Publications

cytotoxic effects of children's faeces: relation to diarrhoea due to clostridium difficile and other enteric pathogens.	cytotoxicity of faecal extracts was demonstrated in 47 of 88 children (54%) referred for microbiological investigation of stools. cytotoxic clostridium difficile and vertotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) were the pathogens identified most commonly but cytotoxicity was also found in association with campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp, shigella sonnei, giardia lamblia, rotavirus, adenovirus and poliovirus type 1 which had been acquired by oral immunization. in two patients, one of whom had cyst ...	1991	1715139
sensitivity of shigella flexneri and escherichia coli bacteria to bacteriophages and to colicins, lost or established by the acquisition of r plasmids.	lac+ recombinant of shigella flexneri 2a carrying r-factors of the standard set have been constructed. the r+ transconjugants obtained have been compared with the original strain with respect to their susceptibility to a set of bacteriophages recommended for phagetyping of shigella strains and to a set of colicins. it have been found that as a result of acquiring some r-factors the susceptibility to bacteriophages changes; presence of certain r-factors causes susceptibility, that of other r-fact ...	1990	1715637
sensitivity of shigella strains to bactericidal activity of human serum. i. participation of two independently active mechanisms in bactericidal action against shigella sonnei phase ii.	normal human serum is strongly bactericidal for all studied shigella sonnei phase ii (10 strains). the studied bacteria were sensitive to two alternative mechanisms of the bactericidal activity of serum factors. the first mechanism involves the action of serum in which complement (c) is activated by the studied bacteria via the classical pathway. lysozyme did not participate in this reaction. the second mechanism involves the combined action of two factors: c activated via the alternative pathwa ...	1990	1715644
sensitivity of shigella strains to the bactericidal activity of human serum. ii. shigella flexneri 3 a is killed by complement activated via the classical pathway, with participation of lysozyme.	normal human serum is bactericidal for all studied strains (15) of shigella flexneri serotype 3a. the activity of the serum was similar irrespective of the invasiveness of the bacteria or its lack. the studied bacteria were susceptible to a single mechanism of bactericidal activity involving complement activated via the classical pathway, accompanied by the action of lysozyme.	1990	1715645
sensitivity of shigella strains to the bactericidal activity of human serum. iii. the diversity of activity variants of bactericidal serum factors against shigella flexneri serotypes.	normal human serum is bactericidal for all studied shigella flexneri strains (38) belonging to nine serotypes. six variants of bactericidal activity of serum factors for these bacteria were determined.	1990	1715646
protective ribosomal preparation from shigella sonnei as a parenteral candidate vaccine.	a parenteral shigella ribosomal vaccine (srv) was investigated in animals for safety, antibody-inducing capacity, and protective activity. ribosomal preparations from a shigella sonnei phase i avirulent strain were obtained and shown to possess chemical, sedimentation, and other properties typical of bacterial ribosomes. no endotoxin contamination was revealed by a ketodeoxyoctonate assay, although the presence of some kind of o antigen was evidenced by serological findings and the high activity ...	1991	1716612
evolution of the ferric enterobactin receptor in gram-negative bacteria.	using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of iron-deficient and replete cell envelopes, 59fe-siderophore uptake studies, and western immunoblots and cytofluorimetric analyses with monoclonal antibodies (mabs), we surveyed a panel of gram-negative bacteria to identify outer membrane proteins that are structurally related to the escherichia coli k-12 ferric enterobactin receptor, fepa. antibodies within the panel identified fepa epitopes that are conserved among the majority ...	1991	1717434
the putative role of members of the cea-gene family (cea, nca an bgp) as ligands for the bacterial colonization of different human epithelial tissues.	immobilized purified cea (carcinoembryonic antigen), nca (non-specific crossreacting antigen) and bgp i (biliary glycoprotein i) bind strains of e. coli (including epec) and some salmonella species (including s. typhi, s. paratyphi a + b and s. java) while shigella-, yersinia- and bacteroides- strains showed no adhesion. the binding was of high avidity, heat sensitive, dose dependent, saturable and nearly completely abolished in the presence of 10 mm alpha-methylmannoside. from inhibition studie ...	1991	1718301
relatedness of o-specific lipopolysaccharide side chain genes from strains of shigella boydii type 12 belonging to two clonal groups and from escherichia coli o7:k1.	the o-specific lipopolysaccharide side chains of escherichia coli o7 and shigella boydii type 12 possess similar but not identical chemical structures. we investigated the genetic relatedness between the o-specific side chain genes in members of these two species. examination of outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide (lps) banding patterns demonstrated that five strains which had been identified as s. boydii type 12 fell into two clonal groups, sb1 and sb2. hybridizations with o7-specific ...	1991	1718868
[the immunogenic and serological properties of the o-specific polysaccharide (l-hapten) in shigella].	o-specific polysaccharide (l-hapten) was isolated earlier (zh. mikrobiol. epidemiol. immunobiol., 1989, no. 11, pp. 8-11). in this paper l-hapten was shown to be unable, even at high concentrations (up to 2,000 micrograms/ml), to sensitize sheep red blood cells for passive hemagglutination by o-antibodies. at the same time classical lps and heat-activated lps were active at concentrations ot 32 and 8 micrograms/ml respectively. the o-antibody-neutralizing activity of l-hapten was lower than that ...	1991	1719715
[the immunogenic properties of the endotoxin protein: serum antibodies in animals and man].	endotoxin protein or lipid a-associated protein (lap) from shigella sonnei was isolated and characterized earlier (zh. mikrobiol. epidemiol. immunobiol., 1991, no. 4, pp. 47-50). in this investigation serum antibodies against lap were studied in elisa anti-lap antibodies were detected in high titers in the sera of nonimmunized mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys and healthy adults. we suppose that normal anti-lap antibodies resulted from interaction between the immune system and environmental en ...	1991	1719717
the oac gene encoding a lipopolysaccharide o-antigen acetylase maps adjacent to the integrase-encoding gene on the genome of shigella flexneri bacteriophage sf6.	lysogens of shigella flexneri harbouring the temperate bacteriophage, sf6, have been previously shown to undergo a serotype conversion due to o-acetylation of the o-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide. a partial physical map of the phage genome has been constructed. analysis of the phage dna suggests that the phage packages by a headful mechanism and that the mature dna molecules are terminally redundant. cloning of the psti fragments of sf6 enabled the region encoding the serotype conversion to b ...	1991	1720755
[preparation of dried semiproduct in the manufacture of medicinal forms of bacteriophages].	the authors have found the optimal regimen for dehydration by spraying the staphylococcus and shigella bacteriophage semiproducts. the semiproduct quality answers the requirements to such reagents. the spraying method is recommended for bacteriophage preservation in preparing some dosage forms (suppositoria, ointments).	1991	1722856
restriction fragment length polymorphisms in rrna operons for subtyping shigella sonnei.	shigella sonnei is the most frequent cause of shigellosis in the united states. epidemiologic studies of this organism have been hampered by the lack of adequate typing procedures. ribosomal dna analysis (ribotyping), a method which analyzes restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the chromosomal genes that encode rrna, has recently been shown to be useful for microbial species identification and subtyping. to determine whether ribotyping could be used to distinguish between s. sonnei isola ...	1991	1723069
genetic analysis of the rfb region of shigella flexneri encoding the y serotype o-antigen specificity.	the gene cluster (rfb region) which determines the biosynthesis of the shigella flexneri o-antigen of the y serotype specificity was cloned from a s. flexneri serotype 2a strain. two plasmids, ppm2212 and ppm2213, which conferred o-antigen biosynthesis were generated from separate cosmid clones by deletion with clal. these plasmids expressed o-antigen in escherichia coli k12 like that of the parental strain, as assessed by reactions to antisera in colony and western immunoblots, sensitivity to b ...	1991	1724058
shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli infections in households of children with dysentery in bangkok.	shigellae and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) were identified in children with dysentery and their household contacts in bangkok. shigellae were isolated from 49% and eiec from 6% of 306 children with dysentery seen at the outpatient department of children's hospital on weekdays during january through june 1989 and october 1989 through october 1990. the same serotype infecting the index child was isolated from 21 (4%) of 522 household contacts of 151 index children with shigella infection ...	1992	1727884
repeated, childhood vaginal bleeding is not always precocious puberty.		1992	1728002
shigella flexneri enters human colonic caco-2 epithelial cells through the basolateral pole.	the commonly accepted view that enteroinvasive bacteria enter cells of the intestinal epithelial lining through the apical surface can be challenged in the case of shigellosis. this study is based on in vitro experiments that showed that the invasion of human colonic caco-2 cells by shigella flexneri occurred through the basolateral pole of these cells. in these experiments, the few bacteria that interacted with the apical surface either bound to microvilli of the cell dome without causing detec ...	1992	1729185
clinical evaluations of the wellcolex colour shigella and salmonella tests.	the wellcolex colour salmonella and shigella tests are rapid latex agglutination procedures for grouping salmonella and shigella using an antibody attached to multicolored latex particles. the tests correctly grouped 46 (100%) of 46 salmonella clinical isolates in groups a through e and g, 42 (100%) of 42 shigella clinical isolates, and seven (88%) of eight shigella stock cultures. the stock culture missed had been passed through many transfers and may have lost some of its antigenicity. the wel ...	1992	1730182
the expression of virulence genes in listeria monocytogenes is thermoregulated.	the expression of listeriolysin, a major virulence factor of the gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes, is positively regulated by a transcriptional activator, the prfa gene product. we had previously shown that mutations within the prfa gene lead to loss of listeriolysin production. in this communication, the regulation of expression of listeriolysin by a specific environmental condition, namely, temperature, was studied in wild-type strains of listeria monocyt ...	1992	1732227
reevaluation of the api 20e identification system versus conventional biochemicals for identification of members of the family enterobacteriaceae: a new look at an old product.	the api 20e bacterial identification system has been used for 19 years, often as the standard with which other identification systems are compared. because the accuracy of this system compared with conventional biochemical tests has not been determined in many years, we evaluated the api 20e linear strip by using 291 typical and atypical strains of the family enterobacteriaceae taken from a culture collection. at 24 h, the api 20e correctly identified by genus and species 229 of 291 (78.7%) of t ...	1992	1734043
the agrobacterium tumefaciens vir gene transcriptional activator virg is transcriptionally induced by acid ph and other stress stimuli.	a set of agrobacterium tumefaciens operons required for pathogenesis is coordinately induced during plant infection by the vira and virg proteins. the intracellular concentration of virg increases in response to acidic media, and this response was proposed to be regulated at the level of transcription at a promoter (p2) that resembles the escherichia coli heat shock promoters. to test this hypothesis, we first constructed a virg-lacz transcriptional fusion. a strain containing this fusion had hi ...	1992	1735712
crystal structure of the cell-binding b oligomer of verotoxin-1 from e. coli.	the shiga toxin family, a group of cytotoxins associated with diarrhoeal diseases and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, includes shiga toxin from shigella dysenteriae type 1 and verotoxins produced by enteropathogenic escherichia coli. the family belongs to the a-b class of bacterial toxins, which includes the cholera toxin family, pertussis and diphtheria toxins. these toxins all have bipartite structures consisting of an enzymatic a subunit associated with a b oligomer which binds to specific c ...	1992	1741063
[molecular and cellular bases of shigella flexneri virulence].	shigella flexneri, a gram negative bacillus, causes bacillary dysentery, an ulcerative disease of the human colon, by invading intestinal epithelial cells. entry into epithelial cells occurs via an induced phagocytic process which involves the actino-myosin complex. the host-cell receptor and the transmembrane signal which initiate reorganization of the cytoskeleton are under study. binding to integrins has recently been demonstrated in related models such as the entry of yersinia pseudotubercul ...	1991	1742620
can isolation of aeromonas hydrophila from human feces have any clinical significance?	a total of 27,480 stool specimens from 15,548 patients with gastroenteritis were analyzed for bacterial enteropathogens during a 4-year period between 1986-89 at a major referral center in saudi arabia. bacterial pathogens were isolated from 1,152 patients, salmonella being the most frequent, followed by campylobacter, shigella, and aeromonas hydrophila. the latter bacterium was found in 58 patients; seven of them were associated with other enteric pathogens, but a. hydrophila was the only organ ...	1991	1744389
possible mechanisms underlying the slow lactose fermentation phenotype in shigella spp.	a southern hybridization analysis revealed that the region homologous to escherichia coli lacz was present on the chromosomal dnas of beta-galactosidase-positive shigella strains, such as shigella dysenteriae serovar 1 and shigella sonnei strains, whereas this region was absent from chromosomal dnas of beta-galactosidase-negative strains of shigella flexneri and shigella boydii. we found that the lacy-a region was deficient in s. dysenteriae serovar 1 and believe that this is the reason for the ...	1991	1746953
molecular mimickry between hla b27 and yersinia, salmonella, shigella and klebsiella within the same region of hla alpha 1-helix.	two new examples of amino acid homology between hla b27 and microbes triggering hla b27-associated diseases are described. an outer membrane protein yada (yersinia adhesin, previously called yop1) of yersinia enterocolitica and y. pseudotuberculosis shares a linear tetrapeptide with hla b27. a cationic outer membrane protein omph of salmonella typhimurium shares homology with five amino acids of hla b27 in a non-linear fashion. the four amino acids of yada are also notably included in the hexape ...	1991	1747948
in vitro activity of ro 09-1428 compared to other cephalosporins.	the in vitro activity of ro 09-1428, a new catechol-type parenteral cephalosporin, was compared to that of ceftazidime, e-1040, cefpirome and cefepime against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. ro 09-1428 inhibited group a streptococci at less than or equal to 0.12 micrograms/ml, and group b, c and g streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae at 0.5 micrograms/ml, whereas for staphylococcus aureus ro 09-1428 had mics of 8-16 micrograms/ml similar to ceftazidime and e-1040. against pseudom ...	1991	1748124
surveillance of patients attending a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in bangladesh.	in may 1983, a surveillance system was set up at a rural diarrhoea treatment centre of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b) to study a 20% systematic sample of all admissions. between may 1983 and april 1984, 2,635 patients were studied. a recognized enteric pathogen was detected in 69% of the patients screened, 15% of whom had a mixed infection. vibrio cholerae 0: 1 was the most common enteropathogen detected (39%), followed by enterotoxigenic escherich ...	1991	1750109
[a study of kirby-bauer method of antimicrobial sensitivity test and resistant plasmid assay with 486 strains of shigella isolated clinically].	486 cases of bacillary dysentery admitted to an army hospital during the peak season (july to september) from 1986 to 1988 were studied. the pathogens in 452 cases were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity with 14 kinds of antibiotics by using kirby-bauer method recommended by who. the results showed that the number of antibiotics to which the dysentery bacteria became resistant had increased. in 1986 the number was 9, while in 1987 and 1988 it increased to 12 and 13 respectively. among the resi ...	1991	1752157
contact-haemolysin production by entero-invasive escherichia coli and shigellae.	entero-invasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigellae were tested for contact-haemolysin (ch) with red blood cells (rbcs) of guinea-pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, monkey, man, sheep and chicken; all bacteria showed the best lysis with guinea-pig rbcs. the best culture medium for ch activity of shigellae was tryptic soy broth, and for eiec it was casamino acid-yeast extract broth with 1 mm cacl2. ch production by all species was best at the slightly alkaline ph which is optimal for growth; it was also ...	1991	1753390
[bilateral chorioretinitis after infection with yersinia enterocolitica].	we report a case of severe, bilateral panuveitis with disseminated chorioretinis. with systemic steroid therapy the inflammation resolved within 4 weeks, resulting in chorioretinal scarring. because the agglutination titer against yersinia enterocolitica type 3 was increased to 6 times over normal, we consider yersinia to be the most probable cause of the panuveitis. concomitantly, serology revealed evidence for recent infection with mumps and shigella. both can cause anterior uveitis. therefore ...	1991	1757029
use of multiple markers for investigation of an epidemic of shigella sonnei infections in monroe county, new york.	antibiotic susceptibility patterns, plasmid profiles, and endonuclease restriction analysis of plasmid dna were used in the investigation of an epidemic of shigella sonnei infections in monroe county, new york, in 1988 and 1989. the epidemic peaked during the winter, included the simultaneous transmission of the disease from person to person and from common food sources, and especially affected inhabitants of the poor, inner-city neighborhoods, young children of both sexes, and women. resistance ...	1991	1757559
antimicrobial resistance trends of shigellae isolates from calabar, nigeria.	during a 3-year study (january 1986-december 1988), stools of 2200 diarrhoeal or dysenteric patients were examined by culturing and 108 (4.9%) were found positive for shigellae. shigella flexneri was the commonest species isolated (54.6%), followed by sh. dysenteriae (24.1%). patients aged less than or equal to 15 years accounted for 51.4% of cases. shigellae over the 3 years showed high and sometimes rising resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and cotrimoxazole and complete r ...	1991	1758013
plasmid-associated resistance to pivmecillinam in shigella flexneri and shigella boydii.		1991	1761454
randomized clinical trial of norfloxacin for shigellosis.	in a randomized clinical trial, norfloxacin was compared with nalidixic acid in the treatment of acute invasive diarrhea, with particular reference to shigellosis in adults. of 104 patients studied, 40 were positive for shigella in stool cultures, of which 22 received norfloxacin and 18 received nalidixic acid. the patients in these two groups were comparable on admission. in the treatment of culture-positive shigellosis cases, the responses to therapy with both drugs were similar, except that t ...	1991	1763794
quarterly communicable disease review april to june 1991. from the phls communicable disease surveillance centre.		1991	1764292
gastroenterological emergencies in the tropics.	significant differences exist in the prevalence of most gastroenterological emergencies in tropical compared with temperate countries. both ethnic and environmental (often clearly defined geographically) factors are relevant. the major oesophageal lesions which can present acutely in tropical countries are varices and carcinoma; bleeding and obstruction are important sequelae. peptic ulcer disease (and its complications), often associated (not necessarily causally) with helicobacter pylori infec ...	1991	1764626
the pathogenic mechanisms of shiga toxin and the shiga-like toxins.	it is now well documented that some enteric bacteria which cause diarrhoeal and/or dysenteric disease produce, at high levels, one or more of a family of protein toxins referred to as shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins (slts; alternatively called verocytotoxins or vts). within the past few years, there have been considerable advancements made in our understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of shiga toxin and slts. however, the precise role of the toxins in mediating colonic disease ...	1991	1766367
nucleotide sequence of the ipabcd structural genes of shigella dysenteriae.	a 9 kb ecori and two psti fragments from the virulence plasmid of shigella dysenteriae cg097 were shown to contain all ipa genes by probing with shigella flexneri ipab, -c, -d and -a gene probes. the dna sequences of s. dysenteriae ipabc genes were very similar to those of s. flexneri m90t and s. flexneri ysh6000, but ipad differed by 22 codons from that of s. flexneri. the differences in ipad may account for the different in vitro host specificities shown by s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri. the ...	1991	1766387
[development of a rehydration therapy in diarrheic disease. 1980].	intravenous rehydration is required only in patients with severe diarrhea due to v. cholerae who are in shock, with absent peripheral pulse and blood pressure; when the shock has been corrected, rehydration can be completed using an oral rehydration solution. the intravenous solution to be used is 5:4: 1 (5g of sodium chloride, 4g of sodium bicarbonate and 1g of potassium chloride per liter) or a comparable commercial alkaline solution. for oral rehydration a solution is used containing 3.5 g so ...	1991	1767034
structure of the o-antigen of francisella tularensis strain 15.	the o-specific polysaccharide, obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of francisella tularensis strain 15, contained 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (d-quinac), 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-d-glucose (d-qui4nfm), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonamide (d-galnacan) in the ratios 1:1:2. tri- and tetra-saccharide fragments were obtained on treatment of the polysaccharide with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and partial hydrolysis with 0.1 m hydrochloric acid, respectively. on the b ...	1991	1769021
shigella dysenteriae 60r strain adheres to and invades tissue culture cells in the absence of virulence plasmid.	evidence is presented that a high level shiga toxin-producing strain shigella dysenteriae 60r adheres to and invades the epithelial cell lines hct8 and henle 407. the invasive phenotype of s. dysenteriae 60r differs in four ways from the heretofore studied invasive shigella phenotypes. first, s. dysenteriae 60r lacks the virulence plasmid characteristic of other invasive shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. second, hybridization studies show that the known ipa genes are neither pre ...	1991	1769541
evidence for long-term memory of the mucosal immune system: milk secretory immunoglobulin a against shigella lipopolysaccharides.	although the common mucosal immune system has generally been considered to have only short-term memory, recent data suggest that long-term memory exists for shigella virulence plasmid antigens. because such antigens might cross-react with environmental antigens, we investigated milk for the persistence of antibodies to the specific shigella lipopolysaccharide (lps) antigens. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) against shigella flexneri and shigella sonn ...	1991	1774268
detection of shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae type 1 and escherichia coli by using polymerase chain reaction with incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dutp.	a technique has been developed for the detection of shiga toxin- and shiga-like toxin type i (sht/slt-i)-producing shigella dysenteriae type 1 and escherichia coli by using the polymerase chain reaction with the incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dutp. target dna liberated from whole cells was amplified, using primer pairs homologous to the a-subunit genes of sht/slt-i. the ttp analog digoxigenin-11-dutp was incorporated into the reaction mixture, permitting nonradioactive labeling of the amplified ...	1991	1774316
outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to salmonella weltevreden in a guinea pig colony.	the purpose of this report is to demonstrate that the ability to produce keratoconjunctivitis (kc) is a property found in salmonella weltevreden. this observation is contrary to previous reports that salmonella spp. do not produce kc. an outbreak of kc due to s. weltevreden occurred in a guinea pig colony, and the animals carried the organism in the intestinal tract. the same salmonella serotype that caused an epidemic of diarrhea in humans and a routine laboratory isolate also possessed the abi ...	1991	1774327
efficacy and safety of oral cefixime therapy in common infectious diseases in children.	twenty-nine children, including 20 boys and 9 girls, were enrolled in an open trial of oral cefixime therapy for common pediatric infectious diseases. patients aged between 0.5 month and 12 years with a mean +/- standard deviation of 2.3 +/- 2.8 years. the diagnoses included 10 of acute otitis media, 2 of purulent rhinitis, 4 of acute enterocolitis, and 13 of urinary tract infection. most children received 6-12 mg/kg/day of cefixime granules, orally twice daily for more than five days. all 10 ca ...	1991	1776438
shigella in hiv infection.		1991	1777165
optimal growth temperature for the isolation of plesiomonas shigelloides, using various selective and differential agars.	the growth characteristics of known strains of plesiomonas shigelloides were compared with those of aeromonas species (the major competing species in environmental waters) on plesiomonas differential agar, inositol brilliant green bile salt, and modified salmonella-shigella agar at incubation temperatures of 37, 42, and 44 degrees c. using local isolates from clinical and environmental sources, optimal growth conditions, as determined by colony counts and the colony characteristics, plesiomonas ...	1991	1777858
molecular cloning and genetic analysis of the rfb region from shigella flexneri type 6 in escherichia coli k-12.	the rfb gene cluster which determines the biosynthesis of the shigella flexneri serotype 6 o-antigen specificity has been cloned in phc79, generating plasmids ppm3115 and ppm3116. these plasmids mediate expression, in escherichia coli k-12, of lipopolysaccharides (lps) immunologically similar to the s. flexneri type 6 lps as judged by sds-page and western-immunoblot analysis using s. flexneri type 6 specific antisera. thus, unlike other s. flexneri serotypes, no additional loci are required for ...	1991	1778433
environmental signals induce major changes in virulence of shigella spp.	growth conditions play a major role in expression of virulence by shigella spp. both in vitro (adherence and internalization in eukaryotic host cells) and in vivo (keratoconjunctivitis). optimized expression of virulence required anaerobic growth to log phase in particular media such as brain heart infusion broth. kinetic studies of guinea pig eye infections showed that as few as 2 x 10(5) s. dysenteriae cg097 or s. flexneri m90t, grown under these optimized conditions, produced keratoconjunctiv ...	1991	1778444
regulation of toxa and rega by the escherichia coli fur gene and identification of a fur homologue in pseudomonas aeruginosa pa103 and pa01.	a multicopy plasmid containing the escherichia coli fur gene was introduced into pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pa103c. this strain contains a toxa-lacz fusion integrated into its chromosome at the toxa locus. beta-galactosidase synthesis in this strain is regulated by iron, as is seen for exotoxin a production. beta-galactosidase synthesis and exotoxin a production in pa103c containing multiple copies of e. coli fur was still repressed in low iron conditions. the transcription of rega, a positiv ...	1991	1779768
molecular pathogenesis of shigellosis: a review.		1991	1779886
effect of duration of diarrhoea and predictive values of stool leucocytes and red blood cells in the isolation of different serogroups or serotypes of shigella.	diarrhoeal stools from 11,358 patients were microscopically examined for the presence of white and red blood cells (wbc and rbc) and cultured for enteric pathogens. of the 3895 patients who had shigella as sole pathogens, 2681 (72.3%) showed the presence of both wbc and rbc and the remainder had only wbc (p less than 0.001). the presence of both wbc and rbc was as good a predictor of shigellosis as the presence of greater than 25 wbc per high power field (hpf) of the microscope with or without r ...	1991	1781003
diarrhoeal disease in children less than one year of age at a children's hospital in guangzhou, people's republic of china.	we performed a case-control study of diarrhoea to determine its causes in children less than 1 year old in guangzhou, people's republic of china, in april to september 1989. stools were cultured for salmonella, shigella, campylobacter and vibrios by standard techniques; rotavirus (rv) was identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and specific deoxyribonucleic acid probes were used to identify escherichia coli containing genes coding for shiga-like toxin i and ii, enteropathogenic e. coli ...	1991	1781004
[latex test used for diagnosis of dysentery caused by shigella sonnei].	the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of latex reagent coated with immunoglobulins specific for antigens of phase i and ii of s. sonnei for detection of these antigens in primary, mixed bacterial cultures. the study was performed on 919 fecal samples from individuals with clinical symptoms of dysentery, convalescents and from contact individuals. material used for the test was bacterial suspension collected from mcconkey or ss agars and a culture from selenite f broth heated at 10 ...	1991	1784135
childhood diarrhoea in a low-income urban community in bangkok: incidence, clinical features, and child caretaker's behaviours.	a one-year surveillance study of childhood diarrhoea in a low-income urban community in bangkok revealed an annual incidence of 2.2 episodes per child among infants, and that the overall annual incidence among children under five years of age was 0.9 per child. rotavirus, salmonella and campylobacter jejuni were common aetiologic agents. in children less than one year, diarrhoea was caused mostly by rotavirus and salmonella. in 1-2 year old children, the major causative agent was rotavirus while ...	1991	1787280
[the effect of the synergistic action of enterotoxin on the specific protective complex of shigella sonnei].	the study has first established that enterotoxin enhances the protective potency of s. sonnei specific protective complex. this effect has been revealed both in experiments of the oral immunization of mice and in experiments of the conjunctival immunization of guinea pigs and depends on the dose of enterotoxin used in the experiment. the increase of protection has a specific character. these observations open prospects for further enhancement for the protective properties of s. sonnei specific p ...	1991	1789032
[the culture of discussions and a little bit on the epidemiology of intestinal infections].		1991	1789044
["the modern theoretical and practical concepts of the epidemiology of shigellosis" and the culture of discussions].		1991	1789045
evaluation of an intervention program in the control of an urban outbreak of shigellosis.	community-wide outbreaks of shigellosis are a persistent public health problem. we evaluated the effect of a household-based intervention program on the control of an urban outbreak of s. sonnei gastroenteritis. during the intervention we attempted to contact all households with culture-confirmed s. sonnei and provide education in methods to prevent spread of shigella. subsequently we conducted a survey of intervention (n = 43) and nonintervention (n = 33) households. we also conducted a serosur ...	1991	1790035
[in vitro antimicrobial activity of rokitamycin, a macrolide antibacterial agent, against clinically isolated strains of campylobacter and other enteritis-causing bacteria].	we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of rokitamycin (tms-19-q, rkm), a macrolide antimicrobial agent, against strains of various bacterial species isolated from enteritis patients, and compared them with those of josamycin (jm), erythromycin (em) and ofloxacin (oflx). mic90 of rkm against 147 strains of campylobacter jejuni, and each 25 strains of shigella spp., salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic escherichia coli were 1.56, 200, 800 and 200 micrograms/ml, respectively. there ...	1991	1791330
a possible role of crows in the spread of diarrhoeal diseases in aden.	the indian house crow (corvus splendens) has increased dramatically in number in aden. these birds pollute the environment by dropping their faecal material all over the city. they may accordingly be related to important public health problems. the present work aimed at investigating the possibility that they play a role in the spread of diarrheal diseases. one hundred and fifty crows were collected and their liver, intestine and cloaca examined bacteriologically for enterobacteriaceae and vibri ...	1991	1791416
synthesis, antimicrobial, and antitumor activity of a series of palladium(ii) mixed ligand complexes.	mixed ligand complexes of cisdichloromethioninepalladium(ii) with 2-mercaptopyrimidine and 2-aminopyrimidine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity data, infrared, and 1h nmr and 13c nmr spectra. in these mixed ligand complexes methionine coordinates to palladium through amino nitrogen and sulphur, thus leaving a free carboxylic acid group. the pyrimidine ligand coordinates to metal ion through n3. mixed ligand complexes of cisdichloroethioninepalladium(ii) with c ...	1991	1791468
sequence variation in two ipah genes of shigella flexneri 5 and homology to the lrg-like family of proteins.	oligonucleotide primers derived from the ipah7.8 sequence have been used to determine the boundaries of dna sequence homology among five ipah genes on the invasion plasmid (pwr100) of shigella flexneri 5, strain m9ot-w. the primary structure of ipah4.5 has been established from dna sequence analysis. the first 197 amino acids in ipah7.8 were replaced in ipah4.5 by a unique set of 251 amino acids, generating two related proteins with variable and conserved sequences. the amino-terminal region of ...	1991	1791758
[the characteristics of the course of typhoid-paratyphoid diseases combined with acute dysentery].		1991	1792774
[plasmid analysis of antibiotic resistant shigella isolates].	a correlation between the multiple drug resistance patterns and the plasmid profiles given by 70 clinical isolates of shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri was investigated in this study. the most common plasmids were purified from different isolates by electroelution and characterized via restriction endonuclease digestions.	1991	1795658
[bacillary dysentery--1989].		1991	1796165
role of faecal leucocytes in the diagnostic evaluation of acute diarrhoea.	the value of faecal leucocyte examination was assessed in 400 infants with acute diarrhoea and 40 normal healthy infants. enteropathogens were isolated from 28.75%. escherichia coli was the commonest (16.5%) followed by salmonella typhimurium (7%), vibrio cholerae (3.25%) and shigella flexneri (1.5%). exudative response was observed in 57.1% of stools with salmonella and 66.6% each with shigella and e.i.e.c. infections. 81.3%, 89.5% and 87.7% of stools from which epec and etec and no enteropatho ...	1991	1797652
prognostic indicators and risk factors for increased duration of acute diarrhoea and for persistent diarrhoea in children.	to identify the prognostic indicators and risk factors for increased duration of acute diarrhoea and for occurrence of persistent diarrhoea (i.e. acute episodes lasting longer than 14 days) in children under three years, a systematic sample (3690) of patients attending a large treatment centre in bangladesh was analysed using multiple regression, logistic regression and stratified (mantel-haenszel) analysis. significant prognostic indicators or risk factors for increase in duration of acute diar ...	1991	1800405
an epidemic of waterborne shigella gastroenteritis in kibbutzim of western galilee in israel.	in an epidemic of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis, probably waterborne, 1216 people were affected within three weeks, 302 of them members of communal settlements, the kibbutzim. a descriptive study of the epidemic in six affected kibbutzim in the area showed that the highest rates of diarrhoea occurred in a kibbutz that received its drinking water solely from the allegedly contaminated well. people at high risk within the kibbutzim were temporary visitors from europe and the us (the volunteers), ...	1991	1800407
a study of the bacterial and parasitic causes of acute diarrhoea in northern jordan.	the prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diarrhoeagenic agents in 200 patients suffering from acute diarrhoea and reporting to hospitals and health centres in northern jordan, and in controls was determined. one or more bacterial or parasitic enteropathogens was isolated from 79 patients (39.5%). prevalence rates for these pathogens was as follows: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, 9%; enteropathogenic e. coli, 9%; salmonella spp. 7%; campylobacter spp, 5.5%; yersinia enterocolitica, 4.5%; shig ...	1991	1800560
campylobacter and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) associated gastroenteritis in turkish children.	from may 1989 to april 1990, stool specimens of 677 children less than 15-years old who were admitted to the hacettepe university outpatient department of pediatrics with acute enteritis were collected to search for four common enteric pathogens: salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec). at least one of the three bacteria was detected in 107 (15.8%) of the patients. campylobacter was found in 72 (10.6%) of the samples. shigella and salmonella spp. were ...	1991	1800562
serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates in singapore.	serogrouping of 506 shigella strains isolated in singapore from 1986 to 1990 showed that shigella flexneri (60.3%) was the most common, followed by s. sonnei (33.6%), s. boydii (3.2%) and s. dysenteriae (3%). of the 23 shigella serotypes identified, the predominant ones were s. flexneri types 2a and 1b, s. boydii types 1 and 5, and s. dysenteriae types 1 and 3. more than 80% of the shigella species were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, and the incidence of multiresistance was partic ...	1991	1800565
[shigella sonnei. an epidemic in a day-care institution].	epidemics caused by dysentery bacteria among children and adults in day-institutions are rare in denmark. the course of an epidemic of this type is reviewed. thirty children and six adults went on holiday to a deserted farmer's cottage under primitive conditions in the southern swedish woods. immediately prior to this holiday, two of the adults had had serious gastrointestinal infections during a hiking trip in south america. shigella sonnei was subsequently demonstrated in the stools from a tot ...	1991	1801384
[the adhesive properties of bacteria of intestinal origin].	differences between strains of nonpathogenic escherichia and lactobacilli, as well as some pathogenic bacteria of enteric origin (escherichia, shigella, campylobacter), in their capacity to adhesion to rat enteric and colonic cells have been shown in vitro. the strains under study have been found to possess more pronounced adhesiveness with respect to colonic cells, which is indicative of their higher receptive capacity in comparison with enteric cells. in the absence of normal microflora lactob ...	1991	1801491
correlation between congo red binding as virulence marker in shigella species and sereny test.	six variants of nutrient agar were tested in order to chose the suitable media for congo red binding test. trypto-soy eiken, t.s.a - cantacuzino institute and b.t.s.d. (a medium prepared with difco ingredients) are appropriate to distinguish between virulent crb+ and avirulent crb- strains. congo red binding was compared with sereny test using 25 shigella strains. the strains were inoculated onto trypto-soy agar eiken plates with 0.01% congo red, incubated 24 hours at 37 degrees c. a number of e ...	1991	1802051
a fatal case associated with shigellosis and vibrio fluvialis bacteremia.		1991	1802539
technological aspect of the production of live dysentery vaccines for oral administration.	an experimental technology for the production of live freeze-dried vaccines prepared from attenuated shigella flexneri 2a and shigella sonnei i strains was developed. it is based on the cultivation of bacterial strains in a fermentor under conditions which ensure high yields. the strains grow in s-form, their antigenic structure is preserved and they remain non-virulent. the attenuating markers are stable. the freeze-dried vaccines retain good immunogenicity when applied intra-intestinally to ra ...	1991	1805499
what is the diagnostic value of beta-d-glucuronidase (bdg) activity of bacteria using fluorocult ecd agar for their cultivation?	a total of 1510 strains from 15 genera of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were studied. more than 94% of 327 escherichia coli strains showed beta-d-glucuronidase (bdg) activity. seventeen serotypes from 170 e. coli o serogroup representatives were negative. relationship between the existence of bdg positive and negative e. coli strains in the same serogroup or serotype has not been observed. the rate of bdg positivity was 42% among salmonella arizonae strains and 42.2% among shigella st ...	1991	1805501
[clinical effect and laboratory observation of ofloxacin in the treatment of typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonorrhea].	ofloxacin was used in the treatment of 20 cases of typhoid fever, 32 cases of bacillary dysentery and 50 cases of gonococcal infection. altogether 102 cases were treated, 53 being male and 49 female. the daily dosage was 400 mg to 600 mg, divided into two times. the result showed that the clinical effective rate for typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery and gonococcal infections was 100%, 97% and 94% respectively, while the bacterial eradication rate was 100%, 100% and 94% respectively. the bacteri ...	1991	1806341
changing antibiotic sensitivity patterns in shigellosis.	over five and a half months stool cultures were performed in 154 patients admitted with suspected bacillary dysentery to the professorial paediatric unit of the teaching hospital, galle. thirty one patients had a positive stool culture; shigella dysenteriae type 1 was isolated in 23 patients, and s flexneri in 8. in both groups the antibiotic sensitivity pattern was uniform, the only difference being s dysenteriae type 1 being resistant to nalidixic acid while s flexneri was sensitive. this anti ...	1991	1807844
neonatal shigellosis.		1991	1808054
association of human milk siga antibodies with maternal intestinal exposure to microbial antigens.		1991	1808998
milk secretory iga related to shigella virulence antigens.	20 mexico city and 23 houston, texas colostrum samples, and 21 mexican and 25 houston mature milk samples were analyzed by elisa and western blot, respectively, for antibodies against the virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri serotype 5 strain m9ot. the method involved comparing water extracts of milk in elisa and western blot determinations of antigens against shigella flexneri strain m9ot which is fully virulent, to those against m9ot a2 which lacks the virulence plasmid. while there are at ...	1991	1809012
[the role of a secondary immunodeficiency in the pathogenesis of different forms of dysentery].		1991	1810052
[the treatment of protracted forms of flexner dysentery].	the clinical efficacy of sodium nucleinate (sn) combined with splenin and quercetin given for lingering flexner's dysentery in a group of 43 patients was compared with that of routine therapy used in a group of the same number of patients. it has been established that the above drug combination favours the elimination of the pathological symptoms of dyspepsia, the arrest of bacterial isolation and normalization of the immune status. provided the effect of the combined drug treatment is insuffici ...	1991	1810053
[humoral and cellular immunity in patients with acute dysentery].		1991	1810054
[the functional status of the endocrine pancreas in patients with acute intestinal infections].	ria was used to measure the content of insulin, c-peptide and glucagon in blood plasma of 84 patients with acute dysentery and food toxicoinfections. the studies were carried out in the acute disease period and before the discharge from hospital. the data obtained indicate that despite the appreciable differences in the disease pathogenesis, the pathophysiological mechanisms influencing pancreatic function are similar in many respects. the changes are characterized by an increase in plasma insul ...	1991	1810055
[the correction of disorders in the cytoenzymatic status of the immunocytes in shigella infection by using taktivin].	cytoenzymatic and morphological methods were used to reveal local and general immunity disorders in patients with lingering and chronic dysentery. in this connection the therapeutic effect of the immunomodulator t-activin was estimated. 51 patients with the above forms of dysentery were examined. the patients were distributed into basic groups given t-activin and control groups not on the drug. the function of immune cells was evaluated by the enzymic status--the ratio of the activity of the fol ...	1991	1810056
[the fibronectin binding of salmonellae studied by a passive hemagglutination method].	the study has shown that the fibronectin-binding properties of different salmonella species can be tested by means of passive hemagglutination with fibronectin-sensitized formulated sheep red blood cells (srbc). s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium isolated from foodstuffs, as well as the representatives of the species s. kottbus, s. anatum, s. tshiongwe and s. newlands, are capable of binding fibronectin. fibronectin-binding properties have also been detected in shigella sonnei, as well as in eubi ...	1991	1811395
salmonella and shigella gastroenteritis at a public teaching hospital in nairobi, kenya.	to measure the proportion of nosocomial diarrhea cases associated with salmonella and shigella species.	1991	1813577
[cloning and expression of shiga-toxin gene from shigella dysenteriae type i].	the chromosomal dna of s. dysenteriae type i w30864 was isolated and digested by ecori. the 3-7 kb dna fragments were recovered and ligated with vector puc-19. after transformation, the recombinants were screened by slt gene probe. the positive clones were obtained. the cloned ecori fragment containing both st-a and st-b subunit gene was about 4.5 kb. the cloned st strain was also detected by hela-s3 cell for cytotoxicity, and detected by rabbit ileal loop test for enterotoxicity. besides, the c ...	1991	1814045
[antigenic analysis and identification of serotype for an arguable strain of shigella].	a strain of shigella, 51331, was isolated abroad in 1935, and stored in the center for medical culture collection, beijing. since the serotype of this strain was arguable in china. it was identified as sh. flexneri var. x with antigenic analysis. as agglutinin absorption technic was used in preparing diagnostic factor serum, it appears that the culture of strain 51331 could be agglutinated by shigella antiserum flexner type 3 (sh. flexneri) made in china and england. the present author suggested ...	1991	1814048
[bacteria of the genus yersinia in chickens for human consumption and in balanced bird food].	yersinia was investigated in 50 skin samples of chicken carcasses from retail shops and 65 samples of balanced food for domestic fowl. enrichments were performed in saline phosphate buffer 0.067 m, ph 7.6 and post-enriched in 0.5% koh. subcultures were performed in salmonella-shigella agar and macconkey agar. isolates were identified through biochemical, serological and lysotyping methods. the following biovar (b), serovar (o) and phagovar (lis) were isolated from chickens: y. enterocolitica (fi ...	1991	1815265
mucosal immunity and vaccination.	the gut mucosal immune system is a critical component of the body's defense against pathogenic organisms, especially those responsible for enteric infections associated with diarrhoeal disease. attempts to vaccinate against infections of mucosal tissues have been less successful than vaccination against systemic infections, to a large extent reflecting a still incomplete knowledge about the most efficient means for inducing protective local immune responses at these sites. secretory iga (siga) i ...	1991	1815705
beta-d-glucuronidase (bdg) activity of gram-negative bacteria.	bdg is an inducible enzyme that is encoded by the uida gene in escherichia coli. genetic sequences of this gene are present in most if not all e. coli strains regardless of the bdg phenotype. expression of bdg activity can be influenced by lactose-induced catabolite repression or genetic mutations. salmonella, shigella and yersinia strains frequently exhibit positive bdg reaction. bdg activity of strains belonging to genus edwardsiella, serratia, yersinia, vibrio, erwinia, alcaligenes, acinetoba ...	1991	1817425
[epidemiology of shigellosis and colicin typing of shigella sonnei. a 14-year study].	to study the most important epidemiologic features of shigellosis and the application of colicinotyping as an epidemiologic marker for shigella sonnei. a total of 44.818 stoll-cultures were performed. we classify, using colicinotyping, 156 shigella sonnei strains isolated from different patients. the incidence of shigellosis in our media is low (1.08% of all stool-cultures). it is more frequent in pediatric population and increases on late summer and fall. we had been able to show an increasing ...	1991	1822704
expression of virulence and antibiotic resistance in an escherichia coli transconjugant carrying a large plasmid pcat120 of shigella dysenteriae type i and its spontaneous fragmentations.	the role of a 120-kb plasmid in relation to virulence and drug resistance factor in shigella dysenteriae was studied. for characterization of plasmids, the mating system is a useful and efficient means of transferring both large and small plasmids to a new host. the conjugative transfer of a 120-kb (pcat120) ampicillin-resistant plasmid of s. dysenteriae to e. coli k-12 was not successful. introduction of an e. coli fertility factor plasmid f, did not help to mobilize the plasmid. low transfer f ...	1991	1823646
bacterial endotoxins: comparison of mitogenic, polyclonal, antibody-inducing and toxicity activities.	the mitogenic effects on mouse spleen lymphocytes were determined in a large series of commercially available and laboratory-prepared lipopolysaccharides (lps) obtained from escherichia, salmonella, serratia and shigella species; part of these lps preparations was chemically modified prior to testing. in order to establish whether the degree of mitogenic activity corresponds with other biological effects of these preparations, polyclonal activity, capability to induce specific antibody formation ...	1991	1823655