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comparative ultrasonographic imaging of spleen and liver in healthy crossbred cows.the present study was undertaken to conduct a comparative ultrasonographic study of the normal bovine spleen and liver. this study was carried out in two phases using 3.5 mhz curvilinear transducer. in first phase of water bath study, bovine spleens and livers were obtained from 3 healthy cadavers and subjected to repeated ultrasonography to study the echotexture. the splenic parenchyma was isoechogenic with greater echogenicity as compared to the liver. water bath study provided a good learning ...201123738112
effect of available nutrients on yield and quality of pear fruit bartlett in kashmir valley india.pear is one of the most important commercial crops grown in the kashmir valley of india. a study was conducted during 2008 to find out the effect of available nutrients on yield and quality parameters of pear cultivar "bartlett" which revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium exhibited significant and positive relationship with fruit length (0.882, 0.856, and 0.482 mm, respectively), diameter (0.869, 0.794 and 0.458 mm, respectively), weight (0.876, 0.825 and 0.439 g, respectively), volum ...201223741793
intracuticular wax fixes and restricts strain in leaf and fruit cuticles.this paper investigates the effects of cuticular wax on the release of strain and on the tensile properties of enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes (cms) taken from leaves of agave (agave americana), bush lily (clivia miniata), holly (ilex aquifolium), and ivy (hedera helix) and from fruit of apple (malus × domestica), pear (pyrus communis), and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum). biaxial strain release was quantified as the decrease in cm disc area following wax extraction. stiffness, maxim ...201323750808
deep sequencing revealed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism and plasmid content of erwinia amylovora strains isolated in middle atlas, morocco.erwinia amylovora causes economic losses that affect pear and apple production in morocco. here, we report comparative genomics of four moroccan e. amylovora strains with the european strain cfbp1430 and north-american strain atcc49946. analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) revealed genetic homogeneity of moroccan's strains and their proximity to the european strain cfbp1430. moreover, the collected sequences allowed the assembly of a 65 kpb plasmid, which is highly similar to the p ...201323770248
host susceptibility of citrus cultivars to queensland fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae).citrus crops are considered to be relatively poor hosts for queensland fruit fly, bactrocera tryoni (froggatt), as for other tephritid species. australian citrus growers and crop consultants have reported observable differences in susceptibility of different citrus cultivars under commercial growing conditions. in this study we conducted laboratory tests and field surveys to determine susceptibility to b. tryoni of six citrus cultivars [(eureka lemon (citrus limon (l.) osbeck); navel and valenci ...201323786078
evaluation of cytochrome p450 activity in field populations of cydia pomonella (lepidoptera: tortricidae) resistant to azinphosmethyl, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid.the río negro and neuquén valley is the most important apple and pear growing region in argentina. cydia pomonella l. (lepidoptera: tortricidae), the main fruit-tree pest is being controlled by azinphosmethyl (azme), acetamiprid (acet), and thiacloprid (thia) among other insecticides. the objective of this study was to evaluate the response of neonate larvae of codling moth to these three insecticides and on the role of cytochrome p450 monooxygenase in their toxicity. all field populations prese ...201323786085
taxonomic revision of the genus callimerus gorham s. l. (coleoptera, cleridae). part i. latifrons species-group.the latifrons species-group (=brachycallimerus sensu chapin 1924, corporaal 1950; = flavofasciatus-group sensu kolibáč 1998) of callimerus gorham is redefined and revised. five species are recognized including one new species callimerus cacuminis yang & yang sp. n. (type locality: yunnan, china). callimerus flavofasciatus schenkling, 1902 is newly synonymized with callimerus latifrons gorham, 1876. callimerus trifasciatus schenkling, 1899a is transferred to the genus corynommadius schenkling, 18 ...201323794870
simulium (asiosimulium) furvum, a new species of black fly (diptera: simuliidae) from thailand.simulium (asiosimulium) furvum sp. nov. (diptera: simuliidae) is described from female, male, pupal, and larval specimens collected from maewa national park, lampang province, thailand. this new species represents the fourth member of the subgenus asiosimulium takaoka & chochoote, one of two small black fly subgenera endemic in the oriental region. it is characterized by a pear-shaped spermatheca in the female; a ventral plate in the male with a laterally compressed median keel directed ventrall ...201323802443
pa506, a conjugative plasmid of the plant epiphyte pseudomonas fluorescens a506.conjugative plasmids are known to facilitate the acquisition and dispersal of genes contributing to the fitness of pseudomonas spp. here, we report the characterization of pa506, the 57-kb conjugative plasmid of pseudomonas fluorescens a506, a plant epiphyte used in the united states for the biological control of fire blight disease of pear and apple. twenty-nine of the 67 open reading frames (orfs) of pa506 have putative functions in conjugation, including a type iv secretion system related to ...201323811504
gorham-stout syndrome affecting the temporal bone with cerebrospinal fluid leakage.gorham-stout syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by progressive osteolysis that leads to the disappearance of bone. lymphvascular proliferation causes the local destruction of bony tissue. owing to the low incidence of this syndrome, little is known about its etiology or treatment. we present an 11-year-old girl with gorham-stout syndrome that involved right petrous apex in temporal bone and upper clivus, which cause intracranial pressure increase and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) leakage. the ...201323827687
increased flavour diversity of chardonnay wines by spontaneous fermentation and co-fermentation with hanseniaspora vineae.discovery, characterisation and use of novel yeast strains for winemaking is increasingly regarded as a way for improving quality and to provide variation, including subtle characteristic differences in fine wines. the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a native apiculate strain, selected from grapes, hanseniaspora vineae (h. vineae) 02/5a. fermentations were done in triplicate, working with 225 l oak barrels, using a chardonnay grape must. three yeast fermentation strategies were ...201323870989
individual and combined effects of postharvest dip treatments with water at 50 degrees c, soy lecithin and sodium carbonate on cold stored cactus pear fruits.objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prestorage dip treatments at 20 degrees c or 50 degrees c alone or with sodium carbonate (sc) and soy lecithin (lec), either individually or in combination, on weight losses, peel disorders, overall appearance and decay of cactus pears. fruits were subjected to a simulated mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) disinfestation by cold quarantine at 2 degrees c for 21 days followed by one week of shelf-life at 20 degrees c. hot water alone was very e ...201223878975
sex pheromone monitoring as a versatile tool for determining presence and abundance of cydia pomonella (lep.: tortricidae) in german apple orchards.cydia pomonella (lep.: tortricidae), the codling moth, is an apple, pear, quince and walnut pest with considerable impact on horticultural production systems in many parts of the world. in commercial apple production, it is responsible for a yearly damage level of 40 billion dollars. in response to the need of tight codling moth control there are several options for intervention by pest managers in commercially operated orchards. spray and count methods have been used for decades with success, b ...201223885432
consistent codling moth population decline by two years of mating disruption in apple: a flemish case study.codling moth (cydia pomonella) is one of the most important pests in apple and pear. in 2010 mating disruption became a key pest management tactic in flemish pip fruit orchards, largely due to a government subsidy and demonstrating projects aiming to widen the area treated by pheromones as large as possible. as a consequence, the mating disruption strategy was applied at approximately 7.500 ha, or half of the pip fruit area, in 2010 and 2011. the sudden large-scale implementation of this techniq ...201223885433
gorham-stout syndrome in mainland china: a case series of 67 patients and review of the literature.gorham-stout syndrome (gss) is a rare disorder of uncertain etiology and unpredictable prognosis. this study aims to present a comprehensive understanding of this rare entity.201323897792
cornelian cherry (cornus mas l.) juice as a potential source of biological compounds.cornelian cherry (cornus mas l.), apple (malus domestica borkh. cultivars jonagold and red boskoop), pear (pyrus communis cv. conference), and plum (prunus domestica l. cv. common plum) juices were assayed for their quality, organic acids, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity (determined as a ferric-reducing antioxidant power [frap]). cornelian cherry juice revealed the highest titratable acidity-2.58 g malic acid/100 g. the highest polyphenol content was also noted for cornelian cherry- ...201323905648
review of the biology, ecology, and management of halyomorpha halys (hemiptera: pentatomidae) in china, japan, and the republic of korea.native to china, japan, korea, and taiwan, the brown marmorated stink bug, halyomorpha halys (stål) (hemiptera: pentatomidae) was first detected in the united states in the mid-1990s. since establishing in the united states, this invasive species has caused significant economic losses in agriculture and created major nuisance problems for home and business owners, especially in the mid-atlantic region. basic and applied questions on h. halys have been addressed in its native range in asia since ...201323905725
quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of antifungal (+)-dihydroguaiaretic acid using 7-phenyl derivatives.the relationship between antifungal activity against alternaria alternata and structure on the 7-phenyl group of (+)-dihydroguaiaretic acid ((+)-dga) was clarified by employing 38 synthesized (+)-dga derivatives. the results were identified by quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) analysis employing the hansch-fujita method. some compounds showed higher activity than (+)-dga. the compound showing highest activity was 3,5-difluorophenyl derivative 37. it was suggested that the small ...201323924382
vanishing bone disease of the mandible - a case report.massive osteolysis (gorham-stout syndrome) is a rare condition of unknown etiology that is thought to result from a localized endothelial proliferation of lymphatic vessels resulting in destruction and absorption of bone. osteolysis of the jaws has been reported in association with infection, cysts, neoplasia, and metabolic, endocrine, or hematologic abnormalities. rare cases of idiopathic osteolysis have also been recorded. a detailed review from various peer reviewed journals has been discusse ...201323924511
alternative sigma factor rpon and its modulation protein yhbh are indispensable for erwinia amylovora virulence.in erwinia amylovora, ecf (extracytoplasmic functions) alternative sigma factor hrpl regulates the transcription of hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity)-type iii secretion system (t3ss) genes by binding to a consensus sequence known as the hrp box in hrp gene promoters. in turn, the expression of hrpl has been proposed to be positively controlled by alternative sigma factor 54 (σ(54)) (rpon) and hrps, a member of the σ(54) enhancer-binding proteins (ebps). however, the function of rpo ...201423937726
global changes in dna methylation in seeds and seedlings of pyrus communis after seed desiccation and storage.the effects of storage and deep desiccation on structural changes of dna in orthodox seeds are poorly characterized. in this study we analyzed the 5-methylcytosine (m(5)c) global content of dna isolated from seeds of common pear (pyrus communis l.) that had been subjected to extreme desiccation, and the seedlings derived from these seeds. germination and seedling emergence tests were applied to determine seed viability after their desiccation. in parallel, analysis of the global content of m(5)c ...201323940629
propranolol as a treatment option in gorham-stout syndrome: a case report.gorham-stout syndrome is a very rare syndrome characterized by progressive angiomatosis and lymphangiomas involving multiple organs. we describe herein a girl with progressive gorham-stout syndrome since the age of 13 years. her disease involved the mediastinum, pericardium, vertebrae, ribs, and skull and did not respond to interferon and bisphosphonates. propranolol administration was initiated at the age of 18 years and was associated with improvement in pulmonary function tests and involution ...201424000203
[vitamin c in fruits and vegetables].strong opinion about reducing vitamin c content in traditional cultivars of fruits and vegetables as a result of intensive farming practices, on the one hand, and depletion of soil, waste of fertilizers, on the other hand, takes place. the aim of the study was to assess changes in vitamin c content in fresh vegetables, fruits and berries from the 40s of last century to the present. available national and foreign data from official tables of the chemical composition tables published in different ...201324006751
olfacto-retinalis pathway in austrolebias charrua fishes: a neuronal tracer study.the olfacto-retinal centrifugal system, a constant component of the central nervous system that appears to exist in all vertebrate groups, is part of the terminal nerve (tn) complex. tn allows the integration of different sensory modalities, and its anatomic variability may have functional and evolutionary significance. we propose that the olfacto-retinal branch of tn is an important anatomical link that allows the functional interaction between olfactory and visual systems in austrolebias. by i ...201324012745
occurrence of anthracnose on fruits of asian pear tree caused by colletotrichum acutatum.anthracnose symptoms often occurred on fruits of asian pear trees grown in anseong, naju, seonghwan and pyeongtaek in korea during the harvesting period from 2000 to 2005. a total of 28 isolates of colletotrichum sp. were obtained from the anthracnose symptoms. all the isolates were identified as colletotrichum acutatum based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. four isolates of the fungus were tested for pathogenicity to fruits of asian pear tree by artificial inoculation. all t ...200724015105
tes, licuados, and capsulas: herbal self-care remedies of latino/hispanic immigrants for type 2 diabetes.the purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to explore the characteristics of herbal remedy use for diabetes among latinos/hispanics with type 2 diabetes.201524030377
a strategy to design efficient fermentation processes for traditional beverages production: prickly pear wine.this paper describes a methodology to establish an optimal process design for prickly pear wine production that preserves the peculiar and unique traits of traditional products, generating at the same time, technical information for appropriate design of both bioreactor and overall process. the strategy includes alcoholic fermentation optimization by the mixed native culture composed by pichia fermentans and saccharomyces cerevisiae, followed by malolactic fermentation optimization by oenococcus ...201324032574
evaluation of cinnamon essential oil microemulsion and its vapor phase for controlling postharvest gray mold of pears (pyrus pyrifolia).essential oil of cinnamon (cm) is a potential alternative to chemical fungicides. thus this work aimed to investigate the possible effects of cm microemulsions on decay developments and qualitative properties of pears.201424037944
rhizopus soft rot on pear (pyrus serotina) caused by rhizopus stolonifer in korea.rhizopus soft rot caused by rhizopus stolonifer occurred on pears (pyrus serotina) in the jinju city agricultural products wholesale market in korea from 2004 to 2005. the infection usually started from wounds due to cracking at harvest time. the lesions started as water-soaked, rapidly softened, then gradually expanded. the mycelia grew vigorously on the surface of the fruits and formed stolons. colonies on potato dextrose agar at 25℃ were white cottony to brownish black. sporangia were globose ...200624039490
ultrasonography of the spleen, liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava and portal vein in healthy calves from birth to 104 days of age.many of the ultrasonographic abdominal findings of adult cattle probably also apply to calves. however, significant changes associated with ruminal growth and transition from a milk to a roughage diet occur in young calves during the first few months, and it can be expected that ultrasonographic features of organs adjacent to the rumen such as spleen and liver also undergo significant changes. these have not been investigated to date and therefore the goal of this study was to describe ultrasono ...201324040969
gorham's disease of spine.gorham's disease is a rare disorder characterized by clinical and radiological disappearance of bone by proliferation of non-neoplastic vascular tissue. the disease was first reported by jackson in 1838 in a boneless arm. the disease was then described in detail in 1955 by gorham and stout. since then, about 200 cases have been reported in the literature, with only about 28 cases involving the spine. we report 2 cases of gorham's disease involving the spine and review related literature to gain ...201324066223
growth inhibition of erwinia amylovora and related erwinia species by neutralized short‑chain fatty acids.short-chain fatty acids (scfas) are used to preserve food and could be a tool for control of fire blight caused by erwinia amylovora on apple, pear and related rosaceous plants. neutralized acids were added to buffered growth media at 0.5–75 mm and tested at phs ranging from 6.8 to 5.5. particularly at low ph, scfas with a chain length exceeding that of acetic acid such as propionic acid were effective growth inhibitors of e. amylovora possibly due to uptake of free acid and its intracellular ac ...201324077735
syrian hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) with simultaneous intestinal giardia sp., spironucleus sp., and trichomonad infections.a commercial facility producing hamsters with a history of infection by dwarf tapeworm (hymenolepis nana) submitted 15 animals for necropsy and postmortem parasitological and microscopic examination. no tapeworms were detected grossly or microscopically. fecal examination including gastrointestinal mucosal smears demonstrated mixed intestinal bacteria and low numbers of giardia sp. histologic examination of small intestine demonstrated filling of the small intestinal crypts by large numbers of 7 ...201324081933
heat-induced oxidative injury contributes to inhibition of botrytis cinerea spore germination and growth.the inhibitory effect of heat treatment (ht) on botrytis cinerea, a major postharvest fungal pathogen, and the possible mode of action were investigated. spore germination and germ tube elongation of b. cinerea were both increasingly and significantly inhibited by ht (43 °c) for 10, 20 or 30 min. ht-induced gene expression of nadph oxidase a, resulted in the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species. ht-treated b. cinerea spores exhibited higher levels of oxidative damage to proteins ...201424101365
pear: a fast and accurate illumina paired-end read merger.the illumina paired-end sequencing technology can generate reads from both ends of target dna fragments, which can subsequently be merged to increase the overall read length. there already exist tools for merging these paired-end reads when the target fragments are equally long. however, when fragment lengths vary and, in particular, when either the fragment size is shorter than a single-end read, or longer than twice the size of a single-end read, most state-of-the-art mergers fail to generate ...201324142950
taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the genera themus motschulsky and lycocerus gorham (coleoptera, cantharidae).themus (s.str.) regalis (gorham, 1889), nom. rest.; themus (s.str.) scutulatus wittmer, 1983 = themus (s.str.) hmong kazantsev, 2007, syn. n.; themus (telephorops) coelestis (gorham, 1889) = themus violetipennis wang & yang, 1992, syn. n.; themus (telephorops) uniformis wittmer, 1983, stat. n. = themus (telephorops) cribripennis wittmer, 1983, syn. n.; themus (haplothemus) licenti pic, 1938, stat. rev., resurrected from synonymy with themus coriaceipennis (fairmaire, 1889); lycocerus aenescens ( ...201324146589
identification of pyrus single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and evaluation for genetic mapping in european pear and interspecific pyrus hybrids.we have used new generation sequencing (ngs) technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) markers from three european pear (pyrus communis l.) cultivars and subsequently developed a subset of 1096 pear snps into high throughput markers by combining them with the set of 7692 apple snps on the irsc apple infinium® ii 8k array. we then evaluated this apple and pear infinium® ii 9k snp array for large-scale genotyping in pear across several species, using both pear and apple snps. t ...201324155917
gorham disease of the lumbar spine with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: a case report.reports of gorham disease of the lumbar spine complicated by abdominal aortic aneurysms are rare.201424161363
efficientagrobacterium-mediated transformation and recovery of transgenic plants from pear (pyrus communis l.).an efficient and reproducible method was established for genetic transformation of one pear variety (conferénce) usingagrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. wounded leaves of in vitro micropropagated plants were cocultivated with the disarmed strain eha101 harbouring the binary vector pfaj3000 carrying the chimaericnptii andgus genes. the protocol included a 3-6 month dark period on a regeneration medium solidified with gelrite, which contained 100 mg/l kanamycin. up to 42% of inocula ...199624177562
the use of luciferase as a reporter for response of plant cells to the fireblight pathogen erwinia amylovora.we have introduced the gene encoding luciferase from photinus pyralis into pear and tobacco cells in order to judge the reaction of plant tissue to damaging conditions such as incubation at high temperature or inoculation with a pathogen. the constitutive expression of the luciferase gene via a strong promoter slowly decreased during propagation of the transformed pear cell line. after various stress treatments the resulting luciferase activity and the atp content of the plant cells were determi ...199524185519
two methods of haploidization in pear, pyrus communis l.: greenhouse seedling selection and in situ parthenogenesis induced by irradiated pollen.seedlings of 12 crosses involving pear varieties or hybrids were observed for the presence of haploid plants. on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, 17 plants corresponded to the haploid condition and, of these, 12 were determined by chromosome counting to be haploid (2n=x=17). in addition, and in order to induce in situ parthenogenesis, several pear varieties were pollinated with a selected clone carrying a homozygous dominant marker gene for the colour of red. this pollen had previously b ...199324190217
a comparison of yeast communities found in necrotic tissue of cladodes and fruits ofopuntia stricta on islands in the caribbean sea and where introduced into australia.yeast communities growing in the decaying tissues (cladodes and fruits) ofopuntia stricta (prickly pear cactus) and associated yeast vectors (drosophila species) were compared in two geographic regions (caribbean and eastern australia). the australian yeast community provides an interesting comparison to the caribbean community, because the host planto. stricta was introduced to australia over 100 years ago. many of the yeasts found in the australian system also were introduced during a period o ...198724202645
organogenesis from 'passe crassane' and 'old home' pear (pyrus communis l.) protoplasts and isoenzymatic trueness-to-type of the regenerated plants.large numbers of highly viable mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from shoot cultures of the scion cv 'passe crassane' and the rootstock genotype 'old home' of common pear (pyrus communis l.). protoplasts were cultured for both genotypes either as liquid layers or as liquid-over-agar cultures, in ammonium-free ms medium with 0.5 m mannitol, 50 mg/l casein enzymatic hydrolysate (ceh), 2.0 mg/l naa and 1.0 mg/l bap, plus either 0.5 mg/l iaa (for 'old home') or 2.0 mg/l iaa (for 'passe crassane'). ...199224202928
novel molecular pathways in gorham disease: implications for treatment.rapid advances in evidence-based treatment schedules are a hallmark of modern oncology. in rare neoplastic diseases, however, clinical expertise is hard to build and evidence based on randomized trials almost impossible to collect. gorham disease is a rare form of lymphatic proliferation accompanied by osteolysis, which usually occurs in young adults. despite the fact that the clinical course of gorham disease is often devastating and occasionally fatal, insights into its biological background a ...201424214028
combined effect of temperature and controlled atmosphere on storage and shelf-life of 'rocha' pear treated with 1-methylcyclopropene.the combination of temperature and atmosphere composition for storage of pyrus communis l. 'rocha' treated with 1-methylcyclopropene was investigated. fruits treated with 312 nl l(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene were stored at 0 ℃ and 2.5 ℃ in air and controlled atmosphere (ca) (3.04 kpa o2+ 0.91 kpa co2). fruits were removed from storage after 14, 26 and 35 weeks, transferred to shelf-life at approximately 22 ℃ and assessed for ripening and quality, symptoms of superficial scald and internal browning ...201524216324
the ecology of the yeast flora in necroticopuntia cacti and of associateddrosophila in australia.a survey was made of the yeast communities isolated from necrotic tissue of 4 species of prickly-pear cacti (opuntia stricta, o. tomentosa, o. monacantha, ando. streptacantha) which have colonized in australia. yeast communities were sampled from a number of localities and at different times. cactus specific yeasts accounted for 80% of the total isolates, and the 3 most common species contributed 63% of the total. comparisons of the species compositions of the yeast communities indicated that th ...198424221180
analysis of the community structure of yeasts associated with the decaying stems of cactus. iii.stenocereus thurberi.yeast communities in necroses of organpipe cactus (stenocereus thurberi) were surveyed at 3 localities in arizona. quantitative analysis of random samples allows comparisons of the types and numbers of yeasts at 3 levels: within plants, between plants within a locality, and between localities. the analysis shows that the major source of variability is between plants. this pattern is identical with the pattern shown by agria cactus (stenocereus gummosus) and is thought to be due to sampling diffe ...198524221304
analysis of the community structure of yeasts associated with the decaying stems of cactus. ii.opuntia species.a survey was made of yeast species associated with the decaying pads of 3 prickly pear cacti (opuntia phaeacantha, o. ficus-indica, ando. lindheimeri) in arizona and texas. yeast communities from 12 localities were compared among localities, amongopuntia species, and with previous data on yeast communities associated with columnar cacti. the results indicate thatopuntia necroses contain relatively more yeast species with broader physiological abilities in their communities than columnar necroses ...198324221704
evidence for quantitative responses during co-culture of pyrus communis protoplasts and erwinia amylovora.mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from axenic shoot cultures of pear cultivars, exhibiting different degrees of susceptibility to fire blight infection at the whole plant level and they were co-cultured with the wild-type strain cfbp 1430 of erwinia amylovora, and with an avirulent transposon mutant of the former (pmv 6046). results, as assessed in terms of the effects of bacteria on protoplast viability, the time to the onset of divisions, the percentage of the originally cultivated protoplas ...199024226825
somatic hybridization of sexually incompatible top-fruit tree rootstocks, wild pear (pyrus communis var. pyraster l.) and colt cherry (prunus avium x pseudocerasus).mesophyll protoplasts of wild pear (pyrus communis var. pyraster l., pomoideae) were chemically fused with cell suspension protoplasts of cherry rootstock colt (prunus avium x pseudocerasus, prunoideae), following an electroporation treatment of the separate parental protoplast systems. fusion-treated protoplasts were cultured, on modified k8p medium, where it had been previously established that neither parental protoplasts were capable of division. somatic hybrid calli were recovered and, foll ...198924227027
efficacy of nonpheromone communication disruptants of codling moth (cydia pomonella): effect of pheromone isomers and of distance between calling females and dispensers.field tests comparing the ability of codlemone, (e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, and isomers of codlemone to disrupt pheromonal communication of codling moth were carried out. in a pear orchard, four nonisomerizing, gray septa dispensers were placed in the upper canopy of each tree containing a trap baited with 10 virgin female codling moths. the dispensers were at trap height and 70 cm from the edge of each trap. trap catches of released male codling moths in three test areas were compared simultane ...199624227482
plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts of williams' bon chretien (syn. bartlett) pear (pyrus communis l.).leaf protoplasts of axenic shoot cultures of pyrus communis l. cv. williams' bon chretien (syn. bartlett) underwent cell wall regeneration and division to give multicellular colonies in a modified murashige and skoog medium which lacked ammonium ions, but supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (naa), 4-indole-3yl-acetic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine (bap) and casein hydrolysate. protoplast-derived colonies gave callus on murashige and skoog salts medium with naa and bap and exhibited shoot regen ...198824240424
adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf tissue of three pear (pyrus sp.) cultivars in vitro.to develop an adventitious regeneration system for pear cultivars, several experiments were conducted with 2 cultivars of pyrus communis l. ('seckel' and 'louise bonne') and one cultivar of p. bretschneideri rehd. ('crystal pear'). half-leaves, taken from shoots proliferating on lepoivre medium, were plated in petri-dishes on medium supplemented with various combinations of cytokinins and auxins. cultures of the above cultivars had been established from mature trees. among the growth regulators ...198924240463
vacuolar yield and alteration with aging of suspension-cultured cells from pear fruit.vacuoles were isolated from suspension-cultured pear fruit (pyrus communis l. passe crassane) cells of various ages. yield of vacuoles averaged 17% of protoplasts throughout all the experimental stages. the isolated vacuoles were progressively larger and more likely to stain with neutral red as cells advanced from division to growth and incipient senescence. a relationship between aging and vacuolar or membrane function was implicit in the size and staining characteristics of isolated vacuoles.198724248664
a case of an idiopathic massive osteolysis with skip lesions.a patient with a 2-year history of pain in the left arm, and decreased strengths unrelieved by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy, was being referred for repeating radiography. the radiologic examinations have demonstrated a unique pattern of non-contiguous osteolysis in the left elbow, proximal and distal radius, ulna, wrist, carpal bones, proximal and distal metacarpals and phalanges. multi-site biopsies were being performed and confirmed the diagnosis of massive osteolysis. to our knowle ...201624265571
simultaneous detection and differentiation of three viruses in pear plants by a multiplex rt-pcr.a multiplex rt-pcr (mrt-pcr) assay was developed for detection and differentiation of the apple stem pitting virus (aspv), apple stem grooving virus (asgv) and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv), which are viruses frequently occurring in pear trees. different combinations of mixed primer pairs were tested for their specificity and sensitivity for the simultaneous detection of the three viruses. three primer pairs were used to amplify their fragments of 247bp, 358bp and 500bp, respectively. ...201424269332
agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation using cotyledons in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).genetic transformation was successfully established producing both transformed adventitious shoots and calli in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) by using cotyledons as explants. cotyledons of five cultivars were co-cultivated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 carrying the pbin19-sgfp, which contained a green fluorescent protein gene and the neomycin phosphotransferase gene. in order to increase transformation efficiency, sonication and ethylenedioxybis (ethylamine)-n,n,n',n'-tet ...201324273422
biomolecular characterization of the levansucrase of erwinia amylovora, a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of fructooligosaccharides.erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogen that affects rosaceae, such as apple and pear. in e. amylovora the fructans, produced by the action of a levansucrase (ealsc), play a role in virulence and biofilm formation. fructans are bioactive compounds, displaying health-promoting properties in their own right. their use as food and feed supplements is increasing. in this study, we investigated the biomolecular properties of ealsc using hpaec-pad, maldi-tof ms, and spectrophotometric assays. the enzyme ...201324274651
effectiveness of a bacteriophage in reducing listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut fruits and fruit juices.listeria monocytogenes is a serious foodborne pathogen and new strategies to control it in food are needed. among them, bacteriophages hold attributes that appear to be attractive. the objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the bacteriophage listex p100 to control l. monocytogenes growth on melon, pear and apple products (juices and slices) stored at 10 °c. l. monocytogenes grew well in untreated fruit slices. in juices, the pathogen grew in untreated melon, survived in untre ...201424290636
the genus aspidimerus mulsant, 1850 (coleoptera, coccinellidae) from china, with descriptions of two new species.chinese members of the genus aspidimerus mulsant, 1850 are reviewed. ten species are recognized, including two new species: a. zhenkangicus huo & ren, sp. n. and a. menglensis huo & ren, sp. n. a. kabakovi hoàng is recorded from china for the first time. a. blandus (mader, 1954) is recognized as synonymous with a. ruficrus gorham, 1895 (syn. n.). aspidimerus rectangulatus kuznetsov & pang, 1991 and a. serratus kuznetsov & pang, 1991 are transferred to the genus pseudaspidimerus kapur, 1948 (comb ...201324294073
characterization of anatolian traditional quince cultivars, based on microsatellite markers.we conducted simple sequence repeat (ssr) analyses of 15 traditional quince (cydonia oblonga) cultivars from anatolian gene sources for molecular characterization and investigation of genetic relationships. three pear and two apple cultivars were used as references for ssr locus data analysis and to determine allele profiles between species. eight ssr loci that were developed from apple and pear were used, and a total of 44 alleles were found among quince cultivars. the ch01f02 locus was found t ...201324301958
comparison of tannin levels in developing fruit buds of two orchard pear varieties using two techniques, folin-denis and protein precipitation assays.as part of a study into dietary selection by avian pest species, the levels of phenolic material in pear buds have been determined using two approaches, the folin-denis assay and an assay based on the precipitation of bovine serum albumin by astringent phenols. the results of these two assays do not correlate over the sampling period and their overall significance to ecological studies is discussed.198424318554
the relationship between the morphology and structure and the quality of fruits of two pear cultivars (pyrus communis l.) during their development and maturation.the flavour and nutritional values of pears are appreciated by consumers worldwide, who, however, demand specific fruit quality, that is, attractive appearance, firmness and flavour, and health safety as well as long-term shelf life and storability. pear cultivars differ in terms of the above-mentioned traits; therefore, we undertook investigations to demonstrate the differences in structure of fruits of two pear cultivars that determine fruit quality in its broadest sense. the micromorphology, ...201324327806
flavorings as new sources of contamination by deteriogenic alicyclobacillus of fruit juices and beverages.this study aimed to report the incidence of alicyclobacillus and alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple and pear flavorings (n=42) and to assess the effect of guaiacol-producing a. acidoterrestris strains on apple flavorings stored at 4, 20 and 45 °c. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was used for simultaneous confirmation of alicyclobacilli. a total of six isolates were identified as a. acidoterrestris, and only one strain was not able to produce guaiacol. the storage of ...201424370970
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of valsa mali: an efficient tool for random insertion mutagenesis.valsa mali is a causal agent of apple and pear trees canker disease, which is a destructive disease that causes serious economic losses in eastern asia, especially in china. the lack of an efficient transformation system for valsa mali retards its investigation, which poses difficulties to control the disease. in this research, a transformation system for this pathogen was established for the first time using a. tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt), with the optimal transformation conditio ...201324381526
diffuse lymphangiomatosis: gorham-stout syndrome. 201424390534
hypolipidaemic foods in china.with the changes in dietary pattern in china, in recent years, hyperlipidaemia has become an important problem in the pathogenesis of chronic degenerative diseases, especially the cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases. from studies on laboratory animals and people with hyperlipidaemia, a number of hypolipidaemic foods and beverages have been identified, of relevance to traditional chinese food culture. their absence from the diet may, in part account for the increasing prevalence of hyperlipidaemia i ...199624394619
taxonomy and phylogenetic position of fomitiporia torreyae, a causal agent of trunk rot on sanbu-sugi, a cultivar of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica) in japan.trunk rot poses a substantial threat to sanbu-sugi, one of the most economically important cultivars of japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica). the etiology of this disease, including its main agents, is incompletely known. this trunk rot was attributed to fomitiporia (phellinus) hartigii or f. (phellinus) punctata. here we phylogenetically analyzed dna sequences of four markers from a set of strains isolated from trunk-rot symptoms and recovered a single, monophyletic clade, indicating that a si ...201424396106
concanavalin a-mediated agglutination of plant plastids.cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) and pear (pyrus domestica medik.) fruit proplastids, and pea (pisum sativum l., cv. meteor) leaf chloroplasts, extracted by osmotic rupture of protoplasts isolated after degradation of the cell walls by cellulase and pectinase, agglutinated in the presence of con a. agglutination of cucumber proplastids was inhibited by anti-con a and by methyl α d-gluco/manno pyranosides but not by methyl α d-galactopyranoside. fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated con a (fitc-con ...197824413938
asymmetrical jelly secretion of zygotes of pelvetia and fucus: an early polarization event.five hours before germination the zygotes of pelvetia fastigiata adhere to their substrate. a jelly layer covers the entire cell but most of the transparent jelly, artificially outlined by a layer of resin beads, is secreted at the prospective rhizoid pole. if the direction of the growth-orienting light is shifted after the asymmetrical secretion has already started, the direction of the secretion is also shifted. the polarization axis can be predicted by the site of the intensive jelly secretio ...197824414363
production of single-cell oil from prickly-pear juice fermentation by cryptococcus curvatus grown in batch culture.the biomass of cryptococcus curvatus, an oleaginous yeast, reached 11 g/l and accumulated 46% (w/w) lipid when grown for 35 h in batch culture on diluted (25%) prickly-pear juice. the c:n ratio of the juice was about 50 g/g. the efficiency of substrate conversion was 0.48 g/g for biomass and 0.22 g/g for lipids. the extracted lipids were mainly oleic (18:1) and palmitic (16:0) acids and the quality of pipid approached that of palm oil.199424421128
water permeability of isolated cuticular membranes: the effect of cuticular waxes on diffusion of water.the water permeability of astomatous cuticular membranes isolated from citrus aurantium l. leaves, pear (pyrus communis l.) leaves and onion (allium cepa l.) bulb scales was determined before and after extraction of cuticular waxes with lipid solvents. in pear, the permeability coefficients for diffusion of tritiated water across cuticular membranes (cm) prior to extraction [p d(cm)] decreased by a factor of four during leaf expansion. in all three species investigated p d(cm) values of cuticula ...197624424766
effect of different packaging materials and storage intervals on physical and biochemical characteristics of pear.the fruits of semi-soft pear (pyrus communis) cv. punjab beauty harvested at physiologically mature stage in 3rd week of july were packed in corrugated fiberboard boxes (cfb) with low density polyethylene (ldpe) liners, cfb with high density polyethylene (hdpe) liners, crates with ldpe liners, crates with hdpe liners, cfb, crates and wooden boxes and stored in walk-in-cool chamber at 0-1 °c and 90-95% rh. the fruits were analyzed after 30, 45, 60 and 75 days for physiological loss in weight (plw ...201324425900
characterization of acrd, a resistance-nodulation-cell division-type multidrug efflux pump from the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.multidrug efflux pumps are membrane translocases that have the ability to extrude a variety of structurally unrelated compounds from the cell. acrd, a resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd) transporter, was shown to be involved in efflux of highly hydrophilic aminoglycosides and a limited number of amphiphilic compounds in e. coli. here, a homologue of acrd in the plant pathogen and causal agent of fire blight disease erwinia amylovora was identified.201424443882
localization of polysaccharides in isolated and intact cuticles of eucalypt, poplar and pear leaves by enzyme-gold labelling.the presence and characteristics of cuticle polysaccharides have been demonstrated by staining and spectroscopic methods, but their location in the cuticle remains unclear. furthermore, according to the prevailing model, polysaccharides are believed to be restricted to the cuticular layer and absent in the cuticle proper. with the aim of gaining insight into cuticular ultra-structure focussing on polysaccharides, cellulose and pectins have been identified and located in the transversal sections ...201424445334
control of plant defense mechanisms and fire blight pathogenesis through the regulation of 6-thioguanine biosynthesis in erwinia amylovora.fire blight is a devastating disease of rosaceae plants, such as apple and pear trees. it is characterized by necrosis of plant tissue, caused by the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia amylovora. the plant pathogen produces the well-known antimetabolite 6-thioguanine (6tg), which plays a key role in fire blight pathogenesis. here we report that ycfr, a member of the lttr family, is a major regulator of 6tg biosynthesis in e. amylovora. inactivation of the regulator gene (ycfr) led to dramatically ...201424449489
analysis of mineral and heavy metal content of some commercial fruit juices by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.the presence of potentially toxic elements and compounds in foodstuffs is of intense public interest and thus requires rapid and accurate methods to determine the levels of these contaminants. inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the determination of metals and nonmetals in fruit juices. in this study, 21 commercial fruit juices (apple, peach, apricot, orange, kiwi, pear, pineapple, and multifruit) present on romanian market were investigated from the heavy metals ...201324453811
hydrogen sulfide prolongs postharvest storage of fresh-cut pears (pyrus pyrifolia) by alleviation of oxidative damage and inhibition of fungal growth.hydrogen sulfide (h2s) has proved to be a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants and animals. here, we investigated the role of h2s in the decay of fresh-cut pears (pyrus pyrifolia). h2s gas released by sodium hydrosulfide (nahs) prolonged the shelf life of fresh-cut pear slices in a dose-dependent manner. moreover, h2s maintained higher levels of reducing sugar and soluble protein in pear slices. h2s significantly reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), superoxide radicals ( ...201424454881
gorham disease of mandible treated with post-operative radiotherapy. 201224455523
[electron microscopy and restriction analysis of bacteriophages isolated from quince and pear with symptoms of fire blight].phage populations of isolates from quince and pear affected with fire blight disease were studied using electron microscopy, restriction analysis and both agarose gel electrophoresis of particles and host range scoping method. the isolate from quince (pma1) comprises at least three phage populations and two phage variants that can be detected on different bacterial indicators. after titration of this isolate on erwinia amylovora the bacteriophage key of b1 morphotype with the genome size of 82.4 ...201424479316
the phenolic content and its involvement in the graft incompatibility process of various pear rootstocks (pyrus communis l.).this study investigates the influence of various rootstocks for pear on the phytochemical composition in the phloem above and below the graft union and the role of phenols in pear graft incompatibility. assays of phloem with cambium from 4-year-old 'conference', 'abate fetel' and 'williams' pear trees grafted on different rootstocks: quince ma, quince ba 29, fox 11, farold 40 (daygon), seedling pyrus communis l. and own rooted (p. communis l.) were analyzed with hplc-ms. the most abundant phenol ...201424484960
effects of pro-tex on zebrafish (danio rerio) larvae, adult common carp (cyprinus carpio) and adult yellowtail kingfish (seriola lalandi).aquaculture practices bring several stressful events to fish. stressors not only activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal-axis, but also evoke cellular stress responses. up-regulation of heat shock proteins (hsps) is among the best studied mechanisms of the cellular stress response. an extract of the prickly pear cactus (opuntia ficus indica), pro-tex, a soluble variant of tex-oe(®), may induce expression of hsps and reduce negative effects of cellular stress. pro-tex therefore is used to ...201424493298
lectotype designations and nomenclatural changes in xylographus mellié (coleoptera, ciidae).we designate lectotypes and propose nomenclatural changes in xylographus mellié (coleoptera, ciidae) based on type specimens deposited in the museum of comparative zoology (usa), museum für naturkunde berlin (germany), the natural history museum (uk), muséum d'histoire naturelle de la ville de genève (switzerland), muséum national d'histoire naturelle (france), naturhistoriska riksmuseet (sweden) and naturhistorisches museum wien (austria). we designate lectotypes for the following species: cis ...201424493963
conventional and real-time pcrs for detection of erwinia piriflorinigrans allow its distinction from the fire blight pathogen, erwinia amylovora.erwinia piriflorinigrans is a new pathogenic species of the bacterial genus erwinia that has been described recently in spain. accurate detection and identification of e. piriflorinigrans are challenging because its symptoms on pear blossoms are similar to those caused by erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight. moreover, these two species share phenotypic and molecular characteristics. two specific and sensitive conventional and real-time pcr protocols were developed to identify and ...201424509928
n-butyl sulfide as an attractant and coattractant for male and female codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae).research to discover and develop attractants for the codling moth, cydia pomonella l., has involved identification of the chemicals eliciting moth orientation to conspecific female moths, host fruits, fermented baits, and species of microbes. pear ester, acetic acid, and n-butyl sulfide are among those chemicals reported to attract or enhance attractiveness to codling moth. we evaluated the trapping of codling moth with n-butyl sulfide alone and in combination with acetic acid and pear ester in ...201424534117
case 203: gorham disease.a 77-year-old woman presented with pain in the right elbow of several years duration. there was no history of trauma, immunocompromise, or known malignancy. blood chemistry tests revealed an alkaline phosphatase level of 93 u/l (1.6 μkat/l) (30-120 u/l [0.5-2.0 μkat/l]), a sodium level of 139 mmol/l (135-147 mmol/l), a potassium level of 4.4 mmol/l (3.4-5.0 mmol/l), a calcium level of 2.38 mmol/l (2.2-2.55 mmol/l), a phosphate level of 1.81 mmol/l (0.85-1.5 mmol/l), a c-reactive protein level of ...201424568708
viewpoints on vessels and vanishing bones in gorham-stout disease.gorham-stout disease (gsd) is a rare disorder characterized by the proliferation of endothelial-lined vessels in bone and the progressive destruction of bone. although jackson described the first case of gsd in 1838, the clinical and histological features of gsd were not defined until gorham and stout published their report on massive osteolysis in 1955. in the years since gorham and stout's groundbreaking publication, more than 300 cases of gsd have been described in the literature. these repor ...201424583233
complex regulation of secondary metabolism controlling pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic fungus alternaria alternata.the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata includes seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes), which produce different host-selective toxins and cause disease on different plants. the japanese pear, strawberry and tangerine pathotypes produce ak-toxin, af-toxin and act-toxin, respectively, which have a common structural moiety, 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid (eda). here, we identified a new gene, akt7 (ak-toxin biosynthetic gene 7), from the japanese pear pathotype, which encodes ...201424611558
revision of the asian species of afidentula kapur, 1958 (coleoptera: coccinellidae: epilachnini).the asian species of afidentula kapur are revised, diagnosed and illustrated. the following new synonyms are proposed: afidentula stephensi (mulsant, 1850) (= afidentula erberi fürsch, 1984); afidentula thanhsonensis hoang, 1977 (=afidentula cucphuongensis hoang, 1977). the status of afidentula herbigrada (mulsant, 1850) as a synonym of afidentula bisquadripunctata (gyllenhal, 1808) is confirmed. one new species: afidentula semisqualens sp. nov. and three new subspecies: a. manderstjernae bielaw ...201324614446
antimicrobial and antiradical activity of extracts obtained from leaves of three species of the genus pyrus.in this study, extracts were obtained from leaves of pyrus communis l., pyrus elaeagrifolia pall., and pyrus pyrifolia (bum.) nak. these extracts were tested for antiradical and antibacterial activity, as well as for the amount of total phenolic compounds, hydroquinone and arbutin. the antiradical activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and antibacterial activity with the disk diffusion method. the amount of phenolic compounds was determined using folin ciocalteu's phen ...201424621262
antibacterial and antioxidant activities in extracts of fully grown cladodes of 8 cultivars of cactus pear.the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some cultivars of the nopal cactus have not been determined. in this study, 8 cultivars of nopal cacti from mexico were assayed for phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities against campylobacter jejuni, vibrio cholera, and clostridium perfringens. plant material was washed, dried, and macerated in methanol. minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. antioxidant acti ...201424621296
chemical composition and antibacterial activity of opuntia ficus-indica f. inermis (cactus pear) flowers.opuntia ficus-indica f. inermis (cactus pear) flowers have wide application in folk medicine. however, there are few reports focusing on their biological activity and were no reports on their chemical composition. the nutrient composition and hexane extracts of opuntia flowers at 4 flowering stages and their antibacterial and antifungal activities were investigated. the chemical composition showed considerable amounts of fiber, protein, and minerals. potassium (k) was the predominant mineral fol ...201424650181
draft genome sequence of xylella fastidiosa pear leaf scorch strain in taiwan.the draft genome sequence of xylella fastidiosa pear leaf scorch strain pls229, isolated from the pear cultivar hengshan (pyrus pyrifolia) in taiwan, is reported here. the bacterium has a genome size of 2,733,013 bp, with a g+c content of 53.1%. the pls229 genome was annotated and has 3,259 open reading frames and 50 rna genes.201424652975
the draft genome sequence of european pear (pyrus communis l. 'bartlett').we present a draft assembly of the genome of european pear (pyrus communis) 'bartlett'. our assembly was developed employing second generation sequencing technology (roche 454), from single-end, 2 kb, and 7 kb insert paired-end reads using newbler (version 2.7). it contains 142,083 scaffolds greater than 499 bases (maximum scaffold length of 1.2 mb) and covers a total of 577.3 mb, representing most of the expected 600 mb pyrus genome. a total of 829,823 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms ( ...201424699266
rare bone diseases and their dental, oral, and craniofacial manifestations.hereditary diseases affecting the skeleton are heterogeneous in etiology and severity. though many of these conditions are individually rare, the total number of people affected is great. these disorders often include dental-oral-craniofacial (doc) manifestations, but the combination of the rarity and lack of in-depth reporting often limit our understanding and ability to diagnose and treat affected individuals. in this review, we focus on dental, oral, and craniofacial manifestations of rare bo ...201424700690
dissolved organic matter release and retention in ultisols in relation to land use patterns.the application of organic fertilizer to maintain soil fertility and crop yield has been practiced for thousands of years in china. this practice improves soil carbon sequestration, due to the high level of dissolved organic matter (dom) in organic manure. in this study, batch equilibrium studies were conducted to examine the capacity of three ultisols from areas under different land use patterns to retain dissolved organic carbon (doc) and dissolved organic nitrogen (don) extracted from rape ca ...201424704143
glucitol dehydrogenase from peach (prunus persica) fruits is regulated by thioredoxin h.glucitol (gol) is a major photosynthetic product in plants from the rosaceae family. herein we report the molecular cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of gol dehydrogenase (goldhase, ec 1.1.1.14) from peach (prunus persica) fruits. the recombinant enzyme showed kinetic parameters similar to those reported for orthologous enzymes purified from apple and pear fruits. the activity of recombinant goldhase was strongly inhibited by cu(2+) and hg(2+), suggesting that it might have c ...201424747954
gastrointestinal tract involvement of gorham's disease with expression of d2-40 in duodenum.we present a case of a 13-year-old boy with gorham's disease involving the thoracic and lumbar spine, femur, and gastrointestinal (gi) tract, which was complicated by recurrent chylothorax and gi bleeding. the presenting symptoms were intermittent abdominal pain, back pain, and melena. esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy showed no abnormal lesions, but duodenal biopsy showed marked dilation of the lymphatics in the mucosa and submucosa, which revealed positive staining with a d2-40 immuno ...201424749089
hypovirulence of the phytopathogenic fungus botryosphaeria dothidea: association with a coinfecting chrysovirus and a partitivirus.botryosphaeria dothidea is an important pathogenic fungus causing fruit rot, leaf and stem ring spots and dieback, stem canker, stem death or stool mortality, and decline of pear trees. seven double-stranded rnas (dsrnas; dsrnas 1 to 7 with sizes of 3,654, 2,773, 2,597, 2,574, 1,823, 1,623, and 511 bp, respectively) were identified in an isolate of b. dothidea exhibiting attenuated growth and virulence and a sectoring phenotype. characterization of the dsrnas revealed that they belong to two dsr ...201424760881
γ-aminobutyric acid induces resistance against penicillium expansum by priming of defence responses in pear fruit.the results from this study showed that treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), at 100-1000 μg/ml, induced strong resistance against blue mould rot caused by penicillium expansum in pear fruit. moreover, the activities of five defence-related enzymes (including chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalnine ammonialyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and the expression of these corresponding genes were markedly and/or promptly enhanced in the treatment with gaba and inoculation with p. expansu ...201424767023
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