Publications

the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in the neuro-hypophysis of the camel.		1956	13285473
water balance of the camel.		1956	13313770
the occurrence of schistosoma bovis (sonsino, 1876) in the camel, camelus dromedarius, in egypt.		1956	13367313
body temperature of the camel and its relation to water economy.		1957	13402948
urea excretion in the camel.		1957	13411239
a fatal nematodiasis in the camel.		1958	13480930
on the stomach of the camel with special reference to the structure of its mucous membrane.		1957	13487100
the glands of the digestive system in the one-humped camel, camelus dromedarius l. i. the salivary glands.		1957	13487272
the camel and water.		1958	13493909
the electrocardiogram of a camel.		1958	13533257
[gravity of camel bites; study of 9 cases].		1958	13540429
some hemodynamic observations on a camel.		1959	13606049
comparative liberation of bound phosphatides from red cells of man, ox, and camel.		1958	13614418
[water metabolism in camel].		1958	13619857
[on a cartilage anlage in the esophagus of a dromedary fetus].		1961	13767781
observations on the full-term foetal membranes of three members of the camelidae (camelus dromedarius l., camelus bactrianus l. and lama glama l.).		1961	13772976
the histology of the placenta of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius l.) during the first half of pregnancy.		1961	13780007
[studies on the connective tissue between the adeno- and neurohypophysis in the egyptian camel].		1959	13843071
[considerations on the relation between feeding with cow's milk and camel milk, in somaliland, and possible tuberculosis infection].		1962	13861619
[tissue mineral equilibrium in dehydration in the dromedary camel].		1961	13878311
the dromedary or humped left kidney. lack of relationship to renal rotation.		1962	13904919
on rosette formations in the epithalamus of camelus dromedarius.		1962	13919311
the infundibular recess in the brain of camelus dromedarius with particular reference to its neurosecretory pathways into the third ventricle.		1961	13919313
the electrocardiogram of the camel.		1963	13957571
hematological studies in the normal adult indian camel (camelus dromedarius).		1962	13966327
distribution of body water in the camel (camelus dromedarius).		1963	13966331
[development of the soft palate and physiological states in the dromedary].		1963	14020269
which camel: bactrian or dromedary?		1963	14025038
the electrocardiogram of the camel.		1963	14028908
seasonal changes in the glandula bulbo-urethralis of the camel.		1962	14038281
respiratory functions of blood of the yak, llama, camel, dybowski deer, and african elephant.		1963	14058111
the placenta of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius l.) during the second half of gestation.		1964	14121951
the camel capillary.		1964	14160662
corticoids in the three zones of the camel (camelus dromedarius) adrenal cortex.		1964	14169093
studies on camel hemoglobin.		1964	14192901
the subcommissural organ of the camel.		1964	14199264
the mesonephric duct in female camel fetuses.		1964	14208988
occurence of iodamoeba sp. in an indian camel.		1964	14281033
[endocranium, endocranial cast and brain in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius)].		1965	14291392
[outbreak of salmonella food poisoning caused by consumption of camel meat].		1965	14344653
sequence of amino acids in the new peptides of camel globin.		1965	14347947
[how does the camel solve the problem of cellular dehydration? comments on comparative physiology].		1960	14432156
the physiology of the camel.		1959	14443122
some observations on the ossification of the bones of the appendicular skeleton of camelus dromedarius.		1961	14453525
[compsotion, properties and nutritive value of camel milk].		1961	14455622
an anatomic and electrocardiographic study of the heart of the camel.		1962	14462297
thermal inactivation of escherichia coli in camel milk.	camels subsist and produce milk in desert pastures not utilized by other domesticated herbivores. developing the camel milk industry can improve the economy of desert inhabitants. to comply with sanitary ordinances, camel milk is pasteurized by procedures specified for bovine milk. it is widely accepted that milk composition might affect bacterial thermal death time (tdt). camel and bovine milks markedly differ in their chemical composition, yet data regarding tdt values of bacteria in camel mil ...	2003	14503731
studies on the haematology and trace element status of adult bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china.	reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china. the contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of bactrian camels were also measured. some of these values are reported for the first time for bactrian camels in china. most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle ...	2003	14509454
cystic echinococcosis in algeria: cattle act as reservoirs of a sheep strain and may contribute to human contamination.	in algeria, cystic echinococcosis (ce) is a serious economic and public health problem. the common sheep/dog cycle is usually considered as the major source of human contamination. but to date the main strain of echinococcus granulosus involved in the human contamination and the role of other hosts are still unknown. this paper reports an original work performed in northern algeria combining field observations and molecular analysis. in a first step, examination of 6237 carcasses in slaughterhou ...	2003	14519325
efficient targeting of conserved cryptic epitopes of infectious agents by single domain antibodies. african trypanosomes as paradigm.	antigen variation is a successful defense system adopted by several infectious agents to evade the host immune response. the principle of this defense strategy in the african trypanosome paradigm involves a dense packing of variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) exposing only highly variable and immuno-dominant epitopes to the immune system, whereas conserved epitopes become inaccessible for large molecules. reducing the size of binders that target the conserved, less-immunogenic, cryptic vsg epito ...	2004	14527957
production of nuclear transfer llama (lama glama) embryos from in vitro matured llama oocytes.	to date, there have been no reports of somatic cell nuclear transfer in llamas. the application of this methodology to the camelid industry could be helpful in the propagation of genetically valuable animals. the objective of this study was to produce nuclear transfer llama embryos comparing the development of these llama embryos cultured in either cr1aa medium (treatment a) or g1.2 medium (treatment b) medium. llamas were superstimulated by double dominant follicle reduction 12 days apart, foll ...	2003	14588137
acaricidal effects of cardiac glycosides, azadirachtin and neem oil against the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae).	the cardiac glycoside, digitoxin, from digitalis purpurea l (scrophulariaceae), a cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract from calotropis procera (ait) r br (asclepiadaceae), azadirachtin and neem oil from azadirachta indica a juss (meliaceae) were tested for their effects against larvae and adult stages of the camel tick, hyalomma dromedarii koch (acari: ixodidae). the contact lc50 values of the first three materials against adults were 4.08, 9.63 and >40.7 microg cm(-2), respectively, whereas ...	2003	14620053
a seroprevalence study of camel brucellosis in three camel-rearing regions of ethiopia.	a cross-sectional investigation was made into the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels in three arid and semi-arid camel-rearing regions of ethiopia (afar, somali and borena) between november 2000 and april 2001. when sera collected from 1442 accessible camels were screened with the rose bengal plate test (rbpt). 82 (5.7%) of them reacted. the results of a complement fixation test (cft) on those sera that had given a positive reaction to the screening test then indicated a 4.2% prevalence of ...	2003	14620582
brucellosis and q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in chad.	as a part of a research-and-action partnership between public health and veterinary medicine, the relationships between the seroprevalences of brucellosis and q-fever in humans and livestock were evaluated in three nomadic communities of chad (fulani cattle breeders, and arab camel and cattle breeders). nomad camps were visited between april 1999 and april 2000. a total of 860 human and 1637 animal sera were tested for antibodies against brucella spp., and 368 human and 613 animal sera for coxie ...	2003	14623412
safety and efficacy against mange and nematodes of three formulations of abamectin in arabian camels.		2003	14627239
metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and diffuse hyperplastic gastritis resembling human menétrier's disease in a camel (camelus ferus bactrianus).	a captive 16-year-old male camel (camelus ferus bactrianus) was euthanized after a prolonged period of inappetence leading to cachexia. at necropsy, there was a 7 cm large, tan, firm, well-demarcated nodule in the tunica muscularis and serosa of the distal region of c3. histologically, a gastric adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. numerous metastases were found in the liver and the hepatic lymph nodes, in the wall of the portal vein and the aorta, in the lung, heart, and pleura parietalis. osseous met ...	2003	14633229
the main challenges facing camel reproduction research in the 21st century.	the reproductive efficiency of camels under their natural pastoral conditions is low. the reasons for this low reproductive efficiency include the short breeding season, the late age of reaching puberty and the long gestation period of 13 months. the introduction of controlled breeding programmes is important but several problems have to be considered. for example, oestrous behaviour is very vague and difficult to interpret, as it does not often relate to follicular development in the ovaries. i ...	2003	14635925
[fatalities after injuries by wild animals].	the article summarises three fatalities after attacks by wild animals. the first case describes a 90-year-old woman who died as a result of pneumonia after a bear fell on her and caused multiple chest fractures. the second case deals with a 76-year-old woman who was hit in the middle face by the hoof of a camel and, thereafter, died of myocardial infarction. the third case describes a 27-year-old biologist who died from severe blunt trauma after an attack of a wild living elephant. the article g ...	2003	14639812
development of the areola in the early placenta of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius): a light, scanning and transmission electron microscopical study.	this study aimed to elucidate development of the areola in the early dromedary placenta in comparison with that of the pig and mare. placental tissues from 25 pregnant camels were obtained from cairo abattoir and prepared for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy by routine methods. vascular casts were made by injection of 4 : 1 liquid plastic mixture of mercox and methylmethacrylate. areolar formation was first observed at 4.5 cm curved-crown-rump cvr length, while by 5-9 cm cvr ...	2003	14651479
distribution of insulin like growth factor-1 (igf-1) and its receptor in the intestines of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the distribution of insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1) and its receptor in the gut of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) were studied by immunohistochemistry and quantitative receptor autoradiography. igf-1-ir cells occurred mainly in the lamina propria and epithelium of the small intestine, while in the large intestine positive cells were seen in the columnar cells of the epithelial layer of colonic glands. igf-i was also discernible in the muscularis externa of the intestines. autora ...	2003	14708941
induction of camel/ny-eso-orf2-specific cd8+ t cells upon stimulation with dendritic cells infected with a modified ad5 vector expressing a chimeric ad5/35 fiber.	delivery of the full-length tumor antigen might be more successful in immunotherapy than single peptides and has the advantage that patients no longer need to be selected for their hla type. in this study, we tested the in vitro induction of camel/ny-eso-orf2-specific t cells by dendritic cells infected with an adenovirus (ad) type 5 vector containing the fiber shaft and knob of human serotype ad35 (ad5f35 vector). our data show induction of cd8(+) t cells specific for the known hla-a(*)0201-bin ...	2004	14726960
crystal structure of a human vh: requirements for maintaining a monomeric fragment.	the variable domain of dromedary immunoglobulins comprises only the heavy chain and is missing the light-chain variable domain. this single domain is sufficient for antigen recognition and binding-half that required by other mammals. human antibody-vhs have previously been camelized to be soluble stable fragments that retain antigen binding. such engineered vhh are of interest in drug development, since they are nonimmunogenic, and in other biotechnology applications. we present the structure of ...	2004	14730966
immunized camel sera and derived immunoglobulin subclasses neutralizing androctonus australis hector scorpion toxins.	scorpion envenoming is a real health problem. the only specific treatment is immunotherapy with antibodies from immunized horses. the severity of scorpion envenoming and the rapid diffusion of the toxins into the blood compartment require an improvement of the present antivenom therapy. in this study, we report successful immunization of dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) against the small weakly antigenic neurotoxins of androctonus australis hector scorpion. camel immune sera was tested for its ...	2003	14757210
[biological relation between lama and camel].		1950	14793536
notes on some parasites of camels (camelus dromedarius) in the sudan.		1950	14798797
trichostrongylosis and haemonchosis in the camel: their recognition and response to phenothiazine.		1950	14798798
the adrenals of the camel.		1951	14812153
antimicrobial resistance pattern of salmonella serotypes isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern ethiopia.	a total of 714 samples consisting of faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles (each 119) were collected from november 2001 to april 2002 from apparently healthy slaughtered camels (camelus dromedarius) in eastern ethiopia. one hundred sixteen (16.2%) salmonella strains belonging to 16 different serovars were isolated. all salmonella strains isolated were examined for antimicrobial resistance to 17 selected antimicrobials. the minimum inhibitory concentra ...	2004	14964122
intratesticular morphometric, cellular and endocrine changes in dromedary bulls exhibiting azoospermia.	twenty bulls, aged 7-12 years and selected from six dromedary farms were used in this study. fifteen previously fertile animals were divided into fertile (controls) and infertile groups on the basis of abnormal scrotal contents following palpation and azoospermic ejaculates collected by electroejaculation. an examination of the clinical and histological findings as well as the testicular patterns of oestradiol-17beta, testosterone and histamine indicated that three bulls displayed normal ranges ...	2004	14975395
changes in adolescent cigarette-brand preference, 1989 to 1996.	to understand changes in cigarette-brand choice by adolescents in the context of demographic differences and advertising.	2004	14977159
an assessment of the productivity for meat and the carcass yield of camels (camelus dromedarius) and of the consumption of camel meat in the eastern region of ethiopia.	a survey on camel meat productivity and consumption was conducted in jijiga and harar towns in 1999. almost all the camels slaughtered were adults, predominantly males. measurements of height, hump girth and thoracic girth were used to estimate the live weight. all the measurements were significantly greater in the male than in the female camels. average live and carcass weights were 400 and 211 kg, respectively. males were significantly heavier (p < 0.05) and had better dressing percentages tha ...	2004	14979560
the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	the bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some of the desert and semi-desert areas of the world. however, there is no detailed report about the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the bactrian camel. in the present study, seven heads of adult bactrian camels were collected and the nerve distribution in the nasal cavity was dissected grossly. the results demonstrated that the nerves supplying to the nasal cavity included the olfactory nerve, the ethmoidal nerve from the ophthalmic n ...	2004	14989357
the nerve supply to the orbit of the bactrian camel.	the bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some desert and semi-desert areas of the world, but there is no detailed description of the nervous supply to the orbit in this animal. in this study, 10 heads of adult bactrian camels were collected and the nerves supplying the orbit were examined grossly. the results showed that the nerves supplying the orbit included the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, the branches of ophthalmic nerve and the maxillary nerve ...	2004	14989358
esterase and lipase in camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae) during embryogenesis.	esterase and lipase activity showed significant changes during embryogenesis of camel tick hyalomma dromedarii. from the elution profile of chromatography on deae-cellulose, six forms of h. dromedarii esterase (el to evi) can be distinguished. esterase eiii was purified to homogeneity after chromatography on sepharose 6b. the molecular mass of esterase eiii was 45 kda for the native enzyme and represented a monomer of 45 kda by sds-page. esterase eiii had an acidic pi at 5.3. lipase activity was ...	2004	14990212
observations on little known diseases of camels (camelus dromedarius) in the horn of africa.	the camel is a comparatively hardy animal and is less susceptible to many of the diseases that affect other livestock species in the same areas. despite that, the camel may contract many other diseases, some of which are still unknown. pastoralists have for centuries herded camels in the arid and semi-arid areas of kenya, and elsewhere in the horn of africa, and they have encountered and named many new diseases. however, the exact causes of many of these illnesses, such as lahaw-gaal, firaanfir, ...	2003	15005561
isolation and characterization of raw heparin from dromedary intestine: evaluation of a new source of pharmaceutical heparin.	heparin, a heterogeneous anionic polysaccharide, is the glycosaminoglycan (gag) used clinically an anticoagulant. this anticoagulant activity is primarily derived from its binding to the serine protease inhibitor antithrombin iii, a potent inhibitor of thrombin (factor iia) and factor xa. heparin is a complex natural product and its in vitro synthesis is not yet possible due to the difficulty of organizing the many biosynthetic enzymes required for its synthesis. the principle natural sources fo ...	2003	15012907
plague in kazakhstan at the present time.	since 1990 to 2002, 19 human plague cases and 2 bacteria-carriers cases were registered in natural plague foci on the territory of the republic. for last 12 years plague in forms of bubonic and bubonic-septic was diagnosed in kazakhstan. out of 19 patients (14 men--73.6% and 5 women--26.3%), 13 persons recovered (8.4%), 6 persons died (31.6%). employment of the treatment in the new scheme sharply lowered lethality from plague. live attenuated y. pestis ev vaccine available for human and camel us ...	2003	15029833
echinococcus granulosus strain typing in north africa: comparison of eight nuclear and mitochondrial dna fragments.	recent studies of echinococcus granulosus molecular strain typing have enabled a better understanding of the transmission cycle of cystic echinococcosis. there have been many publications in this area but there is a need for the evaluation of these tools. we have attempted to respond to this need in our study, which assessed 8 dna fragments of 40 e. granulosus cysts from north africa. parasitological material was collected from 5 types of intermediate hosts, in 5 different countries. the primers ...	2004	15030010
molecular epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis.	echinococcus granulosus exhibits substantial genetic diversity that has important implications for the design and development of vaccines, diagnostic reagents and drugs effective against this parasite. dna approaches that have been used for accurate identification of these genetic variants are presented here as is a description of their application in molecular epidemiological surveys of cystic echinococcosis in different geographical settings and host assemblages. the recent publication of the ...	2003	15042999
a pcr system for detection of species and genotypes of the echinococcus granulosus-complex, with reference to the epidemiological situation in eastern africa.	we describe the development of a specific and sensitive pcr/semi-nested pcr system for the rapid diagnosis of echinococcus granulosus genotype g1, e. granulosus genotype g6/7, and echinococcus ortleppi (g5). diagnosis of g1 and the group g5/6/7 is performed by a simple pcr, while discrimination between e. ortleppi (g5) and g6/7 involves a subsequent semi-nested pcr step. the target sequence for amplification is part of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene. specificity of the pcrs was 100% when evalua ...	2004	15064129
phage-displayed antibody libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions.	a structure-based approach was used to design libraries of synthetic heavy chain complementarity determining regions (cdrs). the cdr libraries were displayed as either monovalent or bivalent single-chain variable fragments (scfvs) with a single heavy chain variable domain scaffold and a fixed light chain variable domain. using the structure of a parent antibody as a guide, we restricted library diversity to cdr positions with significant exposure to solvent. we introduced diversity with tailored ...	2004	15066433
identification of multiple hla-dr-restricted epitopes of the tumor-associated antigen camel by cd4+ th1/th2 lymphocytes.	cd4(+) th cells play an important role in the induction and maintenance of adequate cd8(+) t cell-mediated antitumor responses. therefore, identification of mhc class ii-restricted tumor antigenic epitopes is of major importance for the development of effective immunotherapies with synthetic peptides. camel and ny-eso-orf2 are tumor ags translated in an alternative open reading frame from the highly homologous lage-1 and ny-eso-1 genes, respectively. in this study, we investigated whether cd4(+) ...	2004	15067093
separation and purification of ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	ovulation in the bactrian camel depends upon ovulation-inducing factors in the seminal plasma. the present study was conducted to isolate and purify the bioactive fractions from the seminal plasma of these camels. the seminal plasma was fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography, and six fractions were obtained. the bioactive potential of each fraction was estimated from its effect on rat pituitary tissue cultured in vitro and by the effect of an intramuscular injection of the fraction into f ...	2004	15074769
serum protein electrophoretic pattern in young and adult camels.	to compare the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in clinically healthy adult camels (between 3 and 8 years of age) and camel calves (less than 3 months of age).	2003	15080474
tetanus in a camel (camelus dromedarius)--a case report.	twenty days after an open castration, a 5-year-old dromedary was presented to the dubai camel hospital with severe central nervous symptoms. the dromedary showed the following signs: off feed, stiff gait with extended neck, external swelling of the preputial sheath and groin region, and foamy saliva drooling from the mouth. the dromedary was unable to swallow. three days after admission, the camel developed lockjaw, and on the fifth day it was unable to stand owing to paralysis of the hindquarte ...	2004	15080538
species of ticks on camels and their seasonal population dynamics in eastern ethiopia.	a study was conducted to identify the species of ticks found on camels (camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in eastern ethiopia. collection and identification of the ticks were undertaken at 2-month intervals from december 1997 to august 1999. on each occasion, all the visible adult ticks were collected from one side of the body of each of the same 17 camels. the most abundant species of ticks on the camels were rhipiephalus pulchellus (85.2%), hyalomma dromedarii (5.9%), ...	2004	15080539
phage-display as a tool for quantifying protein stability determinants.	to address questions of protein stability, researchers have increasingly turned to combinatorial approaches that permit the rapid analysis of libraries of protein variants. phage-display has proved to be a powerful tool for analyzing protein stability due to the large library size and the robustness of the phage particle to a variety of denaturing conditions. with the b1 domain of protein g (gb1) and a camelid heavy chain antibody as model systems, we are using phage-display libraries to experim ...	2004	15096201
application and assessment of a dipstick assay in the diagnosis of hydatidosis and trichinosis.	the aim of the present work was to apply and evaluate a dipstick assay for the serodiagnosis of human hydatidosis as well as human and experimental trichinosis using camel hydatid cyst fluid (hcf) and trichinella spiralis muscle larval (tsml) antigens, respectively, and compare this to enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) and falcon assay screening test-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (fast-elisa). sera samples were collected from patients with confirmed hydatidosis and trichinosis ...	2004	15103552
evaluation of the card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi) for detection of trypanosoma evansi infection in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in egypt.	a card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi) was evaluated for detection of antibodies against trypanosoma evansi (t. evansi) in experimentally and naturally infected buffaloes. four calves were inoculated with a strain of t. evansi isolated from a dromedary camel. parasitological examination of the calves revealed trypanosomes in the blood from days 4 to 9 post-inoculation (pi). general emaciation appeared from day 26 pi and aggravated until the end of the experiment (day 88 pi). antibodies again ...	2004	15110402
using morphometry of the larval rostellar hooks to distinguish iranian strains of echinococcus granulosus.	human cystic echinococcosis is widely distributed throughout iran, where sheep, cattle, goats, camels and other animals act as intermediate hosts. it appears that morphometry of the rostellar hooks on the protoscoleces of the causative parasite, echinococcus granulosus, can be used to separate the strains or variants of the parasite to be found in humans and livestock in iran. multivariate statistical procedures, including principal-component analysis and discriminant-function analysis (dfa), we ...	2004	15119967
lack of gender effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexamethasone in the camel after intravenous administration.	the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexamethasone were studied in six male and six female camels after a single intravenous dose (0.05 mgkg(-1) body weight) of dexamethasone. the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model for female and male camels, respectively (mean+/-sem) were as follows: terminal elimination half-lives were 8.02+/-1.15 and 7.33+/-0.80 h, total body clearances were 95.5+/-16.0 and 124.5+/-11.9 ml h(-1) per kg, volumes of distribution at s ...	2004	15120956
molecular characterization of egyptian human and anima echinococcus granulosus isolates by rapd-pcr technique.	five primers of known, but arbitrary nucleotide sequence (oph-03, oph-05, oph-12, oph-15, oph-18) were used to detect genetic variability in egyptian human, camel and pig e. granulosus isolates. oph-03, oph-05 & oph-15 proved useful as genetic markers of strain variation, while oph-12 and oph-18 allowed distinction at the genus level i.e. diversified from cysticercus tenuicollis. oph-03 was the most effective giving sharp distinct banding pattern and the least values of similarity coefficients. ...	2004	15125518
association of some hla-drb1 antigens with echinococcus granulosus specific humoral immune response.	an elisa system using crude camel hydatid fluid antigen was used to detect specific igg and igg1 in sera of 35 cystic echinococcosis (ce) patients in whom the distribution of class ii hla-dr3 and hla-dr11 was determined. the recorded sensitivities were 88.6 % and 94.35 % for igg and igg1 respectively. in patients with high humoral immune response a statistically highly significant increased frequency of hla-dr3 (p<0.01) was recorded for igg with high relative risk value (rr=3.2) and reasonable e ...	2004	15125526
structural tolerance of bacterial autotransporters for folded passenger protein domains.	in this report we investigate the capacity of bacterial autotransporters (at) to translocate folded protein domains across the outer membrane (om). polypeptides belonging to the at family contain a c-terminal domain that supports the secretion of the n-domain (the passenger) across the om of gram-negative bacteria. despite some controversial data, it has been widely accepted that n-passenger domains of at must be unfolded and devoid of disulphide bonds for efficient translocation. to address whe ...	2004	15130125
ancient ecology of 15-million-year-old browsing mammals within c3 plant communities from panama.	middle miocene mammals are known from approximately 15 million-year-old sediments exposed along the panama canal of central america, a region that otherwise has an exceedingly poor terrestrial fossil record. these land mammals, which represent a part of the ancient terrestrial herbivore community, include an oreodont merycochoerus matthewi, small camel-like protoceratid artiodactyl paratoceras wardi, two horses anchitherium clarencei and archaeohippus sp., and two rhinos menoceras barbouri and f ...	2004	15148598
eradication of the camelid biting louse, bovicola breviceps.		2004	15149072
an s-layer heavy chain camel antibody fusion protein for generation of a nanopatterned sensing layer to detect the prostate-specific antigen by surface plasmon resonance technology.	the bacterial cell surface layer (s-layer) protein of bacillus sphaericus ccm 2177 assembles into a square lattice structure and recognizes a distinct type of secondary cell wall polymer (scwp) as the proper anchoring structure in the rigid cell wall layer. for generating a nanopatterned sensing layer with high density and well defined distance of the ligand on the outermost surface, an s-layer fusion protein incorporating the sequence of a variable domain of a heavy chain camel antibody directe ...	2004	15149195
affinity transfer by cdr grafting on a nonimmunoglobulin scaffold.	neocarzinostatin (ncs) is a small "all beta" protein displaying the same overall fold as immunoglobulins. this protein possesses a well-defined hydrophobic core and two loops structurally equivalent to the cdr1 and cdr3 of immunoglobulins. ncs is the most studied member of the enediynechromoprotein family, and is clinically used as an antitumoral agent. ncs has promise as a drug delivery vehicle if new binding specificities could be conferred on its protein scaffold. previous studies have shown ...	2004	15169956
echinococcus granulosus strain differentiation based on sequence heterogeneity in mitochondrial genes of cytochrome c oxidase-1 and nadh dehydrogenase-1.	genetic analyses of echinococcus granulosus isolates from different intermediate host species have demonstrated substantial levels of variation for some genotype (strain) clusters. to determine the range of genetic variability within and between genotypes we amplified and cloned partial cox1 and nadh1 genes from 16 isolates of e. granulosus from 4 continents. furthermore, we sequenced different clones from a pcr product to analyse the intra-individual genetic variance. the findings showed a mode ...	2004	15180325
placental glycosylation in peccary species and its relation to that of swine and dromedary.	comparison has been made between glycans at the fetomaternal interface of two tayassu species (new world peccaries or wild pigs) and those of swine (true pigs) and dromedary, which have similar epitheliochorial placentae. plastic sections of near-term fetomaternal interface from tayassu tajacu (120 days gestation) and tayassu pecari (140 days gestation) were stained with 20 lectins and compared with those of swine (109 days) and dromedary (375 days). both tayassu species showed similar staining ...	2004	15193872