculosis. map infections have not been reliably detected in dogs, but a reemerging debate about the link between map and crohn's disease has renewed interest about the occurrence of map in pets.200818638019
osteopontin: a novel cytokine involved in the regulation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in periparturient dairy cattle.osteopontin (opn), an important mediator of the cell-mediated immune response, enhances the host immune response against mycobacterial infections. infections caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) have a devastating effect on the dairy industry. we sought to characterize opn at the level of gene and protein expression in periparturient dairy cows naturally infected with map. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were isolated from control, subclinical, and clinical peripar ...200818650284
heritability estimates for antibody response to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in german holstein cattle.the objective of this study was to estimate heritability of antibody response to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in 4,524 german holstein cows by applying linear and threshold models. data were collected within a paratuberculosis voluntary control program in thuringia, germany, in 2005. the map-positive prevalence of the 12 farms in the data set varied between 5 and 36.9%. a nearly linear increase in prevalence was observed from 2- to 3-yr-old cows, whereas prevalence declined in ...200818650301
scenario analysis of changes in consumption of dairy products caused by a hypothetical causal link between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn's disease.johne's disease is an infectious disease of cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map). crohn's disease (cd) is a human disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by chronic bowel inflammation. no causal link has been scientifically established between map and cd, but it is important to understand possible impacts on society should such a causal link be established. the goal of this paper is to analyze the implications and the possible economic impacts that fin ...200818650302
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