Publications

a comprehensive systematic approach to identification of influenza a virus genotype using rt-pcr and rflp.	amplification of influenza a virus gene segments by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) can be combined with enzymatic digestion to reveal unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms specific for h1n1 and h3n2 subtype viruses. we have used the method to provide a rapid, specific and reproducible identification of the genotype of high-growth influenza reassortants derived from a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8). digestion of the gene segments amplified from wild-type viruses, pr8 ...	2000	10921838
vitamin e supplementation increases t helper 1 cytokine production in old mice infected with influenza virus.	compared with young mice, old mice infected with influenza virus have significantly higher pulmonary viral titres, although these can be reduced significantly with dietary vitamin e supplementation. t helper 1 (th1) cytokines, especially interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), play an important role in defending against influenza infection. however, there is an age-associated loss of th1 cytokine production. prostaglandin e2 (pge2) production, which increases with age, can modulate the t helper cell funct ...	2000	10929076
antiviral activity of nmso3 against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in vivo.	nmso3, a sulfated sialyl lipid was evaluated for its efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and other myxovirus infections in cell culture. the median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, ec(50)) of nmso3 against replication of the long strain of rsv in hep-2 cells was 0.2 and 0.32 microm by optical elisa and the plaque reduction method, respectively. on the other hand, the corresponding values for ribavirin were 10.5 and 11.2 microm, respectively. nmso3 showed poten ...	2000	10930645
genetic characterization of h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from pigs in north america, 1977-1999: evidence for wholly human and reassortant virus genotypes.	since 1998, h3n2 viruses have caused epizootics of respiratory disease in pigs throughout the major swine production regions of the u.s. these outbreaks are remarkable because swine influenza in north america had previously been caused almost exclusively by h1n1 viruses. we sequenced the full-length protein coding regions of all eight rna segments from four h3n2 viruses that we isolated from pigs in the midwestern u.s. between march 1998 and march 1999, as well as from h3n2 viruses recovered fro ...	2000	10930664
safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines administered intranasally to healthy adults.	antigen-specific mucosal immunity is thought to be important for protection against influenza virus infection. currently licensed parenteral influenza vaccines stimulate the production of serum antibodies, but are poor inducers of mucosal immunity. the adjuvant mf59 has been shown to enhance the humoral immune response to parenteral influenza vaccine in humans and the mucosal immune response to intranasally-administered influenza vaccine in mice. we conducted an open-label safety study followed ...	2000	10930676
variation in response among individuals to antigenic sites on the ha protein of human influenza virus may be responsible for the emergence of drift strains in the human population.	eight convalescent human sera obtained from patients aged 3 to 14 years old, who were infected with influenza a(h3n2) virus during the 1990/1991 influenza season, were characterized by a binding assay with chimeric hemagglutinin (ha) proteins between influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 and a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) strains. these sera did not recognize the ha protein of the a/aichi/2/68 strain but recognized that of the a/kamata/14/91 strain. the binding assay revealed that these sera recognized only the ha ...	2000	10936103
evolution of swine h3n2 influenza viruses in the united states.	during 1998, severe outbreaks of influenza were observed in four swine herds in the united states. this event was unique because the causative agents, h3n2 influenza viruses, are infrequently isolated from swine in north america. two antigenically distinct reassortant viruses (h3n2) were isolated from infected animals: a double-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human and swine viruses, and a triple-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human, swine, and avia ...	2000	10954521
early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of h1, h2, and h3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals.	interspecies transmission of influenza a viruses circulating in wild aquatic birds occasionally results in influenza outbreaks in mammals, including humans. to identify early changes in the receptor binding properties of the avian virus hemagglutinin (ha) after interspecies transmission and to determine the amino acid substitutions responsible for these alterations, we studied the has of the initial isolates from the human pandemics of 1957 (h2n2) and 1968 (h3n2), the european swine epizootic of ...	2000	10954551
[influenza--always present among us].	influenza virus infects about 10 million persons worldwide each year. two important characteristics of influenza are its epidemic outbreak and high mortality rate, mostly caused by complications. influenza virus is characterised by a great antigenic variability. major modifications, called antigenic shifts or type changes, occur approximately three times per century and result in worldwide epidemics--pandemics. minor modifications, called antigenic drifts or strain changes demand new vaccine com ...	2000	10965680
adequate seroresponse to influenza vaccination in dialysis patients.	hemodialysis (hd) patients are immunocompromised, and they have been shown to react suboptimally to recommended vaccinations. advances in dialysis therapy and other supportive measures may theoretically result in better immune system functions. clinical evidence supporting this theory has, however, not been presented. with influenza vaccination response, we tried to address this question.	2000	10971154
[characteristics of epidemiological strains of influenza a virus (h3n2) isolate in 1997-1999. virus a/moscow/10/99--a candidate to become the vaccine strain].	antigenic properties of influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated during two epidemic seasons 1997-98 and 1998-99 in russia are analyzed. all strains are antigenic variants of the reference strain a/sydney/5/97. characteristics of epidemic strain a/moscow/10/99, proposed by who expert committee as vaccine strain for 1999-2000 have been studied. this strain, isolated on chick embryos, is characterized by high reproductive activity in chicken embryos with an infectious titer of 10(6) eid50/0.2 ml, easily ...	2000	10971961
studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness.	a randomized, blinded, pilot study of influenza vaccine administered to children attending day care centers was conducted during the 1996-1997 winter. vaccine efficacy in preventing serologically proven influenza virus infection was 0.45 (95% confidence limit [cl]: -0.02, 0.69) for influenza b and 0.31 (95% cl: -0.95, 0.73) for influenza a(h3n2). for both influenza a(h3n2) and b, children without preexisting hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody to these antigens had lower antibody responses ...	2000	10979921
surveillance of influenza viruses isolated from travellers at nagoya international airport.	in order to conduct a survey of influenza viruses entering japan via travellers arriving by airplanes, gargle solutions were collected from passengers who reported to the quarantine station of nagoya international airport complaining of respiratory symptoms. from 504 samples collected between august 1996 and march 1999, 30 influenza virus strains were isolated. twenty-eight of the isolates were influenza a (h3n2) viruses and two were influenza b viruses. no h1n1 virus was isolated. among 28 isol ...	2000	10982075
phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytosis of influenza a virus-infected cells by mouse peritoneal macrophages.	influenza virus induces apoptosis in cultured cell lines as well as in animal tissues. hela cells were infected with influenza virus a/udon/72 (h3n2) under conditions resulting in almost 100% infection. such cells underwent typical caspase-dependent apoptosis and were efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages prepared from peritoneal fluids of thioglycolate-treated mice. the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine appeared on the surfaces of virus-infected cells at around the time efficient phago ...	2000	10982371
recognition of n-glycolylneuraminic acid linked to galactose by the alpha2,3 linkage is associated with intestinal replication of influenza a virus in ducks.	the hemagglutinin (ha) of h3 human influenza viruses does not support viral replication in duck intestine despite its avian origin. a leu-to-gln mutation at position 226 and a ser-to-gly mutation at position 228 in the ha of human a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) permit a reassortant virus [human udorn ha, with all other genes from a/mallard/new york/6750/78 (h2n2)] to replicate in ducks. to understand the molecular basis of this change in host range restriction, we investigated the receptor specificity of ...	2000	10982377
efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic for the elderly in nursing homes.	the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in elderly nursing home residents was studied during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 received inactivated (subunit) influenza vaccine. through the period november 1998 to march 1999, there were 950 cases of influenza infection diagnosed clinically, with virus isolation and/or serology. there were statistically significantly few ...	2000	10984124
comparison of three non-nested rt-pcr for the detection of influenza a viruses.	background: the viral isolation technique (vit) is largely used as a gold standard for the detection of influenza a and b viruses in respiratory samples. some recent studies have pointed out that the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays allow sensitive and rapid detection of influenza viruses, also providing excellent correlation with traditional methods. objectives and design study: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three non-nested pcr, two pcr-hybridization assays usin ...	2000	10996113
exposure to ultraviolet radiation enhances mortality and pathology associated with influenza virus infection in mice.	ultraviolet radiation (uvr) causes systemic immune suppression, decreasing the delayed type and contact hypersensitivity responses in animals and humans and enhancing certain mycobacterial, parasitic and viral infections in mice. this study tests the hypothesis that prior exposure to uvr enhances influenza infections in mice. balb/c female mice were exposed to 0-8.2 kj/m2 of uvr. exposed and unexposed mice were infected intranasally three days later with 150-300 plaque-forming units/mouse (letha ...	2000	11045721
[influenza season 1999/2000 and vaccine composition for the season 2000/01].	the first signs of influenza activity in the netherlands during the 1999/2000 influenza season were the isolation of an influenza a (h3n2) virus in week 40 and of two more in week 43 of 1999. from week 50 onwards, a strong increase of the clinical influenza activity was observed which reached its peak in weeks 1 and 2 of 2000 and then rapidly declined. the clinical influenza activity was associated with the isolation of predominantly influenza a (h3n2) viruses. near the end of the epidemic, infl ...	2000	11048562
super-infection by bacillus thuringiensis h34 or 3a3b can lead to death in mice infected with the influenza a virus.	bacterial super-infections are the main cause of complication and mortality after influenza virus (iav) infection. since bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is considered non-pathogenic for humans and is widely sprayed in urban areas, the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of a combined infection bt-iav in a mouse model of pneumonia. bacteria used for super-infections were bt serotype h34 isolated from human infection and the insecticidal strain 3a3b obtained from a commercial ...	2000	11064263
[serum concentration of amantadine in the treatment of children with influenza type a infection].	fifteen children with influenza type a (h3n2) virus infection (mean age, 38 months) were treated with amantadine. amantadine was prescribed as 5 mg/kg/day and the serum concentration was measured in 5-7 days. as a result, the mean serum concentration of amantadine was 164.6 +/- 92.5 ng/ml (range, 67.4-446.9 ng/ml). adverse reactions were not associated to them. amantadine therapy against influenza type a infection is probably safe in children because of the low serum concentration shown in this ...	2000	11068362
a comparative study of immunocapture elisa and rt-pcr for screening clinical samples from southern greece for human influenza virus types a and b.	an immunocapture (ic) elisa and reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr assays were evaluated as screening methods for the detection of influenza virus types a and b in clinical samples collected from individuals presenting with influenza-like symptoms in southern greece. standard virus isolation in embryonated hens' eggs was taken as the reference method. according to the reference method, 25 (16.7%) of the 150 clinical samples examined were infected by influenza viruses - 19 type a (h3n2) and 6 type b. ...	2000	11073158
an outbreak of influenza a virus in a hilltribe village of mae hong son province thailand, 1997.	an outbreak of influenza a virus occurred in a hilltribe village between july 18th and august 8th, 1997. the overall infection rate was 92.5 per cent. the household infection rate was higher in the crowded part of the village. the symptoms analyzed after all, were fever (100%), cough (99%), headache, myalgia (78.1%) and rhinorrhea (50.5%). the patients were self - recovery within 5-7 days. isolation and haemagglutination inhibition test (hi) were undertaken to identify the causative agent. the r ...	2000	11075965
[influenza in 1998].	in poland in 1998 total number of 825,345 cases of influenza were noted. it meant decrease in half (47.7%) of the number of cases registered in 1997. cumulative incidence was 2134.5 per 100,000. it was 449,592 cases in children up to 14 years old. 489 persons were hospitalized which was 0.06% of reported cases. percentage of hospitalizations decreased almost in half. number of case fatalities due to influenza was 63. in january 1998 there were isolated four variants of influenza virus of subtype ...	2000	11076146
[prevention of influenza--current recommendations].	recommendation of the control of influenza include principal changes as follow: the age for universal vaccination has been lowered to 50 years from 65 years scheduling of large, organized vaccination campaigns after mid-october--2000/2001 trivalent vaccine virus strains are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/beijing/184/93-like strains.	2000	11081349
zanamivir use during transmission of amantadine-resistant influenza a in a nursing home.	to describe the use of zanamivir during an influenza a outbreak.	2000	11089653
profound protection against respiratory challenge with a lethal h7n7 influenza a virus by increasing the magnitude of cd8(+) t-cell memory.	the recall of cd8(+) t-cell memory established by infecting h-2(b) mice with an h1n1 influenza a virus provided a measure of protection against an extremely virulent h7n7 virus. the numbers of cd8(+) effector and memory t cells specific for the shared, immunodominant d(b)np(366) epitope were greatly increased subsequent to the h7n7 challenge, and though lung titers remained as high as those in naive controls for 5 days or more, the virus was cleared more rapidly. expanding the cd8(+) memory t-ce ...	2000	11090168
antioxidant properties of rimantadine in influenza virus infected mice and in some model systems.	influenza virus infection is associated with development of oxidative stress in lung and blood plasma, viz. increase of primary and secondary lipid peroxidation products. it was established that rimantadine treatment led to a decrease of the products of lipid peroxidation in tissues of mice experimentally infected with influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the effect is strongest in blood plasma (a decrease of about 50%) and weaker in the lung (about 20%). to elucidate the mechanism of this actio ...	2000	11098838
[variability and prevalence characteristics of influenza a virus (h1n1) in period 1990-1998].	circulation of influenza a(h1n1) viruses in russia and cis countries had a wave-like pattern with period of silence in 1990-1995 and activation in 1995-1998, when these viruses were isolated together with a(h3n2) and b viruses. antigenic drift of epidemic strains' hemagglutinin (ha) was directed to alteration of ha in reference strains a/texas/36/91, a/johannesburg/82/96, and a/beijing/262/95. a/moscow/17/98 strain similar to a/beijing/262/95 was isolated on mdck cells for the first time in euro ...	2000	11107648
[hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by influenza virus: virological diagnosis].	the paper presents the case of a female patient who was admitted to "calixto garcía" general hospital with respiratory distress and hypovolemic or septic shock. she was diagnosed with viral hemorrhagic pneumonia. from the endotracheal secretion taken as a sample, the influenza virus was isolated as etiological agent, which, through the hemaglutination inhibition technique, was characterized as a strain belonging to h3n2 subtype, very similar to strain a/johannesburg/33/94 from the antigenic view ...	2000	11107898
immunization against influenza: comparison of various topical and parenteral regimens containing inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines in healthy adults.	methods for enhancing immune responses to influenza were explored in 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. intranasal (inl) immunization with monovalent, live attenuated, cold-adapted recombinant (cr) or inactivated influenza virus (miv) vaccine and intramuscular (im) immunization with miv were evaluated in various combinations. healthy susceptible adults were assigned randomly to receive 10(7.1) tcid(50) of cr (a/h1n1 or a/h3n2), homologous miv (15 microg), or placebo inl and placebo or ho ...	2001	11110645
influenza a virus infection complicated by fatal myocarditis.	influenza virus typically causes a febrile respiratory illness, but it can present with a variety of other clinical manifestations. we report a fatal case of myocarditis associated with influenza a infection. a previously healthy 11-year-old girl had malaise and fever for approximately 1 week before a sudden, witnessed fatal collapse at home. autopsy revealed a pericardial effusion, a mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic myocarditis, a mild lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, focal bronchial/bronc ...	2000	11111801
vaccine effectiveness for influenza in the elderly in welfare nursing homes during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic.	influenza vaccine effect on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes for the elderly was studied as a cohort study during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 voluntarily received inactivated, sub-unit trivalent influenza vaccine in a programme supported by the osaka prefectural government. there were statistically significantly fewer cases of influenza, hospital admiss ...	2000	11117963
change in receptor-binding specificity of recent human influenza a viruses (h3n2): a single amino acid change in hemagglutinin altered its recognition of sialyloligosaccharides.	human h3n2 influenza a viruses were known to preferentially bind to sialic acid (sa) in alpha2,6gal linkage on red blood cells (rbc). however, h3n2 viruses isolated in mdck cells after 1992 did not agglutinate chicken rbc (crbc). experiments with point-mutated hemagglutinin (ha) of a/aichi/51/92, one of these viruses, revealed that an amino acid change from glu to asp at position 190 (e190d) was responsible for the loss of ability to bind to crbc. a/aichi/51/92 did not agglutinate crbc treated w ...	2000	11118381
influenza a virus infection and pulmonary microthromboembolism.	this report presents the cases of two patients with rapidly progressive hypoxemia associated with influenza a(h3n2) virus infection, who were diagnosed with influenza related acute pulmonary microthromboembolism by serum d-dimer, lung perfusion and ventilation scans and computed-tomography scan of the chest, and were successfully treated by anti-coagulant therapy. the present cases suggest that acute onset pulmonary microthromboembolism should be considered in some patients with sudden, unexplai ...	2000	11128871
[influenza virus surveillance in tama, tokyo--viral examinations in 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 seasons].	during the 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 seasons, isolations of influenza virus and/or confirmations of hemagglutinin gene of virus from the throat swab of patients in 9 medical institutions in tama, tokyo were carried out by rt-pcr and tissue culture with mdck cells. in 1996/97 and 1997/98 seasons, type a (h3n2) was the predominant type of influenza virus, which was 85% in the 1996/97 and 97% in the 1997/98, but small-scale outbreaks with type b virus was also confirmed in the 1996/9 ...	2000	11140082
cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors with potent in vitro anti-influenza virus activities.	a novel series of cyclopentane derivatives have been found to exhibit potent and selective inhibitory effects on influenza virus neuraminidase. these compounds, designated rwj-270201, bcx-1827, bcx-1898, and bcx-1923, were tested in parallel with zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and influenza b viruses in mdck cells. inhibition of viral cytopathic effect ascertained visually and by neutral red dye uptake was used, with 50% effective ( ...	2001	11181354
in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rjw-270201.	the cyclopentane influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 was evaluated against influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/05/72 virus infections in mice. treatment was by oral gavage twice daily for 5 days beginning 4 h pre-virus exposure. the influenza virus inhibitor oseltamivir was run in parallel, and ribavirin was included in studies with the a/shangdong and b/hong kong viruses. rwj-270201 was inhibitory to all infections using do ...	2001	11181355
recent zoonoses caused by influenza a viruses.	influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. influenza viruses are part of the orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types a, b and c according to antigenic characteristics of the core proteins. influenza a viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918, when over twenty million deaths occurred worl ...	2000	11189716
[sensitivity and specificity of rapid diagnosis kit detecting separately influenza a and b viruses].	sensitivity and specificity of the directigen flu a + b kit, a rapid test for influenza virus a and b, were evaluated. this test detects influenza a and b viruses separately by eia. reactivity of the kit was tested using a total of 23 isolates: 13 isolates of human influenza virus a (h1n1, h3n2) and 10 isolates of human influenza virus b. all of the isolates were tested positive and no difference in reactivity was found in antigenic variables and subtypes. the kit was only reactive to influenza ...	2000	11193556
two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus: detection of influenza virus gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.	we report two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus. the severity of the disease necessitated initiation of empiric therapy based on the present illness and clinical data on admission. both patients were improved by artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressures and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids before confirming the diagnosis of viral bronchopneumonia using viral culture and serological tests. within 24 hours, influenz ...	2001	11201374
[influenza and influenza-like acute respiratory diseases in slovakia in the 1999-2000 season].	acute respiratory infections (ari) represent the most frequent cause of morbidity. their epidemic outbreaks become a severe problem not only in healthcare, but also in economical and social spheres.	2000	11218957
[mechanism of the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains and their control measures].	the 1957 asian h2n2 and 1968 hong kong h3n2 pandemic strains of influenza are genetic reassortants between avian viruses and human strains. since avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes in the generation of reassortants in pigs, none of the 15 ha and 9 na subtypes can be ruled out as potential candidates for future pandemics. the h5n1 influenza virus transmission from domestic poultry to humans in hong kong in 1997 further emphasized the need to have information on influenza viruses in ...	2000	11225307
[properties of influenza a and b, isolated from chick embryos and in mdck cell culture].	mdck culture was used along with the traditional chicken embryonated eggs (cee) for improving the efficiency of isolation of epidemic influenza a and b viruses from clinical material. the number of influenza viruses isolated in both systems in epidemic seasons of 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 was as follows: 1 in mdck and 21 in cee for influenza a(h1n1), 56 and 7, respectively, for influenza a(h3n2), and 4 and 2 strains, respectively, for influenza b viruses. influenza a viruses were heterogeneous by ...	2001	11233284
zanamivir: a rational approach to influenza b.	influenza b viruses have co-circulated with the hin1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a since 1977. influenza a viruses are found in various animals, whereas influenza b viruses are probably restricted to humans. the lack of an animal reservoir means that the virus has no potential for genetic reassortment across species. in addition, influenza b viruses are more serologically homogeneous than influenza a viruses. thus, the chance of influenza b causing a pandemic is much lower than that of influe ...	2001	11234975
diversity of epitope and cytokine profiles for primary and secondary influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses.	screening with the flow cytometric ifn-gamma assay has led to the identification of a new immunogenic peptide (ssyrrpvgi) [corrected] from the influenza pb1 polymerase (pb1(703--711)) and a mimotope (isplmvaym) from the pb2 polymerase (pb2(198--206)). cd8(+) t cells specific for k(b)pb1(703) make both ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha following stimulation with both peptides. the cd8(+) k(b)pb1(703)(+) population kills pb2(198)-pulsed targets, but cell lines stimulated with pb2(198) neither bind the k(b)p ...	2001	11254721
synthesis, antiretroviral and antioxidant evaluation of a series of new benzo[b]furan derivatives.	the antiretroviral and anti-oxidant profile of a series of new c-2 and c-7 substituted benzo[b]furans was explored by employing well established antiviral and antioxidant protocols. the most potent antioxidant compound tested was analog 7, which bears an oh at c-7 and a benzoyl group at c-2. in the influenza a type h3n2 virus screens analog 8a was almost five-fold more active than its counterparts and equipotent to rimantadine and amantadine. in the influenza b screening all of the new compounds ...	2001	11258046
adaptation of influenza a viruses to cells expressing low levels of sialic acid leads to loss of neuraminidase activity.	influenza a viruses possess two virion surface proteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the ha binds to sialyloligosaccharide viral receptors, while the na removes sialic acids from the host cell and viral sialyloligosaccarides. alterations of the ha occur during adaptation of influenza viruses to new host species, as in the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics. to gain a better understanding of the contributions of the ha and possibly the na to this process, we generated cell lines exp ...	2001	11264365
binding of influenza type a viruses to group b streptococcus and haemagglutination by virus-bound bacteria.	we studied the bindings of human influenza a type viruses to group b streptococcus (gbs), types ia, ii, iii and iv, of sialic acid (sa)alpha2-3 linkage, using a/pr/8/34(h1n1) and a/memphis/1/71(h3n2). the viruses were found to bind to all types of gbs, with the exception of pr/8/34 for gbsii, and to elute from gbsia, iii and iv at 37 degrees c, except gbsii. electron microscopy confirmed these behaviours of the influenza viruses. the virus-binding capability of gbs types seemed to depend on the ...	2000	11270858
infection of human airway epithelia with h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2 influenza a virus strains.	three subtypes of influenza a virus cause human disease: h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2. although all result in respiratory illness, little is known about how these subtypes infect differentiated airway epithelia. therefore, we assayed a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and x31 (h3n2) influenza virus strains for binding and infection on fully differentiated primary cultures of airway epithelia isolated from human bronchus, grown on semiporous filters at an air-liquid interface. in this model system, ...	2001	11273782
h9n2 influenza a viruses from poultry in asia have human virus-like receptor specificity.	h9n2 influenza a viruses are currently widespread in chickens, quail, and other poultry in asia and have caused a few cases of influenza in humans. in this study, we found that h9n2 viruses from hong kong live bird markets have receptor specificity similar to that of human h3n2 viruses. in addition, the neuraminidase of poultry h9n2 viruses has mutations in its hemadsorbing site, a characteristic resembling that of human h2n2 and h3n2 viruses but differing from that of other avian viruses. pecul ...	2001	11277689
isolation of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses (h3n2) from patients following administration of amantadine in japan.	in japan, the use of amantadine for treatment of influenza a virus infection was not accepted until november 1998, although it was widely used for treatment of parkinsonism. since then, we have monitored the emergence of amantadine-resistant viruses and isolated two viruses from patients on long-term treatment with amantadine.	2001	11283109
epidemiological and virological influenza survey in dakar, senegal: 1996-1998.	an influenza survey was conducted in seven sentinel sites in dakar, senegal from june 1996 to december 1998. throat or nasal swab cultures were randomly collected from 804 patients suffering from influenza-like symptoms. influenza viruses were isolated at a similar proportion in adults and in children (p = 0.29). strains of influenza b viruses were isolated from sporadic cases in 1997, whereas type a virus was associated with an isolated peak. proportions of influenza virus isolation varied from ...	2000	11289677
immune response to influenza vaccine in adult liver transplant recipients.	influenza virus infection may cause significant complications in liver transplant recipients, and whether vaccination is effective in these patients is controversial. we performed a study to assess the immune response to influenza vaccine in liver transplant recipients and patients with cirrhosis compared with healthy controls. liver transplant recipients (n = 20), patients with compensated cirrhosis awaiting transplantation (n = 14), and healthy volunteers (n = 9) were administered the standard ...	2001	11303290
acceptable protective efficacy of influenza vaccination in young military conscripts under circumstances of incomplete antigenic and genetic match.	commercial inactivated parenteral influenza vaccines reduced febrile (> or = 38 degrees c) respiratory illness by 53% (95% cl: 41-63%) during a 3 week outbreak in 1998 when a/sydney/5/97(h3n2)-like influenza viruses were shown to be the predominant etiological agents and an older antigenic variant, a/nanchang/933/95, served as the vaccine virus. the calculatory efficacy for preventing virologically diagnosed influenza infections was 57% (95% cl: 40-68%). the study population consisted of 1374 yo ...	2001	11312022
identification and characterization of mutations in the high growth vaccine strain of influenza virus.	x-31(h3n2) virus, which is a high yielding reassortant between a/pr/8/34(h1n1) and a/aichi/68(h3n2), is currently used as a backbone strain for influenza vaccine production. the sequence of the current x-31 virus was determined from cloned cdna of 6 internal rna genes, and was compared with the original sequence of the a/pr/8/34 virus. 71 point mutations were accumulated in the six internal viral genes (pb2, pb1, pa, np, m and ns). these nucleotide changes encode 23 amino acid substitutions in s ...	2001	11315644
mucosal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine induces b-cell-dependent heterosubtypic cross-protection against lethal influenza a h5n1 virus infection.	influenza vaccines that induce greater cross-reactive or heterosubtypic immunity (het-i) may overcome limitations in vaccine efficacy imposed by the antigenic variability of influenza a viruses. we have compared mucosal versus traditional parenteral administration of inactivated influenza vaccine for the ability to induce het-i in balb/c mice and evaluated a modified escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin adjuvant, lt(r192g), for augmentation of het-i. mice that received three intranasal (i.n. ...	2001	11333895
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2000 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 2000;49[no. rr-3]:1-38). the 2001 recommendations include new or updated information regarding a) the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination; b) the influenza vaccine supply; c) neuraminidase-inhibitor antiviral drugs; d) the 2001-2002 trivalent vaccine virus strains, which are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1 ...	2001	11334444
[analysis of etiology of influenza-like morbidity and monitoring influenza epidemic of 1998-1999 by laboratory diagnosis methods].	the etiological structure of influenza-like was analyzed in the population in cities and towns and in russia as a whole in november 1998 to april 1999 by the findings of immunofluorescence and serological surveys of patients with acute respiratory viral infections (arvi). by the results of both tests, the proportion of the incidence of influenza a (h3n2) was largest, the decreasing order in their significance was as follows: adenoviruses, type 3 parainfluenza virus, rsv, influenza b virus, influ ...	2001	11338361
response to influenza immunisation during treatment for cancer.	to assess the annual risk of influenza infection in children with cancer and the immunogenicity of a trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in these children.	2001	11369567
infection of a child in hong kong by an influenza a h3n2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in european pigs.	influenza virus a/hong kong/1774/99, isolated from a young child with mild influenza, was shown to be similar in its antigenic and genetic characteristics to h3n2 viruses circulating in pigs in europe during the 1990s and in particular to be closely related to viruses isolated from two children in the netherlands in 1993. similar viruses had previously not been identified outside europe. although there is little evidence as to how the child contracted the infection, it appears likely that pigs i ...	2001	11369884
pattern of mutation in the genome of influenza a virus on adaptation to increased virulence in the mouse lung: identification of functional themes.	the genetic basis for virulence in influenza virus is largely unknown. to explore the mutational basis for increased virulence in the lung, the h3n2 prototype clinical isolate, a/hk/1/68, was adapted to the mouse. genomic sequencing provided the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that a group of 11 mutations can convert an avirulent virus to a virulent variant that can kill at a minimal dose. thirteen of the 14 amino acid substitutions (93%) detected among clonal isolates were likely instrum ...	2001	11371620
efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons in welfare nursing homes: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic.	the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes was studied through a program by the osaka prefectural government, which is the first and official support for influenza vaccination of the elderly population during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan:	2001	11382801
outbreak of influenza in highly vaccinated crew of u.s. navy ship.	an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) occurred aboard a u.s. navy ship in february 1996, despite 95% of the crew's having been appropriately vaccinated. virus isolated from ill crew members was antigenically distinct from the vaccination strain. with an attack rate of 42%, this outbreak demonstrates the potential for rapid spread of influenza in a confined population and the impact subsequent illness may have upon the workplace.	2001	11384530
formation of wild-type and chimeric influenza virus-like particles following simultaneous expression of only four structural proteins.	we are studying the structural proteins and molecular interactions required for formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the cell surface. to investigate these events, we generated a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses in sf9 cells the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m1), and m2 proteins of influenza virus a/udorn/72 (h3n2). using this quadruple recombinant, we have been able to demonstrate by double-labeling immunofluorescen ...	2001	11390617
primary immune system effects of the orally administered cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 in influenza virus-infected mice.	the cyclopentane derivative [1s,2s,3r,4r]-3-[(1s)-1-(acetylamino)-2- ethylbutyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (rwj-270201) has been previously reported to be a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, and to inhibit infections with this virus in vitro, in mice, and in clinical challenge studies. the effect of oral gavage therapy of 100 mg/kg/day of rwj-270201 administered twice daily for 5 days beginning 16 h prior to virus exposure, o ...	2001	11407315
pharmacodynamic evaluation of rwj-270201, a novel neuraminidase inhibitor, in a lethal murine model of influenza predicts efficacy for once-daily dosing.	we examined rwj-270201 in a lethal model of influenza in balb/c mice. the aim was to delineate the pharmacodynamically linked variable for the drug. challenge was performed with influenza virus a/shongdong/09/93 (h3n2). treatment was administered by gavage. five doses (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) and three schedules (every 24, 12, and 8 h) were evaluated with 10 mice per group. there were 39 placebo-treated mice. drug exposure was evaluated for infected mice. exposures were calculated after po ...	2001	11408232
respiratory virus surveillance. fluwatch project, 2000-2001. end of season update.	the 2000-2001 season was a relatively mild season worldwide. in canada, lower than usual activity was reported for all national indicators of influenza activity, including the rate of influenza-like illness (ili), the percentage of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza and provincial/territorial influenza activity levels. however, there were a number of interesting characteristics of this year's influenza season. in contrast to the predominance of influenza a, and in particular the a/sydney/5/ ...	2001	11416943
influenza virus a stimulates expression of eotaxin by nasal epithelial cells.	respiratory virus is one of the most common causes of airway inflammation, but its pathogenic mechanisms are not well understood. eotaxin is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant and is a selective agonist for c-c chemokine receptor 3 (ccr3). although it has recently been demonstrated that epithelial cells express eotaxin, both in vivo and in vitro, there are few data concerning the expression in viral infection.	2001	11422151
detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (ns1) of influenza a virus allows distinction between vaccinated and infected horses.	antibodies to the nonstructural protein (ns1) of a/equine/miami/1/63 (h3n8) influenza virus were detected exclusively in the sera of mice experimentally infected with a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and horses infected with a/equine/kentucky/1/81 (h3n8) or a/equine/la plata/1/93 (h3n8), but not in those of the animals immunized with the inactivated viruses, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a recombinant ns1 as antigen. the results indicate that the present method is useful for serological ...	2001	11423202
[generation of human recombinant antibody fab fragment to influenza virus from combined antibody library].	to acquire the recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to influenza virus which can be used in mucous membrane treatment to prevent the infection of virus in animal model in the future.	2001	11436656
influence of virus strain, challenge dose, and time of therapy initiation on the in vivo influenza inhibitory effects of rwj-270201.	the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 (cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 3-[cis-1-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-[cis, 2s, 3r, 4r]) was significantly inhibitory to an infection in mice induced by influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1) virus when oral gavage (p.o.) treatment with 10 mg/kg per day was delayed at least 60 h after virus exposure. treatment was 5 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days. viral challenge doses of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus ranging f ...	2001	11448729
molecular evolution of influenza a/h3n2 viruses in the province of québec (canada) during the 1997-2000 period.	in this study, we compared antigenic (hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay) and molecular (sequencing of the hemagglutinin (ha1) gene) characterization of influenza isolates collected in the province of québec (canada) during the last three flu seasons (1997-2000). twenty-three isolates were tested by a standard hi assay and 37 by sequencing of the ha1 gene for their homology to the a/h3n2 vaccine strains a/wuhan/359/95 (1997-1998) and a/sydney/5/97 (1998-1999 and 1999-2000). by hi, two isolat ...	2001	11451491
antigenic and molecular heterogeneity in recent swine influenza a(h1n1) virus isolates with possible implications for vaccination policy.	in order to explore the occurrence of antigenic drift in swine influenza a(h1n1) viruses and the match between epidemic and vaccine strains, 26 virus isolates from outbreaks of respiratory disease among finishing pigs in the netherlands in the 1995/1996 season and reference strains from earlier outbreaks were examined using serological and molecular methods. in contrast to swine h3n2 viruses, no significant antigenic drift was observed in swine h1n1 viruses isolated from the late 1980s up to 199 ...	2001	11483271
efficacy of vaccination of pigs with different h1n1 swine influenza viruses using a recent challenge strain and different parameters of protection.	this study investigates whether antigenic evolution within h1n1 swine influenza viruses can compromise vaccine efficacy and, specifically, whether the a/new jersey/8/76 strain in the commercial swine influenza vaccines needs to be updated. pigs were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with experimental monovalent vaccines derived from different h1n1 strains (a/new jersey/8/76, sw/belgium/1/83 or sw/belgium/1/98) or with a commercial bivalent vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chal ...	2001	11483274
ferrets as a transmission model for influenza: sequence changes in ha1 of type a (h3n2) virus.	ferrets were used as an animal model to study whether controlled transmission of type a influenza is similar to human transmission when sequence changes in ha1 are used as the outcome. ferrets were infected initially with a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) or a/la/1/87 (h3n2) intranasally, and transmission chains were established by housing infected ferrets with noninfected ferrets with no influenza antibody titer against the infecting virus. ferrets infected with a/sydney were seronegative for a/sydney and a ...	2001	11494159
nosocomial outbreak of influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in a solid organ transplant department.	there is a strong body of evidence in favor of influenza virus immunization in solid organ recipients. however, little attention has been devoted to other reservoirs, such as the patients' relatives and, at the time of hospital admission, to the healthcare workers.	2001	11502991
[study on the origin of influenza a(h1n2) virus ha and na genes].	to determine the origins of the ha and na genes of new subtype (h1n2) of influenza a virus.	2000	11503022
diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (h3n8) viruses in the western hemisphere.	we reported previously that equine-2 influenza a virus (h3n8) had evolved into two genetically and antigenically distinct "eurasian" and "american" lineages. phylogenetic analysis, using the ha1 gene of more recent american isolates, indicated a further divergence of these viruses into three evolution lineages: a south american lineage, a kentucky lineage, and a florida lineage. these multiple evolution pathways were not due to geographic barriers, as viruses from different lineages co-circulate ...	2001	11504416
detection of influenza a subtypes in community-based surveillance.	a rapid microtitre cell enzyme immuno assay (cell-eia) was developed for the detection of influenza a subtypes in nasopharyngeal(nps) swabs taken for surveillance. during the 1997/1998 influenza season in the united kingdom, cell-eia was compared to cell culture for the detection and typing of influenza a viruses in nps obtained by sentinel general practitioners in community surveillance. the cell eia can also be used to detect different influenza a subtypes (h3n2, h1n1, h5n3, h5n1, h7n7, and h9 ...	2001	11505459
serum and mucosal immunologic responses in children following the administration of a new inactivated intranasal anti-influenza vaccine.	children are at considerable risk for influenza infection and may constitute the main vector for transmitting the virus to adults in the community. at present, the use of available vaccines in children is limited mainly because of a fear of side effects from the injection. intranasal immunization was assessed as a painless, side effect-free method of facilitating the enrollment of children in vaccination programs. one intranasal dose of a trivalent inactive whole virus vaccine containing 20 micr ...	2001	11505461
hyperattenuated recombinant influenza a virus nonstructural-protein-encoding vectors induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.	we have generated recombinant influenza a viruses belonging to the h1n1 and h3n2 virus subtypes containing an insertion of the 137 c-terminal amino acid residues of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef protein into the influenza a virus nonstructural-protein (ns1) reading frame. these viral vectors were found to be genetically stable and capable of growing efficiently in embryonated chicken eggs and tissue culture cells but did not replicate in the murine respiratory tract. despit ...	2001	11533153
analysis of the quality of protection induced by a porcine influenza a vaccine to challenge with an h3n2 virus.	antigenic drift of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses away from the human a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strain, used in current commercial swine influenza vaccines, has been demonstrated in the netherlands and belgium. therefore, replacement of this human strain by a more recent swine h3n2 isolate has to be considered. in this study, the efficacy of a current commercial swine influenza vaccine to protect pigs against a recent dutch field strain (a/sw/oedenrode/96) was assessed. to evaluate the level ...	2001	11557293
influenza virus vaccination and booster in b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients.	background: influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll). because response rates are often low, we decided to evaluate antibody response to single and booster vaccinations with influenza a and b virus vaccine in these patients. methods: twenty patients with b-cll received two subunit virus vaccine injections 21 days apart. antibody titres were determined before and 21 days after the single and booster vaccinations. the serological response was ...	2001	11557327
cocirculation of avian h9n2 and contemporary "human" h3n2 influenza a viruses in pigs in southeastern china: potential for genetic reassortment?	pigs are permissive to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation of avian viruses. prospective virological surveillance carried out between march 1998 and june 2000 in hong kong, special administrative region, people's republic of china, on pigs imported from southeastern china, provides the first evidence of interspecies transmission of avian h9n2 viruses to pigs and d ...	2001	11559800
inhibition of release of lentivirus particles with incorporated human influenza virus haemagglutinin by binding to sialic acid-containing cellular receptors.	mutants of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene of human influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) encoding ha proteins that are proteolytically cleaved intracellularly, defective in binding to cellular receptors or defective for acylation within the cytoplasmic c terminus have been generated. here, the properties of these mutated ha molecules are described and their incorporation into the lipid membrane of released human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-like particles is analysed. it is demonstrated that, when p ...	2001	11562541
a comparison of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of respiratory infections in children with bronchiolitis, and the implications for a cohorting strategy.	cohorting bronchiolitis patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and/or influenza viruses is paramount in preventing cross-infection of these viruses in hospital. nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) was compared with immunofluorescence (if) for the detection of rsv subtypes a and b in children with suspected bronchiolitis. co-infection with influenza a(h3n2), chlamydia spp. and picornavirus/rhinovirus was also investigated using molecular techniques.a total of 50 nasopharynge ...	2001	11567557
a single dose of an iscom influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but fails to protect cynomolgus macaques against distant drift variants of influenza a (h3n2) viruses.	since the production of influenza vaccines is complicated by the continuous variation of these viruses, it would be desirable to develop vaccines that induce cross-protective immunity against influenza virus strains that circulate in subsequent winter epidemics. we have recently demonstrated that antibodies induced after vaccination with an immune stimulating complex (iscom)-based vaccine exhibited a certain degree of cross-reactivity with other influenza virus strains. in the present study, isc ...	2001	11567760
influenza a infection is an important cause of febrile seizures.	to compare the incidence of febrile seizures in children hospitalized for influenza a infection with parainfluenza and adenovirus infection and to examine the hypothesis that children hospitalized for influenza a (variant sydney/h3n2) during the 1998 season in hong kong had more frequent and refractory seizures when compared with other respiratory viruses, including the a/wuhan h3n2 variant that was present in the previous year.	2001	11581471
vaccination-induced hi antibody response to intraepidemic influenza a(h3n2) virus variants of the 1996-1997 epidemic season.	intraepidemic antigenic and genetic variation was indicated when h3n2-subtype influenza a virus strains isolated during the 1996-1997 epidemic season in finland were studied for reactivity in the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay and for nucleotide sequences coding for the variable ha1 domain of viral haemagglutinin. thirty prevaccination- and postvaccination-paired sera taken from subjects who had been vaccinated against influenza during the previous autumn were studied for the presence o ...	2001	11596097
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2000.	surveillance of influenza in australia in 2000 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. the peak in influenza cases was in mid-september. influenza a was the dominant strain, with the highest proportion being influenza a (h3n2), but with a significant proportion of isolates of influenza a (h1n1) (16%) for the first time since 1995. th ...	2001	11596710
hemagglutinin residues of recent human a(h3n2) influenza viruses that contribute to the inability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes.	to identify the molecular determinants contributing to the inability of recent human influenza a(h3n2) viruses to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes, phenotypic revertants were selected upon passage in eggs or mdck cells. the leu194ile or val226ile substitutions were detected in their hemagglutinin (ha) sequence concomitantly with the phenotypic reversion. remarkably, as little as 3.5% of variants bearing a val226ile substitution was found to confer the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes ...	2001	11601919
respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza a virus infection.	the level of heterosubtypic immunity (het-i) and the immune mechanisms stimulated by a heterosubtypic influenza virus infection were investigated in pigs. pigs are natural hosts for influenza virus and, like humans, they host both subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. marked het-i was observed when pigs were infected with h1n1 and subsequently challenged with h3n2. after challenge with h3n2, pigs infected earlier with h1n1 did not develop fever and showed reduced virus excretion compared with non-immune contr ...	2001	11602782
[clinico-anatomic parallels of cardiac lesion in sporadic influenza].	data on 40 patients (21 men, 19 women) who died in hospital of influenza in 1975-1990 are analysed. the age of the patients ranged from 47 to 92 years, 37 patients were over 60. 31 deceased had ischemic heart disease (ihd), of them 13 survived myocardial infarction; 11 patients had essential hypertension, 1--lymphoid leukemia, 1--pollenosis. influenza caused by virus of a type (h3n2) was diagnosed in 27 patients. influenza virus type b was detected in 13 patients. the disease ran a hypertoxic, s ...	2001	11641939
characterization of an influenza a (h3n2) virus resistant to the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201.	the novel influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitor, (1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-[(1s)-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (rwj-270201, bcx-1812), is a potent inhibitor of influenza a and b viruses in cell culture and in infected mice. a mouse-adapted strain of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus was serially passaged in the presence of 1 microm compound. after the fourth passage, breakthrough of resistant virus occurred. by the tenth passage ...	2001	11675142
comparison of gamma and neutron radiation inactivation of influenza a virus.	radiation inactivation of viral pathogens has potential application in sterilization and in the manufacture of biological reagents, including the production of non-infectious viral antigens. viral inactivation by gamma radiation has been extensively investigated, but few direct comparisons to other qualities of radiation have been explored. experiments were designed to examine direct radiation damage by both gamma photons (gamma) and neutrons (n) while minimizing methodological differences. froz ...	2001	11675143
influenza virus types and subtypes detection by single step single tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and agarose gel electrophoresis.	influenza virus type and subtype specific primers were selected for use in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the selected primer sets were used in a single step rt-pcr of influenza virus rna in multiplex format for the detection of virus type and subtypes. three one step reaction conditions are optimized: (1) multiplex typing only, (2) multiplex subtyping of influenza a, and (3) multiplex typing and subtyping simultaneously. rna from strains of influenza virus type a of s ...	2002	11684304
influenza outbreak in a correctional facility.	the outbreak of influenza in a corrections facility occurred during august 2000. the outbreak progressed following introduction of the disease by a member of the public to the facility. rapid diagnosis and typing of the influenza isolates was available, although two prisoners required hospital admission due to the severity of complications at the time of diagnosis. the group demonstrated rapid transmission of the virus by the respiratory route and probably by fomites. the identified infecting vi ...	2001	11688625
epidermal powder immunization induces both cytotoxic t-lymphocyte and antibody responses to protein antigens of influenza and hepatitis b viruses.	cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) play a vital role in host defense against viral and intracellular bacterial infections. however, nonreplicating vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit predominantly humoral responses and not ctl responses. here we report that epidermal powder immunization (epi), a technology that delivers antigens on 1.5- to 2.5-microm gold particles to the epidermis using a needle-free powder delivery system, elicits ctl responses to nonr ...	2001	11689645
[safety of an influenza-split-vaccine in children].	the aim of this study was to investigate the safety of the split-product influenza vaccine begrivac(r), containing the recommended virus strains for the influenza season 1998/99.	2001	11713714