Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| antigen delivery by attenuated bacillus anthracis: new prospects in veterinary vaccines. | this report summarizes the recent investigations on the use of bacillus anthracis as a live vector for delivery of antigens. recombinant strains were constructed by engineering the current live sterne vaccine. this vaccine, used to prevent anthrax in cattle, causes side-effects due to anthrax toxin activities. bacteria producing a genetically detoxified toxin factor were devoid of lethal effects and were as protective as the sterne strain against experimental anthrax. moreover, b. anthracis expr ... | 1999 | 10475973 |
| clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of anthrax | there are three clinical presentations of anthrax in humans: cutaneous (>95% of cases), orogastric and inhalational. the infectious form, the spore, enters the body and is thought to germinate within macrophages either at the site of inoculation (cutaneous or orogastric) or in the regional lymph node (inhalational). the bacillus then synthesizes its antiphagocytic capsule and the lethal and oedema toxins which interfere with the non-specific host defences leading to the characteristic locally de ... | 1999 | 10475974 |
| in vitro correlate of immunity in an animal model of inhalational anthrax | the incidence of anthrax in humans is extremely low. human vaccine efficacy studies for inhalational anthrax cannot be conducted. the identification of a correlate of protection that predicts vaccine efficacy is crucial for determining the immune status of immunized humans. this surrogate marker of immunity can only be established by using an appropriate animal model. numerous studies showed that protective antigen (pa) is the principle protective antigen in naturally- or vaccine-induced immunit ... | 1999 | 10475975 |
| immune correlates of protection against anthrax | bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa) has been produced from a recombinant b. subtilis and its efficacy, when combined with the ribi adjuvant (mpl-tdw-cws) or alhydrogel, has been compared with that of the licensed uk human vaccine, in guinea pigs challenged with aerosolized ames strain spores. recombinant pa combined with the ribi adjuvant performed as well as pa from b. anthracis cultures in previous reports (ivins & welkos 1986; ivins et al. 1990; turnbull et al. 1991; jones et al. 1996; ... | 1999 | 10475976 |
| human immune responses to the uk human anthrax vaccine. | the igg anti-protective antigen subclass antibody response of individuals who had been infected with anthrax was compared with that of healthy individuals immunized with the uk licensed anthrax vaccine. the predominant subclass in both groups was igg1. in addition, igg3 was seen in convalescent serum while vaccinees produced igg2, igg3 and igg4 subclass. the significance of these results is discussed. further work is required to determine the role of antibodies in mediating protective immunity i ... | 1999 | 10475977 |
| expression of the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis by lactobacillus casei: towards the development of an oral vaccine against anthrax. | bacillus anthracis is the causative organism of the disease anthrax. the ability of the organism to form resistant spores and infect via the aerosol route has led to it being considered as a potential biological warfare agent. the current available human vaccines are far from ideal, they are expensive to produce, require repeated doses and may invoke transient side-effects in some individuals. there is also evidence to suggest that they may not give full protection against all strains of b. anth ... | 1999 | 10475978 |
| presentation of protective antigen to the mouse immune system: immune sequelae. | protective antigen (pa), the major protective component of the existing vaccine, is a potent immunogen. protective antigen in alhydrogel induced a high serum igg titre (> log10 4) in both the c57b16 and balb/c mouse and the predominant subclass of antibody induced was igg1, indicating that the response to pa was predominantly th2 directed. when plasmid dna encoding pa was used to immunize the balb/c mouse, a low serum igg titre was detected (</=log10 1), which was slightly increased by boosting ... | 1999 | 10475979 |
| world health organization activities on anthrax surveillance and control. | the achievements of a world health organization anthrax working group, established in 1990, have been the production of two editions of guidelines on anthrax surveillance and control and the formulation of templates to assist countries in the construction of their surveillance and control programmes. the latter was made possible by the active participation of the department of animal production and health, ministry of agriculture, food and fisheries, zambia and the livestock development programm ... | 1999 | 10475980 |
| images in clinical medicine. bacillus anthracis meningitis. | 1999 | 10477780 | |
| anthrax. | 1999 | 10477781 | |
| a poly-gamma-glutamate synthetic system of bacillus subtilis ifo 3336: gene cloning and biochemical analysis of poly-gamma-glutamate produced by escherichia coli clone cells. | three genes encoding a poly-gamma-glutamate synthetic system of bacillus subtilis ifo 3336 (bacillus natto) were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the e. coli clone produced poly-gamma-glutamate extracellularly. the genes, newly designated as pgsbca, were homologous with capbca genes of bacillus anthracis. all of pgsb, pgsc, and pgsa genes were essential for the polymer production. addition of mn(2+), instead of mg(2+), to the polymer-synthesis medium resulted in an increase in the polym ... | 1999 | 10486244 |
| [aerosol vaccination against dangerous infectious diseases]. | the paper summarizes the results of development of the aerosol method, one of the mass ways of human vaccination. analysis of materials suggests that russia has designed highly effective live plague, tularemia, and anthrax vaccines that can be used to immunize in different ways: by epicutaneous and subcutaneous, and inhalation routes. the advantages and disadvantages of aerosol vaccination are shown. the correct use of this method provides a substantial effect when the epidemic situation is comp ... | 1999 | 10487124 |
| toxins that are activated by hiv type-1 protease through removal of a signal for degradation by the n-end-rule pathway. | diphtheria toxin enters the cytosol of mammalian cells where it inhibits cellular protein synthesis, leading to cell death. recently we found that the addition of a signal for n-end-rule-mediated protein degradation to diphtheria toxin substantially reduced its intracellular stability and toxicity. these results prompted us to construct a toxin containing a degradation signal that is removable through the action of a viral protease. in principle, such a toxin would be preferentially stabilized, ... | 1999 | 10493930 |
| sequence and organization of pxo1, the large bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes. | the bacillus anthracis sterne plasmid pxo1 was sequenced by random, "shotgun" cloning. a circular sequence of 181,654 bp was generated. one hundred forty-three open reading frames (orfs) were predicted using genemark and genemark.hmm, comprising only 61% (110,817 bp) of the pxo1 dna sequence. the overall guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid is 32.5%. the most recognizable feature of the plasmid is a "pathogenicity island," defined by a 44.8-kb region that is bordered by inverted is1627 e ... | 1999 | 10515943 |
| a minisonicator to rapidly disrupt bacterial spores for dna analysis. | concerns about the use of anthrax spores as a weapon of mass destruction have motivated the development of portable instruments capable of detecting and monitoring a suspected release of the agent. optimal detection of bacterial spores by pcr requires that the spores be disrupted to make the endogenous dna available for amplification. the entire process of spore lysis, pcr, and detection can take several hours using conventional methods and instruments. in this report, a minisonicator and protot ... | 1999 | 10517145 |
| anthrax toxins. | though its lethal effects were ascribed to an exotoxin almost half a century ago, the pathogenesis of anthrax has yet to be satisfactorily explained. subsequent work has led to the molecular identification and enzymatic characterization of three proteins that constitute two anthrax toxins. protective antigen binds an as yet unknown cell receptor and mediates the entry of the other two components to the cytoplasm via the endosomal pathway. edema factor, so named for its ability to induce edema, i ... | 1999 | 10526577 |
| monitoring temperature-sensitive vaccines and immunologic drugs, including anthrax vaccine. | the experience of the u.s. army medical materiel center, europe (usammce), in monitoring temperature-sensitive vaccines and immunologic drugs, including anthrax vaccine, during storage and shipment is discussed. usammce uses an electronic monitoring device to monitor and archive the time-temperature history of shipments of various vaccines, immunoglobulins, and other drugs requiring refrigeration. using these monitors, usammce can track its carriers' performance, reduce product loss, and validat ... | 1999 | 10541032 |
| recognition and treatment of anthrax. | 1999 | 10553786 | |
| a novel surfactant nanoemulsion with broad-spectrum sporicidal activity against bacillus species. | two nontoxic, antimicrobial nanoemulsions, bctp and bctp 401, have been developed. these emulsions are composed of detergents and oils in 80% water. bctp diluted up to 1:1000 inactivated>90% of bacillus anthracis spores in 4 h and was also sporicidal against three other bacillus species. this sporicidal activity is due to disruption of the spore coat after initiation of germination without complete outgrowth. bctp 401 diluted 1:1000 had greater activity than bctp against bacillus spores and had ... | 1999 | 10558951 |
| inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. | anthrax, a disease of great historical interest, is once again making headlines as an agent of biological warfare. bacillus anthracis, a rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium, primarily infects herbivores. humans can acquire anthrax by agricultural or industrial exposure to infected animals or animal products. more recently, the potential for intentional release of anthrax spores in the environment has caused much concern. the common clinical manifestations of anthrax are cutaneous disease, pulmon ... | 1999 | 10559102 |
| biological warfare: would you recognize an attack? | 1998 | 10562136 | |
| the controversial anthrax vaccine. | 1999 | 10562219 | |
| the threat of biological warfare. | 1999 | 10566851 | |
| one urban hospital's experience with false anthrax exposure disaster response. | 1999 | 10579773 | |
| anthrax lethal factor cleaves mkk3 in macrophages and inhibits the lps/ifngamma-induced release of no and tnfalpha. | the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis consists of two proteins, pa and lf, which together induce lethal effects in animals and cause macrophage lysis. lf is a zinc-endopeptidase which cleaves two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mapkks), mek1 and mek2, within the cytosol. here, we show that also mkk3, another dual-specificity kinase that phosphorylates and activates p38 map kinase, is cleaved by lf in macrophages. no direct correlation between lf-induced cell death and cleavage of thes ... | 1999 | 10580119 |
| the hemolytic enterotoxin hbl is broadly distributed among species of the bacillus cereus group. | the prevalence of the hemolytic enterotoxin complex hbl was determined in all species of the bacillus cereus group with the exception of bacillus anthracis. hbla, encoding the binding subunit b, was detected by pcr and southern analysis and was confirmed by partial sequencing of 18 strains. the sequences formed two clusters, one including b. cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains and the other one consisting of bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, and bacillus weihenstephanensis strain ... | 1999 | 10584001 |
| risks of publicity about bioterrorism: anthrax hoaxes and hype. | 1999 | 10586149 | |
| anthrax vaccine: evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. | 1999 | 10591317 | |
| molecular pathogenesis of bacillus anthracis infection. | this review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to the pathogenesis of infection with bacillus anthracis relative to the two exotoxins and the capsule. emphasis is given to the structure and activities of the individual components of the exotoxins, their interaction with cells, and the response of macrophages to lethal toxin. finally, results from vaccination studies are reviewed. | 1999 | 10594977 |
| ulnar nerve lesion due to cutaneous anthrax. | anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis. anthrax is most common in agricultural regions, where it occurs in animals. it can also infect humans. cutaneous anthrax infections occur when the bacterium enters a cut or abrasion on the skin. a case of cutaneous anthrax infection of the arm is presented. the patient needed to undergo a skin graft. he subsequently developed an ulnar nerve lesion after severe edema in his arm and hand. | 1999 | 10597826 |
| the threat of bioterrorism: a reason to learn more about anthrax and smallpox. | threats of domestic terrorism and international news about germ warfare research have forced us to recognize the potential menace of biological weapons. both smallpox and anthrax could be used as biological weapons. it is important for physicians to reacquaint themselves with these diseases, because if a domestic attack were to occur, it might first be recognized when patients with unusual symptoms began presenting to hospitals and primary care physicians. in this article, we discuss symptoms an ... | 1999 | 10598363 |
| [anthrax: an unusual escharotic lesion]. | anthrax is basically an animal disease rarely found in humans. we report a case occurring in a young boy who had minimal signs and a suggestive skin lesion. | 1999 | 10604013 |
| [correlation of the virulence of bacillus anthracis with expression of signs, coded for by chromosomal genes]. | clonal analysis of bacillus anthracis strains showed heterogeneity of the majority of populations by the proteolytic, hemolytic, and pigment-adsorbing activities. phenotypes isolated within each population were subdivided into 4 subpopulations. the appearance of sub-populations of virulent and vaccine strains (b. anthracis sterne, zenkowskii) was due to the ability of clones adsorbing congo red and possessing high activities of proteolytic and hemolytic enzymes to dissociate with the formation o ... | 1999 | 10621935 |
| anthrax. | 2000 | 10627218 | |
| comparison of noninvasive sampling sites for early detection of bacillus anthracis spores from rhesus monkeys after aerosol exposure. | bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium, is the etiologic agent of anthrax. b. anthracis spores can be aerosolized, are relatively easy to produce, and are capable of producing high mortality when inhaled. the prompt use of postexposure antibiotics combined with vaccination greatly increases the survival rate. rapid detection of exposure is critical to effective case management. using common collection swabs, culture medium, and culturing equipment, we compared six different noninvasive sa ... | 1999 | 10628152 |
| antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. | antimicrobial prophylaxis is used by clinicians for the prevention of numerous infections, including sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus infection, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, recurrent cellulitis, meningococcal disease, recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis, influenza, malaria, infective endocarditis, pertussis, plague, anthrax, early-onset group b streptococcal disease in neonates, and ... | 2000 | 10630764 |
| the threat of biological terrorism: a public health and infection control reality. | bioterrorism is an emerging public health and infection control threat. potential biological agents include smallpox, anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulinum toxin, brucellosis, q fever, viral encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, and staphylococcal enterotoxin b. an understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of the more likely candidate agents is critical to limiting morbidity and mortality from a biological event. effective response requires an increased index of suspi ... | 2000 | 10656359 |
| [natural biological risks and military biological risks]. | the iraqi biological program, the activities of sect aum in japan and the extensive endemicity of plague prove the existence of military, terrorist and natural biological risks. among the agents of natural risk (viruses, bacteria.), plague is induced by modification of the ecosystem. present since 1921 in the high plateau of madagaskar, the disease evolves under two modes, endemic (natural) or epidemic (urban). since the control of endemicity is impossible, the decrease of incidence will be obta ... | 2000 | 10669810 |
| bacterial toxins with intracellular protease activity. | the recent determination of their primary sequence has lead to the discovery of the metallo-proteolytic activity of the bacterial toxins responsible for tetanus, botulism and anthrax. the protease domain of these toxins enters into the cytosol where it displays a zinc-dependent endopeptidase activity of remarkable specificity. tetanus neurotoxin and botulinum neurotoxins type b, d, f and g cleave vamp, an integral protein of the neurotransmitter containing synaptic vesicles. botulinum neurotoxin ... | 2000 | 10675723 |
| sensitive and rapid identification of biological threat agents. | 1999 | 10681982 | |
| [progress on the study of prevention and control of anthrax in china]. | 1999 | 10682520 | |
| anthrax threats: a report of two incidents from salt lake city. | the threat of anthrax as an agent of bioterrorism in the u.s. is very real, with 47 incidents of possible exposure involving 5664 persons documented by the federal bureau of investigation over a 14-month period in 1998 and 1999. the highly visible and potentially devastating effects of these threats require a well-coordinated and well-organized emergency medical services (ems) and emergency department (ed) response to minimize panic and reduce the potential spread of an active and deadly biologi ... | 2000 | 10699528 |
| anthrax: the investigation of a deadly outbreak. | 2000 | 10700213 | |
| [monitoring of life-threatening infection pathogens in relation to the problem of prediction of critical situations]. | the epidemic situation in the context of many infectious diseases caused by bacteria is presently assessed as being poor in russia and other countries. the spectrum of the pathogens that can deteriorate epidemic well-being is highly wide. the epidemic situation in terms of many infectious diseases, including those caused by such causative agents as bacillus anthracis, vibrio cholerae, yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis and others may deteriorate due to the emergence of their modified forms ... | 1999 | 10709458 |
| infections and intoxications associated with animal feed and forage which may present a hazard to human health. | animal feed or forage may be the source of a limited number of infections for farm animals that could lead to human illness. likely organisms include salmonella enterica, toxoplasma gondii, trichinella spiralis and possibly the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. the risk to human health from other infectious agents which may contaminate either feed or forage appear to be either negligible, e.g. bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium bovis, or non-existent, e.g. clostridium botulinum toxin ... | 2000 | 10712800 |
| protecting the health of u.s. military forces: a national obligation. | 2000 | 10716172 | |
| microbial metalloproteases and pathogenesis. | zinc metalloproteases produced by human pathogenic microorganisms show a wide variety of pathological actions. in local infections, the proteases cause necrotic or hemorrhagic tissue damage through digestion of structural components of the ground substance, and also form edematous lesions through generation of inflammatory mediators, while in systemic infections, the proteases act as a synergistic virulence factor through disordered proteolysis of many plasma proteins. clostridial neurotoxins, b ... | 2000 | 10717546 |
| role of toxin functional domains in anthrax pathogenesis. | we investigated the role of the functional domains of anthrax toxins during infection. three proteins produced by bacillus anthracis, the protective antigen (pa), the lethal factor (lf), and the edema factor (ef), combine in pairs to produce the lethal (pa+lf) and edema (pa+ef) toxins. a genetic strategy was developed to introduce by allelic exchange specific point mutations or in-frame deletions into b. anthracis toxin genes, thereby impairing either lf metalloprotease or ef adenylate cyclase a ... | 2000 | 10722564 |
| ["biological weapons"--the return of epidemics?]. | 2000 | 10731764 | |
| microbial genomics. culling genes early yields rich harvest. | 2000 | 10733416 | |
| optimized production and purification of bacillus anthracis lethal factor. | bacillus anthracis lethal factor (lf) is a 90-kda zinc metalloprotease that plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. lf has previously been purified from escherichia coli and bacillus anthracis. the yields and purities of these preparations were inadequate for crystal structure determination. in this study, the genes encoding wild-type lf and a mutated, inactive lf (lf-e687c) were placed in an e. coli-bacillus shuttle vector so that lf was produced with the protective antigen (p ... | 2000 | 10733882 |
| a specific activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (mek1) is required for golgi fragmentation during mitosis. | incubation of permeabilized cells with mitotic extracts results in extensive fragmentation of the pericentriolarly organized stacks of cisternae. the fragmented golgi membranes are subsequently dispersed from the pericentriolar region. we have shown previously that this process requires the cytosolic protein mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (mek1). extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1 and erk2, the known downstream targets of mek1, are not required for this fragmentation (achar ... | 2000 | 10769026 |
| [suspected palpebral anthrax in children. (apropos of 3 cases)]. | anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacillus anthracis. it is primarily a disease of domestic animals. human beings can be infected by contact with infected animals, soiled objects, thorns or insect stings. in its cutaneous form, it may produce lesions of the eyelids. the authors report three suspected cases of palpebral anthrax in children. the clinical diagnosis was evident. scraping from the necrotic tissue showed thick gram positive rods in two children. this aspect evokes bacillus. a ... | 2000 | 10774488 |
| death of a president. | 2000 | 10777385 | |
| multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis is one of the most genetically homogeneous pathogens described, making strain discrimination particularly difficult. in this paper, we present a novel molecular typing system based on rapidly evolving variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) loci. multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) uses the combined power of multiple alleles at several marker loci. in our system, fluorescently labeled pcr primers are used to produce pcr amplification products from eight vntr regions in the b. ant ... | 2000 | 10781564 |
| discovery of the anthrax toxin: the beginning of in vivo studies on pathogenic bacteria. | 2000 | 10785632 | |
| would you have thought of anthrax? | 1999 | 10787705 | |
| characterization of bacillus anthracis strains used for vaccination. | three bacillus anthracis strains, formerly used as anti-anthrax vaccine strains in argentina, were characterized from genetic and pathogenic perspectives. southern blotting and pcr with pxo1 and pxo2 probes and primers, as well as pathogenicity and protection tests in guinea pigs and mice, were performed. two of the b. anthracis strains contained both pxo1 and pxo2 plasmids, as did the fully virulent strains, while the third was a sterne-type strain (pxo1+, pxo2-). the three strains were, howeve ... | 2000 | 10792523 |
| vaccines for preventing anthrax. | anthrax is an acute bacterial skin disease which may be fatal. three anthrax vaccines are commercially available but their comparative effectiveness and safety is not clear. | 2000 | 10796564 |
| [anthrax in man with reference to alimentary infection and environmental conditions]. | based on already published data, the following issues have been covered in the present review: epidemiology, epizootiology and the occurrence of anthrax in man with reference to current data. moreover, in the paper are presented some problems of intestinal anthrax with emphasis on environment conditions, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of this clinical form. | 1999 | 10800568 |
| surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination--u.s. department of defense, 1998-2000. | concerns about the potential use of anthrax as a biologic weapon prompted the u.s. department of defense (dod) to announce on december 15, 1997, anthrax vaccination of all u.s. military personnel. this effort is coordinated by the anthrax vaccine immunization program (avip). avip plans a phased vaccination process to achieve total force protection against anthrax by 2004. the current phase of implementation includes vaccination of all service members and mission-essential dod civilian employees ... | 2000 | 10817479 |
| bacillus anthracis sepsis in a newborn. | 2000 | 10819356 | |
| a quantitative study of the interactions of bacillus anthracis edema factor and lethal factor with activated protective antigen. | bacillus anthracis secretes three proteins, which associate in binary combinations to form toxic complexes at the surface of mammalian cells. receptor-bound protective antigen (pa) is proteolytically activated, yielding a 63 kda fragment (pa(63)). pa(63) oligomerizes into heptamers, which bind edema factor (ef) or lethal factor (lf) to form the toxic complexes. we undertook a quantitative analysis of the interactions of ef with pa(63) by means of surface plasmon resonance (spr) measurements. hep ... | 2000 | 10828989 |
| bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis--one species on the basis of genetic evidence. | bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis are members of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. b. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. b. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. b. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil ... | 2000 | 10831447 |
| behind the scenes at usamridd. the united states army medical research institute of infectious diseases. | 2000 | 10835223 | |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. surveillance for adverse effects associated with anthrax vaccination--us department of defense, 1998-2000. | 2000 | 10847805 | |
| [the intrastrain heterogeneity of the causative agent of anthrax]. | 1999 | 10851999 | |
| [the capacity of the causative agent of anthrax to reduce methylene blue]. | 1999 | 10852066 | |
| phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of 23 strains from the bacillus cereus complex for a selection of known and putative b. thuringiensis virulence factors. | sixteen bacillus thuringiensis, four bacillus cereus and three bacillus anthracis isolates were screened for a selection of known and putative b. thuringiensis virulence factors. pcr primers were designed to detect genes for phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase c, phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase c, immune inhibitor a, vegetative insecticidal protein 3a, a protein proposed to be involved in capsule synthesis, a newly identified ser/thr kinase homologue and enterotoxin ents. moti ... | 2000 | 10867226 |
| vrrb, a hypervariable open reading frame in bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis appears to be the most molecularly homogeneous bacterial species known. extensive surveys of worldwide isolates have revealed vanishingly small amounts of genomic variation. the biological importance of the resting-stage spore may lead to very low evolutionary rates and, perhaps, to the lack of potentially adaptive genetic variation. in contrast to the overall homogeneity, some gene coding regions contain hypervariability that is translated into protein variation. during marke ... | 2000 | 10869077 |
| deaths among heroin users present a puzzle. | 2000 | 10877703 | |
| [anthrax]. | 2000 | 10883239 | |
| genetically modified anthrax lethal toxin safely delivers whole hiv protein antigens into the cytosol to induce t cell immunity. | bacillus anthrax lethal toxin can be engineered to deliver foreign proteins to the cytosol for antigen presentation to cd8 t cells. vaccination with modified toxins carrying 8-9 amino acid peptide epitopes induces protective immunity in mice. to evaluate whether large protein antigens can be used with this system, recombinant constructs encoding several hiv antigens up to 500 amino acids were produced. these candidate hiv vaccines are safe in animals and induce cd8 t cells in mice. constructs en ... | 2000 | 10884430 |
| ultrasensitive, direct detection of a specific dna sequence of bacillus anthracis in solution. | a very fast and ultrasensitive method has been developed for the detection and quantitation of specific nucleic and sequences of bacterial origin in solution. the method is based on a two-color, single fluorescent molecule detection technique developed in our laboratory. the technique was applied to the detection of bacillus anthracis dna in solution. | 2000 | 10885062 |
| in vitro development of resistance to ofloxacin and doxycycline in bacillus anthracis sterne. | 2000 | 10896651 | |
| attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant bacillus anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax. | several highly attenuated spore-forming nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated bacillus anthracis vaccines differing in levels of expression of recombinant protective antigen (rpa) were constructed. biochemical analyses (including electrospray mass spectroscopy and n terminus amino acid sequencing) as well as biological and immunological tests demonstrated that the rpa retains the characteristics of native pa. a single immunization of guinea pigs with 5 x 10(7) spores of one of these recombinant str ... | 2000 | 10899854 |
| images in medicine. cutaneous anthrax. | 2000 | 10908373 | |
| human behavioural factors implicated in outbreaks of human anthrax in the tamale municipality of northern ghana. | the knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices of cattle owners, herdsmen, butchers and meat consumers about anthrax were used to provide a better understanding of the major factors responsible for the frequent outbreaks of human anthrax in the tamale municipality of northern ghana. a total of 96% of the respondents, made up of 50 cattle owners, 50 herdsmen, 25 butchers and 125 consumers, knew of anthrax and the clinical signs indicative of anthrax in cattle. however, very few knew the causative ... | 2000 | 10913766 |
| prevalence and control of zoonotic diseases: collaboration between public health workers and veterinarians in burkina faso. | zoonotic diseases constitute a public health problem throughout the world, particularly in the tropics, where their control is restricted by inadequate infrastructure and financial resources. additionally, there is a lack of information on their significance and distribution. this study, conducted jointly by the ministries of health and animal resources, aimed to assess the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in burkina faso. the data were taken from internal reports of each ministry covering the pe ... | 2000 | 10913767 |
| risk-based selection of respirators against infectious aerosols: application to anthrax spores. | this article presents two methods for estimating infection risk among individuals wearing air-purifying respirators against airborne pathogens, with the overall aim of selecting appropriate respiratory protection. necessary data inputs are the parameters for the ambient pathogen concentration distribution, the respirator penetration distribution, and the infectious dose distribution, along with the breathing rate, duration of a respirator use period, and the number of use periods. the first meth ... | 2000 | 10914342 |
| intracellular calcium antagonist protects cultured peritoneal macrophages against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. | the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. using primary cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have demonstrated that intracellular calcium release inhibitors protect against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. the cytolytic effect of anthrax lethal toxin was markedly reduced by dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. pretreatment of macrophages with cyclosporin a, which has been shown to be a potent inhi ... | 2000 | 10917569 |
| anthrax toxin-mediated delivery of cholera toxin-a subunit into the cytosol of mammalian cells. | the protective antigen (pa) component of anthrax toxin mediates delivery of either lethal factor (lf) or oedema factor into the cytosol of mammalian cells. the n-terminal domain of lf(1-254) (amino acids 1-254 of lf) binds to pa and, when fused to heterologous proteins, delivers such proteins into the cytosol. in the present study, we fused the catalytic subunit of cholera toxin (ct-a) with lf(1-254) and showed that the fusion protein lf(1-254)-ct-a retains adp-ribosylation activity in solution ... | 2000 | 10918040 |
| [the effect of heterologous bacilli on the infectious process in anthrax in an experiment]. | the possibility of the survival of guinea pigs after the simultaneous administration of different doses of bacillus anthracis virulent strain 81/1 in combination with both b. anthracis vaccine strain sti and heterologous bacilli (b. subtilis strain pac) has been experimentally shown. on the basis of the results of these experiments suggestion has been made that the "survival phenomenon" is the process involving the lysosomal systems of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. | 2000 | 10925867 |
| an extended conformation of calmodulin induces interactions between the structural domains of adenylyl cyclase from bacillus anthracis to promote catalysis. | the edema factor exotoxin produced by bacillus anthracis is an adenylyl cyclase that is activated by calmodulin (cam) at resting state calcium concentrations in infected cells. a c-terminal 60-kda fragment corresponding to the catalytic domain of edema factor (ef3) was cloned, overexpressed in escherichia coli, and purified. the n-terminal 43-kda domain (ef3-n) of ef3, the sole domain of edema factor homologous to adenylyl cyclases from bordetella pertussis and pseudomonas aeruginosa, is highly ... | 2000 | 10926933 |
| anthrax vaccine: increasing intervals between the first two doses enhances antibody response in humans. | the influence of dosing interval on the human antibody response to anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava) was evaluated in two retrospective serological studies. in both studies, the interval between the first two doses was 2, 3 or 4 weeks. in the first study, banked sera were selected from 89 at-risk individuals at a mean time of 13 days after the second dose of vaccine. in the second study, banked sera were selected from 51 at-risk individuals at a mean time of 48 days following the first dose of ava. ... | 2000 | 10930675 |
| ostrich diseases. | scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. salmonella typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern africa. campylobacter jejuni and chlamydia psittaci are occ ... | 2000 | 10935285 |
| anthrax vaccination is based on medical evidence. | 2000 | 10937023 | |
| bioterrorism. dod retreats on plan for anthrax vaccine. | anthrax bacterium, once the deadly scourge of goat-hair workers, has become the bane of the u.s. defense establishment. without infecting a single soldier, it has created a logistical headache for the pentagon, as military contractors have fallen far short of supplying a vaccine that will protect all troops and be acceptable to health authorities. last week military officials were forced to beat a hasty retreat in their current efforts, raising the hackles of legislators who already had serious ... | 2000 | 10939944 |
| a pediatrician's view. skin manifestations of bioterrorism. | the physician must be in contact with the local public health infrastructure as soon as a potential biological agent is perceived as possible. most states are now setting up contingency plans and means to address these issues in a systematic way. this involves using local health departments, police departments, fire departments, national guard units, and federal agencies such as the cdc and the fbi. the key component, however, is actually identifying a biological agent in the community and then ... | 2000 | 10941763 |
| anthrax: clinical features, pathogenesis, and potential biological warfare threat. | 2000 | 10943532 | |
| characterization of the operon encoding the alternative sigma(b) factor from bacillus anthracis and its role in virulence. | the operon encoding the general stress transcription factor sigma(b) and two proteins of its regulatory network, rsbv and rsbw, was cloned from the gram-positive bacterium bacillus anthracis by pcr amplification of chromosomal dna with degenerate primers, by inverse pcr, and by direct cloning. the gene cluster was very similar to the bacillus subtilis sigb operon both in the primary sequences of the gene products and in the order of its three genes. however, the deduced products of sequences ups ... | 2000 | 10960085 |
| bacterial slh domain proteins are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via a conserved mechanism involving wall polysaccharide pyruvylation. | several bacterial proteins are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via an s-layer homology (slh) domain. previous studies have suggested that this cell surface display mechanism involves a non-covalent interaction between the slh domain and peptidoglycan-associated polymers. here we report the characterization of a two-gene operon, csaab, for cell surface anchoring, in bacillus anthracis. its distal open reading frame (csab) is required for the retention of slh-containing proteins on the ... | 2000 | 10970841 |
| taking the terror out of bioterrorism: planning for a bioterrorist event from a local perspective. | there is a growing concern in the public health community over the potential for domestic biological and chemical acts of terrorism. these types of events do not respect city limits, county lines, or other geopolitical borders and pose a unique challenge for local health departments that have a critical role in detecting, preparing for, and responding to such events. because direct support for most public health service, including bioterrorism preparedness, occurs primarily at the local level, t ... | 2000 | 10977608 |
| bioterrorism threats: learning from inappropriate responses. | between april 1997 and june 1999, some 200 mailed or telephoned bioterrorism threats were received at a variety of locations. usually claiming that anthrax had been released, the threats all proved to be hoaxes. in many instances, local emergency responders treated the more than 13,000 potential victims inappropriately, in particular requiring victims to strip and undergo decontamination with bleach solutions. narratives of several incidents indicated that many victims were distressed and embarr ... | 2000 | 10977619 |
| short of vaccine, the pentagon slows anthrax inoculations. | 2000 | 10981901 | |
| protective antigen-mediated antibody response against a heterologous protein produced in vivo by bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis secretes a lethal toxin composed of two proteins, the lethal factor (lf) and the protective antigen (pa), which interact within the host or in vitro at the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. immunization with attenuated b. anthracis strains induces an antibody response against pa and lf. the lf-specific response is potentiated by the binding of lf to pa. in this study, we investigated the capacity of pa to increase the antibody response against a foreign antigen. we constructed a c ... | 2000 | 10992478 |
| antibacterial activity of chaff vinegar and its practical application. | since enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157, salmonella, etc., sometimes contaminate animal feces and may cause infectious diseases to humans, it is important to remove pathogenic bacteria from domestic animal waste. for the purpose, we examined the antibacterial activity of chaff vinegar. we found that the chaff vinegar inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria immediately in vitro but not efficiently spores and lactic acid bacteria. further, it removes bacteria, especially enterobacteriace ... | 2000 | 10993188 |
| [inhalation anthrax]. | the use of bacillus anthracis as a biological weapon has the potential of causing considerable loss of human life compared to other pathogens. inhalational anthrax has a very high mortality and can be induced by spraying an aerosol of anthrax spores. research in recent years has increased our knowledge, especially of pathogenesis and treatment. a short review is presented here. | 2000 | 10994373 |
| the poison center role in biological and chemical terrorism. | nuclear, biological and chemical (nbc) terrorism countermeasures are a major priority with municipalities, healthcare providers, and the federal government. significant resources are being invested to enhance civilian domestic preparedness by conducting education at every response level in anticipation of a nbc terroristic incident. the key to a successful response, in addition to education, is integration of efforts as well as thorough communication and understanding the role that each agency w ... | 2000 | 11003124 |
| anthrax: of bison and bioterrorism. | 2000 | 11006776 |