Publications

classical swine fever virus glycoprotein e rns is an endoribonuclease with an unusual base specificity.	the glycoprotein e(rns) of pestiviruses is a virion-associated and -secreted rnase that is involved in virulence. the requirements at the cleavage site in heteropolymeric rna substrates were studied for e(rns). limited digestion of heteropolymeric rna substrates indicated a cleavage 5' of uridine residues irrespective of the preceding nucleotide (np/u). to further study specificity radiolabeled rna, molecules of 45 to 56 nucleotides in length were synthesized that contained no or a single np/u c ...	2004	15113930
regulating effects of porcine interleukin-6 gene and cpg motifs on immune responses to porcine trivalent vaccines in mice.	in order to develop novel immunoadjuvants to boost immune response of conventional vaccines, experiments were conducted to investigate the regulating effects of porcine interleukin-6 gene and cpg motifs as the molecular adjuvants on immune responses of mice that were co-inoculated with trivalent vaccines against swine fever, the pasteurellosis and erysipelas suis. synthetic oligodeoxynuleotides containing cpg motifs were ligated into puc18, forming recombinant puc18-cpg plasmid. eukaryotic plasm ...	2004	15120952
[sequence, necessary for initiating rna synthesis, in the 3'-noncoding region of the classical swine fever virus genome].	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of swine fever, which represents an economically important disease in hogs. we previously made a prediction about the recognition sites of replication initiation of csfv by using the information content method, and it was predicted that the 21 nucleotides located at 3' end of the csfv genome 3'utr were essential to csfv replication. in this paper, we experimentally studied these 21 nucleotides by site-directed mutagenesis. it was found th ...	2004	15125241
a review of porcine tonsils in immunity and disease.	the porcine tonsils are a group of lymphoepithelial tissues located at the common openings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. the tonsils participate in a variety of functions involving innate, cellular and humoral immunity at the local and systemic levels. among these immunological functions is the continuous surveillance for the presence of foreign antigens at the openings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. within the pig, the movement of lymphocytes, cytokines and ch ...	2003	15134296
the effect of sample degradation and rna stabilization on classical swine fever virus rt-pcr and elisa methods.	classical swine fever (csf), also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral infection of swine caused by a member of the genus pestivirus of the family, flaviviridae. the need for accurate laboratory diagnosis of csf is particularly important as it is more reliable than clinical diagnosis. csf is endemic in many tropical countries where the climate is characterized by high ambient temperature and humidity. this study details the effect of sample quality on csf antigen-capture elisa (ac- ...	2004	15158066
analytical performance of several classical swine fever laboratory diagnostic techniques on live animals for detection of infection.	the diagnostic properties of several assays on live animals were studied using data from different experiments. these experiments involved 128 classical swine fever virus (csfv) infected pigs (weaner pigs, fatteners and sows). since all pigs in the study were infected with csfv, only the proportion of test positive results and the time until a test positive result is obtained were evaluated. the rt-npcr detected the highest proportion of infected pigs (98.9%), whereas the antigen elisa gave the ...	2004	15158595
characterization of the genome and structural proteins of hepatitis c virus resolved from infected human liver.	in the absence of satisfactory cell culture systems for hepatitis c virus (hcv), virtually all that is known about the proteins of the virus has been learned by the study of recombinant proteins. characterization of virus proteins from patients with hcv has been retarded by the low virus titre in blood and limited availability of infected tissue. here, the authors have identified a primary infection in a liver transplanted into an immunodeficient patient with chronic hcv. the patient required re ...	2004	15166434
interaction of classical swine fever virus with dendritic cells.	functional disruption of dendritic cells (dcs) is an important strategy for viral pathogens to evade host defences. monocytotropic viruses such as classical swine fever virus (csfv) could employ such a mechanism, since the virus can suppress immune responses and induce apoptosis without infecting lymphocytes. here, csfv was shown to infect and efficiently replicate in monocyte- and in bone marrow-derived dcs. interestingly, the infected dcs displayed neither modulated mhc nor cd80/86 expression. ...	2004	15166448
leukocyte subsets and specific antibodies in pigs vaccinated with a classical swine fever subunit (e2) vaccine and the attenuated orf virus strain d1701.	total white blood cell (wbc) counts and percentages of cd4a+, cd8a+, cd5a+, cd45ra+, cd45rc+, wcd21+ and swc3a+ cells in the peripheral blood of pigs were analysed in this study. blood samples were collected before and on days 4, 10, 21 and 28 after vaccination. group 1 pigs were vaccinated with a subunit e2 vaccine (gp e2 32 microg/dose), and group 2 received a subunit vaccine combined with an attenuated orf virus strain d1701 10(6.45) tcid50/dose. control pigs received a placebo. the total wbc ...	2004	15168746
switching on and off the cell death cascade: african swine fever virus apoptosis regulation.		2004	15171607
phylogenetic analysis of the e2 gene of classical swine fever viruses from lao pdr.	the e2 genes of 21 classical swine fever viruses (csfv) were genetically characterized and compared with reference csf viruses. the viruses originated from csf outbreaks that occurred in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) during 1997 though to 1999. all viruses characterized belonged to genogroup 2 and were members of subgroups 2.1 and 2.2. results demonstrated a geographic delineation between subgroups 2.1 that was only found in the north-central region, and subgroup 2.2 that was mo ...	2004	15177896
role of n-glycan trimming in the folding and secretion of the pestivirus protein e(rns).	n-glycosylation inhibitors have antiviral effect against bovine viral diarrhea virus. this effect is associated with inhibition of the productive folding pathway of e1 and e2 envelope glycoproteins. e(rns) is the third pestivirus envelope protein, essential for virus infectivity. the protein is heavily glycosylated, its n-linked glycans counting for half of the apparent molecular weight. in this report we address the importance of n-glycan trimming in the biosynthesis, folding, and intracellular ...	2004	15178456
pseudotype hepatitis c virus enters immature myeloid dendritic cells through the interaction with lectin.	dendritic cells (dc) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that regulate immune responses. one of the mechanisms for hepatitis c virus (hcv) persistence is the ability of hcv to suppress dc function. direct hcv infection to blood dc has been implicated for dc dysfunction. to clarify the susceptibility of each dc subset to hcv, we used pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) coated with chimeric hcv envelope glycoproteins (e1 and e2). we demonstrate that pseudotype vsv enters myeloid d ...	2004	15183055
[import risk analysis in animal disease control].	at the swiss federal veterinary office risk analyses are conducted according to international standards. a risk analysis contains the elements risk management, risk assessment and risk communication. a risk assessment is based on risk profile, hazard identification and a pathway model. all available information is gathered, documented and assessed and the risk estimated. the question. "what is the probability that unprocessed wild boar meat imported to switzerland from the federal state mecklenb ...	2004	15188677
characterization of infectious retroviral pseudotype particles bearing hepatitis c virus glycoproteins.	the recent development of infectious retroviral pseudotypes bearing hepatitis c virus (hcv) glycoproteins represents an opportunity to study the functionally active form of the hcv e1 and e2 glycoproteins. in the culture supernatant of cells producing hcv retroviral pseudotypes, the majority of e2 was not associated with infectious particles and failed to sediment on sucrose gradients. the e2 that was incorporated into infectious particles appeared as a triplet of diffuse bands at 60, 70, and 90 ...	2004	15194763
modulation of p53 cellular function and cell death by african swine fever virus.	modulation of the activity of tumor suppressor p53 is a key event in the replication of many viruses. we have studied the function of p53 in african swine fever virus (asfv) infection by determining the expression and activity of this transcription factor in infected cells. p53 levels are increased at early times of infection and are maintained throughout the infectious cycle. the protein is transcriptionally active, stabilized by phosphorylation, and localized in the nucleus. p53 induces the ex ...	2004	15194793
development of an optimized protocol for the detection of classical swine fever virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by seminested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and comparison with in situ hybridization.	an optimized protocol was developed for the detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by seminested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the results for seminested rt-pcr were compared with those determined by in situ hybridization. the results obtained show that the use of deparaffinization with xylene, digestion with proteinase k, extraction with trizol ls, followed ...	2004	15196906
detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pigs from croatia.	porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from the circoviridae family has recently been associated with two serious diseases of swine, post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). during 2002, several outbreaks of clinical disease in pigs with weights ranging from 10 to 70 kg occurred on four farms in different locations in croatia. the signs were consistent with pmws and pdns. apart from progressive weight loss, pneumonia and/or diarrhoea, m ...	2004	15196907
african swine fever virus proteins involved in evading host defence systems.	african swine fever virus (asfv) can cause an acutely fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs although in its natural hosts, warthogs, bushpigs and the soft tick vector, ornithodoros moubata, asfv causes inapparent persistent infections. the virus is a large, cytoplasmic, double-stranded dna virus which has a tropism for macrophages. as it is the only member of the asfarviridae family, asfv encodes many novel genes not encoded by other virus families. the ability of the virus to persist in its ...	2004	15207450
new transport peptides broaden the horizon of applications for peptidic pharmaceuticals.	protein transduction domains (ptds) have proven to be an invaluable tool to transduce a wide variety of cargo's including peptides across the plasma membrane and into intact tissue. the ptds are able to deliver biologically active molecules both in vitro and in vivo. this study describes many new polybasic ptds of which some are just as potent as the ptds derived from extracellular rnases or other published ptds. large differences in potency became apparent when the ptds are coupled to particula ...	2004	15209161
comparison of the effects of rnase-negative and wild-type classical swine fever virus on peripheral blood cells of infected pigs.	elimination of the rnase activity of classical swine fever virus (csfv) glycoprotein e(rns) was previously shown to result in virus attenuation. specific reduction of b cell numbers in the peripheral blood, a typical symptom of csfv infection in pigs, was not detected on infection with the rnase-negative mutant c-h346delta [meyers et al. (1999). j virol 73, 10224-10235]. the present report shows that this feature is restricted to this specific virus mutant, and does not represent a general prope ...	2004	15218175
identification of cellular proteins modified in response to african swine fever virus infection by proteomics.	changes in gene expression are produced in cells as a consequence of virus infections. in the present work, we used proteomic technology to globally examine african swine fever virus (asfv)-infected vero cells searching for infection-associated proteins in order to determine target proteins for pathogenesis studies. we studied the alterations in cellular protein profile after asfv infection by two-dimensional electrophoresis, identifying the modified cellular proteins by matrix-assisted laser de ...	2004	15221765
the african swine fever virus dynein-binding protein p54 induces infected cell apoptosis.	a specific interaction of asfv p54 protein with 8 kda light chain cytoplasmic dynein (dlc8) has been previously characterized and this interaction is critical during virus internalization and transport to factory sites. during early phases of infection, the virus induces the initiation of apoptosis triggering activation of caspase-9 and -3. to analyze the role of the structural protein p54 in apoptosis, transient expression experiments of p54 in vero cells were carried out which resulted in effe ...	2004	15225638
transport of african swine fever virus from assembly sites to the plasma membrane is dependent on microtubules and conventional kinesin.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large dna virus that assembles in perinuclear viral factories located close to the microtubule organizing center. in this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which asfv reaches the cell surface from the site of assembly. immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that at 16 h postinfection, mature virions were aligned along microtubules. furthermore, virus movement to the cell periphery was inhibited when microtubules were depolymerized by nocodazole. i ...	2004	15254171
the c-type lectin homologue gene (ep153r) of african swine fever virus inhibits apoptosis both in virus infection and in heterologous expression.	the open reading frame ep153r of african swine fever virus (asfv) encodes a nonessential protein that has been involved in the hemadsorption process induced in virus-infected cells. by the use of a virus deletion mutant lacking the ep153r gene, we have detected, in several virus-sensitive cells, increased levels of caspase-3 and cell death as compared with those obtained after infection with the parental ba71v strain. both transient and stable expression of the ep153r gene in vero or cos cells r ...	2004	15262504
characterization of pathogenic and non-pathogenic african swine fever virus isolates from ornithodoros erraticus inhabiting pig premises in portugal.	ten african swine fever virus isolates from the soft tick ornithodoros erraticus collected on three farms in the province of alentejo in portugal were characterized by their ability to cause haemadsorption (had) of red blood cells to infected pig macrophages, using restriction enzyme site mapping of the virus genomes and by experimental infection of pigs. six virus isolates induced haemadsorption and four were non-haemadsorbing (non-had) in pig macrophage cell cultures. the restriction enzyme si ...	2004	15269356
determinants of virulence of classical swine fever virus strain brescia.	two related classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain brescia clones were isolated from blood samples from an infected pig. virus c1.1.1 is a cell-adapted avirulent variant, whereas cobrb is a virulent variant. sequence analysis revealed 29 nucleic acid mutations in c1.1.1, resulting in 9 amino acid substitutions compared to the sequence of cobrb (476)r. using reverse genetics, parts of the genomes of these viruses, which contain differences that lead to amino acid changes, were exchanged. anima ...	2004	15280489
detection of economically important viruses in boar semen by quantitative realtime pcr technology.	the objective of this study was to develop quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (reti-pcr) tests for the detection of five economically important viruses in swine semen namely, pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). each reti-pcr test was validated for specificity, analytical sensitivity (detection limits), and experimental ...	2004	15288957
[inactivation of viruses of different taxonomic groups by cuprous sulphate].	study results of inactivated effects exerted by cuprous sulphate on viruses of different taxonomy groups are summarized in the paper. cuprous sulphate is a simple and reliable agent in inactivation of viruses of classical porcine fever, aujeszky's disease and bovine infectious rhinotracheitis. its inactivation action is based on the ability to reduce the viral genome to low-molecular fragment. apart from inactivation of the virus material, a decreased level of protective antibody determinants is ...	2004	15293511
risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat.	uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ...	2004	15311800
evaluation of baculovirus expression vectors with enhanced stability in continuous cascaded insect-cell bioreactors.	continuous protein production with baculovirus expression vectors in insect-cell bioreactors is characterized by a dramatic drop in heterologous protein production within a few weeks. this is mainly due to the spontaneous deletion of the heterologous gene(s) from the baculovirus genome and/or to the rapid accumulation of defective interfering baculoviruses (dis). cell culture experiments with bacmid-derived baculoviruses showed that spontaneous deletions in the foreign bacterial artificial chrom ...	2004	15329932
studies on the virulence of two field isolates of the classical swine fever virus genotype 2.3 rostock in wild boars of different age groups.	the virulence of two isolates of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) was studied in experimentally infected wild boars of different ages. the isolates, originating from wild boars shot in mecklenburg-western pomerania (isolate '1829-nvp') and in rhineland-palatinate (isolate '11722-wil'), belong to the genetic subgroup 2.3 rostock. clinical picture, transient viraemia, virus excretion and gross lesions at necropsy as well as a failure of virus detection at the end of the experiment revealed t ...	2004	15330978
two african swine fever virus proteins derived from a common precursor exhibit different nucleocytoplasmic transport activities.	african swine fever virus (asfv), a large icosahedral deoxyvirus, is the causative agent of an economically relevant hemorrhagic disease that affects domestic pigs. the major purpose of the present study was to investigate the nuclear transport activities of the asfv p37 and p14 proteins, which result from the proteolytic processing of a common precursor. experiments were performed by using yeast-based nucleocytoplasmic transport assays and by analysis of the subcellular localization of differen ...	2004	15331706
african swine fever virus inhibits induction of the stress-induced proapoptotic transcription factor chop/gadd153.	stress signaling from mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (er) leads to the induction of the proapoptotic transcription factor chop/gadd153. many viruses use the er as a site of replication and/or envelopment, and this activity can lead to the activation of er stress and apoptosis. african swine fever virus (asfv) is assembled on the cytoplasmic face of the er and ultimately enveloped by er membrane cisternae. the virus also recruits mitochondria to sites of viral replication and induces ...	2004	15367650
specific interaction between the classical swine fever virus ns5b protein and the viral genome.	the ns5b protein of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the rna-dependent rna polymerase of the virus and is able to catalyze the viral genome replication. the 3' untranslated region is most likely involved in regulation of the pestivirus genome replication. however, little is known about the interaction between the csfv ns5b protein and the viral genome. we used different rna templates derived from the plus-strand viral genome, or the minus-strand viral genome and the csfv ns5b protein ob ...	2004	15373834
development of maternal antibodies after oral vaccination of young female wild boar against classical swine fever.	an experimental study was performed to investigate the development of maternal antibodies after oral immunisation of young female wild boar against classical swine fever (csf) using c-strain vaccine. our results demonstrated that maternal antibodies do not persist in the offspring for more than 3 months. based on the neutralising serum antibody titres, we assume that piglets of wild sows vaccinated orally twice or immunised once a long time before conception have protective antibodies for approx ...	2004	15381274
classical swine fever virus strain 'c'. how long is it detectable after oral vaccination?	to determine the persistence period of c-strain vaccine virus in immunized animals, domestic pigs and wild boars were vaccinated orally and killed on different days post vaccinationem (dpv). tissue samples were taken at necropsy from both species for detection of c-strain virus. from domestic pigs nasal swabs and faeces were also collected. during the investigation period (2-12 dpv) vaccine virus could never be detected in nasal secretions and in faeces of vaccinated domestic pigs. in contrast, ...	2004	15458487
the viral protein a238l inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression through a nuclear factor of activated t cell-dependent transactivation pathway.	cyclooxygenase-2 is transiently induced upon cell activation or viral infections, resulting in inflammation and modulation of the immune response. here we report that a238l, an african swine fever virus protein, efficiently inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in jurkat t cells and in virus-infected vero cells. transfection of jurkat cells stably expressing a238l with cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-luciferase constructs containing 5'-terminal deletions or mutations in distal or proximal nuclear ...	2004	15471864
differential effects on the hepatitis c virus (hcv) internal ribosome entry site by vitamin b12 and the hcv core protein.	to investigate the role of the hepatitis c virus internal ribosome entry site (hcv ires) domain iv in translation initiation and regulation, two chimeric ires elements were constructed to contain the reciprocal domain iv in the otherwise hcv and classical swine fever virus ires elements. this permitted an examination of the role of domain iv in the control of hcv translation. a specific inhibitor of the hcv ires, vitamin b(12), was shown to inhibit translation directed by all ires elements which ...	2004	15479850
efficacy of e2-sub-unit marker and c-strain vaccines in reducing horizontal transmission of classical swine fever virus in weaner pigs.	at present, two types of vaccines against classical swine fever (csf) virus are commercially available: e2 sub-unit marker vaccines and the conventional attenuated live c-strain vaccines. to evaluate the reduction of the horizontal virus transmission, three comparable experiments were carried out in which groups of weaner pigs (vaccinated with a marker vaccine or a c-strain vaccine) were challenged with csf virus at 0, 7, and 14 days post-vaccination (dpv). virus transmission was prevented total ...	2004	15488266
characterization of classical swine fever virus entry by using pseudotyped viruses: e1 and e2 are sufficient to mediate viral entry.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever. its envelope comprises glycoproteins e(rns), e1, and e2. in this study, we showed that the unmodified csfv glycoproteins could incorporate into the hiv core to generate an infectious csfv pseudotyped virus. the infection was specific to several porcine cell lines, and could be neutralized by anti-e2 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) completely and by anti-e(rns) mabs partially, indicating that this pseudotyped virus c ...	2004	15527858
in vitro effect of classical swine fever virus on a porcine aortic endothelial cell line.	the effect of classical swine fever (csf) virus on some phenotypic and functional features of an established porcine aortic endothelial cell (aoc) line was investigated. aoc cells show most of the characteristics of primary endothelial cells, avoiding the alterations and senescence that these cells undergo after a few passages in culture. aoc cells were susceptible to csf virus infection to a high degree, reaching 90% of csf virus positive cells after 24 h of infection; however as with other por ...	2004	15535953
sucrose fatty acid sulphate esters as novel vaccine adjuvants: effect of the chemical composition.	adjuvant activity of novel, synthetic sucrose derivatives towards a recombinant glycoprotein was determined in large, non-rodent animal species. compared to antigen alone, up to 3000-fold higher virus neutralizing antibody titres (vnts) and 10-fold higher cellular responses against classical swine fever virus were observed in pigs after two immunizations with the sucrose derivatives combined with a squalane-in-water emulsion. the chemical composition of the derivative was crucial and sucrose est ...	2004	15542198
genetic and antigenic characterization of an atypical pestivirus isolate, a putative member of a novel pestivirus species.	the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae currently consists of four different main species: classical swine fever virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 and border disease virus. a fifth tentative species is represented by an isolate from a giraffe. in this study, a completely new pestivirus, isolated from a batch of fetal calf serum that was collected in brazil, is described. it is proposed that the isolate d32/00_'hobi' may constitute a novel sixth pestivirus species, beca ...	2004	15557237
a branching model for the spread of infectious animal diseases in varying environments.	this paper is concerned with a stochastic model, describing outbreaks of infectious diseases that have potentially great animal or human health consequences, and which can result in such severe economic losses that immediate sets of measures need to be taken to curb the spread. during an outbreak of such a disease, the environment that the infectious agent experiences is therefore changing due to the subsequent control measures taken. in our model, we introduce a general branching process in a c ...	2004	15565446
situation of classical swine fever and the epidemiologic and ecologic aspects affecting its distribution in the american continent.	classical swine fever (csf) is a viral transboundary animal disease that is highly contagious among domestic and wild pigs, such as boars and peccaries. today, far from being what was classically described historically, the disease is characterized as having a varied clinical picture, and its diagnosis depends on resorting to proper sample collection and prompt dispatch to a laboratory that can employ several techniques to obtain a definitive diagnosis. laboratory findings should be complemented ...	2004	15604470
an experimental infection (ii) to investigate the importance of indirect classical swine fever virus transmission by excretions and secretions of infected weaner pigs.	an experiment was set up to investigate the role of excretions and secretions in the indirect transmission of classical swine fever virus (csfv). in five small pens, 10 weaner pigs (two pigs per pen) were housed and inoculated with csfv. experimental infection was successful in all pigs. the infected pigs were kept in the pens for a period of 15 days after which the pens were depopulated and pigs were killed. at the moment of depopulation, all inoculated pigs were visibly clinically diseased and ...	2004	15606867
long-term monitoring of classical swine fever in wild boar (sus scrofa sp.) using serological data.	in the european community, epizootics of classical swine fever (csf) in the wild boar (sus scrofa) are compulsorily monitored because transmission may occur between wild boars and domestic pigs, causing heavy economic losses to the pork industry. the estimation of incidence in populations of wild boars is generally based on viroprevalence. however, viral isolation becomes rare when the incidence is low because the virus cannot be detected for more than a few weeks following infection. on the con ...	2005	15610721
enzyme linked immunoassay and fluorescent antibody techniques in the diagnosis of viral diseases using staphylococcal protein-a instead of anti-gamma-globulins.	staphylococcal protein-a (spa) is known to interact with the crystallizable fragment (fc) of igg molecules from several species. in the present study, spa coupled to either fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) or peroxidase was used in place of antisera to igg for the fluorescent antibody (fa) techniques and the enzyme linked immunoassay (elisa). the spa conjugates produced low background staining when applied in these techniques, and provide a rapid, highly specific and sensitive means for the ide ...	1980	15612263
viruses in boar semen: detection and clinical as well as epidemiological consequences regarding disease transmission by artificial insemination.	many viruses have been reported to be present in boar semen, particularly during the viremic phase of the diseases. some of them, such foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine parvovirus, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, japanese encephalitis virus, pseudorabies virus, african swine fever virus and reoviruses are of particular importance and accurate monitoring prior to and during the presence of boars i ...	2005	15626416
preclinical diagnosis of african swine fever in contact-exposed swine by a real-time pcr assay.	a fluorogenic probe hydrolysis (taqman) pcr assay for african swine fever virus (asfv) was developed and evaluated in experimentally infected swine. this sensitive and specific one-step single-tube assay, which can be performed in 2 h or less, detected viral dna in tonsil scraping samples 2 to 4 days prior to onset of clinical disease. thus, the assay would have application for preclinical diagnosis of african swine fever and surveillance and/or emergency management of a disease outbreak.	2005	15634958
diagnostic evaluation of a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay for detection of classical swine fever virus.	a fluorogenic-probe hydrolysis (taqman)-reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr for classical swine fever virus (csfv) was evaluated for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity by using clinical samples obtained from the dominican republic, where the disease is enzootic. the sensitivity of this test, using nasal swab samples taken from both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals, exceeded the diagnostic sensitivity of virus isolation (100% versus 72.4%, respectively) with little loss of specificity (98.9% v ...	2005	15635018
antibody responses of pigs to defined erns fragments after infection with classical swine fever virus.	antibody responses of pigs to defined erns fragments, after classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection, were studied by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). selection of various e(rns) fragments was based on an immunodominant erns region encompassing three overlapping antigenic regions, amino acids 65 to 145 (erns(aa)65-145) (ar1), 84 to 160 (erns(aa)84-160) (ar2), and 109 to 220 (erns(aa)109-220) (ar3), identified earlier by our group (m. lin, e. trottier, j. pasick, and m. sab ...	2005	15643004
cloning and expression of interferon-alpha/gamma from a domestic porcine breed and its effect on classical swine fever virus.	to further evaluate the clinical impact of recombinant poifn-alpha/gamma, poifn-alpha/gamma genes from a chinese domestic big-white porcine breed were cloned using pcr, and expressed in a high-level prokaryotic system. the antiviral activities of rpoifn-alpha/gamma on vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv) were investigated in different cell lines. the cloned poifn-alpha gene encodes a protein of 166 a ...	2005	15661333
adaptation of an invader assay for the detection of african swine fever virus dna.	a closed tube isothermal invader assay (third wave technologies inc., madison, wisconsin, usa) was adapted for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna. several asfv invader assays were designed successfully and tested on a real-time pcr instrument (icycler, biorad). the assay exhibiting the lowest signal/noise ratio (vp73 asfv invader assay) was analysed further using serial 10-fold dilutions of lisbon 60 asfv viral genome. the assay sensitivity was determined to be in the order of ...	2004	15664044
identification of antigenic regions of the erns protein for pig antibodies elicited during classical swine fever virus infection.	the structural glycoprotein e(rns) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is one of the major antibody targets upon infection of pigs with the virus. molecular dissection of the structure of e(rns) would define the minimal immunodominant regions that induce antibody responses after infection and may thus help design an effective diagnostic reagent or vaccine. in this study, deletion analysis was made within amino acids (aa) 297 to 776 of the csfv alfort/187 polyprotein containing the large c-term ...	2004	15671490
characterization of helper virus-independent cytopathogenic classical swine fever virus generated by an in vivo rna recombination system.	molecular analyses revealed that most cytopathogenic (cp) pestivirus strains evolve from noncytopathogenic (noncp) viruses by nonhomologous rna recombination. in contrast to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), cp classical swine fever virus (csfv) field isolates were rarely detected and always represented helper virus-dependent subgenomes. to investigate rna recombination in more detail, we recently established an in vivo system allowing the efficient generation of recombinant cp bvdv strains in ...	2005	15681445
porcine adenovirus as a delivery system for swine vaccines and immunotherapeutics.	porcine adenovirus (padv) has many qualities which make it an ideal choice for use as a delivery vector in swine. it is a low grade pathogen, present almost world-wide in a number of serotypes varying in their virulence and tissue tropism, which may allow for serotype specific vaccine targeting. padv is species specific having only been isolated from swine, reducing the possibility of its spread to other animals or man following administration. when engineered to contain a foreign gene, recombin ...	2005	15683761
phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus in taiwan.	two envelope glycoprotein (erns and e2) regions of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) were amplified by rt-pcr and sequenced directly from 158 specimens collected between 1989 and 2003 in taiwan. phylogenetic analysis of the two regions revealed a similar tree topology and the erns region provided better discrimination than the e2 region. one hundred and fifteen isolates out of the 158 isolates were clustered within subgroup 2.1 (further classified as 2.1a and 2.1b) and 2.2, which were consi ...	2005	15703847
[recombinant analysis of classical swine fever virus].	to study the possible recombinant relationship among differently derived classical swine fever virus, the coding regions of 21 isolates were analyzed to detect recombination and breakpoints through gene trees comparison and quartet analyses. the results show nucleotide area corresponding to e0, e1 and e2 as a possible recombinant tract between ald ( d49532) and gpe-(d49533) while ns5a-ns5b of the isolate 39 (af407339) appears to be derived from a virulent shimen strain (af092448) sequence. this ...	2005	15715438
african swine fever virus infection disrupts centrosome assembly and function.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, enveloped dna virus that assembles in perinuclear sites located close to the centrosome. it is reported here that the microtubule network becomes disorganized soon after the onset of viral dna replication and formation of assembly sites. asfv infection resulted in loss of gamma-tubulin and pericentrin at the centrosome; this was due to protein relocalization, but not degradation. asfv infection also inhibited the ability of the centrosome to nucleate ...	2005	15722518
the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus is a virulence determinant in swine.	to identify genetic determinants of classical swine fever virus (csfv) virulence and host range, chimeras of the highly pathogenic brescia strain and the attenuated vaccine strain cs were constructed and evaluated for viral virulence in swine. upon initial screening, only chimeras 138.8v and 337.14v, the only chimeras containing the e2 glycoprotein of cs, were attenuated in swine despite exhibiting unaltered growth characteristics in primary porcine macrophage cell cultures. additional viral chi ...	2005	15731272
immunoprotective properties of transgenic plants expressing e2 glycoprotein from csfv and cysteine protease from fasciola hepatica.	immune responses were elicited in laboratory animals after oral vaccination by transgenic plants (lettuce and alfalfa) expressing the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) or cysteine protease from fasciola hepatica. elisa analyses demonstrated that the oral route is effective in inducing a specific antibody response against these antigens in mice.	2005	15734053
when can a veterinarian be expected to detect classical swine fever virus among breeding sows in a herd during an outbreak?	the herd sensitivity (hse) and herd specificity (hsp) of clinical diagnosis of an infection with classical swine fever (csf) virus during veterinary inspection of breeding sows in a herd was evaluated. data gathered from visits to herds during the csf outbreak in 1997-1998 in the netherlands were used for the analysis. herds were visited one or more times by the same or by different veterinarians. on the basis of the veterinarians' reports, each visit was coded as 0 (negative clinical diagnosis) ...	2004	15737431
development of new concepts in vaccines and their effects on the control of infectious diseases (classical swine fever in particular).	molecular biology and technological advances in dna recombination have ushered in a new era in vaccinology. in particular, "deleted" vaccines have emerged over the past 10 years. the first such vaccines were used to protect pigs against aujeszky's disease. the same principles were subsequently applied to the development of vaccines against classical swine fever (csf), relaunching the debate on whether to use sanitary or medical measures. the decision about the measures to be applied depends on s ...	2004	15742634
[cultivation of the vaccine strain of the virus of porcine classic plague].	several cell cultures were compared and examined for their capability to support reproduction of classical swine fever virus (csfv). experimental conditions of virus cultivation were optimized. the subculture of primary lamb testicular (lt) cells was selected for large cell cultivation of csfv. in contrast to many cell lines, these cells were free of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) contamination partly due to liquid nitrogen storage and gamma-ray sterilization of serum used in the growth medi ...	2005	15747873
[isolation of classical swine pest virus from homologous and heterologic cell lines].	this study was devoted to the choice of cell line for isolation of cspv with high sensitivity. for this purpose the homologous transplantable cell lines from the collection of european references laboratory of csf (national veterinary research institute, pulawy, poland) and heterological primary cell culture from the collection "biotest-laboratory". cell cultures were cultivated as a monolayer in 96-hole microtitration plates. antigen of csfv was detected in peroxides-linked assay (pla). cell cu ...	2005	15765885
fibrocytes are potent stimulators of anti-virus cytotoxic t cells.	fibrocytes (fb) are a population of circulating leukocytes reported to be capable of presenting antigen to cd4(+) t lymphocytes. in contrast, no information is available about their capacity to stimulate cd8(+) cytolytic t lymphocyte (ctl) responses. to this end, fb were isolated from porcine blood to investigate their ability to stimulate ctl responses using a classical swine fever virus model. the isolated fb (referred to as primary fb) displayed the phenotype previously reported for mouse and ...	2005	15767291
phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus isolated from taiwan.	by analyzing the e2 sequences of classical swine fever virus from field outbreaks in taiwan during 1993-2001, three virus populations with distinct genotypes were determined including one historical (subgroup 3.4) and two exotic (subgroup 2.1) strains. the first subgroup 2.1 virus was isolated in 1994 and further sporadic outbreaks occurred after 1996. phylogenetic analysis using the e2 region has segregated the taiwanese strains of 2.1 virus into two different genotypes (termed 2.1a and 2.1b). ...	2005	15778024
[detection and species-specific differentiation of pestiviruses using real-time rt-pcr].	an important prerequisite for an efficient eradication of pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhea virus or classical swine fever virus are sensitive and specific detection methods. beside antigen detection with antigen capture elisas and virus isolation using cell culture, the detection of virus genomes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) becomes more and more important. by using real-time rt-pcr, the disadvantages of conventional pcr methods concerning the risk of contam ...	2005	15803758
oronasal vaccination with classical swine fever virus (csfv) replicon particles with either partial or complete deletion of the e2 gene induces partial protection against lethal challenge with highly virulent csfv.	a cdna clone of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain alfort/187 [ruggli n, tratschin jd, mittelholzer c, hofmann ma. nucleotide sequence of classical swine fever virus strain alfort/187 and transcription of infectious rna from stably cloned full-length cdna. j virol 1996;70(6):3478-87] was used to construct two e2 deletion mutants lacking either the complete e2 gene or, alternatively, a stretch of 204 nucleotides encoding 68 amino acids located in the c-terminal region of the e2 glycopr ...	2005	15837238
phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus (csfv) field isolates from outbreaks in south and central america.	to date, there is little information concerning the epidemiological situation of classical swine fever (csf) in the americas. besides summarizing the available data, genotyping of isolates from outbreaks in domestic pigs in several countries of south and central america was performed. for this, a 190 base fragment of the e2 envelope glycoprotein gene was used. european strains and isolates, and historical isolates from the united states (us) were included for comparison. in contrast to the situa ...	2005	15845261
the antibody response in pigs inoculated with attenuated african swine fever virus.	pigs were inoculated with a modified isolate of african swine fever virus (asfv). complement-fixing (cf) and agar gel diffusion precipitin (agdp) antibodies could be detected in the serums of most pigs from 14-days postinoculation (dpi) until their immunity was challenged with virulent asfv at 117 dpi. reductive cleavage with 2-mercaptoethanol showed that serums collected at 14 to 35 dpi contained 19s antibody, but that the 7s antibody was dominant at 35 and 117 dpi. this distribution of antibod ...	1968	15846892
the purification and concentration of hog cholera virus.	partial purification of hog cholera virus (hcv) using a simple batch-type chromatographic procedure with magnetic ferric oxide (mfo) is described. infectious hcv was adsorbed from isotonic solutions to mfo and was eluted under conditions of low ionic strength and high ph. aqueous solutions of 0.01 m sodium cyanide or 0.0003 m ammonium hydroxide effectively dissociated mfo-hcv complexes. the data indicate that 50 to 100% of the original hcv infectivity was recovered concomitant with a 90 to 95% r ...	1968	15846899
[identification and comparison of neutralizing epitopes of glycoprotein e(rns) of classical swine fever virus].	structural and envelope glycoprotein e(rns) (gp48) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the second antigenic protein being responsible for eliciting neutralizing antibodies and conferring protective immunity. infection of cells with csfv is mediated by the interaction of glycoprotein e(rns) and e2 with the cell surface receptors. the glycoprotein e(rns) has been shown to contain rnase activity, which plays a role in the viral life cycle and is also involved in virus neutralization. neutraliz ...	2005	15847166
quality management in reference tests for the diagnosis of classical swine fever.	inter-laboratory comparison tests for the diagnosis of classical swine fever (csf) have been established by the national swine fever laboratories of european union (eu) member states. they provide a method of measuring both the quality of the results of diagnostic tests performed by laboratories and the competence with which they were performed. the objective is that all laboratories obtain the same result when investigating the same sample. this study evaluates the results of serological and vi ...	2004	15861884
origin and evolution of viruses causing classical swine fever in cuba.	we have analyzed the origin and evolution of viruses from the classical swine fever (csf) epidemic that affects cuba since 2001 by nucleotide sequencing of regions within the e2 glycoprotein and the ns5b (polymerase) genes. the sequence of 190 nucleotides from e2 gene was determined for 10 csf viruses isolated at different locations of the island, and used for phylogenetic analyses, including sequences from viruses of the 1993--1997 epizootic, previously determined, as well as those from represe ...	2005	15878213
[sensitivity of methods of titration of the vaccine strain of porcine fever virus].	methods of titration of the cs vaccine strain of classical swine fever virus were compared in vitro and vivo. the titration in the tl and pk-15 cell culture without cytopathic effect is based on the detection of virus antigen by labeled antibodies. the infection intensity in the cell culture virtually correlated with the antigenic and immunogenic activity of dry vaccine used for swine.	2005	15881399
candidate multi-peptide-vaccine against classical swine fever virus induced potent immunity with serological marker.	our previous study proposed a protective multi-peptide-vaccine (mpv) with freund's adjuvant against classical swine fever virus (csfv). in this study, another candidate mpv, using aluminum adjuvant, was further examined. all immunized pigs kept healthy during the experimental period, while the control group rapidly showed clinical symptoms and died. moreover, anti-sera from mpv-immunized pigs could interact with peptides involved in the mpv, in contrast to anti-sera from non-immunized or infecte ...	2005	15882522
a dna vaccine expressing the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus elicits t cell responses that can prime for rapid antibody production and confer total protection upon viral challenge.	immunization of domestic pigs with a dna vaccine expressing the complete e2 protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) conferred total protection against a severe viral challenge. immunization with three doses of plasmid pcdna3.1/e2 elicited a consistent and specific, mhc class ii restricted t cell response in the three domestic pigs analyzed, in the absence of detectable anti-csfv antibodies in serum. upon challenge specific t cell responses were boosted in the three vaccinated pigs, and a r ...	2005	15882536
loss of interferon regulatory factor 3 in cells infected with classical swine fever virus involves the n-terminal protease, npro.	we show that cells infected with the pestivirus classical swine fever virus (csfv) fail to produce alpha/beta interferon not only following treatment with double-stranded rna but also after superinfection with a heterologous virus, the alphavirus sindbis virus, a virus shown to normally induce interferon. we investigated whether the inhibition of interferon synthesis by csfv involved a block in interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) activity. cells infected with csfv exhibited a lack of transloca ...	2005	15890962
evolution of t lymphocytes and cytokine expression in classical swine fever (csf) virus infection.	this study characterized the cell-mediated immune response in pigs inoculated with the alfort 187 isolate of classical swine fever (csf) virus. quantitative changes in the t-lymphocyte population (cd3(+), cd4(+) and cd8(+)) and qualitative changes in cytokine expression (il-2, il-4 and ifngamma) by these cells in serum, thymus and spleen were demonstrated. these changes coincided spatially and temporally with previously described quantitative and qualitative changes in monocyte-macrophage popula ...	2005	15893983
detection of classical swine fever virus in archival formalin-fixed tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important office international des epizooties list a disease of swine. inadequate diagnostic infrastructure in developing countries may sometimes make the conduit of viable samples to diagnostic laboratories difficult and at times formalin-fixed tissues may be the only morbid materials available which are not amenable to most laboratory tests. the potential diagnostic abilities in such situations would be enhanced if a highly sensitive and specific ...	2004	15894029
expression of proinflammatory cytokines by hepatic macrophages in acute classical swine fever.	fourteen pigs were inoculated with the 'alfort 187' strain of classical swine fever (csf) virus and killed in pairs at 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14 or 17 days post-inoculation for histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination. for the latter method, the antibodies used were those against viral antigen gp55, porcine myeloid marker swc3, il-1alpha, il-6, tnf-alpha and factor viii-related antigen. activation and increase in the number of hepatic macrophages was observed following vir ...	2005	15899492
monte carlo simulation of classical swine fever epidemics and control. i. general concepts and description of the model.	a monte carlo simulation has been developed to describe the spread of classical swine fever virus between farms within a certain region. the data of the farms can be imported and considered individually. transmission occurs via the infection routes direct animal and indirect person and vehicle contact, as well as by contaminated sperm and local spread. parameters, such as incubation period and probability of detection, can be varied by the user and their impact on disease spread can be studied. ...	2005	15908147
tick-borne viruses.	at least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. virus-tick-vertebrate host relationships are highly specific and less than 10% of all tick species (argasidae and ixodidae) are known to play a role as vectors of arboviruses. however, a few tick species transmit several (e.g. ixodes ricinus, amblyomma variegatum) or many (i. uriae) tick-borne viruses. tick-borne viruses are found in six different virus families (asfarviridae, reoviridae, rhabdoviridae, orthomyxoviridae, bunyaviridae, flaviviri ...	2004	15938513
an error-prone viral dna ligase.	our recent demonstration that dna polymerase x (pol x), the dna repair polymerase encoded by the african swine fever virus (asfv), is extremely error prone during single-nucleotide gap filling led us to hypothesize that it might contribute to genetic variability in asfv. for the infidelity of pol x to be relevant, however, the dna ligase working downstream of it would need to be capable of sealing nicks containing 3'-oh mismatches. we therefore examined the nick ligation capabilities of the asfv ...	2005	15938630
monte carlo simulation of classical swine fever epidemics and control. ii. validation of the model.	a stochastic and spatial simulation model was developed to simulate the spread of classical swine fever virus among herds in a certain area. a model is a simplification of a real system. the mechanisms and parameters are often not exactly known. validation is necessary to gain insight into model behaviour and to identify risk factors with great impact on the response variables. several risk factors such as incubation period, number of daily farm contacts, probability of detection, probability of ...	2005	15939558
estimating the probability of freedom of classical swine fever virus of the east-belgium wild-boar population.	a report of the scientific committee on animal health and animal welfare of the european commission (cec, 1999.) includes recommendations for setting up monitoring programmes for classical swine fever (csf) infection in a wild-boar population, based on the assumption that one would detect at least 5% prevalence in a csf-infected wild-boar population. this assumption, however, is not science based. we propose an alternative method to provide evidence for a wild-boar population being free of csf a ...	2005	15953649
immunomodulatory effect of plasmids co-expressing cytokines in classical swine fever virus subunit gp55/e2-dna vaccination.	the aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of il-12, il-18 and cd154 (cd40 ligand, cd40l) in dna-vaccination against the classical swine fever virus. four recombinant plasmids were constructed including the csfv coding region for the glycoprotein gp55/e2 alone or together with porcine il-12, il-18 or cd154 genes. five groups of four pigs each were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) three times with the respective constructs. the control group was inoculated with empty plas ...	2005	15955282
the kinetics of cytokine production and cd25 expression by porcine lymphocyte subpopulations following exposure to classical swine fever virus (csfv).	surface expression of il-2r-alpha (cd25) is widely used to identify activated lymphocyte populations, while interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) levels have been shown to be a good indicator of cell-mediated immunity (cmi) in pigs. to investigate the relationship between these two parameters, we developed an intracellular cytokine-staining assay and studied the kinetics of cytokine (ifn-gamma and interleukin-10, il-10) production relative to cd25 expression in porcine lymphocyte subpopulations, followin ...	2005	15963818
[site-directed mutagensis of the major antigen e2 gene of csfv, its high level expression in escherichia coli and the immunonicity of recombinant e2 protein].	classical swine fever virus (csfv), an enveloped positive-stranded rna virus in the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of a highly contagious swine disease characterized by symptoms of hemorrhagic fever and immune depression, usually leading to substantial economic losses. the serological methods for detection of csfv antibody such as elisa are important means for the diagnosis of csfv and immune surveillance. it is difficult to obtain csfv antigen with high qual ...	2003	15969061
[ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and virus infection].	ubiquitin is highly conserved 76 amino acid protein found in all eukaryotic organisms and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (upp) plays a very important role in regulated non-lysosomal atp dependent protein degradation. this pathway participates in or regulates numerous cellular processes, such as selective protein degradation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, receptor control by endocytosis, immune response and the processing of antigens. neverthele ...	2004	15969100
classical swine fever--a step closer.		2004	15977610
vaccination against classical swine fever virus: limitations and new strategies.	the most widely used vaccines for the control of classical swine fever (csf) in countries where it is endemic are live attenuated virus strains, which are highly efficacious, inducing virtually complete protection against challenge with pathogenic virus. in the european union (eu), the combination of prophylactic mass vaccination and culling of infected pigs in endemic regions has made it possible to almost eradicate the disease. however, it is not possible to discriminate between infected and v ...	2004	15984328
dimerization of glycoprotein e(rns) of classical swine fever virus is not essential for viral replication and infection.	the pestivirus glycoprotein e(rns), a ribonuclease, is expressed on the surface of virions and in infected cells as a disulfide-linked homodimer. e(rns) is involved in the infection process and its rnase activity is probably involved in viral replication and pathogenesis. the most c-terminal cysteine residue forms an intermolecular disulfide bond with another e(rns) monomer, resulting in an e(rns) dimer. to study the function of dimerisation of e(rns) for viral replication, the cysteine residue ...	2005	15986175
[evaluation on the biosafety of classical swine fever dna vaccine].	the biosafety of dna vaccine is one of the key questions which should be solved before it is used in the clinical trail. in order to evaluate the biosafety of dna vaccine, the csfv dna vaccine was used in the studying target, two main aspects of the vaccine were explored in the study. firstly, the possibility of integration of two kinds of dna vaccine plasmids into pig genome was analyzed by pcr technology after the different vaccines were injected through the intramuscular introduction. the res ...	2005	15989279
classical swine fever (csf) in wild boar: the role of the transplacental infection in the perpetuation of csf.	thirty-four pregnant wild sows and their unborn progeny derived from an endemically infected population in the district of nordvorpommern (mecklenburg-western pomerania) were investigated for classical swine fever virus (csfv) and antibodies. during the last 2.5 years of the epidemic, 20 out of 34 pregnant wild sows investigated were serologically positive. no csfv or viral rna was detected in organs derived from these animals and their progeny. this indicates that young wild boars persistently ...	2005	16000110
statistical evaluation of classical swine fever surveillance plans in italy (1995-2003).	summary surveillance plans were carried out in italy from 1995 to 2003, with the main aim of controlling the possible circulation of low-virulence classical swine fever viral strains. the repetition of a serological monitoring programme over several years, with constantly negative results, can prove the absence of the infection while increasing the degree of confidence. in our case, in 2003, after eight repetitions of the surveillance plan, the probability that there was at least one infected fa ...	2005	16000117
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a chimeric antigen bearing antigenic regions of structural proteins erns and e2 for serodiagnosis of classical swine fever virus infection.	the antigenic region (residues 109 to 160) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) protein e(rns) and the n-terminal antigenic region (residues 1 to 136) of protein e2 were constructed in the form of a fused, chimeric protein, c21e(rns)e2, for use as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) antigen for the serodiagnosis of csfv infection. tested with 238 negative-field (csfv-free) sera from canadian sources, the specificity of the elisa was determined to be 93.7%. all 20 sera from experimental ...	2005	16002639