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paracellular nutrient absorption in a gum-feeding new world primate, the common marmoset callithrix jacchus.the common marmoset is one of the few callitrichid species that is not threatened or endangered in the wild, and is widely used in biomedical research, yet relatively little is understood about its digestive physiology. dietary specialization on plant exudates has lead to relatively reduced small intestines, yet the common marmoset has exceptional dietary breadth, allowing it to successfully utilize a variety of habitats. we predicted that passive, paracellular nutrient absorption would be used ...200717487879
genomics and diversity of the common marmoset monkey nk complex.the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) is a new world primate that is increasingly used in biomedical research as a model organism. due to the occurrence of natural bone marrow chimerism, it represents a particularly useful primate model in immunological research. in this study, we describe the genomic organization of the cd94, nkg2, and ly49l genes in the nk complex (nkc) of the common marmoset based on complete sequencing of a bacterial artificial chromosome clonal contig. this region ...200717513764
the composition of milk from bolivian squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis boliviensis).squirrel monkeys (genus saimiri) give birth to relatively large neonates with large, fast-growing brains. maternal energy expenditure during gestation and infant development is argued to be high, but may be offset by the provisioning of offspring by females other than the mother (allonursing). milk composition is an important component of maternal energy expenditure, but has been examined in only a small number of primate species. here, we report on the milk composition from laboratory-housed bo ...200817538959
phylogenetic conservation of the androgen receptor ar45 variant form in placental mammals.a cdna coding for a tissue-specific ar45 variant form of the androgen receptor (ar) has recently been identified in humans, with highest expression levels found in heart. the deduced protein comprises the dna-binding domain, hinge region and ligand-binding domain of the ar, but not the n-terminal domain which is replaced by a unique, short, seven amino-acid-long stretch. this sequence is encoded by the mutually exclusive exon 1b, located between exons 1 and 2 of the human ar gene. as transcript ...200717574777
development of the first marmoset-specific dna microarray (eumama): a new genetic tool for large-scale expression profiling in a non-human primate.the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), a small non-endangered new world primate native to eastern brazil, is becoming increasingly used as a non-human primate model in biomedical research, drug development and safety assessment. in contrast to the growing interest for the marmoset as an animal model, the molecular tools for genetic analysis are extremely limited.200717592630
male parenting and response to infant stimuli in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).callithrix jacchus infants are raised in complex family environments where most members participate in rearing the young. many studies examining male parental behavior have focused on the carrying of infants with observations made within the family context. however, interference from family members can make it difficult to assess the father's motivation to care for infants. our goals were to develop a testing paradigm for determining an individual's response to infant stimuli separate from famil ...200817607701
age-related changes in marmoset trabecular and cortical bone and response to alendronate therapy resemble human bone physiology and architecture.in older humans, bone elongation ceases, periosteal expansion continues, and bone remodeling remains a dominant metabolic process. an appropriate animal model of type i and type ii osteoporosis would be a species with sealed growth plates and persistence of bone remodeling. the rat is commonly used as a primary model, but due to delayed epiphyseal closure with continuous modeling and lack of haversian remodeling, food and drug administration guidelines recommend assessment of bone quality in an ...200717610276
striatal leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mrna is increased in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) with l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester-induced dyskinesia.the level of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) mrna expression was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in anterior striatum from normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) that had l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester (l-dopa)-induced dyskinesia. the level of striatal lrrk2 mrna was increased in mptp-treated common marmosets that had l-dopa-induced dyskinesia compared with normal animals that did no ...200717614947
the composition of milk from free-living common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in brazil.common marmosets, one of the smallest anthropoid primates, have a relatively high reproductive rate, capable of producing twins or triplets twice per year. growth and development of infants is relatively rapid, and lactation is relatively short at less than 3 months. although mean values for the proximate composition (dry matter, protein, fat and sugar) of captive common marmoset milks fall within anthropoid norms, composition is highly variable among individual samples, with concentrations of m ...200817620291
imitation as faithful copying of a novel technique in marmoset monkeys.imitative learning has received great attention due to its supposed role in the development of culture and the cognitive demands it poses on the individual. evidence for imitation in non-human primate species, therefore, could shed light on the early origins of proto-cultural traits in the primate order. imitation has been defined as the learning of an act by seeing it done or, more specifically, as the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act. but despite a century of research and the det ...200717622356
compatibility of the gh homologues of epstein-barr virus and related lymphocryptoviruses.glycoprotein gh, together with its chaperone gl and a third glycoprotein gb, is essential for cell-cell fusion and virus-cell fusion mediated by herpesviruses. epstein-barr virus (ebv), the prototype human lymphocryptovirus, requires a fourth glycoprotein gp42 to support fusion with b cells in addition to epithelial cells. two other lymphocryptoviruses, the rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rh-lcv) and the common marmoset lymphocryptovirus (calhv3), have been sequenced in their entirety and each has a g ...200717622614
tyrosine hydroxylase (th)- and aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase (aadc)-immunoreactive neurons of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) brain: an immunohistochemical analysis.from the perspective of comparative morphology, the distribution of non-monoaminergic neurons in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was investigated using an immunohistochemical method with specific antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (th) and aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase (aadc).th-immunoreactive (ir) neurons (but not aadc-ir) neurons were observed in the olfactory tubercle, preoptic suprachiasmatic nucleus, periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucle ...200717653300
activity of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in limited spaces: hand movement characteristics.the increasing popularity of marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) in anatomical, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies has called for a detailed analysis of their natural behavior within limited spaces. in the present study, the authors analyzed hand movements during horizontal and vertical progressions in a cylinder. the trajectory of each hand covered the entire cylinder floor during horizontal progressions and the entire cylinder wall during vertical progressions. different marmosets ...200717696659
spatial receptive field properties of lateral geniculate cells in the owl monkey (aotus azarae) at different contrasts: a comparative study.several physiological properties of owl monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) cells were studied to verify whether its nocturnal habit has an influence on the organization of its subcortical visual system. receptive field (rf) dimensions were measured using drifting gratings and bipartite field stimuli. we found that owl monkey cells lgn have larger rfs and were on average more non-linear than those of diurnal monkeys. but, as in other anthropoids, there is an increase in rf centre size with i ...200717714192
effects of ovarian stimulation, with and without human chorionic gonadotrophin, on oocyte meiotic and developmental competence in the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus).a reliable ovarian stimulation protocol for marmosets is needed to enhance their use as a model for studying human and non-human primate oocyte biology. in this species, a standard dose of hcg did not effectively induce oocyte maturation in vivo. the objectives of this study were to characterize ovarian response to an fsh priming regimen in marmosets, given without or with a high dose of hcg, and to determine the meiotic and developmental competence of the oocytes isolated. ovaries were removed ...200717714774
developmental changes in cellular prion protein in primate visual cortex.cellular prion protein (prp(c)) is a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in neurons, and a protease-resistant conformer of the protein accumulates in the brain parenchyma in prion diseases. in human prion diseases, visual cortex and visual function can be affected. we examined both the levels and the localization of prp(c) in developing visual cortex of the common marmoset. western blot analysis showed that prp(c) increased from the day of birth through adulthood, and this increase correl ...200717722030
marrow chimerism in marmosets.in the femoral marrow of three adult marmosets, two male callithrix jacchus and one female leontocebus rosalia, a number of opposite-sexed metaphases were found. it is inferred that this chimeric state resulted from intrauterine placental anastomoses between heterosexual twins. the lack of the freemartin effect in connection with this chimerism is discussed, and the structural nature of the y chromosome in the callithricidae is described.196217753948
chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit gene expression in the marmoset pituitary is controlled by steroidogenic factor 1, early growth response protein 1, and pituitary homeobox factor 1.in most mammals, the gonads are under the control of the pituitary gonadotropins lh and fsh. however, in the common marmoset monkey callithrix jacchus, no lh is detectable in the pituitary but chorionic gonadotropin (cg) instead, normally produced in the placenta. this study investigated the mechanism of cgbeta subunit activation in the pituitary and why humans do not express cg in the pituitary. 5'-rapid amplification of cdna ends, emsa, and promoter-driven luciferase assays performed with the ...200717872365
neurobehavioral protection by single dose l-deprenyl against mptp-induced parkinsonism in common marmosets.establishment of preclinical method evaluating behavioral protective actions of drugs for parkinson's disease was attempted using l-deprenyl (dep) as a reference drug in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated common marmosets.200817879087
microarray analysis of laser capture microdissected substantia nigra pars compacta after a single administration of mptp in common marmosets.gene expression profiling was performed in the laser capture microdissected substantia nigra pars compacta (snc) after a single administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) in common marmosets. rna from substantia nigra pars compacta tissue underwent a double linear amplification and was then applied to a whole human genome oligo microarray. since the number of th-immunoreactive cells in the snc decreased to 50% of that in the control after 14 days and since our previous ...200717879594
memory for time of training modulates performance on a place conditioning task in marmosets.in rodents, the expression of a reward-conditioned place preference (cpp) is regulated in a circadian pattern such that the preference is exhibited strongly at the circadian time of prior training but not at other circadian times. because each animal is trained only at a single circadian phase, the concept of time as a context cue is derived from a rhythmic internal state rather than learned explicitly from the external cues. we now report that the same "time memory" is expressed following conte ...200817904878
postnatal ontogeny of expression of the corticosteroid receptor genes in mammalian brains: inter-species and intra-species differences.corticosteroids are important mediators of homeostasis and stress, and exert their effects via two transcription-factor receptors, mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr). both receptors are expressed in the brain in a region-specific manner, and regulate neuroendocrine and behavioral functions. stress during early development has been demonstrated to lead to long-term alterations in mr and gr levels and in the phenotypes that they mediate. to date, however, nearly all o ...200817916381
fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks.fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. anthropoid primates (apes, old and new world monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. this study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (alouatta palliata, callithrix jacchus, gorilla beringei beringei, leontopithecus rosalia, macaca sinica) to test the null hypothes ...200817916436
relevant antibody subsets against mog recognize conformational epitopes exclusively exposed in solid-phase elisa.a pathogenic role for circulating anti-myelin antibodies is difficult to establish in multiple sclerosis (ms). here, we unravel a broad heterogeneity within the anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog) antibodies in humans and non-human primates, and demonstrate that detection of important epitopes of mog within the pathogenic repertoire is exclusively dependent on presentation on a solid-phase mog conformer. results of elisa and those of a liquid-phase assay were compared using a mog prot ...200717918203
the administration of entacapone prevents l-dopa-induced dyskinesia when added to dopamine agonist therapy in mptp-treated primates.more continuous delivery of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) achieved by combination with the catechol-o-methyl transfer (comt) inhibitor entacapone reduces the onset of dyskinesia in mptp-treated common marmosets compared with pulsatile l-dopa regimens. we now investigate whether l-dopa delivery also influences dyskinesia induction when added to dopamine agonist treatment. drug-naive 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (mptp)-treated common marmosets were treated wit ...200717935716
diminished adult neurogenesis in the marmoset brain precedes old age.with aging there is a decline in the number of newly generated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. in rodents and tree shrews, this age-related decrease in neurogenesis is evident long before the animals become aged. no previous studies have investigated whether primates exhibit a similar decline in hippocampal neurogenesis with aging. to investigate this possibility, young to middle aged adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were injected with brdu and perfused 3 weeks later. ...200717940008
tolerated mouth-to-mouth food transfers in common marmosets.in this paper we describe tolerated mouth-to-mouth food transfers in captive adult common marmosets, where an animal approached a conspecific that has recently received a piece of food, opened the other's mouth forcefully, and picked food pieces out of it. tolerated mouth-to-mouth food transfers occurred between animals of both sexes. they were observed when the possessor was subordinate as well as when it was dominant, and in four dyads they were observed in both directions. we argue that this ...200817940727
orchidectomized (orx) marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as a model to study the development of osteopenia/osteoporosis.the common marmoset serves as a primate model for many human diseases. hypogonadal and particularly aged men develop osteopenia or osteoporosis. whether marmosets develop osteoporosis after orchidectomy is not known. this was tested in seven young and two older adult male orchidectomy animals using quantitative computer tomography, which allowed quantification of total surface and density of the cortex and of the cancellous structures of the metaphysis of the tibia and of the fifth or sixth lumb ...200817948894
adaptation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins to new world monkey receptors.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection encounters an early block in the cells of new world monkeys because the cd4 receptor does not efficiently support hiv-1 entry. we adapted hiv-1(nl4-3) and hiv-1(kb9), two hiv-1 variants with different envelope glycoproteins, to replicate efficiently in cells expressing the cd4 and cxcr4 proteins of the common marmoset, a new world monkey. the hiv-1(nl4-3) adaptation involves three gp120 changes that result in a specific increase in affinity f ...200817959679
acute neuropathogenicity with experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).equine herpesvirus 9 (ehv-9) is a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus which induced encephalitis in a variety of animals. however, there was no information on the susceptibility of ehv-9 in primates.200717976037
in vivo tracing of neural tracts in the intact and injured spinal cord of marmosets by diffusion tensor tractography.in spinal cord injury, axonal disruption results in motor and sensory function impairment. the evaluation of axonal fibers is essential to assess the severity of injury and efficacy of any treatment protocol, but conventional methods such as tracer injection in brain parenchyma are highly invasive and require histological evaluation, precluding clinical applications. previous advances in magnetic resonance imaging technology have led to the development of diffusion tensor tractography (dtt) as a ...200717978040
immunolocalization of anion exchanger 1 (band 3) in the renal collecting duct of the common marmoset.the purpose of this study was to determine the expression and distribution of band 3 in the collecting duct and connecting tubules of the kidney of the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), and to establish whether band 3 is expressed in type a intercalated cells. the intracellular localization of band 3 in the different populations of intercalated cells was determined by double-labeling immunohistochemistry. immunohistochemical microscopy demonstrated that band 3 is located in the basolateral p ...200717993745
intraluminal thread model of focal stroke in the non-human primate.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a new world monkey, has recently been used as a model of focal cerebral ischaemia. here, we sought to develop a stroke model in this species using an intraluminal approach to occlude the middle cerebral artery (mca). this technically simple procedure allows both transient and permanent ischaemia with minimal morbidity. ten common marmosets underwent either transient (3 h) or permanent ischaemia by the insertion of a nylon filament through the external ca ...200818000514
characterization and synaptic connectivity of melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in the primate retina.melanopsin is a photopigment expressed in retinal ganglion cells, which are intrinsically photosensitive and are also involved in retinal circuits arising from rod and cone photoreceptors. this circuitry, however, is poorly understood. here, we studied the morphology, distribution and synaptic input to melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in a new world monkey, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). the dendrites of melanopsin-containing cells in marmoset stratify either close to the inner nu ...200718001286
isolation and characterization of dendritic cells from common marmosets for preclinical cell therapy studies.dendritic cells (dcs) have important functions as modulators of immune responses, and their ability to activate t cells is of great value in cancer immunotherapy. the isolation of dcs from the peripheral blood of rhesus and african green monkeys has been reported, but the immune system in the common marmoset remains poorly characterized, although it offers many potential advantages for preclinical studies. in the present study, we devised methods, based on techniques developed for mouse and huma ...200818005037
the cotton-top tamarin (saguinus oedipus) has five beta-microseminoprotein genes, two of which are pseudogenes.beta-microseminoprotein (msp) is one of the most abundant proteins in human seminal plasma and is secreted from the prostate gland. its evolution can be traced from primates down to nonvertebrate species such as amphioxus, despite substantial differences in the primary structure. most mammals are known to have one single msp gene, but we have previously shown that the cotton-top tamarin and the common marmoset-two new world monkeys-carry several msp genes. in this study we continue our character ...200818020964
post-conception reproductive competition in cooperatively breeding common marmosets.common marmosets are cooperatively breeding monkeys that exhibit high female reproductive skew. subordinate females usually fail to breed as a consequence of ovulation suppression and inhibition of sexual behavior, and, even when they do breed, typically rear fewer infants than dominants. we evaluated possible mechanisms of post-conception reproductive competition by comparing hormonal profiles across pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes, infant survivorship, and behavior in laboratory-housed families ...200818045596
social mobbing calls in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): effects of experience and associated cortisol levels.we compared the mobbing response to model snakes of two groups of captive-born common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) differing in genetic relatedness, age and past experience. mobbing vocalisations (tsik calls), other mobbing behaviour and attention to the stimulus were recorded for 2 min. intervals pre-exposure, during exposure to various stimuli and post-exposure. marmosets in one group were vocally reactive to all stimuli, although more so to one particular stimulus resembling rearing snakes ...200818066607
preclinical assessment of therapeutic antibodies against human cd40 and human interleukin-12/23p40 in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis.proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (il)-12 and il-23, and costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (apc), such as cd40, are critical to autoreactive t cell activation by apc, and hence, are considered relevant targets of therapy for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (imid).200818075274
other-regarding preferences in a non-human primate: common marmosets provision food altruistically.human cooperation is unparalleled in the animal world and rests on an altruistic concern for the welfare of genetically unrelated strangers. the evolutionary roots of human altruism, however, remain poorly understood. recent evidence suggests a discontinuity between humans and other primates because individual chimpanzees do not spontaneously provide food to other group members, indicating a lack of concern for their welfare. here, we demonstrate that common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) ...200718077409
first order connections of the visual sector of the thalamic reticular nucleus in marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) supplies an important inhibitory input to the dorsal thalamus. previous studies in non-primate mammals have suggested that the visual sector of the trn has a lateral division, which has connections with first-order (primary) sensory thalamic and cortical areas, and a medial division, which has connections with higher-order (association) thalamic and cortical areas. however, the question whether the primate trn is segregated in the same manner is controversial ...200718093372
microstimulation and architectonics of frontoparietal cortex in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).we investigated the organization of frontoparietal cortex in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) by using intracortical microstimulation and an architectonic analysis. primary motor cortex (m1) was identified as an area that evoked visible movements at low levels of electric current and had a full body representation of the contralateral musculature. primary motor cortex represented the contralateral body from hindlimb to face in a mediolateral sequence, with individual movements such as ja ...200818175349
malignant nephroblastoma in a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).necropsy of a 17-month-old male common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with a history of increased abdominal girth resulted in the finding of a unilateral polycystic renal neoplasm. detailed histopathologic and immunohistochemical investigations revealed different tissue types within the tumor including stromal connective tissue and fusiform mesenchymal cell formations surrounding blastemal cells as well as different developmental stages of organ-specific epithelial cells accompanied by extensive ...200818192583
fast progression of recombinant human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in marmosets is associated with the activation of mog34-56-specific cytotoxic t cells.the recombinant human (rh) myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model in the common marmoset is characterized by 100% disease incidence, a chronic disease course, and a variable time interval between immunization and neurological impairment. we investigated whether monkeys with fast and slow disease progression display different anti-mog t or b cell responses and analyzed the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s). the results show that fa ...200818209026
cyp3 phylogenomics: evidence for positive selection of cyp3a4 and cyp3a7.cyp3a metabolizes 50% of currently prescribed drugs and is frequently involved in clinically relevant drug interactions. the understanding of roles and regulations of the individual cyp3a genes in pharmacology and physiology is incomplete.200818216722
cerebrospinal fluid to brain transport of manganese in a non-human primate revealed by mri.manganese overexposure in non-human primates and humans causes a neurodegenerative disorder called manganism thought to be related to an accumulation of the metal in the basal ganglia. here, we assess changes in the concentration of manganese in regions of the brain of a non-human primate (the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus) following four systemic injections of 30 mg/kg mncl2 h2o in the tail vein using t1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and compare these to changes in the rat fol ...200818243167
sources of somatosensory input to the caudal belt areas of auditory cortex.the auditory cortex of nonhuman primates is comprised of a constellation of at least twelve interconnected areas distributed across three major regions on the superior temporal gyrus: core, belt, and parabelt. individual areas are distinguished on the basis of unique profiles comprising architectonic features, thalamic and cortical connections, and neuron response properties. recent demonstrations of convergent auditory-somatosensory interactions in the caudomedial (cm) and caudolateral (cl) bel ...200718265825
distribution of bipolar input to midget and parasol ganglion cells in marmoset retina.different types of retinal ganglion cell show differences in their response properties. here we investigated the question of whether these differences are related to the distribution of the synaptic input to the dendritic tree. we measured the distribution and density of synaptic input to the dendrites of midget and parasol ganglion cells in the retina of a new world monkey, the marmoset, callithrix jacchus. ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled by dye injection into parvocellular or magnocel ...200818282311
visuospatial reaching preferences of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): an assessment of individual biases across a variety of tasks.using multiple measures of hand preference, the authors investigated lateralization at an individual level in 21 common marmosets. despite showing group biases for sensory and communication functions, these same marmosets did not show a group bias in direction of lateralized hand use. hand preferences were recorded on four novel reaching tasks requiring different levels of visual guidance and postural control. as found for simple food holding (with the same subjects), they displayed strong indiv ...200818298280
continuous delivery of ropinirole reverses motor deficits without dyskinesia induction in mptp-treated common marmosets.l-dopa treatment of parkinson's disease induces a high incidence of motor complications, notably dyskinesia. longer acting dopamine agonists, e.g. ropinirole, are thought to produce more continuous dopaminergic stimulation and less severe dyskinesia. however, standard oral administration of dopamine agonists does not result in constant plasma drug levels, therefore, more continuous drug delivery may result in both prolonged reversal of motor deficits and reduced levels of dyskinesia. therefore, ...200818321484
common marmoset embryonic stem cell can differentiate into cardiomyocytes.common marmoset monkeys have recently attracted much attention as a primate research model, and are preferred to rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys due to their small bodies, easy handling and efficient breeding. we recently reported the establishment of common marmoset embryonic stem cell (cmesc) lines that could differentiate into three germ layers. here, we report that our cmesc can also differentiate into cardiomyocytes and investigated their characteristics. after induction, fog-2 was expressed, ...200818331825
autoimmunity against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is dispensable for the initiation although essential for the progression of chronic encephalomyelitis in common marmosets.to elucidate the pathogenetic significance of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog)-specific autoreactivity in a genetically and immunologically heterogeneous nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis, we analyzed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in the outbred common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). one sibling each of 5 bone marrow chimeric marmoset twins was immunized with myelin derived from wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 mice (wt myelin); the other sibling was immunized with mye ...200818379435
no long-term effect two years after intrauterine exposure to dexamethasone on dentate gyrus volume, neuronal proliferation and differentiation in common marmoset monkeys.glucocorticoids are prenatally administered to promote the maturation of the lungs. they, however, can affect neuronal proliferation and differentiation. in newborn marmoset monkeys, intrauterine hyperexposure to dexamethasone (dex) resulted in a significantly decreased proliferation rate in the hippocampal dentate gyrus without affecting neuronal differentiation. in this study, marmoset monkeys received 5 mg/kg body weight dex either during early (days 42-48) or late (days 90-96) pregnancy. the ...200818422980
autoimmune optic neuritis in the common marmoset monkey: comparison of visual evoked potentials with mri and histopathology.to assess the use of visual evoked potentials (veps) for the in vivo detection of impaired visual function in a marmoset model of multiple sclerosis. the sensitivity of the vep recordings was determined by comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and histopathology.200818450589
neural substrates of vocalization feedback monitoring in primate auditory cortex.vocal communication involves both speaking and hearing, often taking place concurrently. vocal production, including human speech and animal vocalization, poses a number of unique challenges for the auditory system. it is important for the auditory system to monitor external sounds continuously from the acoustic environment during speaking despite the potential for sensory masking by self-generated sounds. it is also essential for the auditory system to monitor feedback of one's own voice. this ...200818454135
experimental respiratory anthrax infection in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).inhalational anthrax is a rare but potentially fatal infection in man. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was evaluated as a small non-human primate (nhp) model of inhalational anthrax infection, as an alternative to larger nhp species. the marmoset was found to be susceptible to inhalational exposure to bacillus anthracis ames strain. the pathophysiology of infection following inhalational exposure was similar to that previously reported in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque and humans. th ...200818460069
seroprevalence study of francisella tularensis among hunters in germany.in 2005 and 2006, francisella tularensis unexpectedly reemerged in western germany, when several semi-free-living marmosets (callithrix jacchus) in a research facility died from tularemia and a group of hare hunters became infected. it is believed that hunters may have an elevated risk to be exposed to zoonotic pathogens, including f. tularensis. a previous cross-sectional study of the german population (n=6883) revealed a prevalence of 0.2%. here, we investigated 286 sera from individuals mainl ...200818462387
orest: the online resource for est analysis.the generation of expressed sequence tag (est) libraries offers an affordable approach to investigate organisms, if no genome sequence is available. orest (http://mips.gsf.de/genre/proj/orest/index.html) is a server-based est analysis pipeline, which allows the rapid analysis of large amounts of ests or cdnas from mammalia and fungi. in order to assign the ests to genes or proteins orest maps dna sequences to reference datasets of gene products and in a second step to complete genome sequences. ...200818463135
placental efficiency and intrauterine resource allocation strategies in the common marmoset pregnancy.mothers and fetuses are expected to be in some degree of conflict over the allocation of maternal resources to fetal growth in the intrauterine environment. variation in placental structure and function may be one way a fetus can communicate need and quality to its mother, potentially manipulating maternal investment in its favor. whereas common marmosets typically produce twin litters, they regularly give birth to triplet litters in captivity. the addition of another fetus is a potential drain ...200818470898
different ovarian responses to potential mates underlie species-specific breeding strategies in common marmoset and goeldi's monkey.callitrichids are cooperative breeders, characterized by obligate twinning, extensive paternal care, and monopolization of reproduction by the dominant female. this is the case in the common marmoset, and in common marmoset groups of more than one adult female, subordinate females are typically acyclic consistent with infertility. however, one callitrichid, goeldi's monkey, gives birth to singletons and exhibits low paternal care. given these reproductive traits of goeldi's monkey, we hypothesiz ...200818471815
validation of non-fluorescent methods to reliably detect acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity of common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) sperm.simple, rapid and stable sperm evaluation methods which have been optimized for common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) are critical for studies involving collection and evaluation of sperm in the field. this is particularly important for new species groups such as callitrichidae where the sperm have been little studied. of this family, c. jacchus is the best known, and has been chosen as a model species for other members of the genus callithrix. the fundamental evaluation parameters for sperm of a ...200818479742
expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in the rhesus monkey and common marmoset.indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway, and is hypothesized to limit tryptophan availability at embryo implantation and prevent maternal t cell activation at the maternal-fetal interface. to determine if nonhuman primates are suitable models for investigating the role of ido during pregnancy, we defined the expression of ido in the rhesus monkey and common marmoset with particular attention to the fema ...200818490060
comparative analysis of monoamine oxidase intronic polymorphisms in primates.monoamine oxidases (maos) are involved in the degradation of various biogenic amines such as dopamine and serotonin. two isozymic genes, maoa and maob, have been identified, both of which are located on the x chromosome. in humans, intron 2 of both maos contains dinucleotide repeats, main2 and mbin2, that have been suggested as candidate genes for mood disorders and parkinson's disease. in this study, we surveyed the corresponding regions in nonhuman primates. the main2 and mbin2 regions were am ...200818495383
calcium-binding proteins in the circadian centers of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and the rock cavy (kerodon rupestris) brains.the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) and the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (igl) are considered to be the main centers of the mammalian circadian timing system. in primates, the igl is included as part of the pregeniculate nucleus (pgn), a cell group located mediodorsally to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. this work was carried out to comparatively evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin d-28k (cb), parvalbumin (pv), and calretini ...200818502310
neural response properties of primary, rostral, and rostrotemporal core fields in the auditory cortex of marmoset monkeys.the core region of primate auditory cortex contains a primary and two primary-like fields (ai, primary auditory cortex; r, rostral field; rt, rostrotemporal field). although it is reasonable to assume that multiple core fields provide an advantage for auditory processing over a single primary field, the differential roles these fields play and whether they form a functional pathway collectively such as for the processing of spectral or temporal information are unknown. in this report we compare ...200818525020
development of a model of hookworm infection exhibiting salient characteristics of human infection.patent and pathologic infections of the human hookworm necator americanus were established in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). in a pilot study, a laboratory strain of n. americanus was compared with a fresh field isolate. pathology was more severe in animals infected with a fresh isolate. in all animals, infection was associated with increased total plasma ige and production of igg specific to adult worm excretory/secretory (es) products. histamine was released by basophils in response ...200818541773
scipio: using protein sequences to determine the precise exon/intron structures of genes and their orthologs in closely related species.for many types of analyses, data about gene structure and locations of non-coding regions of genes are required. although a vast amount of genomic sequence data is available, precise annotation of genes is lacking behind. finding the corresponding gene of a given protein sequence by means of conventional tools is error prone, and cannot be completed without manual inspection, which is time consuming and requires considerable experience.200818554390
polymorphic microsatellite loci for the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) designed using a cost- and time-efficient method.we describe a cost- and time-efficient method for designing new microsatellite markers in any species with substantial genomic dna sequence data available. using this technique, we report 14 new polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci isolated from the common marmoset. the relative yield of new polymorphisms was higher with less labor than described in previous marmoset studies. of 20 loci initially evaluated, 14 were polymorphic and amplified reliably (70% success rate). the number of alle ...200818561252
an evolutionarily conserved sexual signature in the primate brain.the question of a potential biological sexual signature in the human brain is a heavily disputed subject. in order to provide further insight into this issue, we used an evolutionary approach to identify genes with sex differences in brain expression level among primates. we reasoned that expression patterns important to uphold key male and female characteristics may be conserved during evolution. we selected cortex for our studies because this specific brain region is responsible for many highe ...200818566661
comparison of 30 immunity-related genes from the common marmoset with orthologues from human and mouse.in the evolution of primates, the common marmoset belongs to the new world monkey family and is distinct from the great ape family (which includes humans). in this study, we predicted the amino acid sequences of 30 immunity-related genes from the common marmoset and compared them with those from human and mouse. the domain composition of each orthologous protein was analyzed by the smart tool and was found to be the same among the three species. a blast search revealed that the common marmoset a ...200818577846
distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus): parameter optimization.distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) were measured in a new world primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). we determined the optimal primary-tone frequency ratio (f(2)/f(1)) to generate dpoaes of maximal amplitude between 3 and 24 khz. the optimal f(2)/f(1), determined by varying f(2)/f(1) from 1.02 to 1.40 using equilevel primary tones, decreased with increasing f(2) frequency between 3 and 17 khz, and increased at 24 khz. the optimal f(2)/f(1) ratio increased with increa ...200818586424
common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) as a nonhuman primate model to assess the virulence of eastern equine encephalitis virus strains.eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) produces the most severe human arboviral disease in north america (na) and is a potential biological weapon. however, genetically and antigenically distinct strains from south america (sa) have seldom been associated with human disease or mortality despite serological evidence of infection. because mice and other small rodents do not respond differently to the na versus sa viruses like humans, we tested common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) by using intra ...200818614636
early parental deprivation in the marmoset monkey produces long-term changes in hippocampal expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity and implicated in mood disorder.in mood disorder, early stressors including parental separation are vulnerability factors, and hippocampal involvement is prominent. in common marmoset monkeys, daily parental deprivation during infancy produces a prodepressive state of increased basal activity and reactivity in stress systems and mild anhedonia that persists at least to adolescence. here we examined the expression of eight genes, each implicated in neural plasticity and in the pathophysiology of mood disorder, in the hippocampu ...200918615010
food transfer in common marmosets: parents change their tolerance depending on the age of offspring.food transfer is considered to provide infants with additional nutrients during weaning, and in fact, its frequency peaks around this time. however, the mechanisms underlying such food transfer remain unclear. in this study, we investigated whether adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) change their tolerance to offspring begging for food depending on the offspring's age. we used four families consisting of breeding pairs, older offspring (29-49 weeks old), and younger offspring (7-15 weeks ...200818615460
natural plasmodium infections in brazilian wild monkeys: reservoirs for human infections?four hundred and forty-eight samples of total blood from wild monkeys living in areas where human autochthonous malaria cases have been reported were screened for the presence of plasmodium using microscopy and pcr analysis. samples came from the following distinct ecological areas of brazil: atlantic forest (n=140), semideciduous atlantic forest (n=257) and cerrado (a savannah-like habitat) (n=51). thick and thin blood smears of each specimen were examined and plasmodium infection was screened ...200818620330
glycan stem-cell markers are specifically expressed by spermatogonia in the adult non-human primate testis.the glycan cell surface molecules, stage-specific embryonic antigen (ssea)-1, -3 and -4 and tumor-rejection antigen (tra)-1-60 and -1-81, are expressed in specific combinations by undifferentiated pluripotent cells, i.e. embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells, primordial germ cells and embryonic germ cells. upon differentiation of the cells, these markers vanish. recently, it has been shown that also neonatal and adult mouse testes contain pluripotent cel ...200818621756
the fate of paternal mitochondria in marmoset pre-implantation embryos.sperm-derived mitochondria are integrated into the oocyte at fertilization but seem to vanish during the early cleavage phase. the developmental potential of pre-implantation embryos seems to be closely related to their ability to induce degeneration of these mitochondria, but the mechanisms underlying their loss of function are not yet understood. this study focuses on the fate of paternal mitochondria in pre-implantation embryos.200818642435
a novel adenosine a(1) and a(2a) receptor antagonist asp5854 ameliorates motor impairment in mptp-treated marmosets: comparison with existing anti-parkinson's disease drugs.recent evidence indicates that adenosine a(2a) receptor antagonists hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of parkinson's disease (pd). a study on the novel adenosine a(1) and a(2a) receptor dual antagonist 5-[5-amino-3-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-1-isopropylpyridine-2(1h)-one (asp5854) showed it to be effective in various rodents models of pd and cognition. in the present study, we further investigated the potential of asp5854 as an anti-pd drug using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydr ...200818657577
prediction of drug-induced qt interval prolongation in telemetered common marmosets.drug-induced qt interval prolongation is a critical issue in development of new chemical entities, so the pharmaceutical industry needs to evaluate risk as early as possible. common marmosets have been in the limelight in early-stage development due to their small size, which requires only a small amount of test drug. the purpose of this study was to determine the utility of telemetered common marmosets for predicting drug-induced qt interval prolongation. telemetry transmitters were implanted i ...200818670163
discrete retinal input to the parabrachial complex of a new-world primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).traditional retinal projections target three functionally complementary systems in the brain of mammals: the primary visual system, the visuomotor integration systems and the circadian timing system. in recent years, studies in several animals have been conducted to investigate the retinal projections to these three systems, despite some evidence of additional targets. the aim of this study was to disclose a previously unknown connection between the retina and the parabrachial complex of the com ...200818682276
the midget-parvocellular pathway of marmoset retina: a quantitative light microscopic study.the midget-parvocellular pathway in foveal retina of primates shows a "private line" (one-to-one) connectivity with cone photoreceptors. the connectivity of this pathway outside the fovea is not well understood. here, we studied the population of off midget bipolar cells across the retinae of marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) by using light microscopy. cone pedicles were labeled with peanut agglutinin, off midget bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies against cd15, and midget ganglion ce ...200818683219
safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the ml29 reassortant vaccine for lassa fever in small non-human primates.a single injection of ml29 reassortant vaccine for lassa fever induces low, transient viremia, and low or moderate levels of ml29 replication in tissues of common marmosets depending on the dose of the vaccination. the vaccination elicits specific immune responses and completely protects marmosets against fatal disease by induction of sterilizing cell-mediated immunity. dna array analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors exposed to ml29 revealed that gene expressio ...200818692539
germ cell differentiation in the marmoset (callithrix jacchus) during fetal and neonatal life closely parallels that in the human.testicular germ cell tumours (tgct) are thought to originate from fetal germ cells that fail to differentiate normally, but no animal model for these events has been described. we evaluated the marmoset (callithrix jacchus) as a model by comparing perinatal germ cell differentiation with that in humans.200818694875
microarray analysis of choroid/rpe gene expression in marmoset eyes undergoing changes in ocular growth and refraction.visually guided ocular growth is facilitated by scleral extracellular matrix remodeling at the posterior pole of the eye. coincident with scleral remodeling, significant changes in choroidal morphology, blood flow, and protein synthesis have been shown to occur in eyes undergoing ocular growth changes. the current study is designed to identify gene expression changes that may occur in the choroid/retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) of marmoset eyes during their compensation for hyperopic defocus as ...200818698376
construction of a high-performance human fetal liver-derived lentiviral cdna library.the gene transduction method is a very powerful tool, not only in basic science but also in clinical medicine. regenerative medicine is one field that has close connection with both basic and clinical. recently, it has been reported that induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells can be produced from somatic cells by a three or four gene transduction. we have also recently reported that lentiviral gene transfer of the tal1/scl gene can efficiently differentiate non-human primate common marmoset es cel ...200818709335
utility of habituation-dishabituation procedure for comparative cognitive studies of callithrix jacchus and aotus spp.: preliminary assessments.the utility of the habituation-dishabituation procedure was examined in the common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and the owl monkeys (aotus spp.). the same movies were repeatedly shown to monkeys during an habituation phase, followed by a test phase during which monkeys were presented with a different movie. the time monkeys spent looking at the movie gradually decreased during the habituation phase and then significantly increased when they were presented the new movie. the limited findings in ...200818712204
common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) as a potential animal model for studying psychological disorders associated with high and low responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.social non-human primates are potential animal models for studying changes in social dynamics because they build strong emotional bonds inside the group, much as do humans. the common marmoset, a small neotropical primate, is a suitable model because of its low maintenance cost and high reproductive output in captivity associated with the presence of affiliative relationships among the members of the social group and pair bond formation. the paradigm of involuntary separation is frequently used ...200818751524
exposure to infant scent lowers serum testosterone in father common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) males are bi-parental non-human primates that show extensive paternal behaviour. fathers are in direct sensory contact with their infants during the natal period. we found that fathers exposed to isolated scents of their infant displayed a significant drop in serum testosterone levels within 20min after exposure, whereas parentally naive males did not. these data suggest that infant's scent may have a causal role in regulating paternal testosterone in their f ...200818755659
effects of prenatal dexamethasone treatment on physical growth, pituitary-adrenal hormones, and performance of motor, motivational, and cognitive tasks in juvenile and adolescent common marmoset monkeys.synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone (dex) are commonly used to prevent respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants, but there is emerging evidence of subsequent neurobehavioral abnormalities (e.g. problems with inattention/hyperactivity). in the present study, we exposed pregnant common marmosets (callithrix jacchus, primates) to daily repeated dex (5 mg/kg by mouth) during either early (d 42-48) or late (d 90-96) pregnancy (gestation period of 144 days). relative to control, an ...200818755792
evolutionary modifications of human milk composition: evidence from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of anthropoid milks.brain growth in mammals is associated with increased accretion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcpufa) in brain phospholipids. the period of maximum accumulation is during the brain growth spurt. humans have a perinatal brain growth spurt, selectively accumulating docosahexaenoic acid (dha) and other lcpufa from the third trimester through the second year of life. the emphasis on rapid postnatal brain growth and lcpufa transfer during lactation has led to the suggestion that human mil ...200818809203
histopathology findings in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus linnaeus, 1758) with chronic weight loss associated with bile tract obstruction by infestation with platynosomum (loos, 1907).chronic weight loss in marmosets is often associated with wasting marmoset syndrome (wms), an important disease that occurs in callitrichid colonies around the world. even though its etiology is very difficult to determine, particular variables, such as weight loss, diarrhea and alopecia, associated or not with infestation in the pancreatic ducts with trichospirura leptossoma (nematoda: thelazioidea), seem to be linked with the syndrome. this study investigated the histopathology of the lungs, d ...200818841441
animal models for target diseases in gene therapy--using dna and sirna delivery strategies.nanoparticles, including lipopolyamines leading to lipoplexes, liposomes, and polyplexes are targeted drug carrier systems in the current search for a successful delivery system for polynucleic acids. this review is focused on the impact of gene and sirna delivery for studies of efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics within the setting of the wide variety of in vivo animal models now used. this critical appraisal of the recent literature sets out the different models that are currently ...200918841450
reproductive skew in female common marmosets: what can proximate mechanisms tell us about ultimate causes?common marmosets are cooperatively breeding monkeys that exhibit high reproductive skew: most subordinate females fail to reproduce, while others attempt to breed but produce very few surviving infants. an extensive dataset on the mechanisms limiting reproduction in laboratory-housed and free living subordinate females provides unique insights into the causes of reproductive skew. non-breeding adult females undergo suppression of ovulation and inhibition of sexual behaviour; however, they receiv ...200918945663
novel monoclonal antibodies recognizing different subsets of lymphocytes from the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).callithrix jacchus, the common marmoset, is a small new world primate that is considered effective as an experimental animal model for various human diseases. in this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against common marmoset lymphocytes for immunological studies on the common marmoset. we established five hybridoma clones, 6c9, 10d7, 6f10, 7a4 and 5a1, producing anti-marmoset mabs against cell surface antigens on marmoset t and/or b lymphocytes. we confirmed that 6c9 and 10d7 anti ...200818977390
substrate determines asymmetrical gait dynamics in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and squirrel monkeys (saimiri boliviensis).studies of skeletal pathology indicate that injury from falling accounts for most long bone trauma in free-ranging primates, suggesting that primates should be under strong selection to manifest morphological and behavioral mechanisms that increase stability on arboreal substrates. although previous studies have identified several kinematic and kinetic features of primate symmetrical gaits that serve to increase arboreal stability, very little work has focused on the dynamics of primate asymmetr ...200919003922
expression of synaptic and phototransduction markers during photoreceptor development in the marmoset monkey callithrix jacchus.marmoset photoreceptor development was studied to determine the expression sequence for synaptic, opsin, and phototransduction proteins. all markers appear first in cones within the incipient foveal center or in rods at the foveal edge. recoverin appears in cones across 70% of the retina at fetal day (fd) 88, indicating that it is expressed shortly after photoreceptors are generated. synaptic markers synaptophysin, sv2, glutamate vesicular transporter 1, and ctbp2 label foveal cones at fd 88 and ...200919003975
prenatal dexamethasone exposure in the common marmoset monkey enhances gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in the aorta of adult offspring.human epidemiological studies have indicated that low birth weight associated with an adverse intrauterine environment is related to a greater incidence of cardiovascular disorders in later life. in the foetus, endogenous glucocorticoids generally increase if there is intrauterine nutrient deficiency. the consequent glucocorticoid hyperexposure has been hypothesised to cause in utero programming of atherogenic genes. we investigated the effect of oral treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid ...200919005875
does diffusion-tensor mr imaging provide accurate tracing of specific white matter tracts that correspond to actual anatomic and functional units in the central nervous system?by using healthy common marmoset monkeys, yamada et al traced the retinogeniculate pathways with ultra high-spatial-resolution manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance (mr) imaging and diffusion-tensor imaging at 7 t. both methods were compared with morphologic findings described in published histopathologic studies. both methods provided identical tracing of the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts to the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn), faithfully reproducing the crossing of ...200819011176
diffusion-tensor neuronal fiber tractography and manganese-enhanced mr imaging of primate visual pathway in the common marmoset: preliminary results.to investigate whether diffusion-tensor tractography (dtt) of neuronal fibers is useful for delineating the configuration of the neuronal fiber trajectories in the primate visual pathway, including the well-developed optic chiasm, in comparison with tract tracing at manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance (mr) imaging.200819011185
contact calls of common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): influence of age of caller on antiphonal calling and other vocal responses.marmosets, as do many other primates, live in forest environments, are group living and constantly at risk of predation. retaining contact with one another is therefore a matter of survival. we ask here whether their contact calls (phee and twitter vocalizations) are in some way ordered acoustically by sex or age and whether the calls of older marmosets elicit different responses than those of younger marmosets. in our study, marmosets (2-14 years) were visually isolated from conspecifics and th ...200919026011
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