Publications

natural selection for polymorphism in the disease resistance gene rps2 of arabidopsis thaliana.	pathogen resistance is an ecologically important phenotype increasingly well understood at the molecular genetic level. in this article, we examine levels of avrrpt2-dependent resistance and rps2 locus dna sequence variability in a worldwide sample of 27 accessions of arabidopsis thaliana. the rooted parsimony tree of rps2 sequences drawn from a diverse set of ecotypes includes a deep bifurcation separating major resistance and susceptibility clades of alleles. we find evidence for selection mai ...	2003	12618410
domain architectures of sigma54-dependent transcriptional activators.		2003	12618438
characterizing the stress/defense transcriptome of arabidopsis.	to understand the gene networks that underlie plant stress and defense responses, it is necessary to identify and characterize the genes that respond both initially and as the physiological response to the stress or pathogen develops. we used pcr-based suppression subtractive hybridization to identify arabidopsis genes that are differentially expressed in response to ozone, bacterial and oomycete pathogens and the signaling molecules salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid.	2003	12620105
the competitiveness of pseudomonas chlororaphis carrying pjp4 is reduced in the arabidopsis thaliana rhizosphere.	the effect of the large catabolic incp plasmid pjp4 on the competitiveness of pseudomonas chlororaphis spr044 and on its derivatives spr244 (gacs deficient), spr344 (phenazine-1-carboxamide overproducer), and spr644 (phenazine-1-carboxamide deficient) in the arabidopsis thaliana rhizosphere was assessed. solitary rhizosphere colonization by the wild type, spr244, and spr644 was not affected by the plasmid. the size of the population of spr344 carrying pjp4, however, was significantly reduced com ...	2003	12620876
nucleotide sequence, functional characterization and evolution of pfkn, a virulence plasmid in pseudomonas syringae pathovar maculicola.	pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola strain m6 (psm m6) carries the avrrpm1 gene, encoding a type iii effector, on a 40 kb plasmid, pfkn. we hypothesized that this plasmid might carry additional genes required for pathogenesis on plants. we report the sequence and features of pfkn. in addition to avrrpm1, pfkn carries an allele of another type iii effector, termed avrpphe, and a gene of unknown function (orf8), expression of which is induced in planta, suggesting a role in the plant-pathogen inte ...	2003	12622811
interplay of the arabidopsis nonhost resistance gene nho1 with bacterial virulence.	it is poorly understood why a particular plant species is resistant to the vast majority of potential pathogens that infect other plant species, a phenomenon referred to as "nonhost" resistance. here, we show that arabidopsis nho1, encoding a glycerol kinase, is required for resistance to and induced by pseudomonas syringae isolates from bean and tobacco. nho1 is also required for resistance to the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea, indicating that nho1 is not limited to bacterial resistance. str ...	2003	12626746
chez phosphatase localizes to chemoreceptor patches via chea-short.	we have investigated the conditions required for polar localization of the chez phosphatase by using a chez-green fluorescent protein fusion protein that, when expressed from a single gene in the chromosome, restored chemotaxis to a deltachez strain. localization was observed in wild-type, deltachez, deltacheyz, and deltacherb cells but not in cells with chea, chew, or all chemoreceptor genes except aer deleted. cells making only chea-short (chea(s)) or chea lacking the p2 domain also retained n ...	2003	12644507
pto mutants differentially activate prf-dependent, avrpto-independent resistance and gene-for-gene resistance.	pto confers disease resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv tomato carrying the cognate avrpto gene. overexpression of pto under the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter activates spontaneous lesions and confers disease resistance in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) plants in the absence of avrpto. here, we show that these avrpto-independent defenses require a functional prf gene. several pto-interacting (pti) proteins are thought to play a role in pto-mediated defense pathways. to test if intera ...	2003	12644674
a redox switch in copc: an intriguing copper trafficking protein that binds copper(i) and copper(ii) at different sites.	the protein copc from pseudomonas syringae has been found capable of binding copper(i) and copper(ii) at two different sites, occupied either one at a time or simultaneously. the protein, consisting of 102 amino acids, is known to bind copper(ii) in a position that is now found consistent with a coordination arrangement including his-1, glu-27, asp-89, and his-91. a full solution structure analysis is reported here for cu(i)-copc. the copper(i) site is constituted by his-48 and three of the four ...	2003	12651950
autodisplay: development of an efficacious system for surface display of antigenic determinants in salmonella vaccine strains.	to optimize antigen delivery by salmonella vaccine strains, a system for surface display of antigenic determinants was established by using the autotransporter secretion pathway of gram-negative bacteria. a modular system for surface display allowed effective targeting of heterologous antigens or fragments thereof to the bacterial surface by the autotransporter domain of aida-i, the escherichia coli adhesin involved in diffuse adherence. a major histocompatibility complex class ii-restricted epi ...	2003	12654812
bioinorganic chemistry in the postgenomic era.	genome sequencing has revolutionized all fields of life sciences. bioinorganic chemistry is certainly not immune to this influence, which is presenting unprecedented challenges. a new goal for bioinorganic chemistry is the investigation of the linkages between inorganic elements and genomic information. this requires new advancements andor the development of new expertise in fields such as bioinformatics and genetics but also provides a driving force to push forward the exploitation of tradition ...	2003	12655048
post-translational modification of flagellin determines the specificity of hr induction.	flagellin, a constituent of the flagellar filament, is a potent elicitor of hypersensitive cell death in plant cells. flagellins of pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and tomato induce hypersensitive cell death in their non-host tobacco plants, whereas those of p. syringae pv. tabaci do not remarkably induce it in its host tobacco plants. however, the deduced amino acid sequences of flagellins from pvs. tabaci and glycinea are identical, indicating that post-translational modification of flagell ...	2003	12668781
pseudomonas syringae exchangeable effector loci: sequence diversity in representative pathovars and virulence function in p. syringae pv. syringae b728a.	pseudomonas syringae is a plant pathogen whose pathogenicity and host specificity are thought to be determined by hop/avr effector proteins injected into plant cells by a type iii secretion system. p. syringae pv. syringae b728a, which causes brown spot of bean, is a particularly well-studied strain. the type iii secretion system in p. syringae is encoded by hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and hrc (hrp conserved) genes, which are clustered in a pathogenicity island with a tripart ...	2003	12670984
microbiology of the phyllosphere.		2003	12676659
colonization of vitis vinifera by a green fluorescence protein-labeled, gfp-marked strain of xylophilus ampelinus, the causal agent of bacterial necrosis of grapevine.	the dynamics of xylophilus ampelinus were studied in vitis vinifera cv. ugni blanc using gfp-marked bacterial strains to evaluate the relative importance of epiphytic and endophytic phases of plant colonization in disease development. currently, bacterial necrosis of grapevine is of economic importance in vineyards in three regions in france: the cognac, armagnac, and die areas. this disease is responsible for progressive destruction of vine shoots, leading to their death. we constructed gfp-mar ...	2003	12676663
bacteriophages of erwinia amylovora.	fifty bacteriophage isolates of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, were collected from sites in and around the niagara region of southern ontario and the royal botanical gardens, hamilton, ontario. forty-two phages survived the isolation, purification, and storage processes. the majority of the phages in the collection were isolated from the soil surrounding trees exhibiting fire blight symptoms. only five phages were isolated from infected aerial tissue in pear and apple orchar ...	2003	12676693
heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic pseudomonas aeruginosa.	a study was undertaken to examine the effects of the heavy metals copper, lead, and zinc on biofilm and planktonic pseudomonas aeruginosa. a rotating-disk biofilm reactor was used to generate biofilm and free-swimming cultures to test their relative levels of resistance to heavy metals. it was determined that biofilms were anywhere from 2 to 600 times more resistant to heavy metal stress than free-swimming cells. when planktonic cells at different stages of growth were examined, it was found tha ...	2003	12676715
a network of rice genes associated with stress response and seed development.	we used a systematic approach to build a network of genes associated with developmental and stress responses in rice by identifying interaction domains for 200 proteins from stressed and developing tissues, by measuring the associated gene expression changes in different tissues exposed to a variety of environmental, biological, and chemical stress treatments, and by localizing the cognate genes to regions of stress-tolerance trait genetic loci. the integrated data set suggests that similar gene ...	2003	12684538
cytokinin inhibits a subset of diageotropica-dependent primary auxin responses in tomato.	many aspects of plant development are regulated by antagonistic interactions between the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin, but the molecular mechanisms of this interaction are not understood. to test whether cytokinin controls plant development through inhibiting an early step in the auxin response pathway, we compared the effects of cytokinin with those of the dgt (diageotropica) mutation, which is known to block rapid auxin reactions of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) hypocotyls. long-term ...	2003	12692328
n-acylethanolamine signaling in tobacco is mediated by a membrane-associated, high-affinity binding protein.	n-acylethanolamines (naes) are fatty acid derivatives found as minor constituents of animal and plant tissues, and their levels increase 10- to 50-fold in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) leaves treated with fungal elicitors. infiltration of tobacco leaves with submicromolar to micromolar concentrations of n-myristoylethanolamine (nae 14:0) resulted in an increase in relative phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) transcript abundance within 8 h after infiltration, and this pal activation was reduced afte ...	2003	12692337
molecular interactions between the specialist herbivore manduca sexta (lepidoptera, sphingidae) and its natural host nicotiana attenuata: v. microarray analysis and further characterization of large-scale changes in herbivore-induced mrnas.	we extend our analysis of the transcriptional reorganization that occurs when the native tobacco, nicotiana attenuata, is attacked by manduca sexta larvae by cloning 115 transcripts by mrna differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subtractive hybridization using magnetic beads (shmb) from the m. sexta-responsive transcriptome. these transcripts were spotted as cdna with eight others, previously confirmed to be differentially regulated by northern analysis on glass ...	2003	12692347
molecular interactions between the specialist herbivore manduca sexta (lepidoptera, sphingidae) and its natural host nicotiana attenuata. vi. microarray analysis reveals that most herbivore-specific transcriptional changes are mediated by fatty acid-amino acid conjugates.	evidence is accumulating that insect-specific plant responses are mediated by constituents in the oral secretions and regurgitants (r) of herbivores, however the relative importance of the different potentially active constituents remains unclear. fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (facs) are found in the r of many insect herbivores and have been shown to be necessary and sufficient to elicit a set of herbivore-specific responses when the native tobacco plant nicotiana attenuata is attacked by the ...	2003	12692348
negative cross-talk between salicylate- and jasmonate-mediated pathways in the wassilewskija ecotype of arabidopsis thaliana.	plants often respond to attack by insect herbivores and necrotrophic pathogens with induction of jasmonate-dependent resistance traits, but respond to attack by biotrophic pathogens with induction of salicylate-dependent resistance traits. to assess the degree to which the jasmonate- and salicylate-dependent pathways interact, we compared pathogenesis-related protein activity and bacterial performance in four mutant arabidopsis thaliana lines relative to their wild-type backgrounds. we found tha ...	2003	12694277
non-conventional methods for the control of post-harvest pear diseases.	pears are highly perishable products, especially during the post-harvest phase, when considerable losses can occur. among the fungal diseases, blue mold caused by penicillium expansum, grey mould caused by botrytis cinerea, mucor rot caused by mucor piriformis are common on pear fruits. other (weak) pathogens like phialophora malorum, alternaria spp., and cladosporium herbarum tend to infect wounds and senescent fruits. a post-harvest fungicide treatment can reduce decay but effectiveness decrea ...	2003	12694440
use of in-biofilm expression technology to identify genes involved in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development.	mature pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms form complex three-dimensional architecture and are tolerant of antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds. in this work, an in vivo expression technology system, originally designed to study virulence-associated genes in complex mammalian environments, was used to identify genes up-regulated in p. aeruginosa grown to a mature (5-day) biofilm. five unique cloned promoters unable to promote in vitro growth in the absence of purines after recovery from the ...	2003	12700249
substrate specificity of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase pvdd from pseudomonas aeruginosa.	pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 secretes a siderophore, pyoverdine(pao), which contains a short peptide attached to a dihydroxyquinoline moiety. synthesis of this peptide is thought to be catalyzed by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, one of which is encoded by the pvdd gene. the first module of pvdd was overexpressed in escherichia coli, and the protein product was purified. l-threonine, one of the amino acid residues in pyoverdine(pao), was an effective substrate for the recombinant protein in atp ...	2003	12700264
bacteriocin serratine-p as a biological tool in the control of fire blight erwinia amylovora.	fire blight, caused by the bacterium erwinia amylovora (burill winslow et al.), is the most important bacterial disease in european pear growing. it can cause a lot of damage in some countries on apple and on pear trees in orchards and also in the fruit tree nurseries. in belgium, the disease is present since 1972. control of fire blight in belgian fruit orchards is made on a broad basis of measurements in and around the fruit trees. the use of an antibiotic is allowed for application only durin ...	2002	12701444
differential expression of the leps2 phosphatase gene family in response to phosphate availability, pathogen infection and during development.	in this study, we report the cloning of the three-member leps2 gene family of acid phosphatases via subtractive screening of a cdna library of pi-starved cultivated tomato cells (lycopersicon esculentum mill. cv. lukullus). as members of the plant pi-starvation response, leps2 genes were tightly regulated in cultivated cells and tomato seedlings by pi availability. the leps2 enzymes which are most likely expressed in the cytoplasma could be involved in processes that are accompanied by degradati ...	2003	12702022
microbial genome jambalaya.		2003	12702204
use of the galleria mellonella caterpillar as a model host to study the role of the type iii secretion system in pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis.	nonvertebrate model hosts represent valuable tools for the study of host-pathogen interactions because they facilitate the identification of bacterial virulence factors and allow the discovery of novel components involved in host innate immune responses. in this report, we determined that the greater wax moth caterpillar galleria mellonella is a convenient nonmammalian model host for study of the role of the type iii secretion system (ttss) in pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. based on the ob ...	2003	12704110
overexpression of barley bax inhibitor 1 induces breakdown of mlo-mediated penetration resistance to blumeria graminis.	cell death regulation is linked to pathogen defense in plants and animals. execution of apoptosis as one type of programmed cell death in animals is irreversibly triggered by cytochrome c release from mitochondria via pores formed by bax proteins. this type of programmed cell death can be prevented by expression of bax inhibitor 1 (bi-1), a membrane protein that protects cells from the effects of bax by an unknown mechanism. in barley, a homologue of the mammalian bi-1 is expressed in response t ...	2003	12704231
type iii protein secretion in pseudomonas syringae.	the type iii secretion system is an essential virulence system used by many gram-negative bacterial pathogens to deliver effector proteins into host cells. this review summarizes recent advancements in the understanding of the type iii secretion system of pseudomonas syringae, including regulation of the type iii secretion genes, assembly of the hrp pilus, secretion signals, the putative type iii effectors identified to date, and their virulence action after translocation into plant cells.	2003	12706443
differential volatile emissions and salicylic acid levels from tobacco plants in response to different strains of pseudomonas syringae.	pathogen-induced plant responses include changes in both volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites. to characterize the role of bacterial pathogenesis in plant volatile emissions, tobacco plants, nicotiana tabacum l. k326, were inoculated with virulent, avirulent, and mutant strains of pseudomonas syringae. volatile compounds released by pathogen-inoculated tobacco plants were collected, identified, and quantified. tobacco plants infected with the avirulent strains p. syringae pv. maculico ...	2003	12712338
the deltaflid mutant of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, which secretes flagellin monomers, induces a strong hypersensitive reaction (hr) in non-host tomato cells.	to investigate the role of flagella and monomer flagellin in the interaction between pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and plants, non-polar flic and flid mutants were produced. the orfs for flic and flid are deleted in the deltaflic and deltaflid mutants, respectively. both mutants lost all flagella and were non-motile. the deltaflic mutant did not produce flagellin, whereas the deltaflid mutant, which lacks the hap2 protein, secreted large amounts of monomer flagellin into the culture medium. in ...	2003	12715150
activation of defense-related gene expression and systemic acquired resistance in cucumber mosaic virus-infected tobacco plants expressing the mammalian 2'5'oligoadenylate system.	tobacco plants expressing the mammalian 2'5'oligoadenylate system (2-5a system) exhibit resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (cmv). here, to characterize the molecular aspect of the resistance to cmv in 2-5a system-expressing tobaccos, the activation of defense-related genes and systemic acquired resistance (sar) as the markers for the hypersensitive resistance (hr), were elucidated. northern hybridization analysis indicated that the expression of four pathogenesis-related (pr) protein genes and ...	2003	12721807
alginate gene expression by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 in host and non-host plants.	pseudomonas syringae produces the exopolysaccharide alginate, a copolymer of mannuronic and guluronic acid. although alginate has been isolated from plants infected by p. syringae, the signals and timing of alginate gene expression in planta have not been described. in this study, an algd : : uida transcriptional fusion, designated pdcalgdp, was constructed and used to monitor alginate gene expression in host and non-host plants inoculated with p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000. when leaves of susce ...	2003	12724374
rpon (sigma(54)) is required for plasmid-encoded coronatine biosynthesis in pseudomonas syringae.	the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180 produces coronatine (cor), a phytotoxin which functions as a virulence factor in bacterial blight of soybeans. the cor biosynthetic gene cluster in pg4180 is borne on a 90-kb plasmid named p4180a. although pathway-specific regulatory genes for cor have been identified, global regulatory genes for cor production in pg4180 remain undefined. in the present study, we evaluated the role of rpon, which encodes sigma(54), in the virulence of s ...	2003	12726764
n-cyanomethyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide induces systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis without salicylic acid accumulation.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a potent innate immunity system in plants that is induced through the salicylic acid-mediated pathway. n-cyanomethyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide (nci) is able to induce a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice and induces sar marker gene expression without sa accumulation in tobacco. to clarify the detailed mode of action of nci, we analyzed its ability to induce defense gene expression and resistance in arabidopsis mutants that are defective in v ...	2003	12728993
characterization of the xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines hrp pathogenicity island.	we sequenced an approximately 29-kb region from xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines that contained the hrp type iii secretion system, and we characterized the genes in this region by tn3-gus mutagenesis and gene expression analyses. from the region, hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and hrc (hrp and conserved) genes, which encode type iii secretion systems, and hpa (hrp-associated) genes were identified. the characteristics of the region, such as the presence of many virulence gene ...	2003	12730176
quorum sensing in plant-pathogenic bacteria.	quorum sensing (qs) allows bacteria to assess their local population density and/or physical confinement via the secretion and detection of small, diffusible signal molecules. this review describes how phytopathogenic bacteria have incorporated qs mechanisms into complex regulatory cascades that control genes for pathogenicity and colonization of host surfaces. traits regulated by qs include the production of extracellular polysaccharides, degradative enzymes, antibiotics, siderophores, and pigm ...	2003	12730390
global expression profiling and physiological characterization of corynebacterium glutamicum grown in the presence of l-valine.	addition of l-valine (50 to 200 mm) to glucose minimal medium had no effect on the growth of wild-type corynebacterium glutamicum atcc 13032 but inhibited the growth of the derived valine production strain val1 [13032 deltailva deltapanbc(pjc1ilvbncd)] in a concentration-dependent manner. in order to explore this strain-specific valine effect, genomewide expression profiling was performed using dna microarrays, which showed that valine caused an increased ilvbn mrna level in val1 but not in the ...	2003	12732517
purification and characterization of an inverting stereo- and enantioselective sec-alkylsulfatase from the gram-positive bacterium rhodococcus ruber dsm 44541.	whole cells of rhodococcus ruber dsm 44541 were found to hydrolyze (+/-)-2-octyl sulfate in a stereo- and enantiospecific fashion. when growing on a complex medium, the cells produced two sec-alkylsulfatases and (at least) one prim-alkylsulfatase in the absence of an inducer, such as a sec-alkyl sulfate or a sec-alcohol. from the crude cell-free lysate, two proteins responsible for sulfate ester hydrolysis (designated rs1 and rs2) were separated from each other based on their different hydrophob ...	2003	12732552
identification of an emergent and atypical pseudomonas viridiflava lineage causing bacteriosis in plants of agronomic importance in a spanish region.	pseudomonas strains with an atypical lopat profile (where lopat is a series of determinative tests: l, levan production; o, oxidase production; p, pectinolitic activity; a, arginine dihydrolase production; and t, tobacco hypersensibility) can be regarded as emergent pathogens in the principality of asturias (spain), where they have been causing, since 1999, severe damage in at least three taxonomically unrelated orchard plants of agronomic importance: common bean (phaseolus vulgaris), kiwifruit ...	2003	12732569
antagonistic control of oxidative stress-induced cell death in arabidopsis by two related, plant-specific zinc finger proteins.	the most familiar form of plant programmed cell death is the hypersensitive response (hr) associated with successful plant immune responses. hr is preceded by an oxidative burst and the generation of both reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) and no. the arabidopsis lsd1 gene encodes a negative regulator of plant programmed cell death that meets several criteria for a regulator of processes relevant to roi management during pathogen responses. here we demonstrate that a highly conserved lsd1 paral ...	2003	12732715
type iii protein translocase: hrcn is a peripheral atpase that is activated by oligomerization.	type iii protein secretion (tts) is catalyzed by translocases that span both membranes of gram-negative bacteria. a hydrophilic tts component homologous to f1/v1-atpases is ubiquitous and essential for secretion. we show that hrcn encodes the putative tts atpase of pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola and that hrcn is a peripheral protein that assembles in clusters at the membrane. a decahistidinyl hrcn derivative was overexpressed in escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity in a folde ...	2003	12734178
the sypa, syps, and sypc synthetase genes encode twenty-two modules involved in the nonribosomal peptide synthesis of syringopeptin by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b301d.	syringopeptin is a necrosis-inducing phytotoxin, composed of 22 amino acids attached to a 3-hydroxy fatty acid tail. syringopeptin, produced by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, functions as a virulence determinant in the plant-pathogen interaction. a 73,800-bp dna region was sequenced, and analysis identified three large open reading frames, sypa, sypb, and sypc, that are 16.1, 16.3, and 40.6 kb in size. sequence analysis of the putative sypa, sypb, and sypc sequences determined that they are ...	2003	12744455
ethylene insensitivity modulates ozone-induced cell death in birch.	we have used genotypic variation in birch (betula pendula roth) to investigate the roles of ozone (o(3))-induced ethylene (et), jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in the regulation of tissue tolerance to o(3). of these hormones, et evolution correlated best with o(3)-induced cell death. disruption of et perception by transformation of birch with the dominant negative mutant allele etr1-1 of the arabidopsis et receptor gene etr1 or blocking of et perception with 1-methylcyclopropene reduced but di ...	2003	12746524
isolation and characterization of the neutral leucine aminopeptidase (lapn) of tomato.	tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) express two forms of leucine aminopeptidase (lap-a and lap-n) and two lap-like proteins. the relatedness of lap-n and lap-a was determined using affinity-purified antibodies to four lap-a protein domains. antibodies to epitopes in the most n-terminal region were able to discriminate between lap-a and lap-n, whereas antibodies recognizing central and cooh-terminal regions recognized both lap polypeptides. two-dimensional immunoblots showed that lap-n and the lap ...	2003	12746529
salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings.	salicylic acid (sa) plays a key role in plant disease resistance and hypersensitive cell death but is also implicated in hardening responses to abiotic stressors. cadmium (cd) exposure increased the free sa contents of barley (hordeum vulgare) roots by a factor of about 2. cultivation of dry barley caryopses presoaked in sa-containing solution for only 6 h or single transient addition of sa at a 0.5 mm concentration to the hydroponics solution partially protected the seedlings from cd toxicity d ...	2003	12746532
the expression of the t-snare atsnap33 is induced by pathogens and mechanical stimulation.	the fusion of vesicles in the secretory pathway involves the interaction of t-soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (t-snares) on the target membrane and v-snares on the vesicle membrane. atsnap33 is an arabidopsis homolog of the neuronal t-snare snap-25 involved in exocytosis and is localized at the cell plate and at the plasma membrane. in this paper, the expression of atsnap33 was analyzed after different biotic and abiotic stresses. the expression of atsnap33 ...	2003	12746539
secretin of the enteropathogenic escherichia coli type iii secretion system requires components of the type iii apparatus for assembly and localization.	at least 16 proteins are thought to be involved in forming the enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) type iii translocation apparatus which delivers virulence factors into host cells, yet their function and location have not been determined. a biochemical analysis was performed on three components: escn, a predicted cytoplasmic atpase; escv, a predicted inner membrane protein; and escc, a predicted outer membrane secretin. wild-type epec and mutants constructed in these genes were fractionate ...	2003	12761113
oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 is phosphorylated by glycine-rich protein 3/wall-associated kinase 1 in arabidopsis.	the arabidopsis wall-associated receptor kinase, wak1, is a member of wak family that links the plasma membrane to the extracellular matrix. a glycine-rich secreted protein, atgrp-3, was previously shown to regulate wak1 functions through binding to the extracellular domain of wak1. in this study, we sought to determine the downstream molecules of the atgrp-3/wak1 signaling pathway, by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with edman sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/i ...	2003	12767910
long-term reduction of cold hardiness following ingestion of ice-nucleating bacteria in the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata.	we investigated the effect of ingestion of ice-nucleating bacteria on the supercooling capacity and cold hardiness of the colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata say), a freeze-intolerant species that overwinters as adults in shallow, terrestrial burrows. ingestion of ice-nucleating bacteria (enterobacter agglomerans, pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas putida, pseudomonas syringae), fed on slices of potato tuber, caused an abrupt decrease in supercooling capacity. no change occurred ...	1998	12770317
the pseudomonas fluorescens algg protein, but not its mannuronan c-5-epimerase activity, is needed for alginate polymer formation.	bacterial alginates are produced as 1-4-linked beta-d-mannuronan, followed by epimerization of some of the mannuronic acid residues to alpha-l-guluronic acid. here we report the isolation of four different epimerization-defective point mutants of the periplasmic pseudomonas fluorescens mannuronan c-5-epimerase algg. all mutations affected amino acids conserved among algg-epimerases and were clustered in a part of the enzyme also sharing some sequence similarity to a group of secreted epimerases ...	2003	12775688
ferredoxin from sweet pepper (capsicum annuum l.) intensifying harpin(pss)-mediated hypersensitive response shows an enhanced production of active oxygen species (aos).	the hypersensitive response (hr) is a form of cell death associated with plant resistance to pathogen infection. harpin(pss), an elicitor from the bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, induces a hr in non-host plants. previously, we reported an amphipathic protein from sweet pepper interfering with harpin(pss)-mediated hr. in this report, we isolated and characterized a cdna clone encoded that amphipathic protein from sweet pepper. this protein is designated as pflp (plant ferredoxin-like ...	2003	12777051
nutritional similarity between leaf-associated nonpathogenic bacteria and the pathogen is not predictive of efficacy in biological control of bacterial spot of tomato.	it has been demonstrated that for a nonpathogenic, leaf-associated bacterium, effectiveness in the control of bacterial speck of tomato is correlated with the similarity in the nutritional needs of the nonpathogenic bacterium and the pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. this relationship was investigated further in this study by using the pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, the causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato, and a collection of nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from to ...	2003	12788754
physical interaction between rrs1-r, a protein conferring resistance to bacterial wilt, and popp2, a type iii effector targeted to the plant nucleus.	rrs1-r confers broad-spectrum resistance to several strains of the causal agent of bacterial wilt, ralstonia solanacearum. although genetically defined as recessive, this r gene encodes a protein whose structure combines the tir-nbs-lrr domains found in several r proteins and a wrky motif characteristic of some plant transcriptional factors and behaves as a dominant gene in transgenic susceptible plants. here we show that popp2, a r. solanacearum type iii effector, which belongs to the yopj/avrr ...	2003	12788974
novel exchangeable effector loci associated with the pseudomonas syringae hrp pathogenicity island: evidence for integron-like assembly from transposed gene cassettes.	pseudomonas syringae strains use a type iii secretion system (ttss) to translocate effector proteins that assist in the parasitism of host plant cells. some genes for effector proteins are clustered in the exchangeable effector locus (eel) associated with the hrp pathogenicity island. a polymerase chain reaction-based screen was developed to amplify the eel from p. syringae strains. of the 86 strains screened, the eel was successfully amplified from 30 predominately north american p. syringae pv ...	2003	12795376
a strategy for the nmr characterization of type ii copper(ii) proteins: the case of the copper trafficking protein copc from pseudomonas syringae.	copc from pseudomonas syringae was found to be a protein capable of binding both cu(i) and cu(ii) at two different sites. the solution structure of the apo protein is available, and structural information has been obtained on the cu(i) bound form. we attempt here to set the limits for the determination of the solution structure of a cu(ii) protein, such as the cu(ii) bound form of copc, in which the cu(ii) ion takes a type ii coordination. the electron relaxation time is estimated from nmrd meas ...	2003	12797793
characterization of the early response of arabidopsis to alternaria brassicicola infection using expression profiling.	all tested accessions of arabidopsis are resistant to the fungal pathogen alternaria brassicicola. resistance is compromised by pad3 or coi1 mutations, suggesting that it requires the arabidopsis phytoalexin camalexin and jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent signaling, respectively. this contrasts with most well-studied arabidopsis pathogens, which are controlled by salicylic acid-dependent responses and do not benefit from absence of camalexin or ja. here, mutants with defects in camalexin synthesis (p ...	2003	12805591
the pattern of systemic acquired resistance induction within the arabidopsis rosette in relation to the pattern of translocation.	local leaf infections by a necrogenic pathogen can lead to systemic acquired resistance (sar) in untreated leaves. we reasoned that, whatever the nature of the long-distance signal, if it is transported in the phloem, the pattern of sar induced within the plant by treatment of a single leaf should match the pattern of translocation out of that leaf. the source-sink relationships (orthostichies) in the arabidopsis rosette were established with [14c]suc or phloem-mobile 3-aminotriazole at herbicid ...	2003	12805614
systemic gene expression in arabidopsis during an incompatible interaction with alternaria brassicicola.	pathogen challenge can trigger an integrated set of signal transduction pathways, which ultimately leads to a state of "high alert," otherwise known as systemic or induced resistance in tissue remote to the initial infection. although large-scale gene expression during systemic acquired resistance, which is induced by salicylic acid or necrotizing pathogens has been previously reported using a bacterial pathogen, the nature of systemic defense responses triggered by an incompatible necrotrophic ...	2003	12805628
a role for the gcc-box in jasmonate-mediated activation of the pdf1.2 gene of arabidopsis.	the pdf1.2 gene of arabidopsis encoding a plant defensin is commonly used as a marker for characterization of the jasmonate-dependent defense responses. here, using pdf1.2 promoter-deletion lines linked to the beta-glucoronidase-reporter gene, we examined putative promoter elements associated with jasmonate-responsive expression of this gene. using stably transformed plants, we first characterized the extended promoter region that positively regulates basal expression from the pdf1.2 promoter. s ...	2003	12805630
sites of interaction between the feca and fecr signal transduction proteins of ferric citrate transport in escherichia coli k-12.	transcription of the fecabcde ferric citrate transport genes of escherichia coli k-12 is initiated by a signaling cascade from the cell surface into the cytoplasm. fecr receives the signal in the periplasm from the outer membrane protein feca loaded with ferric citrate, transmits the signal across the cytoplasmic membrane, and converts feci in the cytoplasm to an active sigma factor. in this study, it was shown through the use of a bacterial two-hybrid system that, in the periplasm, the c-termin ...	2003	12813067
molecular analysis of the copper-transporting efflux system cuscfba of escherichia coli.	the cus determinant of escherichia coli encodes the cuscfba proteins that mediate resistance to copper and silver by cation efflux. cusa and cusb were essential for copper resistance, and cusc and cusf were required for full resistance. replacements of methionine residues 573, 623, and 672 with isoleucine in cusa resulted in loss of copper resistance, demonstrating their functional importance. substitutions for several other methionine residues of this protein did not have any effect. the small ...	2003	12813074
a pseudomonas syringae type iii effector suppresses cell wall-based extracellular defense in susceptible arabidopsis plants.	bacterial effector proteins secreted through the type iii secretion system (ttss) play a crucial role in causing plant and human diseases. although the ability of type iii effectors to trigger defense responses in resistant plants is well understood, the disease-promoting functions of type iii effectors in susceptible plants are largely enigmatic. previous microscopic studies suggest that in susceptible plants the ttss of plant-pathogenic bacteria transports suppressors of a cell wall-based plan ...	2003	12817082
functional similarities between the icm/dot pathogenesis systems of coxiella burnetii and legionella pneumophila.	coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of q fever, is an obligate intracellular pathogen, whereas legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, is a facultative intracellular pathogen. during infection of humans both of these pathogens multiply in alveolar macrophages inside a closed phagosome. l. pneumophila intracellular multiplication was shown to be dependent on the icm/dot system, which probably encodes a type iv-related translocation apparatus. recently, genes hom ...	2003	12819052
characterization of a pathogen-induced calmodulin-binding protein: mapping of four ca2+-dependent calmodulin-binding domains.	ca2+ and calmodulin (cam), a key ca2+ sensor in all eukaryotes, have been implicated in defense responses in plants. to elucidate the role of ca2+ and cam in defense signaling, we used 35s-labeled cam to screen expression libraries prepared from tissues that were either treated with an elicitor derived from phytophthora megasperma or infected with pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. nineteen cdnas that encode the same protein, pathogen-induced cam-binding protein (picbp), were isolated. the picbp f ...	2003	12825696
the pseudomonas syringae type iii-secreted protein hopptod2 possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and suppresses programmed cell death in plants.	the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae possesses a type iii protein secretion system that delivers many virulence proteins into plant cells. a subset of these proteins (called avr proteins) is recognized by the plant's innate immune system and triggers defences. one defence-associated response is the hypersensitive response (hr), a programmed cell death (pcd) of plant tissue. we have previously identified hopptod2 as a type iii secreted protein from p. s. pv. tomato dc3000. sequence a ...	2003	12828636
a translocated protein tyrosine phosphatase of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 modulates plant defence response to infection.	pseudomonas syringae strains translocate effector proteins into host cells via the hrp-encoded type iii protein secretion system (ttss) to facilitate pathogenesis in susceptible plants. however, the mechanisms by which pathogenesis is favoured by these effectors are not well understood. individual strains express multiple effectors with apparently distinct activities that are co-ordinately regulated by the alternative sigma factor hrpl. genes for several effectors were identified in the p. syrin ...	2003	12828637
characterization of salicylic acid-induced genes in chinese cabbage.	salicylic acid is a messenger molecule in the activation of defense responses in plants. in this study, we isolated four cdna clones representing salicylic acid-induced genes in chinese cabbage (brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) by subtractive hybridization. of the four clones, the bc5-2 clone encodes a putative glucosyltransferase protein. the bc5-3 clone is highly similar to an arabidopsis gene encoding a putative metal-binding farnesylated protein. the bc6-1 clone is a chitinase gene with simi ...	2003	12835914
freshwater bacteria can methylate selenium through the thiopurine methyltransferase pathway.	involvement of the bacterial thiopurine methyltransferase (btpmt) in natural selenium methylation by freshwater was investigated. a freshwater environment that had no known selenium contamination but exhibited reproducible emission of dimethyl selenide (dmse) or dimethyl diselenide (dmdse) when it was supplemented with an organic form of selenium [(methyl)selenocysteine] or an inorganic form of selenium (sodium selenite) was used. the distribution of the btpmt gene (tpm) in the microflora was st ...	2003	12839745
identification of two-component regulatory systems in bifidobacterium infantis by functional complementation and degenerate pcr approaches.	two-component signal transduction systems (2css) are widely used by bacteria to sense and adapt to changing environmental conditions. with two separate approaches, three different 2css were identified on the chromosome of the probiotic bacterium bifidobacterium infantis ucc 35624. one locus was identified by means of functional complementation of an escherichia coli mutant. another two were identified by pcr with degenerate primers corresponding to conserved regions of one protein component of t ...	2003	12839803
detection and diversity assessment of xylella fastidiosa in field-collected plant and insect samples by using 16s rrna and gyrb sequences.	the causal agent of diseases in many economically important plants is attributed to the xylem-limited bacterium xylella fastidiosa. the detection of this plant pathogen has been hampered due to its difficult isolation and slow growth on plates. nearly complete nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and partial sequences of the gyrb gene were determined for 18 strains of x. fastidiosa isolated from different plant hosts. a phylogenetic analysis, based on gyrb, grouped strains in three clusters ...	2003	12839807
ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling affect the npr1-independent expression of defense genes without impacting resistance to pseudomonas syringae and peronospora parasitica in the arabidopsis ssi1 mutant.	salicylic acid (sa), ethylene, and jasmonic acid (ja) are important signaling molecules in plant defense to biotic stress. an intricate signaling network involving sa, ethylene, and ja fine tunes plant defense responses. sa-dependent defense responses in arabidopsis thaliana are mediated through npr1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. we have previously shown that activation of an npr1-independent defense mechanism confers enhanced disease resistance and constitutive expression of the pathog ...	2003	12848424
the lower cell density of leaf parenchyma in the arabidopsis thaliana mutant lcd1-1 is associated with increased sensitivity to ozone and virulent pseudomonas syringae.	under optimal growth conditions (120 micro mol photons m-2 sec-1 photosynthetically active radiation (par), 16-h photoperiod), the recessive ozone-sensitive arabidopsis thaliana l. heynh. mutant lcd1-1 exhibits a pale phenotype compared to the wild type. confocal and multiphoton microscopy revealed that the paleness of lcd1-1 is because of a lower cell density in the leaf palisade parenchyma, resulting in decreased chlorophyll content. when exposed to ozone, lcd1-1 leaves become paler and contai ...	2003	12848826
versatility of aminoglycosides and prospects for their future.	aminoglycoside antibiotics have had a major impact on our ability to treat bacterial infections for the past half century. whereas the interest in these versatile antibiotics continues to be high, their clinical utility has been compromised by widespread instances of resistance. the multitude of mechanisms of resistance is disconcerting but also illuminates how nature can manifest resistance when bacteria are confronted by antibiotics. this article reviews the most recent knowledge about the mec ...	2003	12857776
regulation of arabidopsis copine 1 gene expression in response to pathogens and abiotic stimuli.	the copines are a widely distributed class of calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding proteins of undetermined biological function. mutation of the arabidopsis cpn1 (copine 1) gene causes a humidity-sensitive lesion mimic phenotype with increased resistance to a bacterial and an oomyceteous pathogen, constitutive pathogenesis-related gene expression, and an accelerated hypersensitive cell death defense response. here, we show that the disease resistance phenotype of the cpn1-1 mutant was also te ...	2003	12857819
integration of wounding and osmotic stress signals determines the expression of the atmyb102 transcription factor gene.	transcript levels of the arabidopsis r2r3-atmyb102 transcription factor gene, previously named atm4, are rapidly induced by osmotic stress or abscisic acid (aba) treatment. reporter gene expression studies revealed that in addition, wounding is required for full induction of the gene. histochemical analysis showed a local beta-glucuronidase induction around the wounding site, especially in veins. in aba-treated plants, wounding-induced beta-glucuronidase activity could be mimicked by the wound s ...	2003	12857823
molecular characterization and quantitative analysis of superoxide dismutases in virulent and avirulent strains of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.	aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a facultatively intracellular gram-negative bacterium that is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a bacterial septicemia of salmonids that causes significant economic loss to the salmon farming industry. the mechanisms by which a. salmonicida evades intracellular killing may be relevant in understanding virulence and the eventual design of appropriate treatment strategies for furunculosis. we have identified two open reading frames (orfs) and relate ...	2003	12867441
isolation and analysis of mutants of double-stranded-rna bacteriophage phi6 with altered packaging specificity.	the genomes of bacteriophage phi6 and its relatives are packaged through a mechanism that involves the recognition and translocation of the three different plus strand transcripts of the segmented double-stranded rna genomes into preformed polyhedral structures called procapsids or inner cores. this packaging requires hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates and takes place in the order s-m-l. packaging is dependent on unique sequences of about 200 nucleotides near the 5' ends of plus strand trans ...	2003	12867467
regulation of jasmonate-mediated plant responses in arabidopsis.	jasmonates (jas) are signalling molecules that play a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes, reproduction, and defence against pathogens and insects. jas regulate responses that are both local and systemic, and which are affected by outputs from signalling pathways regulated by ethylene, salicylic acid and auxin. this is a review of recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of ja perception in arabidopsis thaliana, the different signalling functions of biologically activ ...	2003	12871847
simultaneous analysis of phytohormones, phytotoxins, and volatile organic compounds in plants.	phytohormones regulate the protective responses of plants against both biotic and abiotic stresses by means of synergistic or antagonistic actions referred to as signaling crosstalk. a bottleneck in crosstalk research is the quantification of numerous interacting phytohormones and regulators. the chemical analysis of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and abscisic acid is typically achieved by using separate and complex methodologies. moreover, pathogen-produced phytohormone mi ...	2003	12874387
the rapid induction of glutathione s-transferases atgstf2 and atgstf6 by avirulent pseudomonas syringae is the result of combined salicylic acid and ethylene signaling.	the expression of two members of the glutathione s-transferase (gst) multigene family was studied in arabidopsis plants inoculated with an avirulent strain of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst). accumulation of atgstf2 and atgstf6 transcripts started 4 and 2 h after inoculation, respectively, and clearly preceded the induction of the pathogenesis-related pr-1 gene. the aim of this work was to find the reason for the faster induction of the two gsts compared with classical salicylic acid (sa)- ...	2003	12881503
electroporation and stable maintenance of plasmid dnas in a biocontrol strain of pseudomonas syringae.	transformation efficiencies as high as 10(7) transformants microg(-1) dna have been previously reported for pseudomonads using electroporation protocols established for e. coli with plasmid dnas prepared from methylation proficient e. coli hosts. we report here a protocol for electroporation of plasmid dnas into a biocontrol strain of pseudomonas syringae which could not be electroporated by standard e. coli methods. transformation efficiencies of 10(7) or higher were obtained with dna recovered ...	2003	12882571
an arabidopsis mutant resistant to thaxtomin a, a cellulose synthesis inhibitor from streptomyces species.	thaxtomin a is a phytotoxin produced by streptomyces scabies and other streptomyces species, the causative agents of common scab disease in potato and other taproot crops. at nanomolar concentrations, thaxtomin causes dramatic cell swelling, reduced seedling growth, and inhibition of cellulose synthesis in arabidopsis. we identified a mutant of arabidopsis, designated txr1, that exhibits increased resistance to thaxtomin as a result of a decrease in the rate of toxin uptake. the txr1 gene was id ...	2003	12897252
p-coumaroylnoradrenaline, a novel plant metabolite implicated in tomato defense against pathogens.	the avr9 peptide elicitor from the fungus cladosporium fulvum, the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato carrying the avirulence gene avrpto (pst (avrpto)), and the organophosphorous insecticide fenitrothion induce resistance-related responses in tomato lines carrying the cf-9, pto, and fen genes, respectively. these responses were associated with synthesis of p-coumaroyloctopamine and p-coumaroylnoradrenaline, a novel compound for plants. in susceptible near isogenic tomato li ...	2003	12900412
colonization of arabidopsis thaliana with salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 and competition by enterobacter asburiae.	enteric pathogens, such as salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7, have been shown to contaminate fresh produce. under appropriate conditions, these bacteria will grow on and invade the plant tissue. we have developed arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) as a model system with the intention of studying plant responses to human pathogens. under sterile conditions and at 100% humidity, s. enterica serovar newport and e. coli o157:h7 grew to 10(9) cfu g(-1) on a. thaliana roots and to 2 x 1 ...	2003	12902287
analysis of the argk-tox gene cluster in nontoxigenic strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.	the analysis of 46 isolates obtained directly from different and distant common bean fields from the northwestern part of spain revealed that they do not produce phaseolotoxin. the isolates were classified as race 5, and their analysis revealed that they do not carry the argk-tox gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of the phaseolotoxin.	2003	12902295
identifying the methyltransferases for m(5)u747 and m(5)u1939 in 23s rrna using maldi mass spectrometry.	there are three sites of m(5)u modification in escherichia coli stable rnas: one at the invariant trna position u54 and two in 23s rrna at the phylogenetically conserved positions u747 and u1939. each of these sites is modified by its own methyltransferase, and the trna methyltransferase, trma, is well-characterised. two open reading frames, ybjf and ygca, are approximately 30% identical to trma, and here we determine the functions of these candidate methyltransferases using maldi mass spectrome ...	2003	12907714
overexpression of the disease resistance gene pto in tomato induces gene expression changes similar to immune responses in human and fruitfly.	the pto gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that confers resistance in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) to pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strains that express the type iii effector protein avrpto. constitutive overexpression of pto in tomato, in the absence of avrpto, activates defense responses and confers resistance to several diverse bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. we have used a series of gene discovery and expression profiling methods to examine the effect of pto overexpres ...	2003	12913147
bwmk1, a rice mitogen-activated protein kinase, locates in the nucleus and mediates pathogenesis-related gene expression by activation of a transcription factor.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are known to transduce plant defense signals, but the downstream components of the mapk have as yet not been elucidated. here, we report an mapk from rice (oryza sativa), bwmk1, and a transcription factor, oserebp1, phosphorylated by the kinase. the mapk carries a tdy phosphorylation motif instead of the more common tey motif in its kinase domain and has an unusually extended c-terminal domain that is essential to its kinase activity and transloca ...	2003	12913152
the arabidopsis nhl3 gene encodes a plasma membrane protein and its overexpression correlates with increased resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	the arabidopsis genome contains a family of ndr1/hin1-like (nhl) genes that show homology to the nonrace-specific disease resistance (ndr1) and the tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) harpin-induced (hin1) genes. nhl3 is a pathogen-responsive member of this nhl gene family that is potentially involved in defense. in independent transgenic nhl3-overexpressing plant lines, a clear correlation between increased resistance to virulent pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 and enhanced nhl3 transcript level ...	2003	12913158
salt stress activation of wound-related genes in tomato plants.	plants respond to various stresses by expressing distinct sets of genes. the effects of multiple stresses on plants and their interactions are not well understood. we have discovered that salt stress causes the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and the activation of other wound-related genes in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) plants. salt stress was also found to enhance the plant's response to wounding locally and systemically. the tomato mutant (def-1), which has an impairment in the octa ...	2003	12913164
molecular characterization of a novel lipase-like pathogen-inducible gene family of arabidopsis.	in a differential screening between arabidopsis plants pretreated with the resistance-inducer beta-aminobutyric acid and untreated control plants, we have identified a gene encoding a novel lipase-like protein, prlip1. the abundance of prlip1 mrnas in arabidopsis leaves was up-regulated by application of beta-aminobutyric acid, salicylic acid (sa), and ethylene as well as by various pathogens. induction of prlip1 depended on a functioning sa and ethylene signal transduction pathway but was indep ...	2003	12913177
application of comparative genomics in the identification and analysis of novel families of membrane-associated receptors in bacteria.	a great diversity of multi-pass membrane receptors, typically with 7 transmembrane (tm) helices, is observed in the eukaryote crown group. so far, they are relatively rare in the prokaryotes, and are restricted to the well-characterized sensory rhodopsins of various phototropic prokaryotes.	2003	12914674
polynucleotide phosphorylase-deficient mutants of pseudomonas putida.	in bacteria, polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase) is one of the main exonucleolytic activities involved in rna turnover and is widely conserved. in spite of this, pnpase does not seem to be essential for growth if the organisms are not subjected to special conditions, such as low temperature. we identified the pnpase-encoding gene (pnp) of pseudomonas putida and constructed deletion mutants that did not exhibit cold sensitivity. in addition, we found that the transcription pattern of pnp upon c ...	2003	12923102
regulation of the vitamin b12 metabolism and transport in bacteria by a conserved rna structural element.	cobalamin in the form of adenosylcobalamin (ado-cbl) is known to repress expression of genes for vitamin b(12) biosynthesis and be transported by a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism, which involves direct binding of ado-cbl to 5'untranslated gene regions (5'utr). using comparative analysis of genes and regulatory regions, we identified a highly conserved rna structure, the b12-element, which is widely distributed in 5'utrs of vitamin b(12)-related genes in eubacteria. multiple alignment o ...	2003	12923257
the complete genome sequence of the arabidopsis and tomato pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	we report the complete genome sequence of the model bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato dc3000 (dc3000), which is pathogenic on tomato and arabidopsis thaliana. the dc3000 genome (6.5 megabases) contains a circular chromosome and two plasmids, which collectively encode 5,763 orfs. we identified 298 established and putative virulence genes, including several clusters of genes encoding 31 confirmed and 19 predicted type iii secretion system effector proteins. many of the virule ...	2003	12928499
pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 hopptom (cel orf3) is important for lesion formation but not growth in tomato and is secreted and translocated by the hrp type iii secretion system in a chaperone-dependent manner.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 is a pathogen of tomato and arabidopsis that injects virulence effector proteins into host cells via a type iii secretion system (ttss). ttss-deficient mutants have a hrp- phenotype, that is, they cannot elicit the hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plants or pathogenesis in host plants. mutations in effector genes typically have weak virulence phenotypes (apparently due to redundancy), but deletion of six open reading frames (orf) in the dc3000 conse ...	2003	12940984