Publications

gremlin1 induces anterior-posterior limb bifurcations in developing xenopus limbs but does not enhance limb regeneration.	gremlin1 (grem1) has been previously identified as being significantly up-regulated during regeneration of xenopus laevis limbs. grem1 is an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) with a known role in limb development in amniotes. it forms part of a self-regulating feedback loop linking epithelial (fgf) and mesenchymal (shh) signalling centres, thereby controlling outgrowth, anterior posterior and proximal distal patterning. spatiotemporal regulation of the same genes in developing and ...	2015	26527308
sex-specific response to hypoxia in a reduced brainstem preparation from xenopus laevis.	respiratory reflexes and tolerance to hypoxia show significant sexual dimorphism. however, the data supporting this notion originates exclusively from mammals. to determine whether this concept is limited to this group of vertebrates, we examined the sex-specific response to acute hypoxia in an adult reduced brainstem preparation from xenopus laevis. within the first 5min of exposure to hypoxic acsf (98% n2/2% co2), recordings of respiratory-related activity show a stronger increase in fictive b ...	2016	26528898
sulfate and thiosulfate inhibit oxalate transport via a dprestin (slc26a6)-dependent mechanism in an insect model of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.	nephrolithiasis is one of the most common urinary tract disorders, with the majority of kidney stones composed of calcium oxalate (caox). given its prevalence (us occurrence 10%), it is still poorly understood, lacking progress in identifying new therapies because of its complex etiology. drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) is a recently developed model of caox nephrolithiasis. effects of sulfate and thiosulfate on crystal formation were investigated using the drosophila model, as well as electro ...	2016	26538444
using in vivo imaging to measure rna mobility in xenopus laevis oocytes.	rna localization in the xenopus oocyte is responsible for the establishment of polarity during oogenesis as well as the specification of germ layers during embryogenesis. however, the inability to monitor mrna localization in live vertebrate oocytes has posed a major barrier to understanding the mechanisms driving directional transport. here we describe a method for imaging ms2 tagged rna in live xenopus oocytes to study the dynamics of rna localization. we also focus on methods for implementing ...	2016	26546269
identification of micrornas and microrna targets in xenopus gastrulae: the role of mir-26 in the regulation of smad1.	micrornas (mirnas) are known to play diverse roles in the regulation of vertebrate development. to investigate mirna-target mrna relationships in embryonic development, we have carried out small-rna sequencing to identify mirnas expressed in the early gastrula of xenopus laevis. we identify a total of 180 mirnas, and we have identified the locations of the mirna precursor sequences in the x. laevis genome. of these mirnas, 141 represent mirs previously identified in xenopus tropicalis. alignment ...	2016	26548531
alternative splice variant of the thiazide-sensitive nacl cotransporter: a novel player in renal salt handling.	the thiazide-sensitive nacl cotransporter (ncc) is an important pharmacological target in the treatment of hypertension. the human slc12a3 gene, encoding ncc, gives rise to three isoforms. only the third isoform has been extensively investigated. the aim of the present study was, therefore, to establish the abundance and localization of the almost identical isoforms 1 and 2 (ncc1/2) in the human kidney and to determine their functional properties and regulation in physiological conditions. immun ...	2016	26561651
distinctive effects of nicotinic receptor intracellular-loop mutations associated with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy.	previously characterized nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (adnfle)-associated mutations are found in α2, α4 and β2 subunit transmembrane (tm) domains. they predominantly increase ach potency and, for β2-subunit mutants, increase macroscopic currents. two recently-identified mutations, α4(r336h) and β2(v337g), located in the intracellular cytoplasmic loop (c2) have been associated with non-familial nfle. effects of these mutations on α4β2 ...	2016	26561946
quantification of x. laevis vitellogenin by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.	over the last several decades, there has been an increase in public awareness and regulatory activity in regard to the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment that may have the potential to interact with the endocrine system of exposed wildlife. alterations in vitellogenin (vtg), a high density yolk precursor protein, can indicate endocrine activity in oviparous species, including many fish and amphibians. while various methodologies and experiments have been performed to characteri ...	2016	26562177
identification of an inhibitory alcohol binding site in gabaa ρ1 receptors.	alcohols inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid type a ρ1 receptor function. after introducing mutations in several positions of the second transmembrane helix in ρ1, we studied the effects of ethanol and hexanol on gaba responses using two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in xenopus laevis oocytes. the 6' mutations produced the following effects on ethanol and hexanol responses: small increase or no change (t6'm), increased inhibition (t6'v), and small potentiation (t6'y and t6'f). the 5' mutatio ...	2016	26571107
sex differences and endocrine regulation of auditory-evoked, neural responses in african clawed frogs (xenopus).	mating depends on the accurate detection of signals that convey species identity and reproductive state. in african clawed frogs, xenopus, this information is conveyed by vocal signals that differ in temporal patterns and spectral features between sexes and across species. we characterized spectral sensitivity using auditory-evoked potentials (aeps), commonly known as the auditory brainstem response, in males and females of four xenopus species. in female x. amieti, x. petersii, and x. laevis, p ...	2016	26572136
molecular cloning and expression of a gaba receptor subunit from the crayfish procambarus clarkii.	molecular cloning has introduced an unexpected, large diversity of neurotransmitter hetero- oligomeric receptors. extensive research on the molecular structure of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (gabar) has been of great significance for understanding how the nervous system works in both vertebrates and invertebrates. however, only two examples of functional homo-oligomeric gaba-activated cl(-) channels have been reported. in the vertebrate retina, the gabaρ1 subunit of various species forms ho ...	2016	26577600
oshkt2;2/1-mediated na(+) influx over k(+) uptake in roots potentially increases toxic na(+) accumulation in a salt-tolerant landrace of rice nona bokra upon salinity stress.	hkt transporters are na(+)-permeable membrane proteins, which mediate na(+) and k(+) homeostasis in k(+)-depleted and saline environments in plants. class ii hkt transporters, a distinct subgroup found predominantly in monocots, are known to mediate na(+)-k(+) co-transport in principle. here we report features of ion transport functions of no-oshkt2;2/1, a class ii transporter identified in a salt tolerant landrace of indica rice, nona bokra. we profiled no-oshkt2;2/1 expression in organs of non ...	2016	26578190
the expression of talen before fertilization provides a rapid knock-out phenotype in xenopus laevis founder embryos.	recent advances in genome editing using programmable nucleases have revolutionized gene targeting in various organisms. successful gene knock-out has been shown in xenopus, a widely used model organism, although a system enabling less mosaic knock-out in founder embryos (f0) needs to be explored in order to judge phenotypes in the f0 generation. here, we injected modified highly active transcription activator-like effector nuclease (talen) mrna to oocytes at the germinal vesicle (gv) stage, foll ...	2015	26580070
rna-seq and microarray analysis of the xenopus inner ear transcriptome discloses orthologous omim(®) genes for hereditary disorders of hearing and balance.	auditory and vestibular disorders are prevalent sensory disabilities caused by genetic and environmental (noise, trauma, chemicals) factors that often damage mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear. development of treatments for inner ear disorders of hearing and balance relies on the use of animal models such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and non-human mammals. here, we aimed to augment the utility of the genus xenopus for uncovering genetic mechanisms essential for the maintenance o ...	2015	26582541
effect of n-glycosylation on the transport activity of the peptide transporter pept1.	the intestinal peptide transporter pept1 provides bulk quantities of amino acids to epithelial cells. pept1 is a high-capacity and low-affinity solute carrier of the slc15 family found in apical membranes of enterocytes in small intestine and distal colon. surprisingly, murine pept1 (mpept1) has an apparent molecular mass of ∼95 kda in the small intestine but ∼105 kda in the large intestine. here we describe studies on mpept1 protein glycosylation and how glycans affect transport function. putat ...	2016	26585416
the prototoxin lypd6b modulates heteromeric α3β4-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but not α7 homomers.	prototoxins are a diverse family of membrane-tethered molecules expressed in the nervous system that modulate nicotinic cholinergic signaling, but their functions and specificity have yet to be completely explored. we tested the selectivity and efficacy of leukocyte antigen, plaur (plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor) domain-containing (lypd)-6b on α3β4-, α3α5β4-, and α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). to constrain stoichiometry, fusion proteins encoding concatemers ...	2016	26586467
integrated assessment of biochemical markers in premetamorphic tadpoles of three amphibian species exposed to glyphosate- and methidathion-based pesticides in single and combination forms.	in this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (gbh) and a methidathion-based insecticide (mbi), individually and in combination, on premetamorphic tadpoles of three anuran species: pelophylax ridibundus, xenopus laevis, and bufotes viridis. based on the determined 96-h lc50 values of each species, the effects of a series of sublethal concentrations of single pesticides and their mixtures after 96-h exposure and also the time-related effects of a high sublethal con ...	2016	26595308
involvement of the l-type amino acid transporter lat2 in the transport of 3,3'-diiodothyronine across the plasma membrane.	thyroid hormones are transported across cell membranes by transmembrane transporter proteins, for example by members of the monocarboxylate transporter (mct) and the l-type amino acid transporter (lat) families. lats consist of a light chain (e.g. lat2) and a heavy chain (cd98), which is essential for their cell surface expression and functionality. the specificity of lat2 for thyroid hormones and their metabolites and its role in their transport was not fully clear. this fact motivated us to es ...	2015	26601072
adaptive evolutionary paths from uv reception to sensing violet light by epistatic interactions.	ultraviolet (uv) reception is useful for such basic behaviors as mate choice, foraging, predator avoidance, communication, and navigation, whereas violet reception improves visual resolution and subtle contrast detection. uv and violet reception are mediated by the short wavelength-sensitive (sws1) pigments that absorb light maximally (λmax) at ~360 nm and ~395 to 440 nm, respectively. because of strong nonadditive (epistatic) interactions among amino acid changes in the pigments, the adaptive e ...	2015	26601250
involvement of slit-robo signaling in the development of the posterior commissure and concomitant swimming behavior in xenopus laevis.	during vertebrate development, the central nervous system (cns) has stereotyped neuronal tracts (scaffolds) that include longitudinal and commissural axonal bundles, such as the medial longitudinal fascicle or the posterior commissure (pc). as these early tracts appear to guide later-developing neurons, they are thought to provide the basic framework of vertebrate neuronal circuitry. the proper construction of these neuronal circuits is thought to be a crucial step for eliciting coordinated beha ...	2015	26605073
correction: integrin α5β1 function is regulated by xgipc/kermit2 mediated endocytosis during xenopus laevis gastrulation.		2015	26605543
on the origin of vertebrate somites.	somites, blocks of mesoderm tissue located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo, are derived from mesenchymal cells in the presomitic mesoderm (psm) and are a defining characteristic of vertebrates. in vertebrates, the somite segmental boundary is determined by notch signalling and the antagonistic relationship of the downstream targets of notch, lfng, and delta1 in the anterior psm. the presence of somites in the basal chordate amphioxus (branchiostoma floridae) ...	2015	26613046
analysis of neural progenitors from embryogenesis to juvenile adult in xenopus laevis reveals biphasic neurogenesis and continuous lengthening of the cell cycle.	xenopus laevis is a prominent model system for studying neural development, but our understanding of the long-term temporal dynamics of neurogenesis remains incomplete. here, we present the first continuous description of neurogenesis in x. laevis, covering the entire period of development from the specification of neural ectoderm during gastrulation to juvenile frog. we have used molecular markers to identify progenitors and neurons, short-term bromodeoxyuridine (brdu) incorporation to map the ...	2015	26621828
functional characterization of a novel class of morantel-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in nematodes.	acetylcholine receptors are pentameric ligand-gated channels involved in excitatory neuro-transmission in both vertebrates and invertebrates. in nematodes, they represent major targets for cholinergic agonist or antagonist anthelmintic drugs. despite the large diversity of acetylcholine-receptor subunit genes present in nematodes, only a few receptor subtypes have been characterized so far. interestingly, parasitic nematodes affecting human or animal health possess two closely related members of ...	2015	26625142
the differential effects of resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin on the gaba-induced current in gabaa receptor subtypes expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes.	the natural products resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin have been reported to have many beneficial effects, which include the enhancement of cognition and memory. there have been no studies which have reported the effects of these compounds on the different gabaa receptor subtypes and this study aimed to address this.	2015	26626239
differential thyroid hormone sensitivity of fast cycling progenitors in the neurogenic niches of tadpoles and juvenile frogs.	adult neurogenesis occurs in neural stem cell (nsc) niches where slow cycling stem cells give rise to faster cycling progenitors. in the adult mouse nsc niche thyroid hormone, t3, and its receptor trα act as a neurogenic switch promoting progenitor cell cycle completion and neuronal differentiation. little is known about whether and how t3 controls proliferation of differentially cycling cells during xenopus neurogenesis. to address this question, we first used sox3 as a marker of stem cell and ...	2016	26628040
expression pattern of bcar3, a downstream target of gata2, and its binding partner, bcar1, during xenopus development.	primitive hematopoiesis generates red blood cells that deliver oxygen to the developing embryo. mesodermal cells commit to a primitive blood cell fate during gastrulation and, in order to do so the mesoderm must receive non-cell autonomous signals transmitted from other germ layers. in xenopus, the transcription factor gata2 functions in ectodermal cells to generate or transmit the non-cell autonomous signals. here we have identified breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (bcar3) as a gene that ...	2016	26631802
evaluation of presurgical skin preparation agents in african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis).	despite the routine collection of oocytes from african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis) for use in research, few studies have evaluated methods for preparing their skin for surgery. we evaluated 3 skin preparatory agents by examining their antibacterial efficacy and the gross and microscopic appearance of xenopus skin after exposure. frogs (n = 14) were sedated and treated (contact time, 10 min) with 0.9% sterile nacl on one-half of the ventrum and with 0.5% povidone-iodine or 0.75% chlorhexidine o ...	2015	26632790
the polarity protein inturned links nphp4 to daam1 to control the subapical actin network in multiciliated cells.	motile cilia polarization requires intracellular anchorage to the cytoskeleton; however, the molecular machinery that supports this process remains elusive. we report that inturned plays a central role in coordinating the interaction between cilia-associated proteins and actin-nucleation factors. we observed that knockdown of nphp4 in multiciliated cells of the xenopus laevis epidermis compromised ciliogenesis and directional fluid flow. depletion of nphp4 disrupted the subapical actin layer. co ...	2015	26644512
pou5f3.2-induced proliferative state of embryonic cells during gastrulation of xenopus laevis embryo.	pou class v (pou-v) transcription factors play the important role in maintenance of pluripotency and cell differentiation. pou5f3.2 (oct25), one of xenopus pou-v transcription factors, shows the zygotic expression prior to gastrulation. in order to know the molecular mechanism of pou5f3.2 expression at gastrula stage, we examined a responsiveness of pou5f3.2 to nodal signaling. animal cap assay demonstrated that xnr2 activates the gene expression of pou5f3.2. in comparative analysis of the 5'-fl ...	2015	26660397
tob1 is expressed in developing and adult gonads and is associated with the p-body marker, dcp2.	tob1 is a member of the btg/tob family of proteins with established antiproliferative function. in danio rerio and xenopus laevis, the tob1 gene is expressed from the one-cell stage through to early gastrula stages, followed in later development by discrete expression in many tissues including the notochord and somites. in both mouse and human, tob1 is expressed in many adult tissues including the testis and ovary; however, the specific cell types are unknown. we examine tob1 gene expression in ...	2016	26662055
identification of a stelar-localized transport protein that facilitates root-to-shoot transfer of chloride in arabidopsis.	under saline conditions, higher plants restrict the accumulation of chloride ions (cl(-)) in the shoot by regulating their transfer from the root symplast into the xylem-associated apoplast. to identify molecular mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon, we undertook a transcriptional screen of salt stressed arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) roots. microarrays, quantitative rt-pcr, and promoter-gus fusions identified a candidate gene involved in cl(-) xylem loading from the nitrate transporter 1 ...	2016	26662602
up-regulation of voltage gated k+ channels kv1.3 and kv1.5 by protein kinase pkb/akt.	the voltage gated k+ channels kv1.3 and kv1.5 contribute to the orchestration of cell proliferation. kinases participating in the regulation of cell proliferation include protein kinase b (pkb/akt). the present study thus explored whether pkb/akt modifies the abundance and function of kv1.3 and kv1.5.	2015	26666245
regulation of the na+,cl- coupled creatine transporter creat (slc6a8) by the janus kinase jak3.	the creatine transporter creat (slc6a8), a na+,cl- coupled transporter is expressed in diverse tissues including the brain. genetic defects of slc6a8 result in mental retardation with seizures. the present study explored the regulation of creat by janus kinase jak3, which is expressed in a variety of tissues including the brain and participates in the regulation of cell survival and differentiation of neuronal precursor cells.	2015	26666525
perturbation of critical prolines in gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (glic) supports conserved gating motions among cys-loop receptors.	gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (glic) has served as a valuable structural and functional model for the eukaryotic cys-loop receptor superfamily. in cys-loop and other receptors, we have previously demonstrated the crucial roles played by several conserved prolines. here we explore the role of prolines in the gating transitions of glic. as conventional substitutions at some positions resulted in nonfunctional proteins, we used in vivo non-canonical amino acid mutagenesis to determ ...	2015	26668320
nearly 1000 protein identifications from 50 ng of xenopus laevis zygote homogenate using online sample preparation on a strong cation exchange monolith based microreactor coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis.	a sulfonate-silica hybrid strong cation exchange monolith microreactor was synthesized and coupled to a linear polyacrylamide coated capillary for online sample preparation and capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (cze-ms/ms) bottom-up proteomic analysis. the protein sample was loaded onto the microreactor in an acidic buffer. after online reduction, alkylation, and digestion with trypsin, the digests were eluted with 200 mm ammonium bicarbonate at ph 8.2 for cze-ms/ms analysi ...	2016	26670623
hepatocystin is essential for trpm7 function during early embryogenesis.	mutations in protein kinase c substrate 80k-h (prkcsh), which encodes for an 80 kda protein named hepatocystin (80k-h, prkcsh), gives rise to polycystic liver disease (pcld). hepatocystin functions as the noncatalytic beta subunit of glucosidase ii, an endoplasmic reticulum (er)-resident enzyme involved in processing and quality control of newly synthesized glycoproteins. patients harboring heterozygous germline mutations in prkcsh are thought to develop renal cysts as a result of somatic loss o ...	2015	26671672
genetics, morphology, advertisement calls, and historical records distinguish six new polyploid species of african clawed frog (xenopus, pipidae) from west and central africa.	african clawed frogs, genus xenopus, are extraordinary among vertebrates in the diversity of their polyploid species and the high number of independent polyploidization events that occurred during their diversification. here we update current understanding of the evolutionary history of this group and describe six new species from west and central sub-saharan africa, including four tetraploids and two dodecaploids. we provide information on molecular variation, morphology, karyotypes, vocalizati ...	2015	26672747
spak and osr1 sensitive kir2.1 k+ channels.	kir2.1 (kcnj2) channels are expressed in neurons, skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue and maintain the resting membrane potential. the activity of those channels is regulated by diverse signalling molecules. the present study explored whether kir2.1 channels are sensitive to the transporter and channels regulating kinases spak (sps1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and osr1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1), which are in turn regulated by wnk (with-no-k[lys]) kinases.	2015	26673921
in vitro model systems to investigate bile salt export pump (bsep) activity and drug interactions: a review.	the bile salt export pump protein (bsep), expressed on the canalicular membranes of hepatocytes, is primarily responsible for the biliary excretion of bile salts. the inhibition of bsep transport activity can lead to an increase in intracellular bile salt levels and liver injury. this review discusses the various in vitro assays currently available for assessing the effect of drugs or other chemical entities to modulate bsep transport activity. bsep transporter assays use one of the following pl ...	2016	26683212
up-regulation of excitatory amino acid transporters eaat1 and eaat2 by ß-klotho.	klotho, a transmembrane protein expressed in chorioid plexus of the brain, kidney, and several other tissues, is required for inhibition of 1,25(oh)2d3 formation by fgf23. the extracellular domain of klotho protein could be cleaved off, thus being released into blood or cerebrospinal fluid. at least in part by exerting β-glucuronidase activity, soluble klotho regulates several ion channels and carriers. klotho protein deficiency accelerates the appearance of age related disorders including neuro ...	2015	26684854
atrazine and malathion shorten the maturation process of xenopus laevis oocytes and have an adverse effect on early embryo development.	the use of pesticides has a negative impact on the environment. amphibians have long been regarded as indicator species to pollutants due to their permeable skin and sensitivity to the environment. studies have shown that population declines of some amphibians are directly linked with exposure to agricultural contaminants. in the past, much of the studies have focused on the toxic effect of contaminants on larvae (tadpoles), juvenile and adult frogs. however, due to the nature of their life cycl ...	2016	26686575
thrombopoietin induces production of nucleated thrombocytes from liver cells in xenopus laevis.	the development of mammalian megakaryocytes (mks) and platelets, which are thought to be absent in non-mammals, is primarily regulated by the thrombopoietin (tpo)/mpl system. although non-mammals possess nucleated thrombocytes instead of platelets, the features of nucleated thrombocyte progenitors remain to be clarified. here, we provide the general features of tpo using xenopus laevis tpo (xltpo). hepatic and splenic cells were cultured in liquid suspension with recombinant xltpo. these cells d ...	2015	26687619
identification of methylated deoxyadenosines in vertebrates reveals diversity in dna modifications.	methylation of cytosine deoxynucleotides generates 5-methylcytosine (m(5)dc), a well-established epigenetic mark. however, in higher eukaryotes much less is known about modifications affecting other deoxynucleotides. here, we report the detection of n(6)-methyldeoxyadenosine (m(6)da) in vertebrate dna, specifically in xenopus laevis but also in other species including mouse and human. our methylome analysis reveals that m(6)da is widely distributed across the eukaryotic genome and is present in ...	2016	26689968
electrophysiological characterization of na,k-atpases expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamping.	the transport of three na(+) per two k(+) means that the na,k-atpase is electrogenic, and though the currents generated by the ion pump are small compared to ion channel currents, they can be measured using electrophysiology, both steady-state pumping and individual steps in the transport cycle. various electrophysiological techniques have been used to study the endogenous pumps of the squid giant axon and of cardiac myocytes from for example rabbits. here, we describe the characterization of he ...	2016	26695042
effects of transgenic cry1ca rice on the development of xenopus laevis.	in fields of genetically modified, insect-resistant rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins, frogs are exposed to bt cry proteins by consuming both target and non-target insects, and through their highly permeable skin. in the present study, we assessed the potential risk posed by transgenic cry1ca rice (t1c-19) on the development of a frog species by adding purified cry1ca protein or t1c-19 rice straw into the rearing water of xenopus laevis tadpoles, and by feeding x. laevis frogl ...	2015	26695426
amphibian macrophage development and antiviral defenses.	macrophage lineage cells represent the cornerstone of vertebrate physiology and immune defenses. in turn, comparative studies using non-mammalian animal models have revealed that evolutionarily distinct species have adopted diverse molecular and physiological strategies for controlling macrophage development and functions. notably, amphibian species present a rich array of physiological and environmental adaptations, not to mention the peculiarity of metamorphosis from larval to adult stages of ...	2016	26705159
using confocal analysis of xenopus laevis to investigate modulators of wnt and shh morphogen gradients.	this protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. the ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising gfp-tagged ligands. synthetic mrnas are efficiently translated after injection into early stage xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. when combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered rfp, the injected cell (and i ...	2015	26709854
on the embryonic cell division beyond the contractile ring mechanism: experimental and computational investigation of effects of vitelline confinement, temperature and egg size.	embryonic cell division is a mechanical process which is predominantly driven by contraction of the cleavage furrow and response of the remaining cellular matter. while most previous studies focused on contractile ring mechanisms of cytokinesis, effects of environmental factors such as pericellular vitelline membrane and temperature on the mechanics of dividing cells were rarely studied. here, we apply a model-based analysis to the time-lapse imaging data of two species (saccoglossus kowalevskii ...	2015	26713241
molecular and cytological analyses reveal distinct transformations of intestinal epithelial cells during xenopus metamorphosis.	the thyroid hormone (t3)-induced formation of adult intestine during amphibian metamorphosis resembles the maturation of the mammalian intestine during postembryonic development, the period around birth when plasma t3 level peaks. this process involves de novo formation of adult intestinal stem cells as well as the removal of the larval epithelial cells through apoptosis. earlier studies have revealed a number of cytological and molecular markers for the epithelial cells undergoing different cha ...	2015	26719790
light induces ultrastructural changes in rod outer and inner segments, including autophagy, in a transgenic xenopus laevis p23h rhodopsin model of retinitis pigmentosa.	we previously reported a transgenic xenopus laevis model of retinitis pigmentosa in which tadpoles express the bovine form of p23h rhodopsin (bp23h) in rod photoreceptors. in this model, retinal degeneration was dependent on light exposure. here, we investigated ultrastructural changes that occurred in the rod photoreceptors of these retinas when exposed to light.	2015	26720441
hydrophobic interactions between the s5 segment and the pore helix stabilizes the closed state of slo2.1 potassium channels.	under normal physiological conditions, slo2.1k(+) channels are in a closed state unless activated by an elevation in [na(+)]i. fenamates such as niflumic acid also activate slo2.1. previous studies suggest that activation of slo2.1 channels is mediated by a conformational change in the selectivity filter, and not a widening of the aperture formed by the s6 segment bundle crossing as occurs in voltage-gated k(+) channels. it is unclear how binding of na(+) or fenamates is allosterically linked to ...	2016	26724206
assessing differences in toxicity and teratogenicity of three phthalates, diethyl phthalate, di-n-propyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate, using xenopus laevis embryos.	phthalates, compounds used to add flexibility to plastics, are ubiquitous in the environment. in particular, the diethyl (dep), di-n-propyl (dnpp), and di-n-butyl (dbp) phthalates were found to exert detrimental effects in both mammalian and non-mammalian studies, with toxic effects varying according to alkyl chain length. embryos of xenopus laevis, the african clawed frog, have been used to assess toxicity and teratogenicity of several compounds and serves as a model for assessing adverse and t ...	2016	26730679
reappraising the effects of artemisinin on the atpase activity of pfatp6 and serca1a e255l expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes.		2016	26733217
fiber size-selective stimulation using action potential filtering for a peripheral nerve interface: a simulation study.	functional electrical stimulation is a powerful tool for restoration of function after nerve injury. however selectivity of stimulation remains an issue. this paper presents an alternative stimulation technique to obtain fiber size-selective stimulation of nerves using fda-approved electrode implants. the technique was simulated for the ventral roots of xenopus laevis, motivated by an application in bladder control. the technique relies on applying a high frequency alternating current to filter ...	2015	26737025
recombinant expression and characterization of α-conotoxin lvia in escherichia coli.	α-conotoxin lvia is derived from conus lividus, native to hainan, and is the most selective inhibitor of α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) known to date. in this study, an efficient approach for the production of recombinant α-conotoxin lvia is described. tandem repeats of a lvia gene fragment were constructed and fused with a ksi gene and a his₆ tag in a escherichia coli (e. coli) expression vector pet-31b(+). the recombinant plasmids were transformed into e. coli and were found t ...	2016	26742048
homology-driven assembly of non-redundant protein sequence sets (nomess) for mass spectrometry.	to enable mass spectrometry (ms)-based proteomic studies with poorly characterized organisms, we developed a computational workflow for the homology-driven assembly of a non-redundant reference sequence dataset. in the automated pipeline, translated dna sequences (e.g. ests, rna deep-sequencing data) are aligned to those of a closely related and fully sequenced organism. representative sequences are derived from each cluster and joined, resulting in a non-redundant reference set representing the ...	2016	26743511
differential effects of the recombinant toxin pntx4(5-5) from the spider phoneutria nigriventer on mammalian and insect sodium channels.	the toxin pntx4(5-5) from the spider phoneutria nigriventer is extremely toxic/lethal to insects but has no macroscopic behavioral effects observed in mice after intracerebral injection. nevertheless, it was demonstrated that it inhibits the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) - subtype of glutamate receptors of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. pntx4(5-5) has 63% identity to pntx4(6-1), another insecticidal toxin from p. nigriventer, which can slow down the sodium current inactivation in insect central ...	2016	26747232
structures of xenopus embryonic epidermal lectin reveal a conserved mechanism of microbial glycan recognition.	intelectins (x-type lectins), broadly distributed throughout chordates, have been implicated in innate immunity. xenopus laevis embryonic epidermal lectin (xeel), an intelectin secreted into environmental water by the x. laevis embryo, is postulated to function as a defense against microbes. xeel is homologous (64% identical) to human intelectin-1 (hintl-1), which is also implicated in innate immune defense. we showed previously that hintl-1 binds microbial glycans bearing exocyclic vicinal diol ...	2016	26755729
single-cell mass spectrometry for discovery proteomics: quantifying translational cell heterogeneity in the 16-cell frog (xenopus) embryo.	we advance mass spectrometry from a cell population-averaging tool to one capable of quantifying the expression of diverse proteins in single embryonic cells. our instrument combines capillary electrophoresis (ce), electrospray ionization, and a tribrid ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer (hrms) to enable untargeted (discovery) proteomics with ca. 25 amol lower limit of detection. ce-μesi-hrms enabled the identification of 500-800 nonredundant protein groups by measuring 20 ng, or <0.2% of th ...	2016	26756663
mixture toxicity of microcystin-lr, paraoxon and bromadiolone in xenopus laevis embryos.	apart from infections and habitat loss, environmental pollution is another major factor of global decline of amphibians. using the model of xenopus laevis embryos, we test the hypothesis that combined exposure of amphibians to natural toxins and anthropogenic pollutants induces more pronounced adverse effects than single exposures.	2015	26757121
[the biological activity of the sevanol and its analogues].	previously, from the plant thymus armeniacus a new lignan sevanol was isolated, it's structure was elucidated and was shown that it effectively inhibits the acid-sensing channel asic3 and also exhibits a pronounced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. in this work biological activity of the sevanol analog obtained by chemical synthesis from simple precursors, the stereoisomer of sevanol and a precursor molecule represents a half of sevanol was measured in electrophysiological experiments on h ...	2016	26762099
reconstitution of co2 regulation of slac1 anion channel and function of co2-permeable pip2;1 aquaporin as carbonic anhydrase4 interactor.	dark respiration causes an increase in leaf co2 concentration (ci), and the continuing increases in atmospheric [co2] further increases ci. elevated leaf co2 concentration causes stomatal pores to close. here, we demonstrate that high intracellular co2/hco3 (-) enhances currents mediated by the arabidopsis thaliana guard cell s-type anion channel slac1 upon coexpression of any one of the arabidopsis protein kinases ost1, cpk6, or cpk23 in xenopus laevis oocytes. split-ubiquitin screening identif ...	2016	26764375
energetics of photoinduced charge migration within the tryptophan tetrad of an animal (6-4) photolyase.	cryptochromes and photolyases are flavoproteins that undergo cascades of electron/hole transfers after excitation of the flavin cofactor. it was recently discovered that animal (6-4) photolyases, as well as animal cryptochromes, feature a chain of four tryptophan residues, while other members of the family contain merely a tryptophan triad. transient absorption spectroscopy measurements on xenopus laevis (6-4) photolyase have shown that the fourth residue is effectively involved in photoreductio ...	2016	26765169
retracted: the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is essential for entry into meiotic m-phase.	vertebrate immature oocytes are arrested at prophase of meiosis i (mi). hormonal stimulation breaks this prophase-i arrest and induces re-entry into mi. the mechanism underlying meiotic resumption remains largely elusive. here, we demonstrate that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c) in complex with cdh1 has an unexpected function in meiosis in that it is essential for meiotic resumption. we identify the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (pp6c) as the critical substrate whos ...	2016	26766445
proper notch activity is necessary for the establishment of proximal cells and differentiation of intermediate, distal, and connecting tubule in xenopus pronephros development.	notch signaling in pronephros development has been shown to regulate establishment of glomus and proximal tubule, but how notch signal works on competency of pronephric anlagen during the generation of pronephric components remains to be understood.	2016	26773453
high and low gaba sensitivity α4β2δ gabaa receptors are expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes with divergent stoichiometries.	gabaa receptors that contain the α4 and δ subunits are thought to be located extrasynaptically, mediating tonic currents elicited by low concentrations of gaba. these α4βδ receptors are modulated by neurosteroids and certain anesthetics, identifying them as important drug targets in research. however, pharmacological studies on these receptors have often yielded variable results, possibly due to the expression of receptors in different stoichiometries or arrangements. in this study, we injected ...	2016	26774457
ventricular cell fate can be specified until the onset of myocardial differentiation.	the mechanisms that govern specification of various cell types that constitute vertebrate heart are not fully understood. whilst most studies of heart development have utilised the mouse embryo, we have used an alternative model, embryos of the frog xenopus laevis, which permits direct experimental manipulation of a non-essential heart. we show that in this model pluripotent animal cap explants injected with cardiogenic factor gata4 mrna express pan-myocardial as well as ventricular and proepica ...	2016	26776863
using frogs faces to dissect the mechanisms underlying human orofacial defects.	in this review i discuss how xenopus laevis is an effective model to dissect the mechanisms underlying orofacial defects. this species has been particularly useful in studying the understudied structures of the developing face including the embryonic mouth and primary palate. the embryonic mouth is the first opening between the foregut and the environment and is critical for adult mouth development. the final step in embryonic mouth formation is the perforation of a thin layer of tissue covering ...	2016	26778163
lens regeneration from the cornea requires suppression of wnt/β-catenin signaling.	the frog, xenopus laevis, possesses a high capacity to regenerate various larval tissues, including the lens, which is capable of complete regeneration from the cornea epithelium. however, the molecular signaling mechanisms of cornea-lens regeneration are not fully understood. previous work has implicated the involvement of the wnt signaling pathway, but molecular studies have been very limited. iris-derived lens regeneration in the newt (wolffian lens regeneration) has shown a necessity for act ...	2016	26778749
differential requirement of bone morphogenetic protein receptors ia (alk3) and ib (alk6) in early embryonic patterning and neural crest development.	bone morphogenetic proteins regulate multiple processes in embryonic development, including early dorso-ventral patterning and neural crest development. bmps activate heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of type i and type ii receptor-serine/threonine kinases. bmp receptors ia and ib, also known as alk3 and alk6 respectively, are the most common type i receptors that likely mediate most bmp signaling events. since early expression patterns and functions in xenopus laevis development have no ...	2016	26780949
identifying domains of efhc1 involved in ciliary localization, ciliogenesis, and the regulation of wnt signaling.	efhc1 encodes a ciliary protein that has been linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. in ectodermal explants, derived from xenopus laevis embryos, the morpholino-mediated down-regulation of efhc1b inhibited multiciliated cell formation. in those ciliated cells that did form, axoneme but not basal body formation was inhibited. efhc1b morphant embryos displayed defects in central nervous system (cns) and neural crest patterning that were rescued by a efhc1b-gfp chimera. efhc1b-gfp localized to cili ...	2016	26783883
oshkt1;4-mediated na(+) transport in stems contributes to na(+) exclusion from leaf blades of rice at the reproductive growth stage upon salt stress.	na(+) exclusion from leaf blades is one of the key mechanisms for glycophytes to cope with salinity stress. certain class i transporters of the high-affinity k(+) transporter (hkt) family have been demonstrated to mediate leaf blade-na(+) exclusion upon salinity stress via na(+)-selective transport. multiple hkt1 transporters are known to function in rice (oryza sativa). however, the ion transport function of oshkt1;4 and its contribution to the na(+) exclusion mechanism in rice remain to be elu ...	2016	26786707
subcellular localization of class i histone deacetylases in the developing xenopus tectum.	histone deacetylases (hdacs) are thought to localize in the nucleus to regulate gene transcription and play pivotal roles in neurogenesis, apoptosis, and plasticity. however, the subcellular distribution of class i hdacs in the developing brain remains unclear. here, we show that hdac1 and hdac2 are located in both the mitochondria and the nucleus in the xenopus laevis stage 34 tectum and are mainly restricted to the nucleus following further brain development. hdac3 is widely present in the mit ...	2015	26793062
using xenopus embryos to study transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulatory mechanisms of intermediate filaments.	intermediate filament genes exhibit highly regulated, tissue-specific patterns of expression during development and in response to injury. identifying the responsible cis-regulatory gene elements thus holds great promise for revealing insights into fundamental gene regulatory mechanisms controlling tissue differentiation and repair. because much of this regulation occurs in response to signals from surrounding cells, characterizing them requires a model system in which their activity can be test ...	2016	26795487
post-translational regulation of hexokinase function and protein stability in the aestivating frog xenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis endure substantial dehydration which can impose hypoxic stress due to impaired blood flow. tissues may increase reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production making the regulation of hexokinase (hk) important. we investigated the enzymatic properties and phosphorylation state of purified hk from the muscle of control and dehydrated (30% total body water lost) frogs. bioinformatic tools were also applied to analyze the structural implication of hk phosphorylation in silico ...	2016	26797504
morphological, biochemical, transcriptional and epigenetic responses to fasting and refeeding in intestine of xenopus laevis.	amphibians are able to survive for several months without food. however, it is unclear what molecular mechanisms underlie their survival. to characterize the intestinal responses to fasting and refeeding, we investigated morphological, biochemical, transcriptional and epigenetic changes in the intestine from adult male xenopus laevis.	2016	26798452
alterations in gene expression levels provide early indicators of chemical stress during xenopus laevis embryo development: a case study with perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos).	in the present study, xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to a range of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) concentrations (0, 0.5, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96mg/l) for 96h in laboratorial conditions to establish toxicity along with possible gene expression changes. mortality and deformities were monitored daily and head-tail length was measured at the end of the assay as an indicator of growth. at 24 and 96h post-exposure (hpe), the mrna expression levels of the genetic markers involved in general stress ...	2016	26802562
hmga2 is required for neural crest cell specification in xenopus laevis.	hmga proteins are small nuclear proteins that bind dna by conserved at-hook motifs, modify chromatin architecture and assist in gene expression. two hmgas (hmga1 and hmga2), encoded by distinct genes, exist in mammals and are highly expressed during embryogenesis or reactivated in tumour progression. we here addressed the in vivo role of xenopus hmga2 in the neural crest cells (nccs). we show that hmga2 is required for normal ncc specification and development. hmga2 knockdown leads to severe dis ...	2016	26806704
pld1 regulates xenopus convergent extension movements by mediating frizzled7 endocytosis for wnt/pcp signal activation.	phospholipase d (pld) is involved in the regulation of receptor-associated signaling, cell movement, cell adhesion and endocytosis. however, its physiological role in vertebrate development remains poorly understood. in this study, we show that pld1 is required for the convergent extension (ce) movements during xenopus gastrulation by activating wnt/pcp signaling. xenopus pld1 protein is specifically enriched in the dorsal region of xenopus gastrula embryo and loss or gain-of-function of pld1 in ...	2016	26806705
a gradient of maternal bicaudal-c controls vertebrate embryogenesis via translational repression of mrnas encoding cell fate regulators.	vertebrate bicaudal-c (bicc1) has important biological roles in the formation and homeostasis of multiple organs, but direct experiments to address the role of maternal bicc1 in early vertebrate embryogenesis have not been reported. here, we use antisense phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides and the host-transfer technique to eliminate specifically maternal stores of both bicc1 mrna and bicc1 protein from xenopus laevis eggs. fertilization of these bicc1-depleted eggs produced embryos with ...	2016	26811381
nuclear size is sensitive to ntf2 protein levels in a manner dependent on ran binding.	altered nuclear size is associated with many cancers, and determining whether cancer-associated changes in nuclear size contribute to carcinogenesis necessitates an understanding of mechanisms of nuclear size regulation. although nuclear import rates generally positively correlate with nuclear size, ntf2 levels negatively affect nuclear size, despite the role of ntf2 (also known as nutf2) in nuclear recycling of the import factor ran. we show that binding of ran to ntf2 is required for ntf2 to i ...	2016	26823604
rna whole-mount in situ hybridisation proximity ligation assay (rish-pla), an assay for detecting rna-protein complexes in intact cells.	techniques for studying rna-protein interactions have lagged behind those for dna-protein complexes as a consequence of the complexities associated with working with rna. here we present a method for the modification of the existing in situ hybridisation-proximity ligation assay (ish-pla) protocol to adapt it to the study of rna regulation (rish-pla). as proof of principle we used the well-characterised interaction of the xenopus laevis staufen rna binding protein with vg1 mrna, the complex of w ...	2016	26824753
developing antibodies from cholinesterase derived from prokaryotic expression and testing their feasibility for detecting immunogen content in daphnia magna.	to yield cholinesterase (che) from prokaryotic expression, the che gene that belongs to daphnia magna was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using forward primer 5'-cccyggngcsat gatgtg-3' and reverse primer 5'-gyaagttrgcccaatatct-3'. to express the gene, one sequence of the amplified dna, which was able to encode a putative protein containing two conserved carboxylesterase domains, was connected to the prokaryotic expression vector pet-29a(+). the recombinant v ...	0	26834012
a western blot protocol for detection of proteins heterologously expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes.	oocytes of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, are often used for expression and biochemical characterization of transporter proteins as the oocytes are particularly suitable for uptake assays and electrophysiological recordings. assessment of the expression level of expressed transporters at the individual oocyte level is often desirable when comparing properties of wild type and mutant transporters. however, a large content of yolk platelets in the oocyte cytoplasm makes this a challengin ...	2016	26843169
heterologous expression of melanopsin: present, problems and prospects.	melanopsin, the photosensory pigment of specialized mammalian retinal ganglion cells, is involved in various non-image forming tasks such as pupillary light reflex, circadian entrainment and irradiance detection. melanopsin genes have been detected in all vertebrate classes and are resolved in two lineages, opn4m and opn4x. in addition, two splice variants have been found in several species leading to a short (opn4-s) and a long (opn4-l) isoform, mainly differing in the length of the c terminus. ...	2016	26850932
frogs as integrative models for understanding digestive organ development and evolution.	the digestive system comprises numerous cells, tissues and organs that are essential for the proper assimilation of nutrients and energy. many aspects of digestive organ function are highly conserved among vertebrates, yet the final anatomical configuration of the gut varies widely between species, especially those with different diets. improved understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events that orchestrate digestive organ development is pertinent to many areas of biology and medici ...	2016	26851628
using xenopus laevis retinal and spinal neurons to study mechanisms of axon guidance in vivo and in vitro.	the intricate and precise establishment of neuronal connections in the developing nervous system relies on accurate navigation of growing axons. since ramón y cajal's discovery of the growth cone, the phenomenon of axon guidance has been revealed as a coordinated operation of guidance molecules, receptors, secondary messengers, and responses driven by the dynamic cytoskeleton within the growth cone. with the advent of new and accelerating techniques, xenopus laevis emerged as a robust model to i ...	2016	26853934
making muscle: morphogenetic movements and molecular mechanisms of myogenesis in xenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis offers unprecedented access to the intricacies of muscle development. the large, robust embryos make it ideal for manipulations at both the tissue and molecular level. in particular, this model system can be used to fate map early muscle progenitors, visualize cell behaviors associated with somitogenesis, and examine the role of signaling pathways that underlie induction, specification, and differentiation of muscle. several characteristics that are unique to x. laevis include myo ...	2016	26853935
identification and characterization of a novel intelectin in the digestive tract of xenopus laevis.	the intelectin (intl) family is a group of secretory lectins in chordates that serve multiple functions, including innate immunity, through ca(2+)-dependent recognition of carbohydrate chains. although six intl family lectins have so far been reported in xenopus laevis, none have been identified in the intestine. using a monoclonal antibody to the xenopus embryonic epidermal lectin (xeel or intl-1), i identified cross-reactive proteins in the intestines. the proteins were purified by affinity ch ...	2016	26855011
a three amino acid deletion in the transmembrane domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 subunit confers high-level resistance to spinosad in plutella xylostella.	spinosad is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide that acts primarily at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) of target insects. here we describe evidence that high levels of resistance to spinosad in the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) are associated with a three amino acid (3-aa) deletion in the fourth transmembrane domain (tm4) of the nachr α6 subunit (pxα6). following laboratory selection with spinosad, the sz-spinr strain of p. xylostella exhibited 940-fold resistance to spinos ...	2016	26855198
unequal contribution of native south african phylogeographic lineages to the invasion of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, in europe.	due to both deliberate and accidental introductions, invasive african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) populations have become established worldwide. in this study, we investigate the geographic origins of invasive x. laevis populations in france and portugal using the phylogeographic structure of x. laevis in its native south african range. in total, 80 individuals from the whole area known to be invaded in france and portugal were analysed for two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, allowing a ...	2016	26855879
tweaking subtype selectivity and agonist efficacy at (s)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (ampa) receptors in a small series of bntetampa analogues.	a series of analogues of the (s)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (ampa) receptor agonist bntetampa (5b) were synthesized and characterized pharmacologically in radioligand binding assays at native and cloned ampa receptors and functionally by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology at the four homomeric ampa receptors expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. the analogues 6 and 7 exhibit very different pharmacological profiles with binding affinity preference for the ...	2016	26862980
stem cell-like xenopus embryonic explants to study early neural developmental features in vitro and in vivo.	understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. in the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. these cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. in this manuscript protocols are described for the use of xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in ...	2016	26863402
bioelectric signalling via potassium channels: a mechanism for craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in kcnj2-associated andersen-tawil syndrome.	xenopus laevis craniofacial development is a good system for the study of andersen-tawil syndrome (ats)-associated craniofacial anomalies (cfas) because (1) kcnj2 is expressed in the nascent face; (2) molecular-genetic and biophysical techniques are available for the study of ion-dependent signalling during craniofacial morphogenesis; (3) as in humans, expression of variant kcnj2 forms in embryos causes a muscle phenotype; and (4) variant forms of kcnj2 found in human patients, when injected int ...	2016	26864374
t-cell internal antigen 1 counteracts somatic rna degradation during early xenopus embryogenesis.	in xenopus laevis, maternal transcripts that localize to the vegetal cortex of the oocyte are specifically inherited by prospective germ cells during cleavage stages. while a large fraction of maternal transcripts is degraded during the maternal to zygotic transition (mzt), transcripts associated with the germ-line are stable. a sequence in the dead end 1 3'utr mediates vegetal localization in the oocyte as well as mir mediated clearance in somatic cells and germ cell specific stabilization duri ...	2015	26864483
carrier-mediated prodrug uptake to improve the oral bioavailability of polar drugs: an application to an oseltamivir analogue.	the goal of this study was to improve the intestinal mucosal cell membrane permeability of the poorly absorbed guanidino analogue of a neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir carboxylate (goc) using a carrier-mediated strategy. valyl amino acid prodrug of goc with isopropyl-methylene-dioxy linker (goc-isp-val) was evaluated as the potential substrate for intestinal oligopeptide transporter, hpept1 in xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing hpept1, and an intestinal mouse perfusion system. ...	2016	26869437
cytosolic calcium transients are a determinant of contraction-induced hsp72 transcription in single skeletal muscle fibers.	the intrinsic activating factors that induce transcription of heat shock protein 72 (hsp72) in skeletal muscle following exercise remain unclear. we hypothesized that the cytosolic ca(2+) transient that occurs with depolarization is a determinant. we utilized intact, single skeletal muscle fibers from xenopus laevis to test the role of the cytosolic ca(2+) transient and several other exercise-related factors (fatigue, hypoxia, amp kinase, and cross-bridge cycling) on the activation of hsp72 tran ...	2016	26869714
proteome-wide dataset supporting the study of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes.	our analysis examines the conservation of multiprotein complexes among metazoa through use of high resolution biochemical fractionation and precision mass spectrometry applied to soluble cell extracts from 5 representative model organisms caenorhabditis elegans, drosophila melanogaster, mus musculus, strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and homo sapiens. the interaction network obtained from the data was validated globally in 4 distant species (xenopus laevis, nematostella vectensis, dictyostelium dis ...	2016	26870755
sf3b4-depleted xenopus embryos: a model to study the pathogenesis of craniofacial defects in nager syndrome.	mandibulofacial dysostosis (mfd) is a human developmental disorder characterized by defects of the facial bones. it is the second most frequent craniofacial malformation after cleft lip and palate. nager syndrome combines many features of mfd with a variety of limb defects. mutations in sf3b4 (splicing factor 3b, subunit 4) gene, which encodes a component of the pre-mrna spliceosomal complex, were recently identified as a cause of nager syndrome, accounting for 60% of affected individuals. nothi ...	2016	26874011