Publications

association of point-of-purchase tobacco advertising and promotions with choice of usual brand among teenage smokers.	the objective is to determine the relationship between brand-specific advertising and promotions in convenience stores for marlboro and camel cigarettes and choice of usual brand among school students. a cross-sectional survey was designed that merged records of store tobacco advertising and promotions. the survey was administered to 3,890 u.s. high school smokers with a usual brand, matched to 196 convenience stores. choice of marlboro as a usual brand was associated with presence of a marlboro ...	2002	12049420
investigation of factors affecting pregnancy rate after embryo transfer in the dromedary camel.	the uteri of 36 adult dromedary camels were flushed non-surgically three times each with 90-120 ml of embryo flushing medium 7 days after ovulation. a total of 242 embryos were recovered, of which 139 were transferred non-surgically to recipient camels that were either at different levels of synchrony with respect to the day 7 donor (+1 to -3 days; n = 58), or were at day 6 after ovulation, but received one of the following treatments: (i) none (controls, n = 15); (ii) 150 mg progesterone-in-oil ...	2002	12051516
zeta-crystallin displays strong selectivity for salicylic acid over aspirin.	interaction of camel lens zeta-crystallin with aspirin was investigated by activity and fluorescence measurements. aspirin minimally inhibited the oxidoreductase activity of the enzyme and weakly quenched its fluorescence. however, significant fluorescence quenching of zeta-crystallin coincided with the appearance of a fluorescence signal characteristic of salicylic acid thereby raising the possibility that salicylic acid might have been the moiety responsible for inhibition and fluorescence que ...	2002	12054620
immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous nerve distribution in the testis of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the distribution of autonomous nerves in the testis of the camel was studied by immunohistochemical methods. a total of 26 testes was collected during the different seasons of the year. as pan-neuronal markers, antibodies to protein gene product 9.5 and to neurofilaments are superior to antibodies against neuron-specific enolase and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry for the description of the nerves in the camel testis. testicular nerves reach the camel testis by three access-routes as (1) fun ...	2002	12056750
[a survey of echinococcus granulosus infection in camelus bactrianus in north xinjiang].	to determine the situation and characteristics of echinococcus granulosus infection in camels (camelus bacterianus) in our country.	1998	12078240
[characteristics of development and morphology of echinococcus granulosus of camel origin in north xinjiang].	to study the characteristics of development and morphology of e. granulosus of camel origin in north xinjiang.	1998	12078243
detection of brucella species in the milk of infected cattle, sheep, goats and camels by pcr.	one hundred and three milk samples were collected from 52 cows, 21 ewes, 18 goats and 12 camels. the animals tested positive to at least one of the following: (1) standard tube agglutination test (sat); (2) rose bengal plate test (rbpt); (3) milk ring test (mrt). all milk samples were examined by culture and single-step polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques for detection of brucella species. the pcr assay amplified brucella-dna from 29 bovine milk samples, 10 from sheep, 13 from goats and o ...	2002	12090772
solution structure of a llama single-domain antibody with hydrophobic residues typical of the vh/vl interface.	the three-dimensional structure of a llama single-domain antibody brucd4-4 was established by use of solution nmr spectroscopy. brucd4-4 has val, gly, leu, and trp residues at positions 37, 44, 45, and 47, which are considered to be a hallmark to distinguish llama vh from v(h)h fragments at the germline level. in contrast to the murine and human vhs, brucd4-4 has sufficient solubility, is monomeric in solution, and displays high-quality nmr spectra characteristic of well-structured proteins. ami ...	2002	12093273
clinical large intestinal coccidiosis in camels (camelus dromedarius) in the united arab emirates: description of lesions, endogenous stages, and redescription of isospora orlovi, tsygankov, 1950 oocysts.	between january and march 2001, eight 4- to 8-wk-old camels (camelus dromedarius) from 2 farms from dubai area of the united arab emirates were submitted for necropsy examination. the camels had diarrhea of 2-5 days duration. grossly, a severe diphtheroid-to-hemorrhagic colitis was seen in all animals. gamonts, unsporulated oocysts, sporulating oocysts, and fully sporulated oocysts were present in the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria. fully sporulated oocysts contained 2 sporocysts a ...	2002	12099424
prevalence of faecal pathogens in calves of racing camels (camelus dromedarius) in the united arab emirates.		2002	12166329
isolation and properties of two forms of thrombin inhibitor from the nymphs of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (acari: ixodidae).	two forms of the nymphal thrombin inhibitors (nti) 3.2 kda and 14.9 kda were purified by chromatography on cm-cellulose. sephacryl s-300 and sephadex g-50 columns and designated nti- 1 and nti-2 respectively. the nti-2 turned out to be homogenous monomeric protein in both native-page and denatured sds-page with m(r) value of 14.9 kda approximately and its pi value ranged from 7.2 to 7.5. the nti-1 and nti-2 displayed anticoagulant activity since they prolonged both the activated partial thrombop ...	2001	12171275
epidemiology and strain characteristics of echinococcus granulosus in the benghazi area of eastern libya.	the incidence of surgically confirmed cystic echinococcosis in eastern libya was estimated to be at least 4.2 cases/100,000, with significantly more female cases than male. the prevalences of infection with echinococcus granulosus among 1087 sheep, 881 goats, 428 camels and 614 cattle from the same region, determined postmortem in abattoirs, were 20%, 3.4%, 13.6% and 11%, respectively. infection in the livestock was age-dependent and, generally, the female animals were more often infected than t ...	2002	12171618
the immunodiagnostic potential of protoscolex antigens in human cystic echinococcosis and the possible influence of parasite strain.	the results of elisa, sds-page and western blotting indicated that the protoscolex antigens of echinococcus granulosus (of 10-125 kda) included antigens recognized by sera from human cases of cystic echinococcosis (ce). some of the latter antigens (of approximately 79, 59, 45, 38, 31 and 29 kda) exhibited cross-reactivity with sera from humans with other parasitic infections, including alveolar echinococcosis, cysticercosis and african trypanosomiasis. the 31-kda antigen recognized by igg antibo ...	2002	12171619
evidence of the subcommissural organ in humans and its association with hydrocephalus.	a group of structures in the human central nervous system (cns) represents a noteworthy dilemma for the neuroscientist, particularly to the neuroanatomist. in this paper an attempt is made by extensive review of the literature to give an account of the significance of the subcommissural organ (sco) in humans and its possible relationship with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) disorders. the subcommissural organ is a gland located in the diencephalic plate caudal to the pineal organ that covers the anter ...	2002	12172724
oman.	focus in this discussion of oman is on the following: geography; the people; history; government; political conditions; the economy; and relations between oman and the us. the population is estimated at 1.3 million; the annual growth rate is 3%. the infant mortality rate is estimated to be 50/1000 with a life expectancy of 48 years. oman is located in the eastern part of the arabian peninsula. its land borders with saudi arabia and the united arab emirates remain undefined, and the border w ...	1986	12178123
circadian rhythm in plasma aldosterone concentration and its seasonal modulation in the camel (camelus dromedarius) living in the algerian sahara desert.	five male camels dwelling in the algerian sahara were studied for circadian rhythmicity in plasma aldosterone concentration and its seasonal modulation. blood was sampled at a frequency of 1 h or less for a span of 27 h during each season of the year. the mean plasma aldosterone concentration exhibited a significant circadian rhythmicity in every season of the year. plasma aldosterone concentration was lowest in the morning, increased in the afternoon, and generally highest in the late evening. ...	2002	12182496
hydroxyproline distribution in the plasma of various mammals.	we have investigated the presence of total, free, protein-bound and peptide-bound hydroxyproline (hyp) in the plasma of different mammals viz., camel, bovine, sheep, human, rabbit and rat. total hyp was significantly highest in human followed by rabbit, rat, bovine, sheep and camel (p<0.001). free hyp was significantly highest in human followed by rabbit, rat, camel, bovine and sheep (p<0.001). however, the protein-bound hyp content was significantly highest in rat followed by bovine, human, cam ...	2002	12186774
post-natal development in the linear and tric morphometrics of the camelidae skull.	the craniometric measurements in addition to the skull, cranial and facial indices undertaken in the immature and mature male camelus dromedarius of the malha phenotype (black) were: the skull length (35.99 cm), maximum width of neurocranium (11.33 cm), cranial length (15.45 cm), maximum zygomatic width (14.81 cm), viscerocranial length (20.55 cm), skull index (41.13), cranial index (73.70), facial index (72.31), cranial volume (231.73 ml) and skull weight (795.70 g) were measured in the immatur ...	2002	12196266
on the intrinsic innervation of the epididymis of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	the innervation of the camel epididymis was studied in 26 apparently healthy, sexually mature animals aged between 4 and 12 years. the material was collected during the different seasons of the year. generally, five samples were taken from each epididymis. to demonstrate the general innervation pattern, immunohistochemical reactions to protein gene product-9.5, neurofilaments and neuron-specific enolase were used, in addition to acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. the nerve supply of the epidid ...	2002	12201039
mixed function oxidases in kidney and duodenum of camel, guinea pig and rat.	the activities of the drug-metabolizing enzymes, aniline 4-hydroxylase, benzphetamine n-demethylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin o-deethylase have been measured in vitro in kidneys and duodenum of camels (camelus dromedarius), guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) and rats (rattus norvegicus). in these species, levels of hepatic microsomal parameters namely microsomal protein, cytochrome p(450), cytochrome b(5) and nadph-cytochrome c reductase have also been determined. in general, camels seemed to have the low ...	2002	12223200
silica urolithiasis in the dromedary camel in a subtropical climate.	in 1998, two cases of silica urolithiasis occurred in castrated male dromedaries on an intensive camel farm in the canary islands. the immediate attributable cause was the ingestion of large amounts of silica in the feed, estimated as 84.44 g/day. an associated cause was the low level of salt in the diet. daily ingestion of salt from feed and water was estimated to be 21.8 g (8.6 g of sodium). seventy-six castrated males from the same farm were divided into four groups: group a received 30 g of ...	2002	12241096
vegetative valvular endocarditis in a dromedary camel.		2002	12243273
the arabs and the science of population distribution.	before the establishment of demography as a scientific discipline, arab writers had developed and utilized demographic principles in their scientific writings about geography. early arab advances in demographic thought, especially in regard to population distribution, were discussed. (all dates were given as anno hegira (ah), i,e., the dates accord with the muslim calendar in which the 1st year coincides with mohammed's flight from mecca in 622). as early as the 2nd century hegira, a number of ...	1982	12266315
the effect of labor migration on relations of exchange and subordination among the rashaayda bedouin of sudan.	this study is based on qualitative data gathered during 3 years of fieldwork among the rashaayda, arabic-speaking pastoralists in sudan. prior to 1956, every rashiidy household was linked to other households by 3 types of social relations: 1) patrilineal descent, 2) co-residence, and 3) incorporation by purchase. after 1956, "slaves" retained membership in the tribe, but were not economically dependent on "free owners" and lived apart from "free" rashaayda. yet most rashaayda sought aid from ...	1987	12281017
biased parental investment and reproductive success in gabbra pastoralists.	this study of wealth and reproductive success is based on interviews obtained from 848 rural nomadic gabbra families from northern kenya. the gabbra are nomadic pastoralists who herd camels, goats, and sometimes sheep. household is defined as a unit that owns a camel herd. findings indicate that size of the camel herd (wealth) is positively related to the reproductive success of both men and women and is independent of age. the effect is greatest for men. poverty effects vary between men an ...	1996	12292074
enteric coronavirus infection in a juvenile dromedary (camelus dromedarius).	a case of an enteric coronavirus infection in a 6-week-old dromedary calf is described. the animal had diarrhea for 5 days and died despite symptomatic treatment. numerous viral particles, approximately 140 nm in diameter, with club-like projections were detected in the feces by electron microscopy. these characteristics were consistent with a coronavirus. immunohistochemical reactivity with 2 antigenic group ii coronavirus-specific antibodies confirmed the presence of viral antigen in colonic e ...	2002	12296403
an old balancing act: resources v. population.	population concern is found not only among modern man, but among primitive peoples and animal groups. although some researchers object to extrapolating from animal behavior to human behavior, it is still an oft-observed fact that crowding produces fighting, territorial aggression, or other behaviors which disperse the population and relieve the pressures on food and other resources. female chimpanzees bear offspring at 5-year intervals although they come into estrus yearly. this may be due t ...	1977	12308844
a training tool in group dynamics. the camel-trading incident.	the objective of this training tool in group dynamics is to have the participants' experience and identify barriers to the accomplishment of group tasks and to give the trainer an opportunity to observe interaction within a particular group of participants. this exercise works best for groups which have been together long enough to establish mutual trust. there can be 10 to 20 participants and one should allow 1 1/2 to 2 hours. the materials required are pieces of paper to represent currency, ...	1982	12312111
small families mean better health for mothers and kids.	the practice of family planning (fp) has been used since time immemorial to solve community, individual, and familial problems. there are biblical references to incest being used to ensure the conception of children and to coitus interruptus being used to prevent conception. pastoralists used cessation of breastfeeding of male calves to promote the conception and birth of more desirable female calves. the condom has ancient precursors made of animal intestines, and the iud has a prototype in ...	1994	12318959
real lives 2: sudan.	the great sudan famine of the mid-1980s caused social dislocation and political chaos which ultimately toppled the long-time military leader. hundreds of thousands of farmers and pastoralists were displaced, driven from the western provinces into urban feeding stations and squatter settlements. camps at abu zayd and mwellih near umdurman filled with over 100,000 refugees in a matter of months, while camps at ed debba on the nile river's nubian reach filled with tribesmen desperate to sell shee ...	1994	12319114
a review of camel brucellosis.	we reviewed the literature on camel brucellosis. the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels appears to follow two distinct patterns: a low (2-5%) prevalence in nomadic or extensively kept camels and a high (8-15%) prevalence in camels kept intensively or semi-intensively. the infection is caused by different biotypes of brucella abortus and brucella melitensis. many gaps exist in the literature on the epidemiology of camel brucellosis. there is no clear policy in any of the camel-keeping countr ...	2002	12324206
[harmful practices affecting women's health].	the harmful practices discussed in this article are based on case histories form the central maternity in niamey, yet these practices universally affect women throughout africa. nutritional taboos are aimed at certain diseases such as measles, diarrhea, dysentery, malnutrition and anemia and consumption of foods rich in proteins and lipids are forbidden. children are forbidden from eating eggs; pregnant women are forbidden from eating fruits and vegetables because of the fear of hemorrhaging f ...	1990	12342832
isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite markers in camelus dromedarius and cross-species amplification in c. bactrianus and lama pacos.		2002	12354152
serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in naturally infected camels.	an elisa was developed for serological detection of echinococcus granulosus infection in dromedary camels. antigen b (agb) partially purified from hydatid cyst fluid of camels or sheep naturally infected with cystic echinococcosis (ce) due to e. granulosus, as well as a recombinant antigen b product (r-agb) were used in an elisa to screen panels of serum samples from slaughtered camels naturally infected with ce. native hydatid cyst fluid antigen preparations were able to detect antibodies in se ...	2002	12358421
purification and characterization of adenosine deaminase from camel skeletal muscle.	adenosine deaminase was purified (780-fold) from skeletal muscle of camel (camelus dormedarius) to homogeneity level by using deae sephadex chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. the enzyme appeared to be monomeric with subunit molecular weight of 43kda and isoelectric point of 4.85. the enzyme showed specificity for adenosine and exhibited michaelis-menten kinetics with kappa(cat) of 1112.41 min(-1) and k(m) of 14.7 microm at ph 7.5. the ...	2002	12379282
use of a new computerized system for evaluation of spermatozoal motility and velocity characteristics in relation to fertility levels in dromedary bulls.	three ejaculates from each of 14 dromedary bulls were collected at 7-day intervals and diluted to 50 x 10 (6) spermatozoa per ml with sodium citrate (2.9%) seminal extender. spermatozoal concentrations, motility percentages and velocity measures were evaluated by a new computerized cell motion analyzer (cma, medical technologies montreux sa, switzerland) for assessing fertility rates in such animals. greatest variability in concentrations and motility percentages was generally attributed to anim ...	2002	12379370
molecular and morphological characterization of echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin in iran.	iran is an important endemic focus of cystic hydatid disease (chd) where several species of intermediate host are commonly infected with echinococcus granulosus. isolates of e. granulosus were collected from humans and other animals from different geographical areas of iran and characterized using both dna (pcr-rflp of its1) and morphological criteria (metacestode rostellar hook dimensions). the sheep and camel strains/genotypes were shown to occur in iran. the sheep strain was shown to be the m ...	2002	12403325
the arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	the arterial supply to the eye of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) was studied by gross dissection. the supply came from the external ophthalmic, external ethmoidal and malar and maxillary tubercular arteries, ophthalmic rete mirabile, and the rostral epidural rete mirabile. the external ophthalmic artery gave rise to branches to supply the dorsal oblique muscle, lacrimal gland, superior and inferior eyelids, and the lateral angle of the eye, and to take part in the formation of the rostr ...	2002	12416864
the concentrations of lh, fsh, oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the blood plasma of the female bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) before and after intramuscular injection of seminal plasma.	the concentrations of lh, fsh, oestradiol-17beta and progesterone in the blood plasma of the female bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) before and after intramuscular injection of seminal plasma.	2002	12416872
stable social aggregations in an australian lizard, egernia stokesii.	social groups in many animal species contain family members, and are maintained by parental care, and then tolerance of related individuals in the group. lizards rarely show prolonged parental care, and rarely form stable social aggregations, although cohesive groups have been reported in the australian skink genus, egernia. a population of egernia stokesii was surveyed for six seasons on camel hill, south australia. at this site individuals occupied rock crevices for refuges on an isolated rock ...	2002	12435097
isospora excretion in scouring camel calves (camelus dromedarius).		2002	12448495
entropion, corneal ulcer and corneal haemorrhages in a one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	an unusual case of entropion, corneal ulcer and corneal haemorrhages in a one-humped camel (camelus dromedaries) is described. the most prominent clinical findings were entropion of both eyelids, severe blephrospasm, epiphora, conjunctivitis, conjunctival oedema, mucopurulent conjunctival discharges, hyperaemia, lacrimation and photophobia. corneal ulcers and corneal haemorrhages were also observed.	2002	12449252
vitamin c concentrations in blood plasma, tissues and urine of camels (camelus dromedarius) in sudanese herds.	there is suggestive evidence that a low status of ascorbic acid in ruminants is related with decreased disease resistance. in a first attempt to identify conditions in camels that could affect their health, an inventory was made of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) concentrations in plasma and tissues as related to breed, gender, sexual activity and season. a total of 3429 camels were studied and sub-samples were used for selected comparisons. the highest concentrations of ascorbic acid were found in ad ...	2002	12452976
ultrasound velocity in the aqueous and vitreous humours of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	background: there are no previous reports on the velocity of ultrasound through the aqueous and vitreous humours of the one-humped camel. this information is required for determination of the depth of the aqueous and vitreous chambers and therefore the axial length. this knowledge together with other, yet to be determined, ocular dimensions will ultimately be used in drawing up a schematic eye for the camel. this will provide a tool for studying the visual capability of this animal. method: a-mo ...	1998	12482323
lymphocyte proliferation in lymphoid organs of the dromedary camel using the monoclonal antibody mib-5 against the proliferation-associated nuclear epitope ki-67.	detection of proliferating lymphocytes is useful for studying immune reactions and for the prognosis of tumours of lymphocyte origin. markers detecting proliferating cells are lacking in the dromedary camel. this study deals with the immunohistochemical detection of the ki-67 proliferation-associated nuclear epitope using mib-5 in frozen sections from spleens, different lymph nodes and haemal nodes of eight camels (0.5-12 years old). frozen sections from rat spleens were labelled in parallel wit ...	2002	12484421
cross-reactivity between mammalian proteins.	cross-reactivity between food allergens occurs when they share part of their amino acid sequence, or when their three-dimensional molecular structure causes them to have a similar capacity to bind specific antibodies.	2002	12487198
reactions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of camels with monoclonal antibodies against ruminant leukocytes.	the particular immune system of the camel has been but little investigated. in this work circulating camel peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were studied by flow cytometry. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against ruminant leukocytes were used for the detection of cell surface antigens. monoclonals to t-cell markers, cd4 (cact138a) and cd8 (cact80c), exhibited no reactivity towards camel pbmc in contrast to their reactivity to pbmc of other ruminant species and those of cattle in part ...	2003	12493494
combined eco-epidemiological and molecular biology approaches to assess echinococcus granulosus transmission to humans in mauritania: occurrence of the 'camel' strain and human cystic echinococcosis.	mauritania lies between west-central africa where human cystic echinococcosis (ce) is considered extremely rare and west maghreb where ce accounts for a real public health problem. until 1992, mauritania was considered as human ce-free even through ce seemed well known in livestock. in 1992, the introduction of ultrasonography led to the diagnosis of the first human ce cases. in 1997, a veterinary study revealed that dogs living around nouakchott were commonly infected by echinococcus granulosus ...	2002	12497974
effect of long-term dehydration on serum constituents in extreme climatic conditions in camel (camelus dromedarius).	eight healthy female adult camels were used to study the effect of long term dehydration on serum constituents in extreme climatic conditions viz. cold and hot. the dehydration phases were of 24 days in cold and 13 days in hot conditions. the changes in sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were non significant (p > 0.05) while in chloride, glucose, total proteins, urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and creatinine were significant (p < or = 0.05) during dehydration phase. the mean values of all th ...	2002	12500497
[pharmacy and art: turkish's shadows and colors].	karagöz is the name of the turkish shadow theater and in the same time the name of the principal hero: it means "black eye". this burlesque show was performed on great occasions, such as births, circumcisions, weddings, and also during the winter evenings and the month of ramadan. the size of puppets, in camel hide, is generally 25/35 cm. sketches are inspired by daily life in big anatolian cities and in istanbul. in this play, karagöz is both pharmacist and doctor, a job for which he is not at ...	2002	12515264
electrocardiograms from the turtle to the elephant that illustrate interesting physiological phenomena.	this article describes a collection of ecgs from many species obtained over the past 50 years. presented are ecgs of species in which the pacemaker is a separate contractile chamber with its own action and recovery potentials. in such species, pacemaker atrial and av block can be produced. shortening of the atrial refractory period and the negative inotropic effect can be produced by vagal stimulation. the cardiac electrogram and stroke volume are recorded from the turtle heart. the ecg and resp ...	2002	12520679
ovarian teratoma in a camel (camelus dromedarius).		2002	12521259
recognition of the intrinsically flexible addiction antidote maze by a dromedary single domain antibody fragment. structure, thermodynamics of binding, stability, and influence on interactions with dna.	the escherichia coli mazef operon defines a chromosomal addiction module that programs cell death under various stress conditions. it encodes the toxic and long-lived mazf and the labile antidote maze. the denaturation of maze is a two-state reversible dimer-monomer transition. at lower concentrations the denatured state is significantly populated. this leads to a new aspect of the regulation of maze concentration, which may decide about the life and death of the cell. interactions of maze with ...	2003	12533537
rapid dot-elisa for the detection of specific antigens in the cyst fluid from human cases of cystic echinococcosis.	a rapid dot-elisa was developed for the detection of specific antigens in samples of cyst fluid from human cases of echinococcus granulosus infection, permitting the confirmation of cystic echinococcosis (ce). peroxidase-conjugated antibodies against antigen b (derived from the fluid in the cysts of sheep infected with e. granulosus) were used to test cyst-fluid samples from 22, surgically confirmed cases of human ce and 21 domestic animals (horses, sheep, buffalo, a cow and a camel) with ce. al ...	2002	12537630
cd4+ th2 cell recognition of hla-dr-restricted epitopes derived from camel: a tumor antigen translated in an alternative open reading frame.	tumor ag ny-eso-1 is an attractive target for immunotherapy of cancer, since both cd8(+) ctl and cd4(+) th cells against ny-eso-1 have been described. moreover, ny-eso-1 as well as the highly homologous tumor ag lage-1 are broadly expressed in various tumor types. interestingly, the ny-eso-1 and lage-1 genes also encode for proteins translated in an alternative open reading frame. these alternatively translated ny-eso-orf2 and camel proteins, derived from the ny-eso-1 and lage-1 genes, respectiv ...	2003	12538712
emergence and evolution of functional heavy-chain antibodies in camelidae.	antibodies of jawed-vertebrates are composed of paired heavy (h) and light (l) polypeptide chains. surprisingly, the sera of camelids, nurse shark and wobbegong shark, and possibly ratfish contain antibodies that lack l-chains. in camelids, these heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) are gamma-isotypes, and are functional in antigen binding. in this review we focus on the dedicated immunoglobulin (ig) genes that encode the hcab in camelidae (camels, dromedaries and llamas), about their origin, and how ...	2003	12543123
hybrid monte carlo with multidimensional replica exchanges: conformational equilibria of the hypervariable regions of a llama vhh antibody domain.	since the structural repertoire of the hypervariable regions of human antibodies is known to be more restricted than what is implied by sequence variability, a common approach to structural prediction is to use a knowledge-based (kb) method, such as the canonical structure model (c. chothia and a. m. lesk, journal of molecular biology, 1987, vol. 196, pp. 901-917). however, this model is less successful when applied to camelid heavy chain antibodies. in this study, molecular simulations were use ...	2003	12548621
less impairment in face imagery than face perception in early prosopagnosia.	there have been a number of reports of preserved face imagery in prosopagnosia. we put this issue to experimental test by comparing the performance of mjh, a 34-year-old prosopagnosic since the age of 5, to controls on tasks where the participants had to judge faces of current celebrities, either in terms of overall similarity (of bette midler, hillary clinton, and diane sawyer, whose face looks least like the other two?) or on individual features (is ronald reagan's nose pointy?). for each task ...	2003	12559160
camel trypanosomosis in morocco 1: results of a first epidemiological survey.	an epidemiological survey of camel trypanosomosis was conducted for the first time in morocco in 1997 and 1998. five provinces located in the south and southeast of the high atlas mountain chain were included in this study. a total number of 1460 serum samples were collected and tested by a card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (catt) and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ab-elisa) to detect anti-trypanosoma evansi antibodies. the overall seroprevalence was 14.1% by catt and 18.2% by ab-el ...	2003	12559707
human cystic echinococcosis: diagnostic value of different antigenic fractions of hydatid cyst fluid with different specific immunoglobulin g subclasses by enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot.	the present study intended to evaluate the usefulness of immunoblot analysis of hydatid cyst fluid (hcf) for diagnostic verification of human cystic echinococcosis (ce). hcf of camel origin was resolved by sds-page gel electrophoresis and transblotted on nitrocellulose membrane. immunoglobulin g (igg) subclass-specific antibody responses in 25 sera from surgically confirmed ce cases, 44 persons with other parasitic infections and 20 normal controls were analyzed. total igg and igg subclass1-4 in ...	1999	12561921
an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay for diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis.	an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (eitb) test was assessed for diagnosis of 47 pulmonary cystic echinococcosis (ce) cases admitted to ain shams university hospitals for surgery. diagnosis of these cases was established on clinical examination, x-ray, sonography and indirect hemagglutination (iha) test, which was negative in four cases (sensitivity 91.5%). sera from patients with other parasitic infections, carcinomas or normal sera were used as controls. human and camel hydatid cyst fl ...	1999	12561924
pharmacokinetics and pk-pd modelling of danofloxacin in camel serum and tissue cage fluids.	the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danofloxacin were studied in the camel in a two period cross-over study. after intravenous (i.v.) administration at a dose rate of 1.25 mg/kg, the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin indicated a high volume of distribution (v(d(area))=3.43 l/kg), relatively rapid clearance (0.44 l/kg/h) and half-life of 5.37 h. after intramuscular (i.m.) dosing absorption was complete (f=114.5) and rapid (t((1/2)abs)=0.12 h) and terminal half-life was 5.71 h. danofloxaci ...	2003	12573598
genetic diversity and relationships of indigenous kenyan camel (camelus dromedarius) populations: implications for their classification.	the genetic diversity and relationships amongst the dromedary (camelus dromedarius) populations are poorly documented. four recognized kenyan dromedary breeds (somali, turkana, rendille, gabbra) and dromedary from pakistan and the arabian peninsula (saudi arabia, united arab emirates) were studied using 14 microsatellite loci. phylogenetic analysis showed that kenyan dromedaries are distinct from arabian and pakistani populations. expected heterozygosity and allelic diversity values indicate tha ...	2003	12580783
ascorbic acid content of blood plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and liver in camels (camelus dromedarius) without or with parasite infections.	healthy camels (camelus dromedaris) and those naturally infected with trypanosomiasis, sarcoptic mange, and helminthiasis were compared as to ascorbic acid (vitamin c) contents of red blood cells, white blood cells, whole blood, plasma, and liver. the camels were kept under natural grazing conditions in sudan. reduced levels of vitamin c were found in camels with parasite infections, especially in animals with trypanosomiasis. it is suggested that the low vitamin c status in infected camels is c ...	2002	12596501
camel racing: a new cause of extradural haemorrhage in australia.	camel racing is a relatively new sport in australia. a 52 year old woman fell from her camel during a country race. although she was wearing an approved equestrian helmet, she suffered a skull fracture and a life-threatening extradural haematoma. her treatment highlights the key issues of management of head injuries in remote places. a paramount requirement is close collaboration between country medical practitioner, neurosurgeon and retrieval specialist.	2002	12604296
animal-level risk factors for trypanosoma evansi infection in camels in eastern and central parts of kenya.	point prevalences and animal-level risk factors for trypanosoma evansi infection were investigated in a cross-sectional study that involved 2227 camels from eastern and central parts of kenya. the screening tests used were haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct), mouse inoculation and latex agglutination (suratex). all camels were screened with hct, while 396 and 961 of them were, in addition, screened with mouse inoculation and suratex tests, respectively. parasitological and suratex test re ...	2002	12625378
camelid mucoutaneous fibropapillomas: clinicopathologic findings and association with papillomavirus.	five camelid mucocutaneous fibropapillomas with histologic features similar to equine sarcoids were diagnosed. they were characterized by a dermal fibroblastic proliferation and overlying, often ulcerated hyperplastic epidermis with thin rete pegs extending down into the dermis. two of the tumors came from llamas and three from alpacas. four of the animals were 6-year-old females. the fifth was a 6-year-old castrated male. the fibropapillomas were located on the nose, lip, and cheeks. one of the ...	2003	12627721
biodiversity of domestic livestock in the republic of yemen.	this paper describes the domestic livestock of the republic of yemen and aspires to complement earlier sources listing or partially describing 'breeds'. it attempts to cover all species and provide indications of production parameters through a literature review and via field observations made by the author in 1999. information is provided on livestock numbers and the economic importance of animal production. most animals are kept in sedentary mixed crop-livestock production systems; transhumant ...	2003	12636359
generation of a functional monomolecular protein lattice consisting of an s-layer fusion protein comprising the variable domain of a camel heavy chain antibody.	crystalline bacterial cell surface layer (s-layer) proteins are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species. isolated s-layer subunits frequently recrystallize into monomolecular protein lattices on various types of solid supports. for generating a functional protein lattice, a chimeric protein was constructed, which comprised the secondary cell wall polymer-binding region and the self-assembly domain of the s-layer protein sbpa from bacillus sphaericus ccm 2177, and a single variable r ...	2003	12643755
disfluencies signal theee, um, new information.	speakers are often disfluent, for example, saying "theee uh candle" instead of "the candle." production data show that disfluencies occur more often during references to things that are discourse-new, rather than given. an eyetracking experiment shows that this correlation between disfluency and discourse status affects speech comprehensions. subjects viewed scenes containing four objects, including two cohort competitors (e.g., camel, candle), and followed spoken instructions to move the object ...	2003	12647561
5'-flanking regions of camel milk genes are highly similar to homologue regions of other species and can be divided into two distinct groups.	the concentrations of individual casein and whey proteins in camel milk differ markedly to respective protein concentrations in bovine milk. the ratio of beta-casein to kappa-casein is considerably higher in camel milk. beta-lactoglobulin is absent, but whey acidic protein and peptidoglycan recognition protein have been detected. genomic sequences upstream to milk-protein genes, which are known to regulate the expression of milk proteins to a great extent, were determined for 10 camel milk-prote ...	2003	12647956
structural modeling extends qsar analysis of antibody-lysozyme interactions to 3d-qsar.	this work shows that quantitative multivariate modeling is an emerging possibility for unraveling protein-protein interactions using a combination of designed mutations with sequence and structure information. using this approach, it is possible to stereochemically determine which residue properties contribute most to the interaction. this is illustrated by results from modeling of the interaction of the wild-type and 17 single and double mutants of a camel antibody specific for lysozyme. linear ...	2003	12668435
molecules and morphology: evidence for cryptic hybridization in african hyalomma (acari: ixodidae).	the role of natural hybridization and introgression as part of the evolutionary process is of increasing interest to zoologists, particularly as more examples of gene exchange among species are identified. we present mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data for hyalomma dromedarii, hyalomma truncatum, and hyalomma marginatum rufipes (acari: ixodidae) collected from one-humped camels in ethiopia. these species are well differentiated morphologically and genetically; sequence data from the mitochon ...	2003	12679078
semen collection, cryopreservation and artificial insemination in the dromedary camel.	collection of semen with a bovine artificial vagina (av) was attempted with each of 14 camels over a period of 2 years. semen samples were evaluated, extended and cryopreserved. frozen thawed semen, diluted cooled semen or whole semen was used to inseminate some female camels which were induced to ovulate with hcg. males ejaculated semen into the av in 74.6% collection attempts. the male copulated for at least 200s in 62.9% attempts. the remaining copulations were of shorter duration. similarly, ...	2003	12695056
a "camel through the eye of a needle": direct introduction of the tpp+ ion inside y-zeolites by formal ion exchange in aqueous medium.		2003	12698468
heavy-chain only antibodies derived from dromedary are secreted and displayed by mouse b cells.	whereas functional heavy (h)-chain antibodies devoid of light (l)- chains account for about half of the circulating immunoglobulins in camelidae, h-chain only antibodies (hcabs) are not produced in other healthy mammals including rodents and humans. to test the feasibility of expressing single chain antibodies in the mouse, which on account of their small size and antigen-recognition properties would have a major impact on antibody engineering strategies, we constructed a rearranged dromedary h- ...	2003	12709022
brucellosis in children: clinical observations in 115 cases.	brucellosis is endemic in saudi arabia. this report summarizes the epidemiology of brucellosis in children.	2002	12718832
morphological, morphometric and histochemical characterization of the gastric mucosa of the camel (camelus dromedarius).	mucosal morphology, morphometry and mucin histochemistry of the stomach were studied in the one-humped camel. the lining of the stomach was divided into eight grossly identifiable regions. the first region was non-glandular, occupied the body of the first compartment of the stomach and constituted 53.2% of the gastric mucosa. the other seven regions were lined by a glandular mucosa. histological, histochemical and morphometric investigations have shown that glandular mucosa comprises pseudo-card ...	2003	12733272
crystal structure of the intrinsically flexible addiction antidote maze.	a specific camel vhh (variable domain of dromedary heavy chain antibody) fragment was used to crystallize the intrinsically flexible addiction antidote maze. only 45% of the polypeptide chain is found ordered in the crystal. the maze monomer consisting of two beta-hairpins connected by a short alpha-helix has no hydrophobic core on its own and represents only one half of a typical protein domain. a complete domain structure is formed by the association of two chains, creating a hydrophobic core ...	2003	12743116
a soft docking algorithm for predicting the structure of antibody-antigen complexes.	an efficient soft docking algorithm is described for predicting the mode of binding between an antibody and its antigen based on the three-dimensional structures of the molecules. the basic tools are the "simplified protein" model and the docking algorithm of wodak and janin. the side-chain flexibility of arg, lys, asp, glu, and met residues on the protein surface is taken into account. a combined filtering technique is used to select candidate binding modes. after energy minimization, we calcul ...	2003	12784367
disposition of sulfadimethoxine in camels (camelus dromedarius) following single intravenous and oral doses.	single-dose pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine were determined in six adult camels (camelus dromedarius) following administration of a mean dosage of 17.5 +/- 2.7 mg/kg both i.v. and p.o. serial blood samples were collected through an indwelling jugular catheter intermittently for 5 days for both routes. sulfadimethoxine was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. serum drug concentration versus time data for each animal was subjected to linear regression, with the best-fit model ...	2001	12785697
several strains of echinococcus granulosus infect livestock and humans in argentina.	mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (co1) sequencing, southern blot of a repetitive dna element and single strand conformation polymorphism of the 5' non-transcribed region of the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (mdh) gene were used to determine the extent and distribution of echinococcus granulosus genetic variation in argentina. five distinct strains of e. granulosus were shown to exist in the country. the common sheep, tasmanian sheep, cattle and camel strains were identified in humans. ...	2002	12797989
a broad spectrum of mitochondrial shapes in active secretory cells of the parotid gland of the dromedary (camelus ferus f. dom.).		2003	12801081
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate the antibody responses of animals infected with brucella species from those of animals infected with yersinia enterocolitica o9.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using antigens extracted from brucella abortus with n-lauroylsarcosine differentiated natural brucella-infected animals from brucella-vaccinated or yersinia enterocolitica o9-infected animals. a field trial in mongolia showed cattle, sheep, goat, reindeer, camel, and human sera without infection could be distinguished from brucella-infected animals by conventional serological tests.	2003	12853409
isolation and characterization of microsatellites from the tapeworm echinococcus granulosus.	the echinococcus granulosus genome was searched for microsatellites using 8 different repeated oligonucleotides as probes (gt15, ct15, at15, cg15, cat10, caa10, cgg10 and cata10). southern blot experiments revealed that dna regions containing gt, caa, cata and ct repeats are the most frequent in the e. granulosus genome. at and cg probes showed no hybridization signal. two loci containing ca/gt (egmsca1 and egmsca2) and 1 locus containing ga/ct (egmsga1) repeats were cloned and sequenced. the lo ...	2003	12866799
developmental changes in localization of steroid synthesis enzymes in camelid placenta.	the uninucleate trophoblast of epitheliochorial camelid placenta produces multinucleate giant cells starting between day 30 and day 35 of pregnancy. the giant cells are found scattered along the trophoblast at similar frequency throughout gestation. light microscope immunocytochemistry indicates that the four steroid synthesis enzymes (cholesterol side chain cleavage, 3beta-hydroxysteroid de-hydrogenase, 17alpha-hydroxylase and aromatase) are present in all uninucleate trophoblast cells between ...	2003	12887280
observations on aggregated lymphoid nodules in the cardiac glandular areas of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	aggregated lymphoid nodules are an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (galt). they are mainly distributed in the ileum and appendix of animals and humans but their distribution in the cardiac glandular area has not been reported. a study of stomach histology in the bactrian camel has revealed that the nodules are distributed as a band-like region along the ventral wall of the stomach neck, at the beginning of the cranial enlargement and on the lesser curvature. the mucous folds ...	2003	12902188
tumpy, the camel, and the electrical dose concept for ventricular defibrillation.		2003	12914634
a camelid antibody fragment inhibits the formation of amyloid fibrils by human lysozyme.	amyloid diseases are characterized by an aberrant assembly of a specific protein or protein fragment into fibrils and plaques that are deposited in various organs and tissues, often with serious pathological consequences. non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis is associated with single point mutations in the gene coding for human lysozyme. here we report that a single-domain fragment of a camelid antibody raised against wild-type human lysozyme inhibits the in vitro aggregation of its amyloidogeni ...	2003	12917687
re-evaluation of intramolecular long-range electron transfer between tyrosine and tryptophan in lysozymes. evidence for the participation of other residues.	one-electron oxidation of six different c-type lysozymes from hen egg white, turkey egg white, human milk, horse milk, camel stomach and tortoise was studied by gamma- and pulse-radiolysis. in the first step, one tryptophan side chain is oxidized to indolyl free radical, which is produced quantitatively. as shown already, the indolyl radical subsequently oxidizes a tyrosine side chain to the phenoxy radical in an intramolecular reaction. however this reaction is not total and its stoichiometry d ...	2003	12919320
camel trypanosomosis in morocco. 2. a pilot disease control trial.	a first epidemiological study on camel trypanosomosis was conducted in 1997 and 1998 in five moroccan saharan provinces. it revealed two major foci at merzouga (tafilalet province) and zagora (ouarzazate province) where tour camel seroprevalences were 35.4 and 43.3%, respectively, for each region. the first area was chosen in the present study as a pilot region for a control program based on epidemiological data with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of the trial in terms of seroconversion, i ...	2003	12935737
changes in cumulus-oocyte complexes of pregnant and non-pregnant camels (camelus dromedarius) during maturation in vitro.	the aim of the present study was to examine the cumulus morphology and the oocyte chromatin quality of camel cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) at the time of recovery, and to monitor changes in oocyte chromatin configuration and apoptosis in cumulus cells from camel cocs during in vitro maturation (ivm) (0, 12, 24, 32, 36, 42, and 48 p.ivm) depending on pregnancy of donors. a total of 1023 cocs were isolated from sliced ovaries after slaughtering of 47 pregnant and 43 non-pregnant camels in an aba ...	2003	12935874
trypanosoma evansi sialidase: surface localization, properties and hydrolysis of ghost red blood cells and brain cells-implications in trypanosomiasis.	a membrane-bound sialidase was isolated from blood stream (bs) trypanosoma evansi partially purified and characterized. the enzyme is a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (gpi) membrane anchored protein. it was solubilized from t. evansi cells recovered from infected camel blood by detergent treatment with triton cf 54 and partially purified by a series of chromatography steps. the enzyme was optimally active at ph 5.5 and 37 degrees c. it had a km and vmax values of 4.8 x 10(-6) m and 3.75 x 10(-6) ...	2003	12939050
variations in the normal activity of esterases in plasma and liver of camels (camelus dromedarius), cattle (bos indicus), sheep (ovis aries) and goats (capra hircus).	esterases are a large group of enzymes found in plasma (or serum) and tissues, which hydrolyse a number of xenobiotics. some of these enzymes have not yet been measured in tropical domestic animals. in the present work, we have measured the activities of three esterases, viz. aspirin esterase, cholinesterase and nitrophenylacetate esterase in the plasma and livers of male and female camels, cattle, sheep and goats. the results indicate that the enzyme activities are highest in the goat, followed ...	2003	12948157
molecular genetic characterization of the fennoscandian cervid strain, a new genotypic group (g10) of echinococcus granulosus.	the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs in north america and northern eurasia in life-cycles involving cervids. previously, cervid isolates of e. granulosus from north america have been characterized using molecular genetic techniques as the g8 genotype. in this study, 5 isolates of e. granulosus were collected from 4 reindeer and 1 moose in north-eastern finland. dna sequences within regions of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) and nadh dehydrogenase i (ni)i) genes and t ...	2003	12964823
the spleen of the camel compared with other domesticated animals and its microscopic examination.		1953	13044660
animal fats. i. the component acids of deer fat and of camel fat.		1953	13058961
[method of gastrointestinal function test in camel].		1953	13117099
the liver of the camel as revealed by macroscopic and microscopic examinations.		1954	13171506
the dromedary symptom complex: the evolution of an error.		1956	13280263