Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| effect of vacuolar atpase subunit h (vmah) on cellular ph, asexual cycle, stress tolerance and virulence in beauveria bassiana. | vacuolar atpase (v-atpase) is a conserved multi-subunit protein complex that mediates intracellular acidification in fungi. here we show functional diversity of v-atpase subunit h (bbvmah) in beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungal insect pathogen. deletion of bbvmah resulted in elevated vacuolar ph, increased ca(2+) level in cytosol but not in vacuoles, accelerated culture acidification and reduced accumulation of extracellular ammonia. aerial conidiation and submerged blastospore production w ... | 2017 | 28011319 |
| modeling acinetobacter baumannii wound infections: the critical role of iron. | acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an increasingly important and successful opportunistic human pathogen due to its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions, its characteristic virulence factors, and quick adaptability to stress. | 2017 | 28030490 |
| manipulating virulence factor availability can have complex consequences for infections. | given the rise of bacterial resistance against antibiotics, we urgently need alternative strategies to fight infections. some propose we should disarm rather than kill bacteria, through targeted disruption of their virulence factors. it is assumed that this approach (i) induces weak selection for resistance because it should only minimally impact bacterial fitness, and (ii) is specific, only interfering with the virulence factor in question. given that pathogenicity emerges from complex interact ... | 2017 | 28035238 |
| peptides derived from a phage display library inhibit adhesion and protect the host against infection by paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii. | paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii are dimorphic fungi and are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). adhesion is one of the most important steps in infections with paracoccidioides and is responsible for the differences in the virulence of isolates of these fungi. because of the importance of adhesion to the establishment of an infection, this study focused on the preliminary development of a new therapeutic strategy to inhibit adhesion by paracoccidioide ... | 2016 | 28066254 |
| genome-wide identification of antimicrobial intrinsic resistance determinants in staphylococcus aureus. | the emergence of antimicrobial resistance severely threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections. while acquired resistance has received considerable attention, relatively little is known of intrinsic resistance that allows bacteria to naturally withstand antimicrobials. gene products that confer intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial agents may be explored for alternative antimicrobial therapies, by potentiating the efficacy of existing antimicrobials. in this study, we identified the intr ... | 2016 | 28066345 |
| cinnamaldehyde inhibits staphylococcus aureus virulence factors and protects against infection in a galleria mellonella model. | bacterial resistance to the available marketed drugs has prompted the search of novel therapies; especially in regards of anti-virulence strategies that aim to make bacteria less pathogenic and/or decrease their probability to become resistant to therapy. cinnamaldehyde is widely known for its antibacterial properties through mechanisms that include the interaction of this compound with bacterial cell walls. however, only a handful of studies have addressed its effects on bacterial virulence, es ... | 2016 | 28066373 |
| the campylobacter jejuni oxidative stress regulator rrpb is associated with a genomic hypervariable region and altered oxidative stress resistance. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrhoeal disease worldwide. despite the microaerophilic nature of the bacterium, c. jejuni can survive the atmospheric oxygen conditions in the environment. bacteria that can survive either within a host or in the environment like c. jejuni require variable responses to survive the stresses associated with exposure to different levels of reactive oxygen species. the marr-type transcriptional regulators rrpa and rrpb have recently ... | 2016 | 28082970 |
| the pacc transcription factor regulates secondary metabolite production and stress response, but has only minor effects on virulence in the insect pathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana. | the pacc transcription factor is an important component of the fungal ambient ph-responsive regulatory system. loss of pacc in the insect pathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana resulted in an alkaline ph-dependent decrease in growth and ph-dependent increased susceptibility to osmotic (salt, sorbitol) stress and sds. extreme susceptibility to congo red was noted irrespective of ph, and δbbpacc conidia showed subtle increases in uv susceptibility. the δbbpacc mutant showed a reduced ability to acid ... | 2017 | 28083986 |
| virulent nontyphoidal salmonella producing ctx-m and cmy-2 β-lactamases from livestock, food and human infection, brazil. | 2017 | 28102761 | |
| 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones as narrow spectrum antibiotics against multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii. | with only two new classes of antibiotics developed in the last 40 years, novel antibiotics are desperately needed to combat the growing problem of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug resistant bacteria, particularly gram-negative bacteria. described in this letter is the synthesis and antibiotic activity of 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones as narrow spectrum antibiotics. optimization of the 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione scaffold identified a small molecule with potent antibiotic activity against ... | 2017 | 28105270 |
| rnai-based functional genomics identifies new virulence determinants in mucormycosis. | mucorales are an emerging group of human pathogens that are responsible for the lethal disease mucormycosis. unfortunately, functional studies on the genetic factors behind the virulence of these organisms are hampered by their limited genetic tractability, since they are reluctant to classical genetic tools like transposable elements or gene mapping. here, we describe an rnai-based functional genomic platform that allows the identification of new virulence factors through a forward genetic appr ... | 2017 | 28107502 |
| studies on the virome of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana reveal novel dsrna elements and mild hypervirulence. | the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana has a wide host range and is used as a biocontrol agent against arthropod pests. mycoviruses have been described in phytopathogenic fungi while in entomopathogenic fungi their presence has been reported only rarely. here we show that 21.3% of a collection of b. bassiana isolates sourced from worldwide locations, harbor dsrna elements. molecular characterization of these elements revealed the prevalence of mycoviruses belonging to the partitiviridae ... | 2017 | 28114361 |
| species diversity and population dynamics of entomopathogenic fungal species in the genus metarhizium-a spatiotemporal study. | we studied the species diversity and population genetic structure of isolates of fungi from the entomopathogenic genus metarhizium that had been isolated from sugarcane crops and surrounding grass. soil and leaf samples were taken on four sampling occasions over 13 months (october 2014-october 2015). isolations were made using the galleria mellonella baiting method and selective media. phylogenetic placement of isolates was done by sequencing a fragment of the 5' of the elongation factor 1-α gen ... | 2017 | 28124726 |
| [a rare and mortal infection agent in patients with hematological malignancies: saprochaete capitata]. | saprochaete capitata (formerly known as geotrichum capitatum and blastoschizomyces capitatus) is a rare invasive fungal agent that may lead to mortal clinical course in patients with hematological malignancies. this agent can be colonized in skin, lungs and intestines, and it can cause major opportunistic infections. invasive systemic infections due to s.capitata have been reported in immunosuppressed patients. in this report, two patients with invasive s.capitata infections detected during the ... | 2016 | 28124967 |
| effect of different wavelengths and dyes on candida albicans: in vivo study using galleria mellonella as an experimental model. | studies on photodynamic inactivation against microorganisms had a great development in recent years. the aim of this work was to test the application of different laser wavelengths with or without different photosensitizing dyes on candida albicans cells in vitro and in photodynamic therapy protocols in vivo in larvae of galleria mellonella. | 2017 | 28130177 |
| optimized expression of the antimicrobial protein gloverin from galleria mellonella using stably transformed drosophila melanogaster s2 cells. | antimicrobial proteins and peptides (amps) are valuable as leads in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel anti-infective drugs. here we describe the efficient heterologous expression and basic characterization of a gloverin-family amp derived from the greater wax moth galleria mellonella. highly productive single-cell clones prepared by limiting dilution achieved a 100% increase in productivity compared to the original polyclonal drosophila melanogaster s2 cell line. comprehen ... | 2017 | 28132128 |
| discovery of a highly virulent strain of photorhabdus luminescens ssp. akhurstii from meghalaya, india. | photorhabdus is an insect-pathogenic gram negative enterobacterium found in the gut of heterorhabditis nematodes. photorhabdus is highly virulent to insects, and can kill insects rapidly upon injection at very low concentrations of one to few cells. we characterized the virulence of photorhabdus symbionts isolated from the heterorhabditis nematodes collected from various parts of india by injecting different concentrations of bacterial cells into fourth instar larval stage of insect galleria mel ... | 2017 | 28148990 |
| lepidopteran species have a variety of defence strategies against bacterial infections. | the insect immune system has versatile ways of coping with microbial insults. currently, innate immune priming has been described in several invertebrates, and the first insights into its mechanistic basis have been described. here we studied infections with two different strains of serratia marcescens bacteria in two different lepidopteran hosts. the results reveal fundamental differences between the two hosts, a well-known model organism galleria mellonella and a non-model species arctia plant ... | 2017 | 28163013 |
| additive roles of two tps genes in trehalose synthesis, conidiation, multiple stress responses and host infection of a fungal insect pathogen. | intracellular trehalose accumulation is relevant to fungal life and pathogenicity. trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps) is known to control the first step of trehalose synthesis, but functions of multiple tps genes in some filamentous fungi are variable. here, we examined the functions of two tps genes (tpsa and tpsb) in beauveria bassiana, a fungal insect pathogen widely applied in arthropod pest control. intracellular tps activity and trehalose content decreased by 71-75 and 72-80% in δtpsa, a ... | 2017 | 28168316 |
| modulation of replicative lifespan in cryptococcus neoformans: implications for virulence. | the fungal pathogen, cryptococcus neoformans, has been shown to undergo replicative aging. old cells are characterized by advanced generational age and phenotypic changes that appear to mediate enhanced resistance to host and antifungal-based killing. as a consequence of this age-associated resilience, old cells accumulate during chronic infection. based on these findings, we hypothesized that shifting the generational age of a pathogenic yeast population would alter its vulnerability to the hos ... | 2017 | 28194146 |
| requirement of the rna-binding protein smpb during intracellular growth of listeria monocytogenes. | bacterial trans-translation is the main quality control mechanism employed to relieve stalled ribosomes. trans-translation is mediated by the small protein b (smpb) and transfer-mrna (tmrna) ribonucleoprotein complex, which interacts with translational complexes stalled at the 3' end of non-stop mrnas to release the stalled ribosomes thereby targeting the nascent polypeptides and truncated mrnas for degradation. the trans-translation system exists with a few exceptions in all bacteria. in the pr ... | 2017 | 28202229 |
| identification of a pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 dna methyltransferase, its targets, and physiological roles. | dna methylation is widespread among prokaryotes, and most dna methylation reactions are catalyzed by adenine dna methyltransferases, which are part of restriction-modification (r-m) systems. r-m systems are known for their role in the defense against foreign dna; however, dna methyltransferases also play functional roles in gene regulation. in this study, we used single-molecule real-time (smrt) sequencing to uncover the genome-wide dna methylation pattern in the opportunistic pathogen pseudomon ... | 2017 | 28223461 |
| analysis of the acute response of galleria mellonella larvae to potassium nitrate. | potassium nitrate (e252) is widely used as a food preservative and has applications in the treatment of high blood pressure however high doses are carcinogenic. larvae of galleria mellonella were administered potassium nitrate to establish whether the acute effects in larvae correlated with those evident in mammals. intra-haemocoel injection of potassium nitrate resulted in a significant increase in the density of circulating haemocytes and a small change in the relative proportions of haemocyte ... | 2017 | 28232230 |
| efficacy of rifampicin combination therapy for the treatment of enterococcal infections assessed in vivo using a galleria mellonella infection model. | enterococci are a leading cause of healthcare-associated infection worldwide and display increasing levels of resistance to many of the commonly used antimicrobials, making treatment of their infections challenging. combinations of antibiotics are occasionally employed to treat serious infections, allowing for the possibility of synergistic killing. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different antibacterial combinations against enterococcal isolates using an in vitro approach a ... | 2017 | 28235571 |
| dna methyltransferases contribute to the fungal development, stress tolerance and virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium robertsii. | dna methylation is an important epigenetic mark in mammals, plants, and fungi and depends on multiple genetic pathways involving de novo and maintenance dna methyltransferases (dnmtases). metarhizium robertsii, a model system for investigating insect-fungus interactions, has been used as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides. however, little is known concerning the molecular basis for dna methylation. here, we report on the roles of two dnmtases (mrrid and mrdim-2) by ... | 2017 | 28238081 |
| evaluation of combination therapy for burkholderia cenocepacia lung infection in different in vitro and in vivo models. | burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for life-threatening infections in cystic fibrosis patients. b. cenocepacia is extremely resistant towards antibiotics and therapy is complicated by its ability to form biofilms. we investigated the efficacy of an alternative antimicrobial strategy for b. cenocepacia lung infections using in vitro and in vivo models. a screening of the nih clinical collection 1&2 was performed against b. cenocepacia biofilms formed in 96-well micr ... | 2017 | 28248999 |
| a neuropeptide modulates sensory perception in the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema carpocapsae. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) employ a sophisticated chemosensory apparatus to detect potential hosts. understanding the molecular basis of relevant host-finding behaviours could facilitate improved epn biocontrol approaches, and could lend insight to similar behaviours in economically important mammalian parasites. fmrfamide-like peptides are enriched and conserved across the phylum nematoda, and have been linked with motor and sensory function, including dispersal and aggregating behaviour ... | 2017 | 28253355 |
| unexplored endemic fruit species from brazil: antibiofilm properties, insights into mode of action, and systemic toxicity of four eugenia spp. | brazilian endemic fruit species have aroused attention due to their highly valuable, yet unexplored, agro-industrial, food and therapeutic potential. herein, we describe the antifungal activity of four eugenia spp. against candida albicans biofilms, and further demonstrate insights into their potential mode(s) of action and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. extracts from different parts (seeds, pulps, leaves) of e. leitonii (el), e. brasiliensis (eb), e. myrcianthes (em) and e. involucrata (ei) wer ... | 2017 | 28259673 |
| overcoming an extremely drug resistant (xdr) pathogen: avibactam restores susceptibility to ceftazidime for burkholderia cepacia complex isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. | burkholderia multivorans is a significant health threat to persons with cystic fibrosis (cf). infections are difficult to treat as this pathogen is inherently resistant to multiple antibiotics. susceptibility testing of isolates obtained from cf respiratory cultures revealed that single agents selected from different antibiotic classes were unable to inhibit growth. however, all isolates were found to be susceptible to ceftazidime when combined with the novel non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor, ... | 2017 | 28264560 |
| lactobacillus paracasei modulates the immune system of galleria mellonella and protects against candida albicans infection. | probiotics have been described as a potential strategy to control opportunistic infections due to their ability to stimulate the immune system. using the non-vertebrate model host galleria mellonella, we evaluated whether clinical isolates of lactobacillus spp. are able to provide protection against candida albicans infection. among different strains of lactobacillus paracasei, lactobacillus rhamnosus and lactobacillus fermentum, we verified that l. paracasei 28.4 strain had the greatest ability ... | 2017 | 28267809 |
| the galleria mellonella larvae as an in vivo model for evaluation of shigella virulence. | shigella spp. causing bacterial diarrhea and dysentery are human enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens that are orally transmitted through contaminated food and water and cause bacillary dysentery. although natural shigella infections are restricted to humans and primates, several smaller animal models are used to analyze individual steps in pathogenesis. no animal model fully duplicates the human response and sustaining the models requires expensive animals, costly maintenance of animal facilities ... | 2017 | 28277944 |
| candida albicans mycofilms support staphylococcus aureus colonization and enhances miconazole resistance in dual-species interactions. | polymicrobial inter-kingdom biofilm infections represent a clinical management conundrum. the presence of co-isolation of bacteria and fungi complicates the ability to routinely administer single antimicrobial regimens, and synergy between the microorganisms influences infection severity. we therefore investigated the nosocomial pathogens staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans with respect to antimicrobial intervention. we characterized the interaction using biofilm assays and evaluated the ... | 2017 | 28280487 |
| [galleria mellonella larva model in evaluating the effects of biofilm in candida albicans]. | biofilm-related infections are chronic infections that cause serious increase in morbidity and mortality as well as significant economic loss. galleria mellonella larva is shown as a reliable animal model for in vivo toxicology and pathogenicity tests due to its large size, ease of practice, ability to survive at 15-37°c and its similarity to mammals' natural immune system. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects biofilm activity of candida albicans in a g.mellonella larva model. two c ... | 2017 | 28283008 |
| effect of serine protease kex2 on candida albicans virulence under halogenated methyl sulfones. | the effect of kex2 mutations on c. albicans virulence and resistance to halogenated methyl sulfones was assessed. | 2017 | 28287299 |
| passive vectoring of entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana among the wax moth galleria mellonella larvae by the ectoparasitoid habrobracon hebetor females. | females of the ectoparasitoid habrobracon hebetor attack and envenomate numerous host individuals during oviposition. the vectoring of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana during the adhesion stage by ectoparasitoid females among the wax moth larvae galleria mellonella was explored under laboratory conditions. vectoring occurred both from infected parasitoids to wax moth larvae and from infected to healthy wax moth larvae by parasitoids. the efficacy of vectoring in both cases was dose ... | 2017 | 28296161 |
| modulation of behaviour and virulence of a high alginate expressing pseudomonas aeruginosa strain from cystic fibrosis by oral commensal bacterium streptococcus anginosus. | cystic fibrosis (cf) airways harbour complex and dynamic polymicrobial communities that include many oral bacteria. despite increased knowledge of cf airway microbiomes the interaction between established cf pathogens and other resident microbes and resulting impact on disease progression is poorly understood. previous studies have demonstrated that oral commensal streptococci of the anginosus group (ags) can establish chronic pulmonary infections and become numerically dominant in cf sputa indi ... | 2017 | 28301571 |
| [the ecdysial rate of the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera, pyralidae), after x-irradiation, wounding, and combined injury in the pupal instar]. | 1. pupae of the greater wax moth,galleria mellonella l., were exposed to x-rays with different doses, to a certain wounding, or to both treatments in different combinations. the extent of damage was measured as the decrease of the frequency of ecdysis. 2. the factors of damage after the different treatments were analyzed by partial irradiation and histological methods. the results of the histological investigation were compared with normal development of important organs of thegalleria pupa, par ... | 1969 | 28304465 |
| developmental regulation of the larval hemolymph protein genes in galleria mellonella. | the role of juvenile hormone (jh) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-he) in the stage-specific expression of the larval hemolymph protein (lhp) genes, lhp82 and lhp76, was investigated in the waxmoth, galleria mellonella, larvae. northern blot and dot hybridization analyses of total rna in larvae that were undergoing an extralarval molt, induced either by cold shock or by application of jh to day-0 last instar larvae, showed that the last instar-specific lhp82 transcripts were not present during this mo ... | 1987 | 28305389 |
| role of hormones in starvation-induced delay in larval hemolymph protein gene expression in galleria mellonella. | developmental northern analysis of larval hemolymph protein gene transcripts in galleria mellonella showed that lhp76 is expressed all through the larval life, while lhp82 is expressed only during the last larval stadium. neither transcript was detectable in pharate adults and adult moths. in addition, these transcripts were not detectable during the first 48 h of the last larval stadium. experimental analyses of the effects of the nutritional state and the hormonal levels of the last instar lar ... | 1988 | 28305475 |
| sublethal effects of iridovirus disease in a mosquito. | recognition of the importance of debilitating effects of insect virus diseases is currently growing. commonly observed effects of sublethal infection at the individual level include extended development times, reduced pupal and adult weights, and lowered fecundity. however, for the most part, sublethal infections are assumed to be present in survivors of an inoculum challenge, rather than demonstrated to be present by microscopy or molecular techniques. invertebrate iridescent viruses are dsdna ... | 1999 | 28307761 |
| molecular characterization and amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis of entomopathogenic bacteria associated with rhabditis (oscheius) spp. | bacterial strains associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) rhabditis (oscheius) spp. were isolated from infected cadavers of galleria mellonella. the obtained 18 isolates were subdivided into nine phylogenetically different genera based on comparative sequence analysis of their 16s rrna genes. the isolates were affiliated to three different class namely γ-proteobacteria (enterobacter, proteus, providencia, pseudomonas, stenotrophomonas), β-proteobacteria (alcaligenes) and bacilli (bacil ... | 2016 | 28330100 |
| combining two antifungal agents does not enhance survival of galleria mellonella larvae infected with madurella mycetomatis. | to determine if combination therapy would improve therapeutic outcome in eumycetoma caused by madurella mycetomatis. | 2017 | 28342219 |
| functional investigation of iron-responsive microsomal proteins, including mirc, in aspergillus fumigatus. | the functionality of many microsome-associated proteins which exhibit altered abundance in response to iron limitation in aspergillus fumigatus is unknown. here, we generate and characterize eight gene deletion strains, and of most significance reveal that mirc (afua_2g05730) contributes to the maintenance of intracellular siderophore [ferricrocin (fc)] levels, augments conidiation, confers protection against oxidative stress, exhibits an intracellular localization and contributes to fungal viru ... | 2017 | 28367141 |
| galleria mellonella as an in vivo model for assessing the protective activity of probiotics against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. | the antagonistic activity against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens is an important property of probiotic bacteria and a desirable feature for pre-selection of novel strains with probiotic potential. pre-screening of candidate probiotics for antibacterial activity should be based on in vitro and in vivo tests. this study investigated whether the protective activity of probiotic bacteria against gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens can be evaluated using galleria mellonella larvae as an in viv ... | 2017 | 28369512 |
| glycosylated metal chelators as anti-parasitic agents with tunable selectivity. | trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania amazonensis are the causative agents of chagas' disease and leishmaniasis, respectively. these conditions affect millions of people worldwide, especially in developing countries. as such, there is an urgent need for novel, efficient and cost-effective treatments for these diseases, given the growing resistance and side-effects of current therapies. this work details the synthesis and evaluation of the anti-parasitic activity of novel amino- and iminopyridyl metal ... | 2017 | 28382355 |
| entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in brazil. | entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) can control pests due to the mutualistic association with bacteria that kill the host by septicemia and make the environment favorable for epns development and reproduction. the diversity of epns in brazilian soils requires further study. the identification of epns, adapted to environmental and climatic conditions of cultivated areas is important for sustainable pest suppression in integrated management programs in agricu ... | 2017 | 28382937 |
| molecular identification and genetic diversity among photorhabdus and xenorhabdus isolates. | five bacterial strains were isolated from the hemocoel of the greater wax moth larvae (galleria mellonella) infected with the entomopathogenic nematodes: heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp88, heterorhabditis indicus rm1 and heterorhabditis sp (s1), steinernema abbasi and steinernema sp. (s ii). strains were identified as photorhabdus luminescens hrm1, p. luminescens hs1, p. luminescens hp88, xenorhabdus indica and x. nematophila attc19061 using 16s rdna sequence analysis. to reveal the genetic div ... | 2017 | 28391470 |
| expression of the insect metalloproteinase inhibitor impi in the fat body of galleria mellonella exposed to infection with beauveria bassiana. | the inducible metalloproteinase inhibitor (impi) discovered in galleria mellonella is currently the only specific inhibitor of metalloproteinases found in animals. its role is to inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases secreted by pathogenic organisms as virulence factors to degrade immune-relevant polypeptides of the infected host. this is a good example of an evolutionary arms race between the insect hosts and their natural pathogens. in this report, we analyze the expression of a gene enco ... | 2017 | 28399190 |
| a novel restraint device for injection of galleria mellonella larvae that minimizes the risk of accidental operator needle stick injury. | larvae of the insect galleria mellonella are increasingly being used for studying pathogenic microbes and their virulence mechanisms, and as a rapid model for screening novel antimicrobial agents. the larvae (waxworms) are most frequently infected by injection of pathogenic organisms into the haemocoel through the insect's prolegs. the mostly widely used method for restraining the waxworms for injection is by grasping them between the operator's fingers, which puts the operator at risk of needle ... | 2017 | 28401069 |