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oral administration of hpv-16 l2 displayed on lactobacillus casei induces systematic and mucosal cross-neutralizing effects in balb/c mice.the human papillomavirus (hpv) minor capsid protein, l2, is a good candidate for prophylactic vaccine development because l2-specific antibodies have cross-neutralizing activity against diverse hpv types. here, we developed a hpv mucosal vaccine candidate using the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthetase a (pgsa) protein to display a partial hpv-16 l2 protein (n-terminal 1-224 amino acid) on the surface of lactobacillus casei (l. casei). the oral immunization with l. casei-l2 induced productions of l2-s ...201222426329
phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus e5 detected in equine sarcoids in poland.the aim of the study was to analyse a part of the sequence of the e5 gene of bovine papillomaviruses (bpv) associated with equine sarcoids in polish horses. samples of 40 skin lesions obtained from 29 horses were collected for molecular examination. the pcr amplicons of bpv dna were detected in 38 specimens. after phylogenetic analysis 37 specimens were recognized as bpv-1 and one as bpv-2. phylogenetic analysis has allowed the classification of the amplicons into two phylogenetic groups (a1,) a ...201122439338
productive infection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in the placenta of pregnant cows affected with urinary bladder tumors.papillomaviruses (pvs) are believed to be highly epitheliotropic as they usually establish productive infections within stratified epithelia. in vitro, various pvs appear to complete their entire life-cycle in different trophoblastic cell lines. in this study, infection by and protein expression of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv-2) in the uterine and chorionic epithelium of the placenta has been described in four cows suffering from naturally occurring papillomavirus-associated urothelial bla ...201222479413
cutaneous β-human papillomavirus e6 proteins bind mastermind-like coactivators and repress notch signaling.the notch signaling pathway is a key determinant in keratinocyte differentiation and growth cycle arrest, and has been reported to have a tumor suppressor function in skin. the papillomavirus life cycle is intricately linked to the differentiation status of keratinocytes. papillomaviruses are associated with benign proliferative epithelial lesions in their respective hosts. although human papillomaviruses (hpvs) associated with genital tract lesions have been extensively studied, studies of the ...201222547818
expression of heat shock proteins in premalignant and malignant urothelial lesions of bovine urinary bladder.abnormal heat shock protein (hsp) levels have been observed in a number of human tumours, where they are involved in all hallmarks of cancer. since bovine urothelial tumours share striking morphological and biochemical features with their human counterparts, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical levels of hsp27, hsp60, hsp72, hsp73 and hsp90 in 28 normal bovine urinary bladders and 30 bovine papillomavirus-positive urothelial tumours (9 in situ carcinomas, 9 low-grade and ...201222549151
the truncated c-terminal e2 (e2-tr) protein of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) type-1 is a transactivator that modulates transcription in vivo and in vitro in a manner distinct from the e2-ta and e8^e2 gene products.the e2 open reading frame of bovine papillomavirus (bpv)-1 encodes a 410 amino acid (aa) transcriptional activator, e2-ta, and collinear polypeptides--e2-tr (243 aa) and e8^e2 (196 aa). e8^e2 and e2-tr share the dna-binding domain of e2-ta, and both have been defined as transcriptional repressors. although purified e2-tr and e8^e2 proteins specifically bound e2 sites with similar affinities, only the e2-tr stimulated transcription. here we show that e2-tr trans-activates e2-dependent promoters 5 ...201222551766
dna hypomethylation and oxidative stress-mediated increase in genomic instability in equine sarcoid-derived fibroblasts.it is widely accepted that equine sarcoid disease, the most common skin associated neoplasm in equids, is induced by bovine papillomavirus (bpv-1). although bpv-1 dna has been found in almost all examined sarcoids so far, its detailed impact on the horse's host cell metabolism is largely unknown. we used equine fibroblast cell lines originating from sarcoid biopsies to study bpv-1-associated changes on dna methylation status and oxidative stress parameters. sarcoid-derived fibroblasts manifested ...201222659572
in planta production of a candidate vaccine against bovine papillomavirus type 1.bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) is an economically important virus that induces tumourigenic pathologies in horses and cows. given that the bpv-1 l1 major coat protein can self-assemble into highly immunogenic higher-order structures, we transiently expressed it in nicotiana benthamiana as a prelude to producing a candidate vaccine. it was found that plant codon optimization of l1 gave higher levels of expression than its non-optimized counterpart. following protein extraction, we obtained ...201222718313
electrochemical dna biosensor for bovine papillomavirus detection using polymeric film on screen-printed electrode.a new electrochemical dna biosensor for bovine papillomavirus (bpv) detection that was based on screen-printed electrodes was comprehensively studied by electrochemical methods of cyclic voltammetry (cv) and differential pulse voltammetry (dpv). a bpv probe was immobilised on a working electrode (gold) modified with a polymeric film of poly-l-lysine (pll) and chitosan. the experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of polymers, probe concentration (bpv probe) and immobilisatio ...201322727626
expression of the bovine papillomavirus type 1, 2 and 4 l1 genes in the yeast pichia pastoris.papillomaviruses are known to cause benign or malignant lesions in various animals. in cattle, bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is the etiologic agent of papillomatosis and neoplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder. currently, there are no standard diagnostic tests or prophylactic vaccines. protection against papillomavirus infection is conferred by neutralizing antibodies directed towards the major structural protein l1. these antibodies can be efficiently induced by immuniza ...201222869085
expression of connexin 26 and bovine papillomavirus e5 in cutaneous fibropapillomas of cattle.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) can infect epithelial cells and fibroblasts, inducing fibropapillomas in cattle. gap junctions are communication channels between cells composed of connexins (cxs). this study evaluated expression of cx26 and the major bpv oncoprotein e5 in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas. bpv dna was amplified from 20/20 fibropapillomas and 3/3 samples of normal skin. all fibropapillomas (20/20) were positive by immunostaining for e5, whereas the three normal skin samples were ne ...201322892185
initial detection of a circular genome deletion in a naturally bovine papillomavirus-infected sample.bovine papillomavirus type 12 (bpv-12) was recently identified in epithelial papillomas on the cattle tongue in our previous study. along with the full-length genome, one deleted circular genome, named bpv-12-del, was detected in the same papilloma lesion. bpv-12-del is 3363 base pairs in length, and a total of 3,384 base pairs, including e1, e2 and e4 genes and partial e7 and l2 orfs, were deleted compared with the complete genome. real-time pcr results showed that the percentage of bpv-12-del ...201322986272
genetic characterization of a novel bovine papillomavirus member of the deltapapillomavirus genus.this report describes the complete genomic sequence and taxonomic position of bpv type 13. the bpv13 genome was amplified using the multiply primed rolling-circle amplification technique and long-template pcr employing two specific primers. the two long pcr fragments obtained were cloned and sequenced via primer walking. the complete genomic sequence of the bpv13 contains 7961 bp encoding eight proteins, e1, e2, e4, e5, e6, e7, l1, and l2. similarly to the e5 gene in bpvs 1 and 2, the putative b ...201322999523
bovine papillomavirus type 2 infects the urinary bladder of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) and plays a crucial role in bubaline urothelial carcinogenesis.bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv-2) has been shown to infect and play a role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis of buffaloes grazed on pastures with ferns from the marmara and black sea regions of turkey. bpv-2 dna has been found in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder. furthermore, this virus may be a normal inhabitant of the urinary bladder since bpv-2 dna has also been detected in clinically normal buffaloes. the viral activation by fern immunosuppressant or carci ...201323100367
characterisation of early and late bovine papillomavirus protein expression in equine sarcoids.sarcoids are common skin tumours of horses and donkeys that are characterised by persistent proliferation of dermal fibroblasts associated with the presence of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) dna. some early bpv proteins have been demonstrated within sarcoids and rna containing both early and late transcripts is present, yet it remains unclear whether late replication of bpv, culminating in the production of infectious virus particles, can occur in equids. here we report that bpv1 rna isolated from ...201323123175
acetylation of conserved lysines in bovine papillomavirus e2 by p300.the p300, cbp, and pcaf lysine acetyltransferase (kat) proteins have been reported to physically interact with bovine (bpv) and human (hpv) papillomavirus e2 proteins. while overexpression of these kat proteins enhances e2-dependent transcription, the mechanism has not been determined. using rna interference (rnai) to deplete these factors, we demonstrated that e2 transcriptional activity requires physiological levels of p300, cbp, and pcaf. each protein appears to have a unique function in e2-d ...201323152516
spontaneous cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks and detection and quantification of bovine papillomavirus-1 and -2.seven clinical cases of cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks were studied in arunachal pradesh, india. sporadic, single or a chain of multiple varying size warts appeared around the eyes or on the body. predominant site of warts was around eyes. histopathologically, these cases were diagnosed as fibropapilloma. it was confirmed by the detection of bpv-1 and bpv-2 or their mixed infection by pcr and sequencing. quantitative sybr green real-time pcr detected comparatively lower viral dna copy number i ...201323206264
the presence and gene expression of bovine papillomavirus in the peripheral blood and semen of healthy horses.papillomavirus (pv) are double-stranded dna viruses that can cause both benignant and malignant tumours in mammals. twelve genotypes of bovine papillomavirus (bpv1-12) have been identified so far. the presence of bpv1 and 2 has been found in the body fluids of cattle and horses. the aim of this study is to investigate the presence of bpv dna and the expression of viral genes in the blood and sperm cells of healthy horses using pcr and rt-pcr. bpv-1 or 2 was detected in 14 of 70 blood samples (20 ...201423210736
equine sarcoids: bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed fibroblasts are sensitive to cisplatin and uvb induced apoptosis and show aberrant expression of p53.bovine papillomavirus type 1 infects not only cattle but also equids and is a causative factor in the pathogenesis of commonly occurring equine sarcoid tumours. whilst treatment of sarcoids is notoriously difficult, cisplatin has been shown to be one of the most effective treatment strategies for sarcoids. in this study we show that in equine fibroblasts, bpv-1 sensitises cells to cisplatin-induced and uvb-induced apoptosis, a known cofactor for papillomavirus associated disease, however bpv-1 t ...201223210796
bovine papillomavirus e5 and e7 oncoproteins in naturally occurring tumors: are two better than one?bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are oncogenic dna viruses, which mainly induce benign lesions of cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelia in cattle. thirteen (bpv 1-13) different viral genotypes have been characterized so far. bpvs are usually species-specific but bpv 1/2 may also infect equids as well as buffaloes and bison and cause tumors in these species. bpv-induced benign lesions usually regress, however occasionally they develop into cancer particularly in the presence of environmental carcinoge ...201323302179
entropy-based approach for selecting informative regions in the l1 gene of bovine papillomavirus for phylogenetic inference and primer design.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) cause many benign and malignant lesions in cattle and other animals. twelve bpv types have been identified so far, and several putative novel bpv types have been detected based on the analysis of l1 gene fragments, generated by fap59/64 and my11/09 primers. phylogenetic trees are important in studies that describe novel bpv types. however, topological mistakes could be a problem in such studies. therefore, we made use of entropy to find phylogenetic informative reg ...201323420364
detection and expression of bovine papillomavirus in blood of healthy and papillomatosis-affected cattle.papillomaviruses (pv) are double-stranded dna viruses that can cause benignant and malignant tumors in amniotes. there are 13 types of bovine papillomavirus (bpv-1 to -13); they have been found in reproductive tissues and body fluids. normally these viruses are detected in epithelial tissue. we looked for bpv in the blood of healthy cattle and cattle with papillomatosis, using pcr and rt-pcr. bpv types 1 and 2 were detected in 8/12 blood samples of asymptomatic bovines and in 8/9 samples from ca ...201323479176
molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomatosis and the identification of a putative new virus type in brazilian cattle.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are a diverse group of double-stranded dna viruses, of which 12 viral types have been detected and characterized so far. however, there is still a limited understanding of the diversity of bpv. several putative new bpvs have been detected and some of these have been recently characterized as new viral types. however, only a very limited amount of information is available on the pathology associated with these novel viral types yet this information could be of signi ...201323489845
genetic analysis of the e2 transactivation domain dimerization interface from bovine papillomavirus type 1.the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) e2 protein binds as a dimer to the viral genome to promote its transcription, replication and maintenance in keratinocytes. although bpv1 e2 dimerizes primarily through its dna-binding domain, it was shown previously that its transactivation domain (tad) can also dimerize in vitro through formation of a disulfide bond between cysteine 57 (c57) of adjacent monomers and of an ion pair between arginine 172 (r172) and aspartic acid 175 (d175). the function of ...201323490049
bovine papillomavirus type 13 dna in equine sarcoids.equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasms considered to be the most common skin tumors of horses worldwide. bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 have typically been associated with sarcoids in equids. investigations aiming to identify papillomavirus strains, aside from bovine papillomaviruses 1 and 2, which might be associated with sarcoid lesions, have been lacking. the aim of this article is to report the identification of a third bovine papillomavirus type, bovine papilloma ...201323637294
ck2 phosphorylation inactivates dna binding by the papillomavirus e1 and e2 proteins.papillomaviruses have complex life cycles that are understood only superficially. although it is well established that the viral e1 and e2 proteins play key roles in controlling viral transcription and dna replication, how these factors are regulated is not well understood. here, we demonstrate that phosphorylation by the protein kinase ck2 controls the biochemical activities of the bovine papillomavirus e1 and e2 proteins by modifying their dna binding activity. phosphorylation at multiple site ...201323637413
productive infection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in the urothelial cells of naturally occurring urinary bladder tumors in cattle and water buffaloes.papillomaviruses (pvs) are highly epitheliotropic as they usually establish productive infections within squamous epithelia of the skin, the anogenital tract and the oral cavity. in this study, early (e) and late (l) protein expression of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv-2) in the urothelium of the urinary bladder is described in cows and water buffaloes suffering from naturally occurring papillomavirus-associated urothelial bladder tumors.201323667460
comparison of two pcr strategies for the detection of bovine papillomavirus.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is a diverse group of double-stranded dna oncogenic viruses, which have been detected in epithelial lesions and body fluids. most studies of bpv infection rely on a single method for dna detection; however the use of any single method or technique may underestimate the true prevalence of this virus. the purpose of this study was to compare two pcr strategies for the detection of bpv in skin lesions and fluids: these involve the use of bpv type-specific and consensus p ...201323669103
bovine papillomavirus type 2 infection and microscopic patterns of urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in water buffaloes.microscopic patterns of thirty-four urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder of water buffaloes from the marmara and black sea regions of turkey are here described. all the animals grazed on lands rich in bracken fern. histological diagnosis was assessed using morphological parameters recently suggested for the urinary bladder tumors of cattle. papillary carcinoma was the most common neoplastic lesion (22/34) observed in this study, and low-grade carcinoma was more common (seventeen cases) than ...201323762866
bovine papillomavirus on the scene of crime: is e5 oncogene the only guilty party?bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) induce hyperplastic and tumoral lesions not only in cows but also in other different animal species. the transforming activity of bpvs is due to its major e5 oncogene. recent studies have highlighted the role of e5 in cancer development but very little is known about e6 and e7 oncogenes. in this letter we argue for the need of investigating e6 as well as e7 to better understand the role of these two oncogenes during carcinogenesis.201323829702
the many unknown aspects of bovine papillomavirus diversity, infection and pathogenesis. 201323846030
enhanced transgene expression in mammalian cells by recombinant baculovirus vector containing bovine papillomavirus type 1 replication elements.the baculovirus autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus has been widely explored as a transgene expression vector. further improvement of the expression of the transgene is important for its application.201323852619
bovine papillomavirus type 2 infection and a series of mesenchymal tumors of the urinary bladder in cattle.this report describes the histopathology of two hundred and fifty-three mesenchymal tumors of the urinary bladder in cattle grazing on lands rich in bracken fern. approximately 80% were hemangiomas and angiosarcomas. hemangioma (capillary, cavernous, and large vessels) was the most frequent mesenchymal tumor and was more common than angiosarcoma. although the appearance of endothelial cells can vary remarkably, epithelioid angiosarcomas, often containing multinucleated cells, were the most frequ ...201323862156
bovine papillomavirus in brazil: detection of coinfection of unusual types by a pcr-rflp method.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is recognized as a causal agent of benign and malignant tumors in cattle. thirteen types of bpv are currently characterized and classified into three distinct genera, associated with different pathological outcomes. the described bpv types as well as other putative ones have been demonstrated by molecular biology methods, mainly by the employment of degenerated pcr primers. specifically, divergences in the nucleotide sequence of the l1 gene are useful for the identifi ...201323865043
bag3 protects bovine papillomavirus type 1-transformed equine fibroblasts against pro-death signals.in human cancer cells, bag3 protein is known to sustain cell survival. here, for the first time, we demonstrate the expression of bag3 protein both in equine sarcoids in vivo and in eqs04b cells, a sarcoid-derived fully transformed cell line harbouring bovine papilloma virus (bpv)-1 genome. evidence of a possible involvement of bag3 in equine sarcoid carcinogenesis was obtained by immunohistochemistry analysis of tumour samples. we found that most tumour samples stained positive for bag3, even t ...201323876161
expression and in silico analysis of the recombinant bovine papillomavirus e6 protein as a model for viral oncoproteins studies.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are recognized as the causal agents of economical relevant diseases in cattle, associated with the development of tumors in skin and mucosa. the oncogenesis process is mainly associated with different viral oncoprotein expressions, which are involved in cell transformation. the expression and characterization of recombinant viral oncoproteins represent an attractive strategy to obtain biotechnological products as antibodies and potential vaccines, thus, the aim of ...201323878806
detection of bovine papilloma viruses in wart-like lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract of cattle and buffaloes.in present investigation, etiopathological characterization of upper gastrointestinal tract (git) tumours of cattle and buffaloes was undertaken. a total of 27 git wart-like lesions in rumen, reticulum, mouth and oesophagus of cattle and buffaloes revealed the presence of small nodular to larger spherical or slender growths with thin base present on mucosa and ruminal pillar. histopathologically, these cases were diagnosed as fibropapilloma/papilloma. this is the first world record on ruminal pa ...201523890104
a single amino acid substitution converts a transmembrane protein activator of the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor into an inhibitor.receptors for pdgf play an important role in cell proliferation and migration and have been implicated in certain cancers. the 44-amino acid e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus binds to and activates the pdgfβ receptor (pdgfβr), resulting in oncogenic transformation of cultured fibroblasts. previously, we isolated an artificial 36-amino acid transmembrane protein, ptm36-4, which transforms cells because of its ability to activate the pdgfβr despite limited sequence similarity to e5. here, we dem ...201323908351
compensatory mutants of the bovine papillomavirus e5 protein and the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor reveal a complex direct transmembrane interaction.the 44-amino-acid e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus is a dimeric transmembrane protein that exists in a stable complex with the platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) β receptor, causing receptor activation and cell transformation. the transmembrane domain of the pdgf β receptor is required for complex formation, but it is not known if the two proteins contact one another directly. here, we studied a pdgf β receptor mutant containing a leucine-to-isoleucine substitution in its transmembrane dom ...201323926343
bovine papillomavirus: opening new trends for comparative pathology.for many years, research on bovine papillomavirus (bpv) has contributed to the understanding of papillomavirus-induced pathology in humans and animals. the present review shows how recent studies on bpv keep providing evidence concerning key points in viral infection, such as the expression of viral proteins in lymphocytes and the occurrence of productive infections of the placenta. studies on bpv-induced tumours also provide important information concerning the mechanisms of oncogenesis and imm ...201423929231
analysis of activated platelet-derived growth factor β receptor and ras-map kinase pathway in equine sarcoid fibroblasts.equine sarcoids are skin tumours of fibroblastic origin affecting equids worldwide. bovine papillomavirus type-1 (bpv-1) and, less commonly, type-2 are recognized as etiological factors of sarcoids. the transforming activity of bpv is related to the functions of its major oncoprotein e5 which binds to the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (pdgfβr) causing its phosphorylation and activation. in this study, we demonstrate, by coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, that in equine sarcoid ...201323936786
bovine papillomavirus clastogenic effect analyzed in comet assay.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is an oncogenic virus related to serious livestock diseases. oncoproteins encoded by bpv are involved in several steps of cellular transformation and have been reported as presenting clastogenic effects in peripheral lymphocytes and primary culture cells. the aim of this study was to evaluate the clastogenic potential of bpv types 1, 2, and 4 by comet assay. peripheral blood was collected from 37 bovines, 32 infected with different levels of papillomatosis (12 animals ...201323956996
papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse.the papillomaviridae family comprises a large number of viruses that can infect a broad range of hosts including mammals, birds and reptiles giving rise to benign lesions of the skin or mucosal membranes. they are characterized by great genetic diversity yet adhere to common biological principles. in this review, we first describe the structure and function of the viral proteins encoded by papillomaviruses (pvs), with a particular emphasis on bovine papillomaviruses (bpv). we then discuss the ro ...201324016387
bovine papillomavirus type 4 l1 gene transfection in a drosophila s2 cell expression system: absence of l1 protein expression.the development of a bovine papillomavirus (bpv) vaccine is an outstanding challenge. bpv protein l1 gene transfection in the drosophila melanogaster s2 cell expression system failed to produce l1 protein notwithstanding correct l1 gene insertion. severe genetic inbalance in the host cell line, including cytogenetic alterations, may account for the lack of protein expression.200824031166
bovine papillomavirus-like particles presenting conserved epitopes from membrane-proximal external region of hiv-1 gp41 induced mucosal and systemic antibodies.two conserved epitopes, located in the membrane-proximal external region (mper) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp41, are recognized by two hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies 2f5 and 4e10, and are promising targets for vaccine design in efforts to elicit anti-hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. since most hiv-1 infections initiate at mucosal surfaces, induction of mucosal neutralizing antibodies is necessary and of utmost importance to counteract hiv-1 infection. here, w ...201324055348
high-throughput pseudovirion-based neutralization assay for analysis of natural and vaccine-induced antibodies against human papillomaviruses.a highly sensitive, automated, purely add-on, high-throughput pseudovirion-based neutralization assay (ht-pbna) with excellent repeatability and run-to-run reproducibility was developed for human papillomavirus types (hpv) 16, 18, 31, 45, 52, 58 and bovine papillomavirus type 1. preparation of 384 well assay plates with serially diluted sera and the actual cell-based assay are separated in time, therefore batches of up to one hundred assay plates can be processed sequentially. a mean coefficient ...201324124504
sarcoid-derived fibroblasts: links between genomic instability, energy metabolism and senescence.bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv-1) is a well recognized etiopathogenetic factor in a cancer-like state in horses, namely equine sarcoid disease. nevertheless, little is known about bpv-1-mediated cell transforming effects. it was shown that bpv-1 triggers genomic instability through dna hypomethylation and oxidative stress. in the present study, we further characterized bpv-1-positive fibroblasts derived from sarcoid tumors. the focus was on cancer-like features of sarcoid-derived fibroblasts, incl ...201424148276
sarcoids.sarcoids are the most common skin tumors seen in horses worldwide. the pathogenesis of sarcoids is multifactorial, including an association with bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 and a genetic susceptibility to tumor development. clinical manifestations vary and include occult, verrucous, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant (malevolent) types. the tumor is nonmetastasizing but can become very aggressive locally. multiple tumors are common. all clinical types can be present in the same ...201324267682
chromosome aberrations in cells infected with bovine papillomavirus: comparing cutaneous papilloma, esophagus papilloma, and urinary bladder lesion cells.the majority of malignant cells present genetic instability with chromosome number changes plus segmental defects: these changes involve intact chromosomes and breakage-induced alterations. some pathways of chromosomal instability have been proposed as random breakage, telomere fusion, and centromere fission. chromosome alterations in tumor cells have been described in animal models and in vitro experiments. one important question is about possible discrepancies between animal models, in vitro s ...201324298391
bovine papillomavirus type 10 with a deletion associated with a lingual papilloma in a cow.different types of papillomavirus usually cause papillomas in specific tissues. previously, bovine papillomavirus (bpv) type 10 has been associated specifically with cutaneous papillomas in cattle. in this study, bpv-10 was detected in a papilloma on the tongue of a cow. whole genome analysis demonstrated that the sequence of this bpv-10 strain had a 129 base pair deletion in the e1 open reading frame, which was confirmed by southern blot analysis, pcr and reverse transcriptase-pcr.201424361146
bovine papillomavirus e2 and e5 gene expression in sperm cells of healthy bulls.papillomaviruses are found in epithelial lesions and are linked to different carcinogenic processes in humans and other animals. although bpv has been characterized as epitheliotropic, the presence of viral dna has been detected in other tissues and fluids, such as fresh semen. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and expression of bpv in sperm cells of bulls (bos taurus) asymptomatic for papillomatosis. a pcr assay was carried out with specific primers to test bpv2 in 26 semen sam ...201324426320
methods for the construction of human papillomavirus vectors.a number of vector systems have been developed for the delivery of therapeutic genes into cells (1). many viral vectors suffer from the disadvantage of random integration into the chromosome, making the expression of the cloned genes dependent on the chromosomal context of the inserted dna. papillomaviruses (pvs) are potentially important vector systems because of their extrachromosomal replication in target cells. the pvs are small dna viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals. hum ...199724493421
teat papillomatosis associated with bovine papillomavirus types 6, 7, 9, and 10 in dairy cattle from brazil.this study describes the clinical, histopathological, and virological characterization of teat papillomatosis from brazilian dairy cattle herds. four types of bovine papillomavirus were identified (bpv6, 7, 9, and 10); one of these (bpv7) is being detected for the first time in brazilian cattle.201324516429
bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv-2) e5 oncoprotein binds to the subunit d of the v₁-atpase proton pump in naturally occurring urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder of cattle.active infection by bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv-2) was documented for fifteen urinary bladder tumors in cattle. two were diagnosed as papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (punlmp), nine as papillary and four as invasive urothelial cancers.201424586417
development of a dna-based vaccine strategy against bovine papillomavirus infection, involving the e5 or l2 gene.papillomaviruses are known to cause tumor lesions, generally benign, in epithelial tissues of diverse organisms; these lesions may progress to cancer under suitable conditions. bovine papillomavirus (bpv) can cause urinary bladder cancer and cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. furthermore, bpv1 and bpv2 are implicated in the development of tumors in equids. many studies with animal models clearly demonstrate that dna vaccines are very effective tools in controlling viral infections, prov ...201424634133
bovine papillomavirus: new insights into an old disease.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are small dna tumoral viruses able to induce benign cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelial lesions. generally, the benign tumours affecting the skin or mucosa spontaneously regress, but under special circumstances, the defence system may be overwhelmed, thus leading to cancer, especially in the presence of immunosuppressant and mutagen agents from bracken fern. to date, thirteen different bpv genotypes have been associated with skin and mucosal tumours in cattle, and ...201624661978
mutational analysis of the helicase domain of a replication initiator protein reveals critical roles of lys 272 of the b' motif and lys 289 of the β-hairpin loop in geminivirus replication.replication initiator protein (rep) is indispensable for rolling-circle replication of geminiviruses, a group of plant-infecting circular ssdna viruses. however, the mechanism of dna unwinding by circular ssdna virus-encoded helicases is unknown. to understand geminivirus rep function, we compared the sequence and secondary structure of rep with those of bovine papillomavirus e1 and employed charged residue-to-alanine scanning mutagenesis to generate a set of single-substitution mutants in walke ...201424728710
e1-mediated recruitment of a uaf1-usp deubiquitinase complex facilitates human papillomavirus dna replication.the human papillomavirus (hpv) e1 helicase promotes viral dna replication through its dna unwinding activity and association with host factors. the e1 proteins from anogenital hpv types interact with the cellular wd repeat-containing factor uaf1 (formerly known as p80). specific amino acid substitutions in e1 that impair this interaction inhibit maintenance of the viral episome in immortalized keratinocytes and reduce viral dna replication by up to 70% in transient assays. in this study, we dete ...201424850727
detection of different bovine papillomavirus types and co-infection in bloodstream of cattle.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is a diverse group of double-stranded dna oncogenic viruses. bpvs are classically described as epitheliotropic, however, they have been detected in body fluids, such as blood and semen. the presence of bpv in these sites can have implications for the dissemination of bpv. the aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of bpv types in cattle blood. a total of 57 blood samples were analyzed by pcr using bpv type-specific primers to bpvs 1-6 and 8-10, and subsequent ...201624889887
mixed nipple infections caused by variant of bpv3 and a putative new subtype of bpv in cattle.bovine papilloma is a chronic and proliferative skin and mucosal wart caused by bovine papillomavirus (bpv). in june, 2013, a leaf-and flat-shaped wart disease was observed on the nipple skins in a cattle farm in xinjiang. to diagnose the disease, we collected the diseased skins for pathological biopsy and dna analysis by pcr amplification using a pair of degenerate primers fap59 and fap64. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the infection was caused by a variant of bpv3 and putativ ...201624894388
interactions between e6, fak, and git1 at paxillin ld4 are necessary for transformation by bovine papillomavirus 1 e6.bovine papillomavirus 1 e6 interacts with two similar proteins that regulate cell attachment and cell migration called paxillin (pxn) and hic-5 (also known as hic5, ara55, hic-5, tsc-5, and tgfb1i1). despite the similarity between hic-5 and paxillin, paxillin is required for e6 to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts while hic-5 is not. using mutants of paxillin, we found that dynamic competitive interactions between e6, focal adhesion kinase, and the git1 arf-gap protein for binding to paxillin a ...201424942580
bovine and human papillomaviruses: a comparative review.fifty years ago, inoculation with bovine papillomavirus (bpv) was found to cause mesenchymal tumors of the skin in cattle and horses, as well as tumors of the bladder in cattle. subsequent to these studies of bpvs, human papillomaviruses (hpvs) were found to cause cervical cancer resulting in intense research into papillomaviruses. during the past 50 years, the ways that hpvs and bpvs cause disease have been investigated, and both hpvs and bpvs have been associated with an increasingly diverse r ...201424981715
quantitative pcr high-resolution melting (qpcr-hrm) curve analysis, a new approach to rapid detection and differentiation of bovine papillomavirus detected in equine sarcoids.the aim of the study was to evaluate a novel diagnostic scheme which combines quantitative pcr and high-resolution melting (qpcr-hrm) curve analysis for rapid differentiation based on e5 partial cds of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (bpv-1 or bpv-2), and to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the complete cds of the e5 gene of bpv detected in equine sarcoids. samples of 38 skin lesions obtained from 27 horses were collected for molecular examinations. all lesions were clinically diagnosed as s ...201424988849
bovine papillomavirus isolation by ultracentrifugation.the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, which causes significant economic losses to livestock, characterized by the presence of papillomas that regress spontaneously or persist and progress to malignancy. currently, there are 13 types of bpvs described in the literature as well as 32 putative new types. this study aimed to isolate viral particles of bpv from skin papillomas, using a novel viral isolation method. the virus types were previously identifie ...201425102429
bovine papillomavirus in beef cattle: first description of bpv-12 and putative type bapv8 in brazil.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is an oncogenic virus associated with benign and malignant lesions, which result in notable economic losses. peripheral blood samples and cutaneous papillomas were obtained from four adult beef cattle. viral molecular identification was performed using specific primers for bpv-1, -2 and -4 in blood diagnosis and fap59/fap64 for skin papillomas. histopathologic examination was done as a complementary and differential diagnosis. the fragments were purified, sequenced, a ...201425117322
analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure.papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving dna viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. however, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (bpv-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of bpv-1 in equine sarcoids ...201425185436
first report of a variant bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv-2) in cattle in the iberian peninsula.infections caused by bovine papillomavirus (bpv) have been described worldwide. some types, like bpv-1 and bpv-2, have been reported in association with skin warts and fibropapillomas in cattle and sarcoids in equids. in this study we have investigated the presence of bpv in cutaneous warts isolated from a steer in spain. cutaneous fibropapillomatosis was confirmed by histopathological analysis. complete genome was amplified by multiple-primed rolling circle and the l1, e5 and e6 genes were sequ ...201425273965
structural characterization of a c-terminally truncated e5 oncoprotein from papillomavirus in lipid bilayers.e5 is the major transforming oncoprotein of bovine papillomavirus, which activates the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β in a highly specific manner. the short transmembrane protein e5 with only 44 residues interacts directly with the transmembrane segments of the receptor, but structural details are not available. biophysical investigations are challenging, because the hydrophobic e5 protein tends to aggregate and get cross-linked non-specifically via two cys residues near its c-terminu ...201425324446
phosphorylation of hpv-16 e2 at serine 243 enables binding to brd4 and mitotic chromosomes.the papillomavirus e2 protein is involved in the maintenance of persistent infection and known to bind either to cellular factors or directly to mitotic chromosomes in order to partition the viral genome into the daughter cells. however, how the hpv-16 e2 protein acts to facilitate partitioning of the viral genome remains unclear. in this study, we found that serine 243 of hpv-16 e2, located in the hinge region, is crucial for chromosome binding during mitosis. bromodomain protein 4 (brd4) has b ...201425340539
complete genome sequence of bovine papillomavirus genotype 13 from local yellow cattle in hainan province, china.here, we present the complete genome sequence of bovine papillomavirus genotype 13 isolated from local yellow cattle in hainan, china. the genome is 7,961 bp and contains six early genes and two late genes. this analysis provides important information for the research of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) in china.201425477399
papillomavirus e7 oncoproteins share functions with polyomavirus small t antigens.many of the small dna tumor viruses encode transforming proteins that function by targeting critical cellular pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. in this study, we have examined whether some of the functions of the polyomavirus small t antigens (st) are shared by the e6 and e7 oncoproteins of two oncogenic papillomaviruses. using three different assays, we have found that e7 can provide some simian virus 40 (sv40) or murine polyomavirus (pyv) st functions. both human papillomav ...201525540383
meeting report vlpnpv: session 5: plant based technology.the vlpnpv 2014 conference that was convened at the salk institute was the second conference of its kind to focus on advances in production, purification, and delivery of virus-like particles (vlps) and nanoparticles. many exciting developments were reported and discussed in this interdisciplinary arena, but here we report specifically on the contributions of plant-based platforms to vlp vaccine technology as reported in the section of the conference devoted to the topic as well in additional pr ...201425581535
bovine papillomavirus type 13 expression in the urothelial bladder tumours of cattle.bovine papillomavirus type 13 (bpv-13), a novel deltapapillomavirus, has been found associated with urothelial tumours of the urinary bladder of cattle grazing on lands infested with bracken fern. bpv-13 was detected in 28 of 39 urothelial tumours. diagnosis was based on sequencing of l1 and e5 amplicons from tumour samples. the nucleotide sequences generated from these amplicons showed a 100% homology with the sequences of bpv-13 l1 and e5 dna found in brazil from a fibropapilloma of the ear in ...201625597262
expression of bcl-2 and p53 in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas.bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas are benign hyperproliferative lesions induced by bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs). bcl-2 is an important anti-apoptotic protein which is expressed in several cancer types. in contrary, p53 is a tumour suppressor protein that mediates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence in response to cellular stresses.201525601891
oral papillomatosis caused by enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (elpv-1) in southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) in california, usa.the southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis) is a threatened marine sentinel. during postmortem investigations of stranded sea otters from 2004 to 2013 in california, us, papillomas were detected in the oral cavity of at least seven otters via necropsy and histopathology. next-generation sequencing of viral particles purified from a single papilloma revealed a novel papillomavirus, enhydra lutris papillomavirus 1 (elpv-1). the genome of elpv-1 was obtained, representing the first fully sequenc ...201525647597
levels of the e2 interacting protein topbp1 modulate papillomavirus maintenance stage replication.the evolutionarily conserved dna topoisomerase ii beta-binding protein 1 (topbp1) functions in dna replication, dna damage response, and cell survival. we analyzed the role of topbp1 in human and bovine papillomavirus genome replication. consistent with prior reports, topbp1 co-localized in discrete nuclear foci and was in complex with papillomavirus e2 protein. similar to e2, topbp1 is recruited to the region of the viral origin of replication during g1/s and early s phase. topbp1 knockdown inc ...201525666521
development of a novel pcr-rflp assay for improved detection and typing of bovine papillomaviruses.a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) assay was developed to detect and type bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) from tumors in cattle. two degenerate primer sets targeting the bpv l1 gene, subaup/subadw and subbup/subbdw, and one restriction enzyme rsai were used in this assay. in silico analyses of the restriction enzyme sites in the pcr fragments of 13 bpv sequences (bpv-1 to -13) revealed that all known bpvs are differentiated by the pcr-rflp assay. analy ...201525794797
genomic characterisation of the feline sarcoid-associated papillomavirus and proposed classification as bos taurus papillomavirus type 14.feline sarcoids are rare mesenchymal neoplasms of domestic and exotic cats. previous studies have consistently detected short dna sequences from a papillomavirus (pv), designated feline sarcoid-associated papillomavirus (fesarpv), in these neoplasms. the fesarpv sequence has never been detected in any non-sarcoid sample from cats but has been amplified from the skin of cattle suggesting that feline sarcoids are caused by cross-species infection by a bovine papillomavirus (bpv). the aim of the pr ...201525840470
detection and quantification of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in urinary bladders and lymph nodes in cases of bovine enzootic hematuria from the endemic region of azores.bovine enzootic hematuria (beh) is a disease with a severe impact on production indexes and characterized by the development of bovine urinary bladder tumors, particularly in the azores archipelago. the purpose of this study was to investigate and quantify bpv2 tissue distribution in bovine urinary bladder tumors, normal bladders, and iliac lymph nodes of cattle from the azores. a real-time pcr system targeting the l1 gene was developed and allowed for the specific detection of the virus. bpv2 d ...201526003566
a novel murine model for evaluating bovine papillomavirus prophylactics/therapeutics for equine sarcoid-like tumours.equine sarcoids are highly recurrent bovine papillomavirus (bpv)-induced fibroblastic neoplasms that are the most common skin tumours in horses. in order to facilitate the study of potential equine sarcoid prophylactics or therapeutics, which can be a slow and costly process in equines, a murine model for bpv-1 protein-expressing equine sarcoid-like tumours was developed in mice through stable transfection of bpv-1 e5 and e6 in a murine fibroblast tumour cell line (k-balb). like equine sarcoids, ...201526044793
co-administration with dna encoding papillomavirus capsid proteins enhances the antitumor effects generated by therapeutic hpv dna vaccination.dna vaccines have emerged as attractive candidates for the control of human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated malignancies. however, dna vaccines suffer from limited immunogenicity and thus strategies to enhance dna vaccine potency are needed. we have previously demonstrated that for dna vaccines encoding hpv-16 e7 antigen (crt/e7) linkage with calreticulin (crt) linked enhances both the e7-specific cd8(+) t cell immune responses and antitumor effects against e7-expressing tumors. in the current s ...201526113972
genetic characterization of amazonian bovine papillomavirus reveals the existence of four new putative types.papillomaviruses are small and complex viruses that belong to the papillomaviridae family, which comprises 39 genera. the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) causes an infectious disease that is characterized by chronic and proliferative benign tumors that affect cattle worldwide. different genotypes of bpvs can cause distinct skin and mucosal lesions and the immunity they raise has low cross-protection. this report aimed to genotype bpvs in cattle from northern brazil based on nucleotide partial sequen ...201526116287
localization of bovine papillomavirus nucleic acid in equine sarcoids.bovine papillomaviruses (bpv1/bpv2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. we have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ish) assay that uses a pool of probes complementary to portions of the e5, e6, and e7 genes. this assay is highly sensitive for direct visualization of vir ...201626215759
characterization of the nuclear matrix targeting sequence (nmts) of the bpv1 e8/e2 protein--the shortest known nmts.technological advantages in sequencing and proteomics have revealed the remarkable diversity of alternative protein isoforms. typically, the localization and functions of these isoforms are unknown and cannot be predicted. also the localization signals leading to particular subnuclear compartments have not been identified and thus, predicting alternative functions due to alternative subnuclear localization is limited only to very few subnuclear compartments. knowledge of the localization and fun ...201526218798
plant-produced viral bovine vaccines: what happened during the last 10 years?vaccination has proved to be an efficient strategy to deal with viral infections in both human and animal species. however, protection of cattle against viral infections is still a major concern in veterinary science. during the last two decades, the development of efficient plant-based expression strategies for recombinant proteins prompted the application of this methodology for veterinary vaccine purposes. the main goals of viral bovine vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of cattle ...201526250843
hydrophobic mismatch drives the interaction of e5 with the transmembrane segment of pdgf receptor.the oncogenic e5 protein from bovine papillomavirus is a short (44 amino acids long) integral membrane protein that forms homodimers. it activates platelet-derived growth factor receptor (pdgfr) β in a ligand-independent manner by transmembrane helix-helix interactions. the nature of this recognition event remains elusive, as numerous mutations are tolerated in the e5 transmembrane segment, with the exception of one hydrogen-bonding residue. here, we examined the conformation, stability, and ali ...201526287626
human papillomavirus type 18 cis-elements crucial for segregation and latency.stable maintenance replication is characteristic of the latency phase of hpv infection, during which the viral genomes are actively maintained as extrachromosomal genetic elements in infected proliferating basal keratinocytes. active replication in the s-phase and segregation of the genome into daughter cells in mitosis are required for stable maintenance replication. most of our knowledge about papillomavirus genome segregation has come from studies of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1), whic ...201526288015
molecular and histological characterization of bovine papillomavirus in north west italy.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are group of worldwide-spread dna virus that infect primarily cattle determining diseases of considerable economic relevance. recently, research on bpvs, received a great impulse owing to the development of specific biomolecular analysis, mostly based on l1 gene sequencing, that resulted in the identification of new viral types. this work is aimed at the identification and molecular and histopathological characterization of bpvs circulating in north west italy, one ...201526315772
e5 nucleotide polymorphisms suggest quasispecies occurrence in bpv-1 sub-clinically infected horses.bpv-1 is known as the main causative agent of equine sarcoid, but the virus has also been detected in skin and blood of healthy horses. previous reports demonstrated the presence of e5 variants in sarcoids of donkeys and horses; we investigated whether this genetic variability might be also found in bpv-1, pbmc associated, of sub-clinically infected horses. with this aim, we analyzed the e5 gene of 21 bpv-1 strains from diseased and sub-clinically infected horses. our analyses lead us to demonst ...201526412524
phosphorylation of bovine papillomavirus e1 by the protein kinase ck2 near the nuclear localization signal does not influence subcellular distribution of the protein in dividing cells.the bovine papillomavirus e1 helicase is essential for viral replication. in dividing cells, dna replication maintains, but does not increase, the viral genome copy number. replication is limited by low e1 expression and an e1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mechanism. shuttling is controlled in part by phosphorylation of e1 by cellular kinases. here we investigate conserved sites for phosphorylation by kinase ck2 within the e1 nuclear localization signal. when these ck2 sites are mutated to either ...201626467928
hyperproliferative action of bovine papillomavirus: genetic and histopathological aspects.the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) causes papillomas that regress spontaneously, but can also progress to malignancy. this study evaluated the role of bpv in oncogenesis. twenty-four samples from uninfected calves and the papillomas of bpv infected cattle were subjected to molecular diagnosis, as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. the comet assay (ca) was used to evaluate the clastogenic potential of bpv. the results confirmed the presence of bpv-2, 3, 5, and 9 in infected ...201526505447
[sequence and structural analyses of the complete genome of bovine papillomavirus 2 genotype aks-01 strain from skin samples of cows in southern xinjiang, china].to study the complete genomic sequence, genomic characteristics, and genetic variation of the bovine papillomavirus 2 genotype (bpv-2) aks-01 strain at the molecular level, genotyping of this strain from the skin samples of cows in southern xinjiang (china) was first detected by the polymerase chain reaction with fap59/fap64 primers. based on the complete genome of the bpv-2 reference strain, specific primers and sequencing primers were designed, and the complete genome of the aks-01 strain ampl ...201526524909
papillomavirus in healthy skin and mucosa of wild ruminants in the italian alps.we investigated healthy skin and mucosal specimens of wild ruminants in the italian alps. we identified bovine papillomavirus (bpv)-2 dna in the healthy skin of wild ruminants and documented coinfection of bpv-1 and cervus elaphus papillomavirus (cepv)-1 in a healthy red deer (cervus elaphus). we also demonstrated cross-infections of bpvs of the genus xipapillomavirus, both as single virus infection and also in association with deltapapillomavirus types 1 and 2, confirming that host tropism of p ...201626540178
bos taurus papillomavirus activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: demonstrating a productive infection.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is an oncogenic virus with mucous and epithelial tropism. possible productive virus infection in other tissues, such as blood, has been hypothesized. in order to investigate this possibility, three samples of skin papillomas and blood were collected from bovines with bpv infection and five samples of peripheral blood and one sample of normal tissue were collected from a calf without bpv infection. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) were isolated from whole blo ...201526681018
requirement for the e1 helicase c-terminal domain in papillomavirus dna replication in vivo.the papillomavirus (pv) e1 helicase contains a conserved c-terminal domain (ctd), located next to its atp-binding site, whose function in vivo is still poorly understood. the ctd is comprised of an alpha helix followed by an acidic region (ar) and a c-terminal extension termed the c-tail. recent biochemical studies on bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv1) e1 showed that the ar and c-tail regulate the oligomerization of the protein into a double hexamer at the origin. in this study, we assessed the impo ...201626739052
mutagenic potential ofbos taurus papillomavirus type 1 e6 recombinant protein: first description.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is considered a useful model to study hpv oncogenic process. bpv interacts with the host chromatin, resulting in dna damage, which is attributed to e5, e6, and e7 viral oncoproteins activity. however, the oncogenic mechanisms of bpv e6 oncoprotein per se remain unknown. this study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic potential of bos taurus papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) e6 recombinant oncoprotein by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (cbmna) and comet assay (ca). per ...201526783529
oral squamomelanocytic tumour in a dog: a unique biphasic cancer.in human medicine, squamomelanocytic tumour is a malignant cutaneous neoplasm composed of closely intermingled neoplastic squamous cells and melanocytes. a multinodular gingival tumour in a 16-year-old, mixed breed neutered female dog was examined microscopically. two populations of neoplastic cells, melanocytic and squamous epithelial cells were intermingled. the melanocytic cells were melan-a positive and cytokeratin ae1-ae3 negative and the squamous component was cytokeratin ae1-ae3 positive ...201726805740
bovine papillomavirus type 7 in italy: complete genomes and sequence variants.two novel bovine papillomavirus type 7 (bpv-7) variants have been identified in teat cutaneous papillomas affecting dairy cows in northern italy. the entire genome sequences of two bpv-7 italian variants showed major sequence differences in the long control region (lcr) and in the l2 gene compared to the japanese reference strain. in order to define the stability of these genetic variants, the l2 and lcr sequences of seven further bpv-7 positive isolates were characterized. an insertion of six a ...201626837892
extracellular matrix remodeling in equine sarcoid: an immunohistochemical and molecular study.equine sarcoids are locally invasive, fibroblastic benign skin tumors. bovine papillomavirus type-1 (bpv-1) and/or bovine papillomavirus type-2 (bpv-2) are believed to be the causative agent of sarcoids, although the mechanisms by which the virus induce the tumor are still poorly understood. we hypothesized that in genetically predisposed equines latent bpv infection may be reactivated by immunosoppression and/or mechanical injury leading to a form of pathologic wound which may transform into a ...201626838095
papillomavirus in yaks: the isolates of bovine papillomavirus type 1 have a high possibility of belonging to a novel type.although papillomaviruses (pvs) have been widely reported in vertebrates, there have been only a few pv reports in yaks (bos grunniens). in 2012, bam et al. reported bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) and bpv-2 associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks, which provided genomic and pathology information for yak pvs. however, nucleotide identity and phylogenic analyses revealed that there are two isolates with a high possibility of belonging to a novel type that is not bpv-1. the argument ...201626922971
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