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dermal melanocytosis in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).the skin of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) shows diffuse discolorations resembling human dermal melanocytosis. very few laboratory animals have melanocytes in the dermis. the purpose of this study was to clarify the dermatologic characteristics of japanese monkeys in terms of gross appearance, skin color, and histopathologic findings. a colorimeter was used to record the skin colors of pigmented and nonpigmented sites. tissue specimens obtained from both types of sites were examined histopath ...200717605347
seasonal changes in urinary prostate-specific antigenic activity in male japanese macaques (macaca fuscaa fuscata).prostate-specific antigen (psa) is usually detected in male adult urine and semen according to the tanner stage development of males from birth to adolescence. to further study the pituitary-testicular axis in males, we determined urinary psa levels in primates. urinary psa was detected with the use of anti-human psa monoclonal antibody in male adult japanese macaques (macaca fuscaa fuscata) of seasonal breeding status. psa activity in aseasonal animals (crab-eating macaques, macaca fascisularis ...200717609299
textural characteristics of the iliac-femoral trabecular pattern in a bipedally trained japanese macaque.previous research has revealed that japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) trained in bipedal performance (saru-mawashi) display a number of functionally related external skeletal changes, as well as some site-specific endostructural cortical and cancellous adaptations. through radiography assisted by digital image processing, we investigated the trabecular pattern of the ilium and femoral neck of sansuke, a macaque habitually bipedally trained for 8 years. a set of eight regions of interest on sans ...200817632686
evaluation of a medetomidine-midazolam combination for immobilizing and sedating japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).we clinically and clinicopathologically investigated the immobilizing and sedative effects of a medetomidine-midazolam (mm) combination in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) and its antagonism with atipamezole. mm (medetomidine, 60 microg/kg; midazolam, 0.3 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to each monkey (n = 11). all animals were laterally recumbent within 13 +/-6 min after administration of mm. this combination induced deep sedation accompanied by analgesia, muscle relaxation, and marked ...200717645293
evaluation of a medetomidine-midazolam combination for immobilizing and sedating japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).we clinically and clinicopathologically investigated the immobilizing and sedative effects of a medetomidine-midazolam (mm) combination in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) and its antagonism with atipamezole. mm (medetomidine, 60 microg/kg; midazolam, 0.3 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to each monkey (n = 11). all animals were laterally recumbent within 13 +/-6 min after administration of mm. this combination induced deep sedation accompanied by analgesia, muscle relaxation, and marked ...200717645293
tetralogy of fallot in a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata).only a few case reports have described heart diseases in monkeys, and most cases have involved postmortem diagnosis. a newborn female japanese macaque showed weakness immediately after birth and died 1 d thereafter. necropsy revealed that the animal had tetralogy of fallot and patent ductus arteriosus. this report is the first description of tetralogy of fallot in a monkey.200717645299
hippocampal ca1 cell loss in a non-human primate model of transient global ischemia: a pilot study.we exposed adult rhesus (macaca mulatta) to a transient global ischemia, which was induced by clipping the innominate and subclavian arteries that originated from the aortic arch. nhp1 received 20-min, while nhp2 and nhp3, were exposed to a 15-min transient global ischemia and were euthanized at day 1 (nhp1), day 5 (nhp2) or day 30 (nhp3) after ischemia, respectively. nhp1 displayed severe paralysis and rigidity, and intermittent convulsions over the next 24 h. although histological examination ...200717683803
age-related differences in the performance, diffusion, and maintenance of stone handling, a behavioral tradition in japanese macaques.identifying the sources of behavioral diversity in non-human primates is vital to understanding the evolution of human behavior. stone handling (sh, hereafter) is a form of object play consisting of the manipulation of stones by performing various behavioral patterns. this behavior is socially transmitted from generation to generation in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata), as a behavioral tradition. sh behavior in particular may reflect on the origin and evolution of stone-tool material culture. ...200717707464
female-male mounting in japanese macaques: the proximate role of sexual reward.female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata), in certain populations, routinely engage in female-male mounting. in this study, we documented patterns of vulvar, perineal and anal (vpa) stimulation during female-male mounting in japanese macaques. during approximately 45% of the female-male mounts analyzed, two thirds of female mounters engaged in vpa stimulation. given the vpa region's primary role in mediating sexual response, the results of this research provide direct evidence bearing on the sex ...200817720333
social life of japanese monkeys. 196417782835
social life of japanese monkeys. 196417782835
borna disease virus rna detected in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).we have examined the seroprevalence of bdv in wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in the peninsula (chiba prefecture), japan. serum samples from macaques were examined by the elisa, western blot and immunofluorescence assays to detect the presence of serum antibodies that react specifically to bdv antigens. among 49 investigated individuals, 6 (12.2%) showed positive reaction to bdv antigens. rt-pcr studies detected bdv sequences in brain tissue of one case among four seropositive cases exam ...200817929110
successive aggression: another pattern of polyadic aggressive interactions in a captive group of japanese macaques.several patterns of polyadic aggressive interactions have been previously reported. here, we describe another pattern of polyadic interactions in a captive group of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata fuscata) that we designate as "successive aggression". we defined successive aggression as aggression by the original actor toward a second recipient within a very short time interval after the initial aggression toward the first recipient. we compared the patterns and characteristics of successive a ...200817957714
development of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in japanese macaques: implications for the evolution of the descent of the larynx.the configuration of the supralaryngeal vocal tract depends on the nonuniform growth of the oral and pharyngeal portion. the human pharynx develops to form a unique configuration, with the epiglottis losing contact with the velum. this configuration develops from the great descent of the larynx relative to the palate, which is accomplished through both the descent of the laryngeal skeleton relative to the hyoid and the descent of the hyoid relative to the palate. chimpanzees show both processes ...200817960727
of stones and monkeys: testing ecological constraints on stone handling, a behavioral tradition in japanese macaques.japanese macaques are known to manipulate stones by displaying various seemingly functionless behavioral patterns, including carrying a stone, rubbing two stones together, or gathering several stones into a pile. this form of solitary object play called stone handling (sh) is a behavioral tradition in japanese macaques, showing striking intertroop differences in frequency and form. here, we evaluated two ecologically based hypotheses invoked to account for these differences. we hypothesized that ...200817960729
a more detailed seasonal division of the energy balance and the protein balance of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) on kinkazan island, northern japan.nakagawa (am j primatol 41:267-288, 1997) reported that both the gross energy and gross protein intakes of an adult female japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) on kinkazan island, northern japan, were high in spring (march-may) and fall (september-november) and low in summer (june-august) and winter (december-february), and that these values reflected the seasonal differences in nutritional conditions (defined as whether the intakes of energy and protein satisfy the requirements). we estimated the ...200818026899
food conditions, competitive regime, and female social relationships in japanese macaques: within-population variation on yakushima.feeding conditions, competitive regime, and female social relationships of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) on yakushima were compared between the two habitats at two different altitudes (coniferous forest, 1,000-1,200 m and coastal forest, 0-200 m). fruit availability was higher in the coastal forest. there was no consistent difference in the frequency of agonistic interactions within a group during feeding between the two habitats. the coastal forest evoked stronger inter-group contest compe ...200818060597
role of primate cerebellar lobulus petrosus of paraflocculus in smooth pursuit eye movement control revealed by chemical lesion.the primate lobulus petrosus (lp) of the cerebellar paraflocculus receives inputs from visual system-related pontine nuclei, and projects to eye movement-related cerebellar nuclei. to reveal a potential involvement of lp in oculomotor control, we lesioned lp unilaterally by local injections of ibotenic acid in three macaca fuscata. we examined the effects of lesion on eye movements evoked by step (3 degrees )-ramp (5-15 degrees/s) moving target. to step-ramp moving target, the monkeys showed an ...200818164087
interspecies and intraspecies variations in the serotonin transporter gene intron 3 vntr in nonhuman primates.a variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) polymorphism based on a 16 or 17-bp unit has been reported in the third intron of the human serotonin transporter gene (5-htt). vntrs have been shown to affect the transcriptional activity of genes, and vntr polymorphisms possibly influence human personality and several psychoneurological disorders. to estimate the changes that occurred in the vntrs during primate evolution, we amplified and sequenced the regions that corresponded to the human vntrs in v ...200818204817
primate chromosome evolution: ancestral karyotypes, marker order and neocentromeres.in 1992 the japanese macaque was the first species for which the homology of the entire karyotype was established by cross-species chromosome painting. today, there are chromosome painting data on more than 50 species of primates. although chromosome painting is a rapid and economical method for tracking translocations, it has limited utility for revealing intrachromosomal rearrangements. fortunately, the use of bac-fish in the last few years has allowed remarkable progress in determining marker ...200818293103
establishment of an elisa system for the determination of japanese monkey calreticulin and its application to plasma samples in macaques.calreticulin (crt) is a molecular chaperone in endoplasmic reticulum, assisting a correct folding of glycoproteins. establishment of its assay method might be advantageous to determine the crt level in cell or other biosystems.200818333920
courtship behaviour in japanese macaques during heterosexual and homosexual consortships.female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) in the arashiyama population near kyoto, japan, are unusual, in that they exhibit what many would consider to be male-typical sexual characteristics. specifically, they mount other females within the context of temporary, but exclusive, sexual relationships (i.e., homosexual consortships) and they sometimes exhibit a preference for female sexual partners, even when given the choice of a sexually motivated male alternative. in this study, we examined whet ...200818355986
monkeys with disabilities: prevalence and severity of congenital limb malformations in macaca fuscata on awaji island.the awajishima monkey center (amc) free-ranging, provisioned population of japanese macaques has included individuals with congenital limb malformations (clms) for at least 40 years. including new data from this study, 16.1% of amc infants from 1969 to 2007 (185 of 1,150) were born with clms. however, relatively little is known about the demographics of clms in the population, particularly the relationships among occurrence and severity of clms and age-sex demographics after infancy. in 2004, we ...200818386117
social play in crested and japanese macaques: testing the covariation hypothesis.most studies about social play have focused on its function in aiding socialization. it is not known whether play patterns vary by species according to specific adult social relationships. to test whether there is covariation between the form of play interactions and adult relationships, we studied social play in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) and crested macaques (macaca nigra). comparative studies have shown that whereas low levels of tolerance and strict hierarchies characterize japanese ...200818393281
the neuroscience of primate intellectual evolution: natural selection and passive and intentional niche construction.we trained japanese macaque monkeys to use tools, an advanced cognitive function monkeys do not exhibit in the wild, and then examined their brains for signs of modification. following tool-use training, we observed neurophysiological, molecular genetic and morphological changes within the monkey brain. despite being 'artificially' induced, these novel behaviours and neural connectivity patterns reveal overlap with those of humans. thus, they may provide us with a novel experimental platform for ...200818426757
comparative histological study of the mammalian facial nucleus.we performed comparative nissl, klüver-barrera and golgi staining studies of the mammalian facial nucleus to classify the morphologically distinct subdivisions and the neuronal types in the rat, rabbit, ferret, japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), pig, horse, risso's dolphin (grampus griseus), and bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus). the medial subnucleus was observed in all examined species; however, that of the risso's and bottlenose dolphins was a poorly-developed structure comprised of scat ...200818460831
food provisioning and stone handling tradition in japanese macaques: a comparative study of ten troops.by addressing the influence of food provisioning on stone handling (sh), a behavioral tradition in japanese macaques, this study contributes to the ongoing debate in cultural primatology by asking whether human intervention influences the emergence or propagation of behavioral traditions. sh is a form of object play consisting of the manipulation of stones by performing various behavioral patterns. we tested the hypothesis that the frequency of food provisioning affects the daily performance, fo ...200818473346
japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) discriminate between pictures of conspecific males and females without specific training.we investigated whether japanese monkeys can discriminate pictures of conspecific males and females using a visual paired comparison (vpc) task. whole-body pictures of adult and nonadult monkeys were used as stimuli. the monkeys were first familiarized with pairs of pictures of different monkeys from one sex category (the familiarized sex). pairs of novel pictures of a member of the familiarized sex and the opposite sex (novel) were then presented in test. the monkeys showed a preference for nov ...200818515019
japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) discriminate between pictures of conspecific males and females without specific training.we investigated whether japanese monkeys can discriminate pictures of conspecific males and females using a visual paired comparison (vpc) task. whole-body pictures of adult and nonadult monkeys were used as stimuli. the monkeys were first familiarized with pairs of pictures of different monkeys from one sex category (the familiarized sex). pairs of novel pictures of a member of the familiarized sex and the opposite sex (novel) were then presented in test. the monkeys showed a preference for nov ...200818515019
developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome.chromatin structure is epigenetically altered via covalent modifications of histones to allow for heritable gene regulation without altering the nucleotide sequence. multiple lines of evidence from rodents have established a role for epigenetic remodeling in regulating gene transcription in response to an altered gestational milieu. however, to date, it is unknown whether variations in the intrauterine environment in primates similarly induce changes in key determinants of hepatic chromatin stru ...200818515302
age-related changes of elements in the coronary arteries of monkeys in comparison with those of humans.to elucidate compositional changes of the coronary artery with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the coronary arteries of rhesus and japanese monkeys by direct chemical analysis in comparison with the coronary arteries of japanese and thai. used monkeys consisted of 38 rhesus monkeys and 23 japanese monkeys, ranging in age from newborn to 33 years. after perfusion with a fixative, the hearts were resected from the monkeys, and the anterior interventricular branch ...200818542845
age-related changes of elements in the coronary arteries of monkeys in comparison with those of humans.to elucidate compositional changes of the coronary artery with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the coronary arteries of rhesus and japanese monkeys by direct chemical analysis in comparison with the coronary arteries of japanese and thai. used monkeys consisted of 38 rhesus monkeys and 23 japanese monkeys, ranging in age from newborn to 33 years. after perfusion with a fixative, the hearts were resected from the monkeys, and the anterior interventricular branch ...200818542845
male-female mating tactics and paternity of wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui).for japanese macaques, visits by nontroop males (ntms) often diminish the immediate copulation success of high-ranking males, although few studies have conducted a genetic analysis to show their contribution to the gene pool. i used noninvasively collected samples of semen, blood, urine and feces for the analysis of paternity in nine offspring born in two troops living on the island of yakushima, japan. i found that five of the nine offspring were sired by ntms. it is argued that social change, ...200818561299
sequence length polymorphisms within primate amelogenin and amelogenin-like genes: usefulness in sex determination.sequence length polymorphisms between the amelogenin (amelx) and the amelogenin-like (amely) genes both within and between several mammalian species have been identified and utilized for sex determination, species identification, and to elucidate evolutionary relationships. sex determination via polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays of the amelx and amely genes has been successful in greater apes, prosimians, and two species of old world monkeys. to date, no sex determination pcr assay using am ...200818613027
magnetic resonance angiography of experimental cerebral vasospasm.the purpose of this study was to observe spastic cerebral arteries by magnetic resonance angiography (mra) and to establish acetazolamide reactivity of these vessels. after control studies using mra and conventional angiography, subarachnoid haemorrhage (sah) was induced on day 0 in 7 japanese monkeys. mra and conventional angiography were then repeated on day 7 to observe the development of cerebral vasospasm. reactivity of cerebral vessels to acetazolamide was also studied in both control anim ...199718638980
magnetic resonance angiography of experimental cerebral vasospasm.the purpose of this study was to observe spastic cerebral arteries by magnetic resonance angiography (mra) and to establish acetazolamide reactivity of these vessels. after control studies using mra and conventional angiography, subarachnoid haemorrhage (sah) was induced on day 0 in 7 japanese monkeys. mra and conventional angiography were then repeated on day 7 to observe the development of cerebral vasospasm. reactivity of cerebral vessels to acetazolamide was also studied in both control anim ...199718638980
effects of caller activity and habitat visibility on contact call rate of wild japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).a major function of contact calls in nonhuman primates is to maintain spatial cohesion among individuals in a group. the risks of spatial/visual separation from the group are likely to affect auditory contact behavior, in particular by increasing the call rate. we tested whether the risk of separation influences coo call emission by investigating the variation in call rate among behavioral contexts in two wild populations of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). we focused on caller activity and t ...200818646194
age-dependent patterns of intensive observation on elders by free-ranging juvenile japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) within foraging context on yakushima.early learning about edible food in the environment is a critical survival task for young nonhuman primates. social learning and social facilitation are often cited to explain how youngsters learn to select and find their food. in this framework, we observed eight mother-youngster pairs of free-ranging japanese macaques divided into two sets according to the age of the young (infants aged between 7 and 12 months and juveniles aged between 1.5 and 2 years) during three winter months. we systemati ...200818680177
stone-throwing by japanese macaques: form and functional aspects of a group-specific behavioral tradition.throwing is a major behavioral component of hominid evolution. comparison of this behavior across a broad range of non-human primate species is needed to elucidate the phylogenetic constraints on throwing behavior. in this study of stone-throwing in japanese macaques, we present a systematic multi-group comparison of the frequency and prevalence of this behavior as well as detailed descriptions and quantitative data on the form, context, and possible social transmission of stone-throwing. stone- ...200818715623
comparison of stone handling behavior in two macaque species: implications for the role of phylogeny and environment in primate cultural variation.this study describes the stone handling (sh) behavior of captive rhesus macaques and compares it with that of a captive troop of japanese macaques with reference to the relative contributions of phylogeny-driven behavioral propensities, environmental differences and socially facilitated learning to the formation of culture. these systematically collected data demonstrate for the first time that two closely related macaque species might share a common cultural behavior, sh. the rhesus troop displ ...200818767112
enclosure environment affects the activity budgets of captive japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).individuals adapt to changes in their environment, such as food availability and temperature, by adjusting the amount of time spent in different behavioral activities. these adjustments in behavior should vary across age-sex class according to specific physiological and social needs. we studied the activity budgets of three social japanese macaque groups inhabiting either vegetated or nonvegetated enclosures in order to compare the effects of access with vegetation, as both food and substrate on ...200818785182
an oro-facial disease 'noma (cancrum oris)' in a japanese monkey (macaca fuscata): clinical signs, clinicopathological features, and response to treatment.a japanese monkey developed severe oro-facial lesions that were called noma in humans. although extensive destruction of both the buccal regions occurred with rapid progress, author successfully treated the lesions with povidone-iodine, enrofloxacin, chymotrypsin, a glycyrrhizin preparation, and a basic fibroblast growth factor.200818822072
discharge of pursuit-related neurons in the caudal part of the frontal eye fields in juvenile monkeys with up-down pursuit asymmetry.the smooth-pursuit system uses retinal image-slip-velocity information of target motion to match eye velocity to actual target velocity. the caudal part of the frontal eye fields (fef) contains neurons whose activity is related to direction and velocity of smooth-pursuit eye movements (pursuit neurons), and these neurons are thought to issue a pursuit command. during normal pursuit in well-trained adult monkeys, a pursuit command is usually not differentiable from the actual eye velocity. we exa ...200918936920
discharge of pursuit-related neurons in the caudal part of the frontal eye fields in juvenile monkeys with up-down pursuit asymmetry.the smooth-pursuit system uses retinal image-slip-velocity information of target motion to match eye velocity to actual target velocity. the caudal part of the frontal eye fields (fef) contains neurons whose activity is related to direction and velocity of smooth-pursuit eye movements (pursuit neurons), and these neurons are thought to issue a pursuit command. during normal pursuit in well-trained adult monkeys, a pursuit command is usually not differentiable from the actual eye velocity. we exa ...200918936920
indocyanine green angiography in experimental choroidal circulatory disturbance.to determine how choroidal venous congestion alters the indocyanine green angiograms (icga) of monkeys.200918971589
imitation of body movements facilitated by joint attention through eye contact and pointing in japanese monkey.eye contact and pointing are typical gestures in order to direct another individual's attention toward a target. we previously investigated on japanese monkeys whether joint attention ability encouraged by eye contact and pointing was associated with the imitation of human's actions. the monkeys with the joint attention skills showed the imitation of human's actions. in the current study, we investigated on a monkey whether joint attention ability also facilitated the imitation of human body-mov ...200819002250
imitation of body movements facilitated by joint attention through eye contact and pointing in japanese monkey.eye contact and pointing are typical gestures in order to direct another individual's attention toward a target. we previously investigated on japanese monkeys whether joint attention ability encouraged by eye contact and pointing was associated with the imitation of human's actions. the monkeys with the joint attention skills showed the imitation of human's actions. in the current study, we investigated on a monkey whether joint attention ability also facilitated the imitation of human body-mov ...200819002250
gaits of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) on a horizontal ladder and arboreal stability.most primates use diagonal sequence (ds), diagonal couplets (dc) gaits when they walk or run quadrupedally, and it has been suggested that dsdc gaits contribute to stability in their natural arboreal habitats compared to other symmetrical gaits. however, this postulate is based solely on studies of primate gaits using continuous terrestrial and arboreal substrates. a particular species may select suitable gaits according to the substrate properties. here, we analyzed the gaits of japanese macaqu ...200919003919
insufficient visual information leads to spontaneous bipedal walking in japanese monkeys.japanese monkeys walked spontaneously on their hind limbs, when their vision was impaired either by narrowing the visual field or by reducing the incoming light. these variables were manipulated via goggles with translucent pipes and neutral density filters. the bipedal locomotion was observed more frequently as the impairment of the incoming visual information increased. it is very likely that facultative bipeds walk on their hind limbs when they feel the need to "free" their forelimbs to grope ...200919022357
insufficient visual information leads to spontaneous bipedal walking in japanese monkeys.japanese monkeys walked spontaneously on their hind limbs, when their vision was impaired either by narrowing the visual field or by reducing the incoming light. these variables were manipulated via goggles with translucent pipes and neutral density filters. the bipedal locomotion was observed more frequently as the impairment of the incoming visual information increased. it is very likely that facultative bipeds walk on their hind limbs when they feel the need to "free" their forelimbs to grope ...200919022357
grandmothers care for orphans in a provisioned troop of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).this study reports cases in which grandmothers and other closely related adult females cared for orphans in the arashiyama e-troop, a provisioned troop of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata). i observed the behavioral patterns of three orphans (aged 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively). the grandmothers cared for two orphans, while three other closely related adult females cared for the rest of the orphans whose grandmothers were absent. these observations differ from those of previous studies that r ...200919052690
development of an anatomically based whole-body musculoskeletal model of the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata).we constructed a three-dimensional whole-body musculoskeletal model of the japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) based on computed tomography and dissection of a cadaver. the skeleton was modeled as a chain of 20 bone segments connected by joints. joint centers and rotational axes were estimated by joint morphology based on joint surface approximation using a quadric function. the path of each muscle was defined by a line segment connecting origin to insertion through an intermediary point if necess ...200919115360
topography-specific seed dispersal by japanese macaques in a lowland forest on yakushima island, japan.1. we investigated patterns of seed dispersal (i.e. dispersal distances and topography of seed-deposition sites) via the cheek pouches of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata yakui) during three seasons in a lowland forest on yakushima island, japan. 2. the mean seed-dispersal distances were 16.7, 26.1, 41.8, and 32.4 m from the trunks of mother trees of myrica rubra, persea thunbergii, neolitsea sericea, and litsea acuminata, respectively. 3. we assessed the possible effect of macaque foraging pat ...200919120599
development-dependent expression of calreticulin in the brain and other tissues of the japanese monkey, macaca fuscata.calreticulin (crt) is a molecular chaperone localized to endoplasmic reticulum lumen. the protein is involved in the correct folding of glycoproteins and its cellular level changes depending on various physiologic conditions.200819130628
acquisition of an externalized eye by japanese monkeys.many animals use tools to augment motor function ("motor tools", like rake), while the use of tools to acquire sensory information or to augment sensory function ("sensory tools", like endoscope) has been reported only in humans. in the present study, we trained japanese monkeys to acquire the sensory tool use to re-construct a possible developmental course of the human-specific tool use via motor tool use training. after they mastered the rake use, we systematically introduced a series of exter ...200919139869
acquisition of an externalized eye by japanese monkeys.many animals use tools to augment motor function ("motor tools", like rake), while the use of tools to acquire sensory information or to augment sensory function ("sensory tools", like endoscope) has been reported only in humans. in the present study, we trained japanese monkeys to acquire the sensory tool use to re-construct a possible developmental course of the human-specific tool use via motor tool use training. after they mastered the rake use, we systematically introduced a series of exter ...200919139869
vasoformative disorder, resembling littoral cell angioma, of the spleen in a geriatric japanese macaque (macaca fuscata).a 30-year-old female japanese macaque showed marked splenomegaly. the enlarged spleen consisted of neoplastic proliferation of anastomosing vascular channels resembling morphologic structures of red pulp sinuses; occasionally, papillary fronds were seen in dilated channels. immunohistochemically, the lining cells reacted to both endothelial cell (von willebrand factor) and macrophage (macrophage scavenger receptor class a) markers, indicating features of littoral cells of the spleen. based on th ...200919176500
role of primate cerebellar hemisphere in voluntary eye movement control revealed by lesion effects.the anatomical connection between the frontal eye field and the cerebellar hemispheric lobule vii (h-vii) suggests a potential role of the hemisphere in voluntary eye movement control. to reveal the involvement of the hemisphere in smooth pursuit and saccade control, we made a unilateral lesion around h-vii and examined its effects in three macaca fuscata that were trained to pursue visually a small target. to the step (3 degrees)-ramp (5-20 degrees/s) target motion, the monkeys usually showed a ...200919196922
do a-stretches inhibit the emergence of new variants in str loci?penta e and d18s51 loci are known to be highly polymorphic in humans. in this study, japanese macaque pcr products amplified with human penta e and d18s51 primers were examined. electrophoresis and sequence analyses revealed that 13 japanese macaque products amplified with human penta e primer were homogeneous. the japanese macaque sequence was extremely similar with human penta e alleles except for the insertion of contiguous adenosine repeats, called 'a-stretch', at 5'-side of aaaga repeats. a ...200919254867
expression of erbb4 in substantia nigra dopamine neurons of monkeys and humans.abnormal neuregulin-1 signaling through its receptor (erbb4) might be associated with schizophrenia, although their neuropathological contribution remains controversial. to assess the role of neuregulin-1 in the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, we used in situ hybridization and immunoblotting to investigate the cellular distribution of erbb4 mrna in the substantia nigra of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) and human postmortem brains. in both monkeys and humans, significant signal for erbb4 ...200919336245
expression of erbb4 in substantia nigra dopamine neurons of monkeys and humans.abnormal neuregulin-1 signaling through its receptor (erbb4) might be associated with schizophrenia, although their neuropathological contribution remains controversial. to assess the role of neuregulin-1 in the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, we used in situ hybridization and immunoblotting to investigate the cellular distribution of erbb4 mrna in the substantia nigra of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) and human postmortem brains. in both monkeys and humans, significant signal for erbb4 ...200919336245
morphological changes in the visual pathway induced by experimental glaucoma in japanese monkeys.glaucoma, an optic neuropathy, is the leading cause of world blindness. in this condition, the damage extends from the retina to the visual center in the brain, although the primary region of damage is thought to be the optic nerve head (onh), with the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) being secondarily affected. we investigated time-dependent alterations in the onh, the optic nerve (on), and the lgn after intraocular pressure (iop) elevation in japanese monkeys (a species more similar to humans ...200919341728
morphological changes in the visual pathway induced by experimental glaucoma in japanese monkeys.glaucoma, an optic neuropathy, is the leading cause of world blindness. in this condition, the damage extends from the retina to the visual center in the brain, although the primary region of damage is thought to be the optic nerve head (onh), with the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) being secondarily affected. we investigated time-dependent alterations in the onh, the optic nerve (on), and the lgn after intraocular pressure (iop) elevation in japanese monkeys (a species more similar to humans ...200919341728
molecular cloning, gene expression, and tissue distribution of adiponectin and its receptors in the japanese monkey, macaca fuscata.adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that affects regulation of metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and obesity. it functions via seven transmembrane domain receptors [i.e.,adiponectin receptors 1 (adipor1) and 2 (adipor2)] that have been scarcely investigated in non-human primates.200919367731
plasticity of ability to form cross-modal representations in infant japanese macaques.in a previous study, adachi, kuwahata, fujita, tomonaga & matsuzawa demonstrated that infant japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) form cross-modal representations of conspecifics but not of humans. however, because the subjects in the experiment were raised in a large social group and had considerably less exposure to humans than to conspecifics, it was an open question whether their lack of cross-modal representation of humans simply reflected their lower levels of exposure to humans or was cause ...200919371369
effect of intravitreal injection of high-dose bevacizumab in monkey eyes.to evaluate the ocular complications of intravitreal injection of high dose bevacizumab in monkey eyes.200919407010
distribution and progression of amyloid-beta deposits in the amygdala of the aged macaque monkey, and parallels with zinc distribution.in this study, we have mapped amyloid beta (abeta) deposition in the amygdala of five aged japanese monkeys (from 23 to 30 years old). in brief, the aged monkey amygdala shows a topographic distribution of abeta deposits that is subnucleus specific and exhibits a distinct temporal progression. the pattern is similar to the distribution of abeta deposits in the human amygdala of alzheimer's patients and of high plaque nondemented cases. the spatial distribution and temporal progression were corre ...200919409221
distribution and progression of amyloid-beta deposits in the amygdala of the aged macaque monkey, and parallels with zinc distribution.in this study, we have mapped amyloid beta (abeta) deposition in the amygdala of five aged japanese monkeys (from 23 to 30 years old). in brief, the aged monkey amygdala shows a topographic distribution of abeta deposits that is subnucleus specific and exhibits a distinct temporal progression. the pattern is similar to the distribution of abeta deposits in the human amygdala of alzheimer's patients and of high plaque nondemented cases. the spatial distribution and temporal progression were corre ...200919409221
monkey brain activity modulated by reward preferences: a positron emission tomography study.motivation, depending on the relative preference and magnitudes of rewards, can influence our goal-directed action. reward preferences can modulate neurons in the striatum (ventral and dorsal portions), lateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, but it remains unclear where in the brain and how any motivational change affects subsequent rewarding action. the present study sought to test whether the lateral prefrontal and other regions in monkeys during a visuo-motor task may change the activit ...200919416743
monkey brain activity modulated by reward preferences: a positron emission tomography study.motivation, depending on the relative preference and magnitudes of rewards, can influence our goal-directed action. reward preferences can modulate neurons in the striatum (ventral and dorsal portions), lateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, but it remains unclear where in the brain and how any motivational change affects subsequent rewarding action. the present study sought to test whether the lateral prefrontal and other regions in monkeys during a visuo-motor task may change the activit ...200919416743
case study of a one-sided attack by multiple troop members on a nontroop adolescent male and the death of japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).an adolescent wild male japanese macaque (macaca fuscata), following kinkazan a troop, was attacked one-sidedly by multiple members of the troop. the victim was identified as pi, and was estimated to be seven+/-one year old. the aggressive interaction was recorded by video camera until the end. although at least 16 troop members approached pi more than once, only three males (one adult, two adolescents) of a troop attacked him. pi kept crouching throughout the attack, then escaped to the shore a ...200919431186
rapid detection of snakes by japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata): an evolutionarily predisposed visual system.humans appear extremely sensitive to biologically threatening stimuli, such as snakes. in visual search tasks, humans respond to pictures of snakes faster than pictures of flowers. the authors report that macaque monkeys (macaca fuscata), reared in a laboratory and with no experience with snakes, respond, as do humans, to pictures of snakes among flowers faster than vice versa (experiment 1). this was also the case when grayscale pictures were used (experiment 2). these results provide the first ...200919450020
rapid detection of snakes by japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata): an evolutionarily predisposed visual system.humans appear extremely sensitive to biologically threatening stimuli, such as snakes. in visual search tasks, humans respond to pictures of snakes faster than pictures of flowers. the authors report that macaque monkeys (macaca fuscata), reared in a laboratory and with no experience with snakes, respond, as do humans, to pictures of snakes among flowers faster than vice versa (experiment 1). this was also the case when grayscale pictures were used (experiment 2). these results provide the first ...200919450020
imaging analysis of the brain in a primate model of cerebral malaria.this paper reviews our studies concerning imaging analysis of the brain in a primate model of cerebral malaria. to elucidate the clinical features of cerebral malaria, we performed positron emission tomography with (18)f-fluorodeoxyglucose (fdg-pet) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of the brain in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata) infected with plasmodium coatneyi, a primate model of severe human malaria with cerebral involvement. on fdg-pet scanning, we observed diffuse and hetero ...201019467218
the effects of age and sex on interest toward movies of conspecifics in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).previous studies have suggested that images of conspecifics are useful for environmental enrichment for nonhuman primates, but whether the age and sex of the animals alter the effectiveness of such images is unclear. we investigated preferences to movies in japanese macaques (macaca fuscata; male and female; age, 2 to 19 y). each monkey was housed individually in a cage outfitted with a touch-sensitive computer display. a subject monkey that touched the display was shown 1 of 30 movies that were ...200919476718
characterization of nitrergic function in monkey penile erection in vivo and in vitro.the nitrergic nerve appears to have a major role in the neuronal regulation of penile erection. cholinergic innervation has been shown histochemically in penile cavernous tissues, but its functional role is not well understood. this study was aimed at examining the functional properties of the nitrergic nerve and the possible involvement of cholinergic function in the regulation of monkey penile erection in vivo and in vitro. in anesthetized japanese monkeys, electrical stimulation of the cavern ...200919498439
characterization of nitrergic function in monkey penile erection in vivo and in vitro.the nitrergic nerve appears to have a major role in the neuronal regulation of penile erection. cholinergic innervation has been shown histochemically in penile cavernous tissues, but its functional role is not well understood. this study was aimed at examining the functional properties of the nitrergic nerve and the possible involvement of cholinergic function in the regulation of monkey penile erection in vivo and in vitro. in anesthetized japanese monkeys, electrical stimulation of the cavern ...200919498439
relationship between sexual interactions and the timing of the fertile phase in captive female japanese macaques (macaca fuscata).japanese macaques live in multi-male/multi-female social groups in which competition between males, female mate choice, and alternative male mating strategies are important determinants of mating and reproductive success. however, the extent to which adult males rely on female behavior to make their mating decisions as well as the effect of social rank on mating success are not clear as results are inconclusive, varying from study to study. in this study, we combined behavioral and endocrine dat ...200919504541
anomaly in aortic arch alters pathological outcome of transient global ischemia in rhesus macaques.we investigated a non-human primate (nhp) transient global ischemia (tgi) model which was induced by clipping the arteries originating from the aortic arch. previously we demonstrated that our tgi model in adult rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) results in marked neuronal cell loss in the hippocampal region, specifically the cornu ammonis (ca1) region. however, we observed varying degrees of hippocampal cell loss among animals. here, we report for the first time an anomaly of the aortic arch in s ...200919524559
environmental and biological monitoring of persistent fluorinated compounds in japan and their toxicities.perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) comprise a class of per- and poly-fluorinated compounds that have been detected in the environment as well as in humans. the aim of this review is to summarize several monitoring studies in japan and characterize the toxicokinetics of these compounds. we found that the levels of contamination by these compounds had unique patterns in japan. the levels of pfoa in serum from inhabitants of the kansai region were higher than those o ...200919568863
stochastic variation in sex ratios in infant mortality rates due to small samples in provisioned japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) populations.sex differences in infant mortality in provisioned japanese macaque populations were examined using 10 data sets from five populations. the results indicate that there was no available data set in which a sex difference in infant mortality was statistically significant. to examine whether the observed sex ratios in infant mortality rates could be the product of stochastic variation in small samples, a correlation between sample size and the magnitude of sex ratios in infant mortality rates was a ...201019582542
the first case of dental flossing by a japanese macaque (macaca fuscata): implications for the determinants of behavioral innovation and the constraints on social transmission.we report the first case of dental flossing behavior by a japanese macaque. we used cross-sectional data to assess the presence of this novel tool-use behavior at the group-level. although this behavior was performed frequently by a central middle-ranking middle-aged female during her grooming interactions, and appeared at least four years ago, it remained idiosyncratic to its innovator, and until now has not spread to other group members. we examined the factors that may have favored this innov ...201019590935
age-related changes of elements in the tendons of the peroneus longus muscles in thai, japanese, and monkeys.to elucidate compositional changes of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the insertion of tendons of the peroneus longus muscle (peroneus longus tendons) in thai, japanese, and monkeys and the relationships among element contents by direct chemical analysis. after ordinary dissections at chiang mai university and nara medical university were finished, the peroneus longus tendons were resected from the subjects. the per ...201019618135
age-related changes of elements in the tendons of the peroneus longus muscles in thai, japanese, and monkeys.to elucidate compositional changes of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in the insertion of tendons of the peroneus longus muscle (peroneus longus tendons) in thai, japanese, and monkeys and the relationships among element contents by direct chemical analysis. after ordinary dissections at chiang mai university and nara medical university were finished, the peroneus longus tendons were resected from the subjects. the per ...201019618135
isolation and characterization of a potentially virulent species entamoeba nuttalli from captive japanese macaques.we have recently proposed revival of the name entamoeba nuttalli castellani, 1908 for a virulent amoeba (p19-061405 strain) isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) and located phylogenetically between e. histolytica and e. dispar. in this study, e. nuttalli was isolated from feces of captive japanese macaques (m. fuscata) in an open-air corral in japan. the sequence of the 18s rrna gene in the isolates differed from the p19-061405 strain in 2 nucleotide positions, but was identical to the ...200919635174
a suggested pathogenic role for trichosporon montevideense in a case of onychomycosis in a japanese monkey.onychomycosis is a fungal infection of fingernails or toenails caused by several species of fungi and yeasts. a japanese monkey, macaca fuscata, displayed severe onychomycosis in his 4 limbs. diagnosis and etiological agent identification were performed by conventional and dna-mediated methods. the accumulated findings of this case revealed trichosporon montevideense, which has long been considered to be a nonpathogenic yeast. here, we present the first report of an involvement of t. montevideen ...200919652490
sexual dimorphism in facial shapes and their discrimination in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).the authors examined the ability of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) to discriminate between sexes based on facial features. the shape and position of facial features (facial morphology) were measured to quantify the differences between sexes. the distance between the chin and nose was longer in males than females, and the outline of the face around the upper jaw and upper face differed between sexes. using operant conditioning, 2 monkeys succeeded in discriminating sex based on facial pictures ...200919685975
sexual dimorphism in facial shapes and their discrimination in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata).the authors examined the ability of japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) to discriminate between sexes based on facial features. the shape and position of facial features (facial morphology) were measured to quantify the differences between sexes. the distance between the chin and nose was longer in males than females, and the outline of the face around the upper jaw and upper face differed between sexes. using operant conditioning, 2 monkeys succeeded in discriminating sex based on facial pictures ...200919685975
the biogeography and evolution of female homosexual behavior in japanese macaques.in certain japanese macaque (macaca fuscata) populations, females routinely engage in same-sex courtship, mounting, and consortship activity. drawing on behavioral, biogeographic, and genetic research, we suggest that female homosexual behavior may be associated with genetically distinct free-ranging populations of japanese macaques. in addition, we briefly discuss the implications of this research for the evolution of female homosexual behavior in this species.201019688591
substantia nigra output to prefrontal cortex via thalamus in monkeys. ii. activity of thalamic relay neurons in delayed conditional go/no-go discrimination task.the present report investigated the involvement of primate nigro-thalamo-cortical projections in discrimination of visual signals with behavioral meaning. we tested the extracellular unit activity of mediodorsal (md) and ventral anterior (va) thalamic neurons monosynaptically receiving inhibitory input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr) and projecting to the frontal cortex in japanese monkeys performing a delayed conditional go/no-go discrimination task. in the task two colored stim ...200919692503
substantia nigra output to prefrontal cortex via thalamus in monkeys. ii. activity of thalamic relay neurons in delayed conditional go/no-go discrimination task.the present report investigated the involvement of primate nigro-thalamo-cortical projections in discrimination of visual signals with behavioral meaning. we tested the extracellular unit activity of mediodorsal (md) and ventral anterior (va) thalamic neurons monosynaptically receiving inhibitory input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (snr) and projecting to the frontal cortex in japanese monkeys performing a delayed conditional go/no-go discrimination task. in the task two colored stim ...200919692503
significance of imaging features of alveolar echinococcosis in studies on nonhuman primates.in this study, we report the imaging findings in two japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis. both monkeys were treated with albendazole for 10 years, without surgery. radiography, computed tomography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were performed under general anesthesia. this is the first report on contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic imaging for alveolar echinococcosis wherein perflubutane was used as the contrast medium. the findings of the imaging analy ...200919706930
significance of imaging features of alveolar echinococcosis in studies on nonhuman primates.in this study, we report the imaging findings in two japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis. both monkeys were treated with albendazole for 10 years, without surgery. radiography, computed tomography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were performed under general anesthesia. this is the first report on contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic imaging for alveolar echinococcosis wherein perflubutane was used as the contrast medium. the findings of the imaging analy ...200919706930
the chimpanzee mind: in search of the evolutionary roots of the human mind.the year 2008 marks the 60th anniversary of japanese primatology. kinji imanishi (1902-1992) first visited koshima island in 1948 to study wild japanese monkeys,and to explore the evolutionary origins of human society. this year is also the 30th anniversary of the ai project:the chimpanzee ai first touched the keyboard connected to a computer system in 1978. this paper summarizes the historical background of the ai project,whose principal aim is to understand the evolutionary origins of the huma ...200919727864
the chimpanzee mind: in search of the evolutionary roots of the human mind.the year 2008 marks the 60th anniversary of japanese primatology. kinji imanishi (1902-1992) first visited koshima island in 1948 to study wild japanese monkeys,and to explore the evolutionary origins of human society. this year is also the 30th anniversary of the ai project:the chimpanzee ai first touched the keyboard connected to a computer system in 1978. this paper summarizes the historical background of the ai project,whose principal aim is to understand the evolutionary origins of the huma ...200919727864
japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) with alveolar echinococcosis after treatment with albendazole for 10 years: serodiagnosis and determination of albendazole metabolites.in 1997, an outbreak of alveolar echinococcosis in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) occurred in a zoo in hokkaido, japan. twelve infected monkeys from a colony (n = 57) were diagnosed serologically by western blotting, and ultrasonography showed the presence of tumor-like tissue in the livers of nine monkeys. the 12 infected monkeys have been treated with albendazole for 10 years without surgical resection. ten of these monkeys have died so far; diagnoses were confirmed histopathologically thro ...200919756740
japanese monkey (macaca fuscata) with alveolar echinococcosis after treatment with albendazole for 10 years: serodiagnosis and determination of albendazole metabolites.in 1997, an outbreak of alveolar echinococcosis in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) occurred in a zoo in hokkaido, japan. twelve infected monkeys from a colony (n = 57) were diagnosed serologically by western blotting, and ultrasonography showed the presence of tumor-like tissue in the livers of nine monkeys. the 12 infected monkeys have been treated with albendazole for 10 years without surgical resection. ten of these monkeys have died so far; diagnoses were confirmed histopathologically thro ...200919756740
integration of auditory and visual information in human face discrimination in pigeons. behavioral and anatomical study.social stimuli are often multi-sensory. animals commonly recognize a conspecific through visuo-auditory and olfactory sensory cues. in this study pigeons were trained to discriminate between a human face and the face of a japanese macaque then tested with morphing images of human and macaque faces (experiment 1). these images were also presented in conjunction with two different auditory stimuli, namely, vocalization of either a human or a macaque. results showed that the human vocalization faci ...201019800923
gray and white matter changes associated with tool-use learning in macaque monkeys.we used noninvasive mri and voxel-based morphometry (vbm) to detect changes in brain structure in three adult japanese macaques trained to use a rake to retrieve food rewards. monkeys, who were naive to any previous tool use, were scanned repeatedly in a 4-t scanner over 6 weeks, comprising 2 weeks of habituation followed by 2 weeks of intensive daily training and a 2-week posttraining period. vbm analysis revealed significant increases in gray matter with rake performance across the three monke ...200919820167
a global analysis of evolutionary conservation among known and predicted gammaherpesvirus micrornas.micrornas (mirnas) are small, noncoding rnas which posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. the current release of the mirna registry lists 16 viruses which encode a total of 146 mirna hairpins. strikingly, 139 of these are encoded by members of the herpesvirus family, suggesting an important role for mirnas in the herpesvirus life cycle. however, with the exception of 7 mirna hairpins known to be shared by epstein-barr virus (ebv) and the closely related rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rlcv), ...201019889779
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