Publications

etiologic diagnosis of 204 pericardial effusions.	the etiologic evaluation of pericardial effusion is frequently unsuccessful when noninvasive methods are used. to determine the cause of the current episode, all patients with echographically identified pericardial effusion from may 1998 to december 2002 underwent noninvasive diagnostic testing of blood, throat, and stool samples. patients with postpericardiotomy syndrome were excluded. to analyze the value of our tests, we tested randomly selected blood donors as negative controls. among 204 in ...	2003	14663288
peritoneal infection in acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis.	a prospective study was done to evaluate the incidence and microbiological trend of peritoneal infection in patients undergoing acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (pd). complete sterile procedure was ensured and at the completion of the procedure pd fluid was sent for bacteriological culture, sensitivity, and total and differential cell count. during the period september 2000 to february 2001 a total of 100 patients were evaluated. male female ratio was 72:28. mean age was 43.17 +/- 17.2 yea ...	2003	14669856
[comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2001). i. susceptibility distribution].	the bacterial strains isolated from patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (utis) in 10 institutions in japan were supplied between the period of september and december 2001. then, the susceptibilities of them to a variety of antimicrobial agents were investigated. the number of them were 496 strains. the breakdown of these strains was gram-positive bacteria as 29.6% and gram-negative bacteria as 70.4%. susceptibilities of these bacteria to antimicrobial agents were as follows; ag ...	2003	14692378
[post-marketing surveillance of antibacterial activities of cefozopran against various clinical isolates--ii. gram-negative bacteria].	as a post-marketing surveillance, the in vitro antibacterial activities of cefozopran (czop), an agent of cephems, against various clinical isolates were yearly evaluated and compared with those of other cephems, oxacephems, carbapenems, monobactams, and penicillins. changes in czop susceptibility among bacteria were also evaluated with the bacterial resistance ratio calculated from the breakpoint mic. twenty-five species (4,154 strains) of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the clinical ...	2003	14692381
growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the ctx-m enzymes.		2004	14693512
in vitro activities of the novel cephalosporin lb 11058 against multidrug-resistant staphylococci and streptococci.	lb 11058 is a novel parenteral cephalosporin with a c-3 pyrimidinyl-substituted vinyl sulfide group and a c-7 2-amino-5-chloro-1,3-thiazole group. this study evaluated the in vitro activity and spectrum of lb 11058 against 1,245 recent clinical isolates, including a subset of gram-positive strains with specific resistant phenotypes. lb 11058 was very active against streptococcus pneumoniae. the novel cephalosporin was 8- to 16-fold more potent than ceftriaxone, cefepime, or amoxicillin-clavulana ...	2004	14693518
constitutive expression of a chromosomal class a (bjm group 2) beta-lactamase in xanthomonas campestris.	sequencing of the upstream region of the beta-lactamase gene from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 11 (bla(xcc-1)) revealed the cognate ampr1 gene (289 amino acids, 31 kda). it runs divergently from bla(xcc-1) with a 100-bp intergenic region (ig) containing partially overlapped promoters with structural features typical of the bla-ampr ig. the deduced ampr1 protein shows significant identity in amino acid sequence and conserved motifs with ampr proteins of other species, e.g., of pseudomona ...	2004	14693541
rapid and specific detection of salmonella spp. in animal feed samples by pcr after culture enrichment.	a pcr procedure has been developed for routine analysis of viable salmonella spp. in feed samples. the objective was to develop a simple pcr-compatible enrichment procedure to enable dna amplification without any sample pretreatment such as dna extraction or cell lysis. pcr inhibition by 14 different feed samples and natural background flora was circumvented by the use of the dna polymerase tth. this dna polymerase was found to exhibit a high level of resistance to pcr inhibitors present in thes ...	2004	14711627
identification and susceptibility testing of enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa by direct inoculation from positive bactec blood culture bottles into vitek 2.	inoculation of an automated system for rapid identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) directly from positive blood culture bottles will reduce the turnaround time of laboratory diagnosis of septicemic patients, which benefits clinical outcome and decreases patient costs. direct test results, however, must always be confirmed by testing a pure overnight culture, which is the "gold standard." we studied the accuracy of direct testing versus repeat testing in order to inve ...	2004	14715724
utility of nccls guidelines for identifying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-escherichia coli and non-klebsiella spp. of enterobacteriaceae.	nccls screening and confirmation methods for detecting extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) apply only to escherichia coli and klebsiella spp., yet esbls have been found in other members of the family enterobacteriaceae. we evaluated the effectiveness of nccls methods for detecting esbls in 690 gram-negative isolates of enterobacteriaceae that excluded e. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and klebsiella oxytoca. isolates were collected between january 1996 and june 1999 from 53 u.s. hospitals pa ...	2004	14715768
use of genome selected repeated sequences increases the sensitivity of pcr detection of tropheryma whipplei.	the availability of the tropheryma whipplei genome offers the putative possibility of choosing logical dna targets. we applied a pcr assay (targeting repeated sequences of t. whipplei) to samples from patients with whipple's disease and to those from members of a control group. when compared to the results seen with regular pcr, the sensitivity of repeat pcr was significantly enhanced (p = 0.02) without alteration of its specificity.	2004	14715790
utilization of aminoaromatic acids by a methanogenic enrichment culture and by a novel citrobacter freundii strain.	following incubation of mesophilic methanogenic floccular sludge from a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor used to treat cattle manure wastewater, a stable 5-aminosalicylate-degrading enrichment culture was obtained. subsequently, a citrobacter freundii strain, wa1, was isolated from the 5-aminosalicylate-degrading methanogenic consortium. the methanogenic enrichment culture degraded 5-aminosalicylate completely to ch4, co2 and nh4+, while c. freundii strain wa1 reduced 5-aminosalicyl ...	2004	14716473
genetic analysis and complete primary structure of microcin l.	escherichia coli lr05, in addition to producing mccb17, j25, and d93, secretes microcin l, a newly discovered microcin that exhibits strong antibacterial activity against related enterobacteriaceae, including salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. microcin l was purified using a two-step procedure including solid-phase extraction and reverse-phase c(18) high-performance liquid chromatography. a 4,901-bp region of the dna plasmid of e. coli lr05 was sequenced revealing that the ...	2004	14742202
emergence in klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates of the vim-4 metallo-beta-lactamase encoded by a conjugative plasmid.	resistance to carbapenems is an emerging problem among gram-negative hospital pathogens. a transferable plasmid encoding the vim-4 metallo-beta-lactamase was detected in isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter cloacae obtained from a single patient under carbapenem therapy. thus, enterobacteria appear to increasingly contribute to the spread of vim-type enzymes.	2004	14742229
occurrence & detection of ampc beta-lactamases at a referral hospital in karnataka.	ampc beta-lactamases confer resistance to a wide variety of beta-lactam drugs except for cefepime, cefpirome and carbapenems. they are known to be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks, therapeutic failures and multidrug resistance. although reported with increasing frequency the true rate of occurrence of these beta-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae is not known. hence the present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of ampc enzymes among clinical isolates.	2003	14748463
lead precipitation by vibrio harveyi: evidence for novel quorum-sensing interactions.	three pleiotropic, quorum sensing-defective vibrio harveyi mutants were observed to precipitate soluble pb2+ as an insoluble compound. the compound was purified and subjected to x-ray diffraction and elemental analyses. these assays identified the precipitated compound as pb9(po4)6, an unusual and complex lead phosphate salt that is produced synthetically at temperatures of ca. 200 degrees c. regulation of the precipitation phenotype was also examined. introduction of a luxo::kan allele into one ...	2004	14766565
improved laboratory enrichment for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli by exposure to extremely acidic conditions.	analysis of food samples for e. coli o157:h7 using the standard u.s. food and drug administration procedure is frequently complicated by overgrowth of nontarget microorganisms. a new procedure was developed for enrichment of enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) which utilizes exposure to ph 2.00 for 2 h. this procedure yielded larger populations of ehec than the standard method by factors ranging from 2.7 to 7.7 and, when age-stressed cultures were used, by factors ranging from 2.7 to 11.5. cultures ...	2004	14766610
[fabrication of antigens by ultrasonics; streptococcus antigen c and vi-antigen of salmonella ballerup].		1952	14942463
oral bacterial flora of dogs with and without rabies: a preliminary study in thailand.	the authors studied the bacterial flora of the dog oral cavity and of bite wounds, aerobic bacteria were isolated from mouth swabs of 16 normal and 5 rabid dogs as well as from infected dog-bite wounds from 18 patients. a total of 20 different microbial species were recovered from mouth swab cultures. the most frequently isolated organisms were klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a ...	2003	14971525
procalcitonin as a marker of bacterial infection in the emergency department: an observational study.	procalcitonin (pct) has been proposed as a marker of infection in critically ill patients; its level is related to the severity of infection. we evaluated the value of pct as a marker of bacterial infection for emergency department patients.	2003	14975050
procalcitonin as a marker of bacterial infection in the emergency department: an observational study.	procalcitonin (pct) has been proposed as a marker of infection in critically ill patients; its level is related to the severity of infection. we evaluated the value of pct as a marker of bacterial infection for emergency department patients.	2003	14975050
invasion of porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells by streptococcus suis serotype 2.	streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen that mainly causes meningitis and occasionally causes other infections, such as endocarditis, arthritis, and pneumonia. the pathogenesis of s. suis infection has not been completely defined. however, in order to cause meningitis, s. suis has to cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb) made up of brain microvascular endothelial cells. the objective of this work was to study the interactions of s. suis serotype 2 with porcine brain microvascular endothe ...	2004	14977949
resistance to cefepime and cefpirome due to a 4-amino-acid deletion in the chromosome-encoded ampc beta-lactamase of a serratia marcescens clinical isolate.	a multiresistant serratia marcescens strain, hd, isolated from a patient with a urinary tract infection, was resistant to amino-, carboxy-, and ureidopenicillins, ceftazidime, and cefepime and was susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, according to the guidelines of the nccls. no synergy was found between expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and clavulanic acid, according to the double-disk synergy test. the bla(ampc) gene of the strain was amplified by pcr and cloned into escherichia coli dh10b ...	2004	14982755
in vitro activities of moxifloxacin against 900 aerobic and anaerobic surgical isolates from patients with intra-abdominal and diabetic foot infections.	the in vitro activities of moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 900 surgical isolates were determined using nccls testing methods. moxifloxacin exhibited good to excellent antimicrobial activity against most aerobic (90.8%) and anaerobic (97.1%) microorganisms, suggesting that it may be effective for the treatment of polymicrobial surgical infections.	2004	14982797
microarray-based identification of bacteria in clinical samples by solid-phase pcr amplification of 23s ribosomal dna sequences.	the rapid identification of the bacteria in clinical samples is important for patient management and antimicrobial therapy. we describe a dna microarray-based pcr approach for the quick detection and identification of bacteria from cervical swab specimens from mares. this on-chip pcr method combines the amplification of a variable region of bacterial 23s ribosomal dna and the simultaneous sequence-specific detection on a solid phase. the solid phase contains bacterial species-specific primers co ...	2004	15004052
computer-assisted surveillance for detecting clonal outbreaks of nosocomial infection.	whole-house surveillance for healthcare-associated infection is no longer the recommended practice because of the large personnel time investment required. we developed a computer-based tracking system using microbiologic data as an aid in detecting potential outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections on a hospital-wide basis. monthly total isolates of 25 clinically significant hospital pathogens were tallied from 1991 to 1998 to form a database for future comparison. two different algorithm ...	2004	15004070
quantitative detection of listeria monocytogenes and listeria innocua by real-time pcr: assessment of hly, iap, and lin02483 targets and amplifluor technology.	we developed and assessed real-time pcr (rti-pcr) assays for the detection and quantification of the food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes and the closely related nonpathogenic species l. innocua. the target genes were hly and iap for l. monocytogenes and lin02483 for l. innocua. the assays were 100% specific, as determined with 100 listeria strains and 45 non-listeria strains, and highly sensitive, with detection limits of one target molecule in 11 to 56% of the reactions with purified dna ...	2004	15006755
detection of escherichia coli serogroups o26 and o113 by pcr amplification of the wzx and wzy genes.	pcr-based assays for detecting enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli serogroups o26 and o113 were developed by targeting the wzx (o-antigen flippase) and the wzy (o-antigen polymerase) genes found in the o-antigen gene cluster of each organism. the pcr assays were specific for the respective serogroups, as there was no amplification of dna from non-o26 and non-o113 e. coli serogroups or from other bacterial genera tested. using the pcr assays, we were able to detect the organisms in seeded apple ju ...	2004	15006811
analysis of ampc beta-lactamase expression and sequence in biochemically atypical ceftazidime-resistant enterobacteriaceae from paediatric patients.	to analyse the variation of ampc beta-lactamase gene sequence and expression in biochemically atypical enterobacteriaceae isolates, and to identify them definitively.	2004	15014062
[characteristics of bacteria isolated from body surface of german cockroaches caught in hospitals].	the objective of the study was to identify bacterial flora from external parts of german cockroaches caught in hospitals. the susceptibility of the bacteria to the most important groups of antimicrobial agents was also examined. 80 strains of bacteria were isolated, among them 34 strains of gram-positive cocci and 31 strains of gram-negative rods. one of isolated strains of citrobacter freundii and two strains of serratia liquefaciens showed esbl mechanism of resistance and extended level of amp ...	2003	15029841
[nosocomial infections in a general surgical ward].	according to the national nosocomial infection surveillance system we analysed the post-surgical nosocomial infections in a surgery ward of perugia university. between may 2000 and april 2001, 677 patients were enrolled mean age 51.5 years: 355 (52%) male, 462 (68%) asa score 1, "clean" surgery in 355 cases (52%), cephazolin prophylaxis in 256 (38%); 11 (2%) patients deceased perioperatively. a total of 37 nosocomial infections, in 33 patients, were detected: 18 pneumonia (48.6%), 10 surgical si ...	2004	15032335
an abundance of escherichia coli is harbored by the mucosa-associated bacterial flora of interleukin-2-deficient mice.	mice deficient in interleukin-2 are well suited for use as an animal model for inflammatory bowel disease. raised under specific-pathogen-free conditions, interleukin-2-deficient mice develop an inflammatory bowel disease resembling ulcerative colitis in humans. the finding that colitis was attenuated when the mice were kept under germfree conditions implies that the resident intestinal flora is involved in the pathogenesis of colitis. the present study addresses the composition of the mucosa-as ...	2004	15039318
tyrosine phenol-lyase and tryptophan indole-lyase encapsulated in wet nanoporous silica gels: selective stabilization of tertiary conformations.	the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes tyrosine phenol-lyase and tryptophan indole-lyase were encapsulated in wet nanoporous silica gels, a powerful method to selectively stabilize tertiary and quaternary protein conformations and to develop bioreactors and biosensors. a comparison of the enzyme reactivity in silica gels and in solution was carried out by determining equilibrium and kinetic parameters, exploiting the distinct spectral properties of catalytic intermediates and reaction prod ...	2004	15044726
dna based classification of food associated enterobacteriaceae previously identified by biolog gn microplates.	enterobacteriaceae are frequently isolated from food products and it is essential to have methods for correct identification for both food hygiene and epidemiology reasons. phenotypic methods are not always sufficient and have to be supplemented by dna based methods. in the present study, 70 strains of enterobacteriaceae derived from milk, fish and meat that had previously been identified by biolog gn microplates were genomically classified together with 15 representative type strains of species ...	2004	15046311
cfe-1, a novel plasmid-encoded ampc beta-lactamase with an ampr gene originating from citrobacter freundii.	a clinical isolate of escherichia coli from a patient in japan, isolate ku6400, was found to produce a plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase that conferred resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins. resistance arising from production of a beta-lactamase could be transferred by either conjugation or transformation with plasmid pku601 into e. coli ml4947. the substrate and inhibition profiles of this enzyme resembled those of the ampc beta-lactamase. the resistance gene of pku601, wh ...	2004	15047515
dissemination of ctx-m-type beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae in paris, france.	we analyzed 19 clinical isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae (16 escherichia coli isolates and 3 klebsiella pneumoniae isolates) collected from four different hospitals in paris, france, from 2000 to 2002. these strains had a particular extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance profile characterized by a higher level of resistance to cefotaxime and aztreonam than to ceftazidime. the bla(ctx-m) genes encoding these beta-lactamases were involved in this resistance, with a predominance of bla ...	2004	15047527
comparative activities of doripenem versus isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp. with characterized beta-lactamases.	doripenem (s-4661), a new parenteral carbapenem, was tested against over 250 clinical isolates, mutants, and transconjugants of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter spp., selected or derived for their beta-lactamase expression characteristics. imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem were tested as comparators, along with cephalosporins and piperacillin-tazobactam, by using national committee for clinical laboratory standards agar dilution methodology. doripenem mics were from 0.03 to 0.25 microg/ml f ...	2004	15047535
in vitro antimicrobial activity of doripenem, a new carbapenem.	the doripenem mics at which 90% of the tested strains were inhibited ranged from 0.03 to 1 microg/ml for 10 species of enterobacteriaceae (n = 351), from 0.03 to 0.12 microg/ml for oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci (n = 119), from 4 to 32 microg/ml for oxacillin-resistant staphylococci (n = 64), from < or =0.008 to 0.06 microg/ml for penicillin-susceptible streptococci (n = 132), and from 1 to 4 microg/ml for penicillin-resistant streptococci (n = 51). overall, doripenem demonstrated in vitro ...	2004	15047550
sanitary and bacteriological aspects of sewage treatment.	a study into the removal of contamination load and indicator bacteria was carried out in 1992-1996 in the mechanical, biological and chemical waste-water treatment plant wtp in lezany, in the county of reszel, in the province of warmia and mazury in poland. the results of chemical analyses found a high efficiency of removal of carbon compounds, cod (90%) and bod (98%), in the process of purification of household sewage. in addition, a high effectiveness of total nitrogen, on average 71%, and uns ...	2003	15058814
structured representation of the pharmacodynamics section of the summary of product characteristics for antibiotics: application for automated extraction and visualization of their antimicrobial activity spectra.	the aim of this study was to construct automatically a knowledge base concerning the pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics and a visualization tool.	2004	15064283
use of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system for direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative rods from positive blood cultures in a three-phase trial.	the present study describes the use of the automated bactec 9240 blood culture system, the serum separator tube (sst), and the bd phoenix automated microbiology system in combination for the direct identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of gram-negative rods (gnrs) from positive blood cultures (bcs) without subculture. the study was conducted in three phases: (i) the recovery yield of escherichia coli atcc 25922 was determined with the sst between 0 and 8 h after spiked bc ...	2004	15070990
evaluation of the automated phoenix system for potential routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory.	a comparative study was designed to evaluate the identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) performances of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system (becton dickinson diagnostic systems [bd], pont de claix, france). a total of 305 single clinical isolates were collected, and comparisons were made with routine manual methods in use in our microbiology laboratories. the percentages of correct ids were 93.3, 89.4, 91.8, and 85.7% for enterobacteria, nonfermenting gram-ne ...	2004	15071001
development of a multiplex pcr technique for detection and epidemiological typing of salmonella in human clinical samples.	we have developed a multiplex pcr assay for salmonella detection and epidemiological typing. six sets of primers were designed to detect the major salmonella serotypes and phage types in spain. an internal amplification control was designed in order to detect pcr inhibition. the different amplification profiles obtained allowed us to detect salmonella bacteria and to distinguish the clinically prevalent salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis, typhimurium and subspecies i serotype 4,5,12:i:-. ...	2004	15071035
nonpseudomonal ecthyma gangrenosum.	ecthyma gangrenosum is a cutaneous infection associated most commonly with pseudomonal sepsis in the patient who is immunocompromised. we describe an 8-month-old girl with acute myelocytic leukemia who developed perineal ecthyma gangrenosum caused by citrobacter freundii, a gram-negative pathogen that has been rarely associated with cutaneous disease. we also review the literature to categorize the range of pseudomonal and nonpseudomonal pathogens associated with ecthyma gangrenosum.	2004	15097944
vertical transmission of citrobacter freundii.		2004	15102740
precise excision of the large pathogenicity island, spi7, in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.	the large pathogenicity island (spi7) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi is a 133,477-bp segment of dna flanked by two 52-bp direct repeats overlapping the pheu (phenylalanyl-trna) gene, contains 151 potential open reading frames, and includes the viab operon involved in the synthesis of vi antigen. some clinical isolates of s. enterica serovar typhi are missing the entire spi7, due to its precise excision; these strains have lost the ability to produce vi antigen, are resistant to phage vi-ii ...	2004	15126483
salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains from which spi7, a 134-kilobase island with genes for vi exopolysaccharide and other functions, has been deleted.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi has a 134-kb island of dna identified as salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (spi7), inserted between pheu and 'pheu (truncated), two genes for trna(phe). spi7 has genes for vi exopolysaccharide, for type ivb pili, for putative conjugal transfer, and for sope bacteriophage. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis following digestion with the endonuclease i-ceui, using dna from a set of 120 wild-type strains of serovar typhi assembled from several sources, identified eigh ...	2004	15126484
new real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus directly from specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci.	molecular methods for the rapid identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) are generally based on the detection of an s. aureus-specific gene target and the meca gene. however, such methods cannot be applied for the direct detection of mrsa from nonsterile specimens such as nasal samples without the previous isolation, capture, or enrichment of mrsa because these samples often contain both coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) and s. aureus, either of which can carry ...	2004	15131143
use of beta-lactamase inhibitors in disk tests to detect plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamases.	seeking a simple disk test for detection of organisms producing plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamases, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of the beta-lactamase inhibitors 48-1220 (ro 48-1220) and ln-2-128. using nccls disk methodology, inhibition zone diameters were determined for five beta-lactam antibiotics tested alone and in combination with 20 microg of either 48-1220 or ln-2-128. using an increase of > or =4 mm in zone diameter in the presence of an inhibitor as a positive test, cefotetan ...	2004	15131189
validated 5' nuclease pcr assay for rapid identification of the genus brucella.	a real-time, genus-specific 5' nuclease pcr assay for amplification of a 322-bp fragment of the per gene was developed for rapid (<2 h) identification of brucella spp. from agar plates. the assay, including an internal amplification control (116 bp), identified brucella strains (n = 23) and did not detect non-brucella strains (n = 174), indicating its usefulness, particularly for laboratories with stringent quality assurance programs.	2004	15131207
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients in the united states in 2002.	bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. antimicrobial susceptibility patterns should guide the choice of empiric antimicrobial regimens for patients with bacteremia.	2004	15134581
comparison of the double-disk, combined disk, and etest methods for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in gram-negative bacilli.	three phenotypic methods for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases (mbls) in gram-negative bacilli were tested on 60 mbl producers and 155 mbl nonproducers. the 2-mercaptopropionic acid double-disk potentiation method using ceftazidime and cefepime with and without clavulanate was found to be most sensitive (100%). the combined disk method depends on comparing the zones given by disks containing a beta-lactam with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. various drug combinations were tested, an ...	2004	15135493
plasmid-encoded functions compensate for the biological cost of ampc overexpression in a clinical isolate of salmonella typhimurium.	in a previous study with a salmonella typhimurium strain containing cloned ampc-ampr from enterobacter cloacae, it was suggested that ampc expression must be kept at low levels by ampr to maintain normal growth and virulent phenotype. the purpose of this study was to determine whether findings obtained with a laboratory model can be extended to a virulent clinical isolate of s. typhimurium expressing the plasmid-encoded bla(cmy-7).	2004	15140855
antimicrobial activities of garenoxacin (bms 284756) against asia-pacific region clinical isolates from the sentry program, 1999 to 2001.	between 1999 and 2001, 16,731 isolates from the asia-pacific region were tested in the sentry program for susceptibility to six fluoroquinolones including garenoxacin. garenoxacin was four- to eightfold less active against enterobacteriaceae than ciprofloxacin, although both drugs inhibited similar percentages at 1 microg/ml. garenoxacin was more active against gram-positive species than all other fluoroquinolones except gemifloxacin. for staphylococcus aureus, oxacillin resistance was high in m ...	2004	15155198
genetic environments of the rmta gene in pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.	nine pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showing very high levels of resistance to various aminoglycosides have been isolated from clinical specimens in seven separate japanese hospitals in five prefectures since 1997. these strains harbor the newly identified 16s rrna methylase gene (rmta). when an rmta gene probe was hybridized with genomic dnas of the nine strains digested with ecori, two distinct patterns were observed. the 11.1- and 15.8-kb regions containing the rmta genes of strains ar-2 and a ...	2004	15155201
clearance of citrobacter rodentium requires b cells but not secretory immunoglobulin a (iga) or igm antibodies.	citrobacter rodentium, a murine model pathogen for human enteropathogenic escherichia coli, predominantly colonizes the lumen and mucosal surface of the colon and cecum and causes crypt hyperplasia and mucosal inflammation. mice infected with c. rodentium develop a secretory immunoglobulin a (iga) response, but the role of b cells or secretory antibodies in host defense is unknown. to address this question, we conducted oral c. rodentium infections in mice lacking b cells, iga, secreted igm, pol ...	2004	15155635
the serine protease motif of espc from enteropathogenic escherichia coli produces epithelial damage by a mechanism different from that of pet toxin from enteroaggregative e. coli.	espc (escherichia coli secreted protein c) of enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) shows the three classical domains of the autotransporter proteins and has a conserved serine protease motif belonging to the spate (serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae) subfamily. espc and its homolog pet in enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) bear the same sequence within the serine protease motif, and both proteins produce enterotoxic effects, suggesting that like pet, espc could be internalized to re ...	2004	15155671
isolation and characterization of citrobacter strain hpc255 for broad-range substrate specificity for chlorophenols.	this study aims at development of an approach for selection of strain, which has capability for oxidation of broad-range of chloro-substitute phenols. a multiplex pcr was optimized targeting loci involved in phenol and chlorophenol degradation, which was used to select activated sludge samples and also to assess the degradative genotype of isolates. the isolated strains were screened on the basis of rapd analysis. in parallel, physiological experiments were carried out with activated sludge samp ...	2004	15170236
[bact-alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. first argentine multicentre study].	bact-alert automatized system for blood cultures: 5 vs 7 days of incubation. first argentine multicentre study. between january and december 2001, we analyzed 80,141 blood cultures by the bact-alert system (14,960 fan aerobics, 3,855 fan anaerobic, 11,114 standards aerobics, 11,367 standards anaerobic, 12,054 pediatrics and 26,791 fan pediatrics bottles) and 44.235 series from 27.615 patients at eight hospitals of buenos aires city, one of la plata city and three of the buenos aires province. a ...	2004	15174746
evolutionary relationships of primary prokaryotic endosymbionts of whiteflies and their hosts.	whiteflies (hemiptera: sternorrhyncha: aleyrodidae) are plant sap-sucking insects that harbor prokaryotic primary endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) within specialized cells located in their body cavity. four-kilobase dna fragments containing 16s-23s ribosomal dna (rdna) were amplified from the p-endosymbiont of 24 whiteflies from 22 different species of 2 whitefly subfamilies. in addition, 3-kb dna fragments containing mitochondrial cytb, nd1, and large-subunit rdna (lrdna) were amplified from 17 ...	2004	15184137
comparison of the roche lightcycler vana/vanb detection assay and culture for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from perianal swabs.	we compared the performance characteristics of a real-time pcr method, the lightcycler vana/vanb detection assay (roche diagnostics corporation, indianapolis, ind.) to that of enterococcosel agar (bbl, sparks, md.) for direct detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) from 894 perianal stool swabs. for 421 of 894 swabs, the result for lightcycler pcr was compared to an enterococcosel plate containing vancomycin at 6 microg/ml; for the remaining 473 swabs, the result for lightcycler pcr ...	2004	15184445
antimicrobial resistance in commensal flora of pig farmers.	we assessed the quantitative contribution of pig farming to antimicrobial resistance in the commensal flora of pig farmers by comparing 113 healthy pig farmers from the major french porcine production areas to 113 nonfarmers, each matched for sex, age, and county of residence. all reported that they had not taken antiimicrobial agents within the previous month. throat, nasal, and fecal swabs were screened for resistant microorganisms on agar containing selected antimicrobial agents. nasopharynge ...	2004	15200822
panel of bacillus subtilis reporter strains indicative of various modes of action.	in a recent project, we collected the transcriptional profiles of bacillus subtilis 168 after treatment with a large set of diverse antibacterial agents. one result of the data analysis was the identification of marker genes that are indicative of certain compounds or compound classes. we cloned these promoter regions in front of a luciferase reporter gene and reintroduced the constructs individually into the b. subtilis chromosome. strains were analyzed for their responsiveness after treatment ...	2004	15215113
inhibitor-sensitive ampc beta-lactamase variant produced by an escherichia coli clinical isolate resistant to oxyiminocephalosporins and cephamycins.	escherichia coli hky28, a ceftazidime-resistant strain isolated from a urine specimen in japan, produced an inhibitor-sensitive ampc beta-lactamase variant. the deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme contained a number of substitutions and a tripeptide deletion (gly286-ser287-asp288) compared with the sequence of native ampc of e. coli. when the deletion was reverted by a 9-base insertion at the relevant site of ampc in the clone, the typical inhibitor-resistant phenotype of ampc was restored ...	2004	15215122
in vitro and bactericidal activities of abt-492, a novel fluoroquinolone, against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.	in vitro activities of abt-492, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and gemifloxacin were compared. abt-492 was more potent against quinolone-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive organisms, had activity similar to that of ciprofloxacin against certain members of the family enterobacteriaceae, and had comparable activity against quinolone-susceptible, nonfermentative, gram-negative organisms. bactericidal activity of abt-492 was also evaluated.	2004	15215148
endocarditis due to citrobacter freundii.	the etiologic association of acute bacterial endocarditis with the citrobacter species has been rare, although it is one of the opportunistic organisms that afflicts the elderly, neonates, the debilitated and immunocompromised. we report a case of endocarditis due to citrobacter freundii.	1984	15227087
kirby-bauer disc approximation to detect inducible third-generation cephalosporin resistance in enterobacteriaceae.	resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in enteric gram-negative bacilli may be difficult to detect using standard methods of either kirby-bauer disc diffusion (kbdd) or broth dilution for minimal inhibitory concentration (mic). this difficulty is due to genetic differences in resistance determinants, differences in levels of gene expression, and variation in spectra of enzymatic activity against the substrate beta-lactams used for susceptibility testing. we have examined 95 clinical isolates repo ...	2004	15256000
phase and antigenic variation in bacteria.	phase and antigenic variation result in a heterogenic phenotype of a clonal bacterial population, in which individual cells either express the phase-variable protein(s) or not, or express one of multiple antigenic forms of the protein, respectively. this form of regulation has been identified mainly, but by no means exclusively, for a wide variety of surface structures in animal pathogens and is implicated as a virulence strategy. this review provides an overview of the many bacterial proteins a ...	2004	15258095
discovery and characterization of sialic acid o-acetylation in group b streptococcus.	group b streptococcus (gbs) is the leading cause of human neonatal sepsis and meningitis. the gbs capsular polysaccharide is a major virulence factor and the active principle of vaccines in phase ii trials. all gbs capsules have a terminal alpha 2-3-linked sialic acid [n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac)], which interferes with complement-mediated killing. we show here that some of the neu5ac residues of the gbs type iii capsule are o-acetylated at carbon position 7, 8, or 9, a major modification e ...	2004	15263085
multienzyme system for dihydroxyacetone phosphate-dependent aldolase catalyzed c-c bond formation from dihydroxyacetone.	a multienzyme system composed by recombinant dihydroxyacetone kinase from citrobacter freundii, fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase and acetate kinase, allows a practical one-pot c-c bond formation catalysed by dihydroxyacetone phosphate-dependent aldolases from dihydroxyacetone and an aldehyde.	2004	15263954
an improved pcr primer pair based on 16s rdna for the specific detection of salmonella serovars in food samples.	salmonella serovars are some of the major bacterial pathogens that can cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of foodborne illness. based on the sequence data in the v3 region of the 16s rrna gene, two pcr primer pairs have been designed for the detection of all serovars of salmonella. however, none of these primers were specific for salmonella because complete sequence homology with certain non-salmonella strains has been found within each of them. thus, the specificities of these two primer pairs ...	2004	15270483
in vitro activities of me1036 (cp5609), a novel parenteral carbapenem, against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	me1036, formerly cp5609, is a novel parenteral carbapenem with a 7-acylated imidazo[5,1-b]thiazole-2-yl group directly attached to the carbapenem moiety of the c-2 position. the present study evaluated the in vitro activities of me1036 against clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. me1036 displayed broad activity against aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. unlike other marketed beta-lactam antibiotics, me1036 maintained excellent activity against multiple-dr ...	2004	15273088
dna sequence analysis of regions surrounding blacmy-2 from multiple salmonella plasmid backbones.	the emergence in the united states of resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (e.g., ceftriaxone) within the salmonellae has been associated primarily with three large (>100-kb) plasmids (designated types a, b, and c) and one 10.1-kb plasmid (type d) that carry the blacmy-2 gene. in the present study, the distribution of these four known blacmy-2-carrying plasmids among 35 ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella isolates obtained from 1998 to 2001 was examined. twenty-three of these isolates were ...	2004	15273090
cmy-13, a novel inducible cephalosporinase encoded by an escherichia coli plasmid.	an incn plasmid (p541) from escherichia coli carried a citrobacter freundii-derived sequence of 4,252 bp which included an ampc-ampr region and was bound by two directly repeated is26 elements. ampc encoded a novel cephalosporinase (cmy-13) with activity similar to that of cmy-2. ampr was likely functional as indicated in induction experiments.	2004	15273143
three cases of post-traumatic endophthalmitis caused by unusual bacteria.	three cases of post-traumatic endophthalmitis caused by unusual bacteria are presented. the pathogens identified were: (i) bacillus cereus and citrobacter freundii; (ii) pseudomonas fluorescens; and (iii) chryseobacterium meningosepticum and stenotrophomonas maltophilia. two of these pathogens have not previously been reported to cause endophthalmitis. the available literature regarding the individual cases is summarized and a brief discussion of post-traumatic endophthalmitis is presented, with ...	2004	15281988
culture-independent analysis of fecal enterobacteria in environmental samples by single-cell mrna profiling.	a culture-independent method called mrna profiling has been developed for the analysis of fecal enterobacteria and their physiological status in environmental samples. this taxon-specific approach determines the single-cell content of selected gene transcripts whose abundance is either directly or inversely proportional to growth state. fluorescence in situ hybridization using fluorochrome-labeled oligonucleotide probes was used to measure the cellular concentration of fis and dps mrna. relative ...	2004	15294770
predominance and genetic diversity of community- and hospital-acquired ctx-m extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in york, uk.	this study was conducted to detect the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae within the faecal flora of both community- and hospital-based patients in york and to characterize the bla(tem), bla(shv) and bla(ctx-m) genes present in these isolates.	2004	15294889
use of tuf sequences for genus-specific pcr detection and phylogenetic analysis of 28 streptococcal species.	a 761-bp portion of the tuf gene (encoding the elongation factor tu) from 28 clinically relevant streptococcal species was obtained by sequencing amplicons generated using broad-range pcr primers. these tuf sequences were used to select streptococcus-specific pcr primers and to perform phylogenetic analysis. the specificity of the pcr assay was verified using 102 different bacterial species, including the 28 streptococcal species. genomic dna purified from all streptococcal species was efficient ...	2004	15297518
use of positive blood cultures for direct identification and susceptibility testing with the vitek 2 system.	in order to further decrease the time lapse between initial inoculation of blood culture media and the reporting of results of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests for microorganisms causing bacteremia, we performed a prospective study in which specially processed fluid from positive blood culture bottles from bactec 9240 (becton dickinson, cockeysville, md.) containing aerobic media were directly inoculated into vitek 2 system cards (bio-mérieux, france). organism identificatio ...	2004	15297523
identification of escherichia coli o114 o-antigen gene cluster and development of an o114 serogroup-specific pcr assay.	screening for the escherichia coli o serotype is the traditional test for identification of e. coli clones. the o-antigen gene cluster of the e. coli o114 type strain was sequenced, and 12 open reading frames were assigned functions on the basis of homology. by screening against all 186 e. coli and shigella o serotypes, five genes specific to e. coli o114 were identified. a pcr assay based on the o-antigen-specific genes was developed and tested on 41 clinical isolates of e. coli o114. the pcr a ...	2004	15297533
in vivo acquisition of high-level resistance to imipenem in escherichia coli.	four clonally related escherichia coli strains were isolated successively from bile duct of a girl suffering from sclerosing cholangitis. one of them, selected after an imipenem-containing regimen, was resistant to carbapenems and to broad-spectrum cephalosporins due to a plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase, cmy-2, and the lack of outer membrane proteins ompf and ompc.	2004	15297541
cryptococcal yeast cells invade the central nervous system via transcellular penetration of the blood-brain barrier.	cryptococcal meningoencephalitis develops as a result of hematogenous dissemination of inhaled cryptococcus neoformans from the lung to the brain. the mechanism(s) by which c. neoformans crosses the blood-brain barrier (bbb) is a key unresolved issue in cryptococcosis. we used both an in vivo mouse model and an in vitro model of the human bbb to investigate the cryptococcal association with and traversal of the bbb. exposure of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hbmec) to c. neoformans ...	2004	15321990
a salmonella fim homologue in citrobacter freundii mediates invasion in vitro and crossing of the blood-brain barrier in the rat pup model.	from the invasive citrobacter freundii strain 3009, an invasion determinant was cloned, sequenced, and expressed. sequence analysis of the determinant showed high homology with the fim determinant from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the genes of the invasion determinant directed invasion of recombinant escherichia coli k-12 strains into human epithelial cell lines of the bladder and gut as well as mannose-sensitive yeast agglutination and were termed fim(cf) genes. expression of the fi ...	2004	15322026
the mef(a) gene predominates among seven macrolide resistance genes identified in gram-negative strains representing 13 genera, isolated from healthy portuguese children.	of the 176 randomly selected, commensal, gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy children with low exposure to antibiotics, 138 (78%) carried one or more of the seven macrolide resistance genes tested in this study. these isolates included 79 (91%) isolates from the oral cavity and 59 (66%) isolates from urine samples. the mef(a) gene, coding for an efflux protein, was found in 73 isolates (41%) and was the most frequently carried gene. the mef(a) gene could be transferred from the donors i ...	2004	15328110
a small outbreak of third generation cephem-resistant citrobacter freundii infection on a surgical ward.		2004	15329453
molecular fingerprinting of dairy microbial ecosystems by use of temporal temperature and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.	numerous microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and molds, constitute the complex ecosystem present in milk and fermented dairy products. our aim was to describe the bacterial ecosystem of various cheeses that differ by production technology and therefore by their bacterial content. for this purpose, we developed a rapid, semisystematic approach based on genetic profiling by temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (ttge) for bacteria with low-g+c-content genomes and denaturing gradien ...	2004	15345452
raw cow milk bacterial population shifts attributable to refrigeration.	we monitored the dynamic changes in the bacterial population in milk associated with refrigeration. direct analyses of dna by using temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (ttge) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) allowed us to make accurate species assignments for bacteria with low-gc-content (low-gc%) (<55%) and medium- or high-gc% (>55%) genomes, respectively. we examined raw milk samples before and after 24-h conservation at 4 degrees c. bacterial identification was facilita ...	2004	15345453
single-cell microbiology: tools, technologies, and applications.	the field of microbiology has traditionally been concerned with and focused on studies at the population level. information on how cells respond to their environment, interact with each other, or undergo complex processes such as cellular differentiation or gene expression has been obtained mostly by inference from population-level data. individual microorganisms, even those in supposedly "clonal" populations, may differ widely from each other in terms of their genetic composition, physiology, b ...	2004	15353569
newer carbapenems for urinary tract infections.	four carbapenems have been available clinically in japan. these are imipenem/cilastatin (imip/cs) and panipenem/ betamipron (pani/bp) of the older compounds and newer carbapenems such as biapem (biap) and meropenem (mero). the latter compounds are relatively stable to dehydropeptidase-1 (dhp-1) and have been reported to have higher antimicrobial activities compared to the earlier carbapenems. the antimicrobial activity of these four carbapenems against fresh urinary isolates showed high activiti ...	2004	15364304
evaluation of the new vitek 2 card for identification of clinically relevant gram-negative rods.	the vitek 2 card for gram-negative bacteria (biomérieux,marcy-l'etoile, france) has been redesigned to improve the identification of fermenting and nonfermenting bacilli. forty-seven biochemical tests, including 19 enzymatic tests, are present in the new card and interpreted in a kinetic mode. final identification results are available within 10 h. the database allows the identification of 159 different taxa. six hundred fifty-five gram-negative rods (gnr; 511 fermenters and 144 nonfermenters), ...	2004	15364991
relationships of the escherichia coli o157, o111, and o55 o-antigen gene clusters with those of salmonella enterica and citrobacter freundii, which express identical o antigens.	escherichia coli o157, salmonella enterica o30, and citrobacter freundii f90 have identical o-antigen structures, as do e. coli o55 and s. enterica o50. the o-antigen gene cluster sequences for e. coli o157 and e. coli o55 have been published, and the genes necessary for o-antigen biosynthesis have been identified, although transferase genes for glycosidic linkages are only generic and have not been allocated to specific linkages. we determined sequences for s. enterica o30 and c. freundii f90 o ...	2004	15375135
[comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (2002). i. susceptibility distribution].	the bacterial strains isolated from 491 patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (utis) in 13 institutions in japan were supplied between august 2002 and july 2003. the susceptibilities of them to many kinds of antimicrobial agents were investigated. of them, 578 strains were estimated as causative bacteria and used for the investigation. the number of them was 578 strains consisting of 177 gram-positive bacterial strains (30.6%) and 401 gram-negative bacterial strains (69.4%). agai ...	2004	15376785
epidemiology and clinical features of bloodstream infections caused by ampc-type-beta-lactamase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae.	cases of bacteremia caused by ampc-type-beta-lactamase-producing klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were retrospectively studied to determine the epidemiologic features and clinical outcomes of bloodstream infections. among 389 blood isolates recovered from 1998 to 2002, 65 isolates (16.7%) were found to be extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) or ampc beta-lactamase producers. the beta-lactamases from 61 of the 65 isolates were characterized; 28 of 61 isolates produced ampc-type enzymes (14 isola ...	2004	15388426
antibody mapping of the linear epitopes of cmy-2 and shv-1 beta-lactamases.	knowledge of the amino acids that define recognition of anti-beta-lactamase antibodies is critical to the interpretation of sensitivity and specificity of these antibodies when they are used in a clinical or research setting. to this end, we mapped the epitopes of the cmy-2 and shv-1 beta-lactamases by using the spot synthesis method. eight linear epitopes in shv-1 and seven linear epitopes in cmy-2 were identified by using anti-shv-1 and anti-cmy-2 polyclonal antibodies, respectively. the epito ...	2004	15388462
[action of radiation of radon on the antigenic power of salmonella ballerup (production of agglutinating antibodies)].		1950	15420898
detection of low levels of listeria monocytogenes cells by using a fiber-optic immunosensor.	biosensor technology has a great potential to meet the need for sensitive and nearly real-time microbial detection from foods. an antibody-based fiber-optic biosensor to detect low levels of listeria monocytogenes cells following an enrichment step was developed. the principle of the sensor is a sandwich immunoassay where a rabbit polyclonal antibody was first immobilized on polystyrene fiber waveguides through a biotin-streptavidin reaction to capture listeria cells on the fiber. capture of cel ...	2004	15466560
digestion of cellulose and xylan by symbiotic bacteria in the intestine of the indian flying fox (pteropus giganteus).	bats (order chiroptera) are a widely distributed group of mammals. pteropus giganteus belongs to the suborder megachiroptera. this bat consumes fruits and leaves as their major food. cellulose and xylan are the major composition of leaves. as they consume leaves in their diet, their digestive tract must contain cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria which help in the digestion of cellulose and xylan. the cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria were isolated and screened on berg's agar containing ce ...	2004	15471682
evaluation of the microscan esbl plus confirmation panel for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacteria.	we aimed to assess the performance of the microscan esbl plus confirmation panel using a series of 87 oxyimino-cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacilli of various species.	2004	15471997
controlled clinical comparison of the bact/alert fn and the standard anaerobic sn blood culture medium.	to determine the optimal anaerobic companion bottle to pair with the bact/alert (biomerieux, durham, n.c.) nonvented aerobic fa (fa) medium for recovery of pathogenic microorganisms from adult patients with bacteremia and fungemia, we compared the bact/alert fn (fn) anaerobic bottle with the standard bact/alert sn (sn) anaerobic bottle. each bottle, fa, fn, and sn, was filled with 8 to 12 ml of blood. of 11,498 blood culture sets received in the clinical microbiology laboratories at two universi ...	2004	15472312
phylogeny, clinical associations, and diagnostic utility of the pilin subunit gene (sfpa) of sorbitol-fermenting, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h-.	the plasmid-borne sfpa gene encodes the pilin subunit in sorbitol-fermenting (sf) enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h-. we investigated the distribution of sfpa among 600 e. coli isolates comprising the complete e. coli standard reference (ecor) and diarrheagenic e. coli (dec) strain collections and clinical isolates associated with enteric disease. sfpa was detected in dec3f sf ehec o157:h- strain 493/89, each of 107 sf ehec o157:h- clinical isolates, and 14 shiga toxin-negative sf ...	2004	15472329