Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| possible roles for zinc in destruction of trypanosoma cruzi by toxic oxygen metabolites produced by mononuclear phagocytes. | the effects of a single nutrient deficiency on immune function is now most extensively characterized using the dietary zinc deficient murine model. deficiencies in zinc have rapid adverse effects on host defenses of humans and rodents. this impaired defense seems to be, in part, the result of a reduction in number of lymphocytes available for surveillance since residual lymphocytes are able to carry out many normal functions. in vitro, the lymphocytes were able to proliferate at a normal rate as ... | 1990 | 2108530 |
| identification and partial characterization of trypanosoma cruzi antigens recognized by t cells and immune sera from patients with chagas' disease. | trypanosoma cruzi antigenic specificities involved in human t-cell and antibody responses were compared in chronic chagasic patients affected with cardiomyopathy (c) or with the indeterminate form (i), the asymptomatic form of chronic chagas' disease. t-cell western blotting (immunoblotting) was performed to identify the most active antigens in epimastigote extracts (epi-ag). the patterns of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) and t-cell proliferative responses induced by fractions blotted ... | 1990 | 2108932 |
| should cadaveric donors with positive serology for chagas' disease be excluded for kidney transplantation? | 1990 | 2109383 | |
| acute cns infection by trypanosoma cruzi (chagas' disease) in immunosuppressed patients. | acute cns involvement by trypanosoma cruzi is uncommon. we report 2 immunosuppressed patients, 1 adult who developed an acute meningoencephalitis, and 1 child who presented with the tumor-like form of the disease. both patients acquired the disease through blood transfusion. blood donors migrating from endemic areas can transmit the disease in nonendemic countries if they are not routinely screened for antibodies to t cruzi. | 1990 | 2109844 |
| increase in colony stimulating factor (csf) in serum and augmentation of csf responsiveness of lymphoid mononuclear cells by acute trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. | acute infection of trypanosoma (t.) cruzi to c3h/hen mice caused the induction of a higher level of serum colony stimulating factor (csf) activity to support the proliferation of mouse bone marrow cells. the csf activity reached a maximum 2 days after the infection and declined thereafter. spleen cells of the t. cruzi-infected mice showed higher levels of responsiveness to csf in l929-conditioned medium, mouse recombinant gm-csf and infected mouse sera as compared with normal mouse spleen cells. ... | 1990 | 2109902 |
| human humoral immunity to hsp70 during trypanosoma cruzi infection. | immunologic screening of cdna expression libraries has been widely used for the identification of dna sequences encoding the immunologically relevant proteins of many pathogenic microorganisms. for reasons that are not entirely clear, sequences encoding 70-kda heat shock and related proteins (hsp70), which are among the most highly conserved proteins known, have routinely been identified by this approach. consequently, hsp70 proteins have been proposed to be involved in the autoimmune processes ... | 1990 | 2110215 |
| bacillus subtilis expressing a haemolysin gene from listeria monocytogenes can grow in mammalian cells. | intracellular parasites can be classified into those that reside within a host vacuole and those which grow directly in the host cytoplasm. members of the latter group, which includes rickettsia, shigellae, trypanosoma cruzi, and listeria monocytogenes, possess haemolytic activity associated with the ability to enter the host cytoplasm. therefore mutants of l. monocytogenes lacking a pore-forming haemolysin, listeriolysin o, do not escape from the endosomal compartment and consequently fail to b ... | 1990 | 2110628 |
| long-term preservation of blood samples for diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi infection. | feasability and suitability for field research of a whole-blood preservation method was evaluated through the screening of anti-trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 1209 samples under different conditions. antibody reactivity of paired samples from preserved capillary blood (cbp) and sera from venous blood (vbs) were studied by specific techniques. over 96% concordance was found on indoor studies carried out with samples without storage or after 15 or 30 days preservation of cbp at 37 degrees c and v ... | 1990 | 2111039 |
| a nine year prospective study of chagas' disease in a defined rural population in northeast brazil. | the association between infection with trypanosoma cruzi and the development of electrocardiographic alterations and mortality was studied longitudinally for 9 years in a population residing in an endemic area in castro alves, bahia, brazil. annual censuses were begun in 1973. at 3 year intervals from 1974 to 1983, the population was examined serologically and subjected to electrocardiography using standardized techniques. of 1,751 individuals registered during the 10 censuses, 1,541 (88%) were ... | 1990 | 2111098 |
| monoclonal antibodies against trypanosoma cruzi neuraminidase reveal enzyme polymorphism, recognize a subset of trypomastigotes, and enhance infection in vitro. | the identification and characterization of two murine mab (tcn-1 and tcn-2) that react with the neuraminidase of trypanosoma cruzi is reported. the mab were identified based on their ability to inhibit enzyme activity and recognize neuraminidase in crude enzyme preparations. tcn-1 and tcn-2 recognized ag in tissue culture trypomastigotes but not in the amastigotes, epimastigotes, or metacyclic trypomastigotes using immunoblot assays and immunofluorescence. in addition, clones y-h6, mv-13, and si ... | 1990 | 2111345 |
| increased production of reactive oxygen species by cells from mice acutely infected with trypanosoma cruzi. | release of reactive oxygen species (ros) by cells from balb/c mice was studied during the acute stage of the infection with 50 bloodstream forms of trypanosoma cruzi, tulahuén strain. production of ros by spleen and peritoneal cells was evaluated by chemiluminescence using luminol as enhancer (cl-lum). three to four weeks after infection, cl-lum response after the addition of opsonized zymosan to spleen and peritoneal cells from infected mice was 13 and 98 times, respectively, above the levels o ... | 1990 | 2111736 |
| transmission of chagas disease through renal transplantation: report of a case. | 2015 | 2111944 | |
| aids and chagas' disease with central nervous system tumor-like lesion. | 1990 | 2111972 | |
| trypanosoma cruzi infection and electrocardiographic findings among active manual workers. a population-based study in central brazil. | in a cross sectional survey of the prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi infection among urban unskilled workers in goiânia, brazil, blood samples from 6222 manual workers from seven institutions were examined for anti-trypanosoma cruzi antibodies by immunofluorescence, elisa and haemagglutination tests. ecgs were performed and a clinical history was taken from 624 seropositive and a random sample of 529 seronegative subjects. abnormal ecgs were found in 15.1% of individuals without trypanosoma cruzi ... | 1990 | 2112518 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: partial prevention of the natural infection of guinea pigs with a killed parasite vaccine. | guinea pigs are natural reservoirs of chagas' disease. domestic breeding and local trade of these animals are common practices among andean communities in south america. infection by trypanosoma cruzi occurs when the animals live in triatomine-infested houses or yards. the preventive effect of a vaccine consisting of cultured t. cruzi killed by freezing and thawing plus saponin was tested both in mice and in the guinea pig ecosystem. resistance against t. cruzi challenge in mice was improved by ... | 1990 | 2113004 |
| biological characterization of trypanosoma cruzi zymodemes: in vitro differentiation of epimastigotes and infectivity of culture metacyclic trypomastigotes to mice. | thirty-one trypanosoma cruzi isolates from chile, peru, and bolivia were studied in their capacity to differentiate in vitro from epimastigotes to metacyclic trypomastigotes on tau-3aag medium. zymodeme 1 parasites displayed the best level of differentiation, which ranges from 60 to 90% depending on the isolate. zymodeme 2 parasites exhibited highly heterogenous differentiation rates. this differentiation method permits the obtention of large amounts of metacyclic trypomastigotes from zymodeme 1 ... | 1990 | 2113007 |
| involvement of l3t4+, lyt2.2+ t cell subsets and non-t cells in the resistance of mice against trypanosoma cruzi infection. | cellular populations involved in resistance against t. cruzi infection were characterized from mice chronically infected with the parasite. mice transfused with spleen cells (sc), nylon-wool-non-adherent spleen cells (nwna) or sera from mice chronically infected with t. cruzi, showed an enhanced resistance against challenge with the parasite. the protective activity of nwna but not of sc was completely abrogated by treatment with anti-thy1.2 monoclonal antibodies (mab) and complement (c). pretre ... | 1990 | 2113512 |
| microvascular changes as a cause of chronic cardiomyopathy in chagas' disease. | 1990 | 2113762 | |
| chagas' disease. immunotoxin inhibition of trypanosoma cruzi release from infected host cells in vitro. | virulent tissue culture-derived trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes were readily killed by immune igg-ricin a chain conjugates (itr) in vitro. forty micrograms of itr immobilized 10(6) trypomastigotes after 48 hours of incubation at 37 degrees c. itr showed antibody specificity and 125i-labeled anti-t. cruzi igg bound to parasitized host cells 9-fold more than to nonparasitized host cells. the degree of specificity was evaluated further in experiments in which 10 micrograms of itr showed 78% inhib ... | 1990 | 2116564 |
| variability of trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote surface antigens with changes in the temperature of the cultures. | trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes changed their pattern of surface proteins when the temperature of growth rose from 30 degrees c to 34 degrees c. challenge of mice with blood-form trypomastigotes produced high parasitemias when animals were immunized with surface proteins from epimastigotes cultured at 30 degrees c and with nonidet p-40-extracted epimastigotes pellets cultured at 34 degrees c. however, low parasitemias were recorded after immunization with surface proteins from epimastigotes cult ... | 1990 | 2116735 |
| elevated cerebroside antibody levels in human visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, trypanosoma rangeli infection, and chronic chagas' disease. | a natural cerebroside (antic) igm antibody was found at relatively high levels in the serum of every healthy individual studied. the reactivity of the antibody was assessed by using highly purified bovine brain galactocerebroside (galc) or human glucocerebroside (gluc) as antigen. the importance of fatty acid moiety of galc in antigen-antibody reaction was demonstrated by low immunoreactivity using 1-beta-d-galactosyl sphingosine (gs) as antigen and by the absence of absorption to gs-bearing lip ... | 1990 | 2116736 |
| lysis of trypanosomes by peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones. | peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones, improved reagents for inactivating cysteinyl and serine proteinases, have provided unexpected results when applied to intact trypanosomes. a lethal effect was observed but limited to the infectious phase of the parasitic growth cycle. since the inhibitors are known only to act on proteases, the result implies the existence of a protease of critical importance during the infectious phase. a labelled inhibitor, cbz-ala-[3h]phe-ch2f, indicated that the killing effect ... | 1990 | 2116800 |
| recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor restores deficient immune responses in mice with chronic trypanosoma cruzi infections. | spleen cells from mice with chronic trypanosoma cruzi infection generate a minimal plaque-forming response to srbc in vitro. addition of granulocyte-macrophage (gm)-csf to cultures of spleen cells from chronically infected mice restored the plaque-forming cells (pfc) response to normal levels. splenic adherent cells from chronically infected mice were deficient in their ability to reconstitute the pfc response of accessory cell-depleted normal spleen cells. preincubation of splenic adherent cell ... | 1990 | 2117033 |
| chagas' disease: lymphoma growth in rabbits treated with benznidazole. | administration of the trypanocidal drug, benznidazole (n-benzyl-2-nitro-imidazoleacetamide) to trypanosoma cruzi-infected rabbits did not arrest the destructive chagas' heart myocarditis. a typical feature of lymphocytic infiltrates associated with non-parasitized heart cell lysis was present in both treated and untreated groups of rabbits. benznidazole-treated rabbits had their survival time shortened, probably as a consequence of chagas' heart disease and of the development of lymphomas. the s ... | 1990 | 2117856 |
| therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in patients with chronic chagas' disease. | laboratory and animal studies have demonstrated that pyrazolopyrimidines have significant activity against trypanosoma cruzi. this clinical investigation was to ascertain the efficacy of allopurinol in the treatment of chronic chagas' disease. of 307 patients studied, 91 were untreated; the remaining 216 were divided into 4 treatment groups. these corresponded to 600 or 900 mg/day of allopurinol for 60 days and benznidazole or nifurtimox at conventional dosage regimens. patients were evaluated c ... | 1990 | 2117857 |
| reticulin antibodies: relationship with endocardium-vessel-interstitium antibodies and heterophilic antibodies. | 1. indirect immunofluorescence was used to compare reticulin antibodies, endocardium-vessel-interstitium (evi) antibodies and heterophilic antibodies in serum samples from patients with degenerative and inflammatory diseases, chagas' disease, or paracoccidioidomycosis and from healthy blood donors. 2. the antigen substrates used were rat, mouse and human liver for reticulin antibodies, mouse and human heart and skeletal muscle for evi factor, and rat heart and rat, mouse and human kidney and sto ... | 1990 | 2119837 |
| mass screening for trypanosoma cruzi infections using the immunofluorescence, elisa and haemagglutination tests on serum samples and on blood eluates from filter-paper. | methods used to diagnose trypanosoma cruzi infection differ in their ability to discriminate between sera from infected and uninfected individuals. we compared the results of an immunofluorescence (if) test, a haemagglutination (ha) test, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the diagnosis of t. cruzi infections in a large population-based survey in central brazil using blood eluates from filter-paper and venous blood samples. the sensitivities of the tests on eluates, compared wi ... | 1990 | 2119903 |
| isolation of a trypanosoma cruzi antigen by affinity chromatography with a monoclonal antibody. preliminary evaluation of its possible applications in serological tests. | by affinity chromatography with a monoclonal antibody (163b6), obtained in our laboratory, we have isolated a t. cruzi antigen which could be useful for differential diagnosis of chagas' disease from leishmaniasis. this antigen, a 52-kd protein, reacted with all sera from chagas' disease patients tested but not with sera from patients with leishmania, in elisa. the 52-kd antigen is widely distributed in the trypanosoma genus since the 163b6 monoclonal antibody reacts with t. rangeli and 8 strain ... | 1990 | 2119921 |
| carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of [1-13c]glucose metabolism in trypanosoma cruzi. evidence of the presence of two alanine pools and of two co2 fixation reactions. | the non-invasive technique of 13c-nuclear magnetic resonance was applied to study glucose metabolism in vivo in trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of american trypanosomiasis (chagas' disease). it was found that under anaerobic conditions [1-13c]glucose undergoes a glycolytic pathway whose main metabolic products were identified as [3-13c]alanine, [2-13c]succinate and phosphoryl[1-13c]choline; [2-13c]alanine was also a minor metabolite. the addition of 70% 2h2o to the incubation mixture led ... | 1990 | 2120054 |
| trypanosoma cruzi antigen-specific antibody response in immunized mice during acute and chronic infection. | preimmunization with living attenuated corpus christi strain trypanosoma cruzi renders otherwise susceptible c3h(he) mice resistant and enhances the resistance of c57bl/6j mice to infection with the virulent brazil strain. antibody titers determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were higher in immunized and subsequently infected mice compared to those immunized alone. elevated levels of anti-t. cruzi antibodies were maintained through day 300 of infection. sera from groups of normal, immu ... | 1990 | 2120413 |
| prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi infection in blood banks of seven departments of bolivia. | trypanosoma cruzi infection was studied in 1,298 sera samples of blood banks from 7 capital departments of bolivia, using the immunofluorescence test (ifi) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the percentages of positivity in these 7 departments have an average of 28% and are distributed as follows: sta. cruz 51%, tarija 45%, cochabamba 28%, sucre 39%, la paz 4.9%, oruro 6% and potosi 24%. the prevalence is related with the altitude levels of the different departments. however in potos ... | 1990 | 2120544 |
| enhanced platelet adherence and aggregation in chagas' disease: a potential pathogenic mechanism for cardiomyopathy. | spasm and thrombosis of the coronary microcirculation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy of chagas' disease. we demonstrate that increases in platelet adherence and aggregation accompany trypanosoma cruzi infection and may contribute to the observed microvascular pathology. scanning electron microscopy and radiolabeled platelets studies revealed that platelet adherence to t. cruzi-infected human endothelial cells was significantly increased when compared to controls (p ... | 1990 | 2121055 |
| chagas disease. frequency and geographical distribution. | 1990 | 2121218 | |
| therapy and prophylaxis of systemic protozoan infections. | this article summarises current therapy and prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasma gondii, leishmania species, african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei gambiense and t. b. rhodesiense), and american trypanosome (trypanosoma cruzi) infections. each agent and the disease it causes is briefly reviewed, and current data on the structure, mode of action, indications for treatment, dosage, administration, duration of therapy, efficacy, toxicity, and necessary monitoring during therapy are di ... | 1990 | 2121456 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: a possible control of transfusion-induced chagas' disease by phenolic antioxidants. | the following phenolic antioxidant food additives were evaluated against trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes: bht, bha, gallic acid and its methyl, propyl, octyl, and lauryl esters, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(4-methoxybenzyl)-phenol, 4,4'-isopropilidenediphenol, and protocatechuic acid and its ethyl ester. the inhibition of the respiration; the changes in motility, shape, and lysis of the parasites; and the human blood hemolysis caused by these chemicals were studied. human blood samples experimentally co ... | 1990 | 2121515 |
| trypanocidal nitroarene treatment of experimental trypanosoma cruzi infection does not prevent progression of chronic-phase heart lesions in rabbits. | 1990 | 2121842 | |
| trypanosoma cruzi infection in the mexican state of guerrero: a seroepidemiological (elisa) survey of 20 communities. | the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to analyse 4372 blood samples from residents of 978 households in 20 representative communities in the mexican state of guerrero. seventy-five individuals had very high titres of antibodies against trypanosoma cruzi. samples with intermediate optical density values, despite overlapping values with several control positives on a single-well test, did not sustain their positivity at high dilutions. 'intermediate positives' had a different dist ... | 1990 | 2122006 |
| latin american immigrants--blood donation and trypanosoma cruzi transmission. | 1990 | 2123372 | |
| isolation of a gene encoding a mitochondrial hsp70 protein from schizosaccharomyces pombe. | we have isolated cdna and genomic clones encoding a mitochondrial hsp70 protein from schizosaccharomyces pombe. nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that the encoded protein is homologous to the hsp70s of other organisms. the highest degree of amino acid conservation is with the proteins encoded by the escherichia coli dnak gene, the ssc1 gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae and the mtp70 gene of trypanosoma cruzi, the latter two having recently been shown to be located in the mitochondria. wester ... | 1990 | 2123810 |
| infections of inbred mice with three trypanosoma cruzi isolates from louisiana mammals. | trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a dog (tc-d), opossum (tc-o), and an armadillo (tc-a) from southern louisiana were inoculated into 6 inbred mouse strains. none of the isolates produced fatal infections in the mouse strains tested. parasitemias were quantified over 34 days and found to be similar in mouse strains infected with tc-o and tc-a. parasitemias in tc-d-infected mice were detectable only by blood culture. pseudocyst numbers, inflammatory changes, and weight changes were quantified in cf1 ... | 1990 | 2123925 |
| [prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi infection in nicaraguan students. isle of youth special municipality. february, 1987]. | a seroepidemiologic study on american trypanosomiasis was performed to a group of nicaraguan students in isle of the youth special municipality, during february 1987, using indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunoflorescence techniques. the prevalence obtained with both tests and the percentage of the most frequent titer of indirect immunofluorescence are pointed out. the youth living in rural zones presented higher risk of acquiring the infection than those living in urban zones. the stude ... | 1990 | 2124367 |
| [acute chagas' disease: transmission routes, clinical aspects and response to specific therapy in diagnosed cases in an urban center]. | the authors report clinical features and therapeutic response of 24 outpatients with acute chagas' disease, and 3 in the initial chronic phase, referred to the clinic for infectious and parasitic diseases of the fmusp "clínicas" hospital between 1974 and 1987. the following transmission routes were involved: triatominae in 7 cases, blood transfusion in 9, kidney transplantation and/or blood transfusion in 4, accidental in 1, oral route in 3, probably breast feeding in 1, congenital or breast fee ... | 2015 | 2124370 |
| localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (chiclero's ulcer) in mexico: sensitivity and specificity of elisa for igg antibodies to leishmania mexicana mexicana. | sera from 223 human beings were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin g antibodies to leishmania mexicana mexicana promastigotes. 76% of 74 sera from patients with chiclero's ulcer gave positive reactions at a titre of 1:40; the positivity rate was lower in patients with long-standing infections. false positive reactions were obtained with only 7% of 56 sera from healthy individuals with positive montenegro tests and with 6 of 7 sera from patients with chagas disease. i ... | 1990 | 2124389 |
| seasonal changes in infectivity of domestic populations of triatoma infestans. | this paper examines the infection rate of trypanosoma cruzi in triatoma infestans, the main vector of chagas disease in argentina and neighbouring countries. the study was carried out in 1986-1987 on 5 houses (ranchos) in the endemic area of central argentina. domestic t. infestans populations were sampled in each season with a constant capture effort (2.5 man-hours/house) using a chemical irritant. the rectal content of the bugs was examined for the presence of t. cruzi. the vector population d ... | 1990 | 2124395 |
| the prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi and the demography of dog populations after insecticidal spraying of houses: a predictive model. | a three-year demographic and seroparasitological follow-up of the canine population of a rural area of argentina endemic for chagas' disease was carried out in order to (a) describe the population dynamics of domestic dogs, and (b) predict the decrease in the prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi among these reservoirs after indoor spraying of houses with residual insecticides. for the latter project we designed an age-structured model with a discrete time scale. we assumed a time-dependent exponentia ... | 1990 | 2124438 |
| [an undetermined form of chagas' disease: medico-occupational implications]. | 1990 | 2124480 | |
| [visual evoked potentials in chronic chagas-mazza disease]. | both modalities of visual evoked potentials (vep), flash (f) and pattern (p), were carried out in 17 patients with chronic chagas disease. the patients included, between 21 and 65 years old, presented an evolution period of more than 7 years and a minimum of two positive serologies. those patients with diabetes, alcoholism, leprosy, syphilis and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, so as intoxications of different etiologies, and visual disorders detected through ophthalmological ... | 1990 | 2124798 |
| igg antibody reactivity with trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania antigens in sera of patients with chagas' disease and leishmaniasis. | sera from 38 paraguayans with positive skin tests to leishmania braziliensis panamensis and 51 sera from paraguayan patients in different stages of chagas' disease were analyzed by western blotting using antigen from trypanosoma cruzi y strain epimastigotes and from l. b. panamensis promastigotes. using a single serum sample, distinctive patterns of igg antibody response to both antigens were identified allowing the differentiation between t. cruzi infection, leishmania infection, and probable d ... | 1990 | 2125177 |
| a new u2 rna secondary structure provided by phylogenetic analysis of trypanosomatid u2 rnas. | a new model of u2 rna secondary structure has been developed by comparing u2 rna sequences from distantly related trypanosomatids, which process their rnas by trans-splicing, and u2 rnas from cis-splicing organisms. the trypanosomatid u2 rna retains structural similarity in important functional domains of cis-splicing u2 rnas yet differs from previous consensus models in that only two helices, rather than three, can form in the stem-loop ii region. this alteration eliminates the capacity for pse ... | 1990 | 2125286 |
| [antigens in trypanosoma cruzi]. | 1990 | 2125741 | |
| colony-stimulating factors in parasitic diseases. | 1990 | 2126497 | |
| parasitic diseases and urban development. | the distribution and epidemiology of parasitic diseases in both urban and periurban areas of endemic countries have been changing as development progresses. the following different scenarios involving chagas disease, lymphatic filariasis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are discussed: (1) infected persons entering nonendemic urban areas without vectors; (2) infected persons entering nonendemic urban areas with vectors; (3) infected persons entering endemic urban areas; (4) non-infected persons ... | 1990 | 2127380 |
| probability of transmission of chagas disease by triatoma infestans (hemiptera: reduviidae) in an endemic area of santiago del estero, argentina. | the daily probability (p) of transmission of trypanosoma cruzi to a noninfected human host by an infected triatoma infestans bug was estimated using field data from a 2-year longitudinal study carried out in a rural settlement of 20 households in amamá, santiago del estero, argentina. the following information was used for this purpose: the bug density and the proportion of infected bugs; the bug biting rate and the distribution of bites between humans and animals; the age-specific seropositivit ... | 1990 | 2127382 |
| monoclonal antibodies mediating viable immunofluorescence and protection against trypanosoma cruzi infection. | both humoral and cell mediated immunity have been associated with protection against trypanosoma cruzi infection. antibody mediated protection has been associated with a particular functional type of antibody, as detected by viable immunofluorescence (vif), which is able to bind to living trypomastigotes, and is produced during infection but not following immunisation with killed parasites. we have generated b cell hybridomas from mice infected with t. cruzi and screened these hybridomas for vif ... | 1990 | 2127473 |
| histopathological and immunohistochemical study of the brain in the acute and chronic phases of experimental trypanosomiasis cruzi in dogs. | a histopathological and immunohistochemical study was undertaken of the brains of 12 young purebred pinscher dogs, eight of which were inoculated intraperitoneally with the colombiana strain of trypanosoma cruzi. the four non-infected dogs formed the control group. an immunoperoxidase method was employed for demonstrating amastigotes of t. cruzi in tissue sections. three infected dogs died in the acute phase; the other five were sacrificed at different stages of the chronic phase, one of them ha ... | 1990 | 2127524 |
| rat adrenal gland in experimental american trypanosomiasis: immunocytochemical study of tissue parasitism. | the rat adrenal gland is poorly parasitized during the experimental infection with y strain of trypanosoma cruzi. in both cortical and medullary regions, the parasitism peaked at day 10 and was characterized by the predominance of single amastigotes over nests containing 2 or more parasites. after day 10 of infection, the tissue parasitism dropped rapidly to become practically null at day 32 of infection. in cortical tissue, the amastigotes occurred mainly inside the endocrine cells. in the medu ... | 1990 | 2127875 |
| experimental chagas' disease in rhesus monkeys. i. clinical, parasitological, hematological and anatomo-pathological studies in the acute and indeterminate phase of the disease. | rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were infected subcutaneously with 1.0 x 10(4) to 1.5 x 10(4) metacyclic trypomastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi (colombian strain). parasitological and immunological parameters were evaluated in these animals for periods of 1 month to over 3 years. a chagoma was observed between the 3rd and the 13th day after infection (a.i.) and patent parasitaemia between the 13th and 59th day a.i.. thereafter, parasites were demonstrated only by haemoculture and/or xenodiagnosis. ... | 1990 | 2128360 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: experimental chagas' disease in rhesus monkeys. ii. ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of peroxidase and acid phosphatase activities. | ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of peroxidase and acid phosphatase were performed in skin, lymph node and heart muscle tissue of rhesus monkeys with experimental chagas' disease. at the site of inoculation there was a proliferative reaction with the presence of immature macrophages revealed by peroxidase technique. at the lymph node a diffuse inflammatory exudate with mononuclear cells, fibroblasts and immature activated macrophages reproduces the human pattern of acute chagas' disease ... | 1990 | 2128361 |
| the surface charge of trypanosomatids of the genus trypanosoma. | cell electrophoresis was used for determination of the electrophoretic mobility (epm) of epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of several isolates of trypanosoma cruzi and some stocks of other members of the schizotrypanum subgenus, such as t. dionisii, t. vespertilionis and t. myoti. the epm of t. brucei, t. rangeli, and t. conorhini was also determined. the results obtained show that the epm values can be useful to distinguish the parasites. | 1990 | 2128363 |
| two modes of idiotypic stimulation of t lymphocytes from patients with chagas' disease: correlations with clinical forms of infection. | patients with chronic trypanosoma cruzi infections have peripheral auto-anti-idiotype (id) t cells that proliferate on exposure to immunoaffinity-purified antibodies against t. cruzi epimastigote antigens (epi). the responses of some patients' (group 1) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to anti-epi antibodies from sera of patients with the cardiac form of chagas' disease (id-c) were inhibited by chloroquine, but responses of other patients' (group 2) pbmc to id-c were not inhibited. pbmc ... | 1990 | 2128549 |
| splenocyte membrane changes and immunosuppression during infection and reinfection with trypanosoma cruzi. | antisera to epi- and trypomastigote forms of trypanosoma cruzi were used to detect trypanosome antigens on the surface of lymphocytes from infected mice. only the anti-trypomastigote serum could recognize antigens expressed transiently on the splenocyte membranes from infected animals. the number or structural configuration of concanavalin a receptors was similarly affected and a clear correlation was seen between these two types of membrane changes and the immunosuppression to mitogens and srbc ... | 1990 | 2128613 |
| the effect of reinoculation with trypomastigotes on the level of protective antibodies in mice chronically infected with t. cruzi. | 1. the levels of specific antibodies were determined in sera from mice chronically infected with t. cruzi using indirect immunofluorescence, complement-mediated lysis, and neutralization of bloodstream trypomastigote (try) infectivity upon their incubation with the test sera in vitro and passive transfer of immune sera. 2. the sera were obtained at different times after t. cruzi inoculation performed one to five times using live y or cl bloodstream try, two polar strains of t. cruzi. 3. high lev ... | 1990 | 2128821 |
| studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with chagas' disease. 4--the reflection of parasite stock in the responsiveness of different vector species to chronic infection with different trypanosoma cruzi stocks. | previous studies (1982, 1987) have emphasized the superiority of sylvatic vector species over domestic species as xenodiagnostic agents in testing hosts with acute or chronic infections by t. cruzi "y" stock. the present study, which is unique in that it contains data on both infectivity rates produced by the same stock in 11 different vector species and also the reaction of the same vector species to seven different parasite stocks, establishes the general validity of linking efficiency of xeno ... | 1990 | 2128851 |
| [indeterminate form of chagas' disease. a polymorphic disease]. | to evaluate the association between the indeterminate form of chagas' disease and abnormalities in non-invasive cardiovascular propedeutics. | 1990 | 2128863 |
| trends of t. cruzi infection based on data from blood bank screening. | between october 1988 and april 1989 a cross-sectional survey was carried out in six out of eight blood banks of goiánia, central brazil. subjects attending for first-time blood donation in the mornings of the study period (n = 1358) were interviewed and screened for t. cruzi infection as a part of a major study among blood donors. tests to anti-t. cruzi antibodies were performed, simultaneously, by indirect hemagglutination test (iha) and complement fixation test (cft). a subject was considered ... | 1990 | 2128905 |
| exercise electrocardiogram tests in manual workers with and without antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi: a population-based study. | blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiographic responses to exercise were compared in a group of 125 subjects with antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi and in 153 seronegative subjects, randomly selected from persons with no evidence of heart disease in a resting electrocardiogram during a cross-sectional survey among apparently healthy manual workers. the mean heart rates and diastolic and systolic blood pressures of those in each group did not differ statistically at different phases of the ex ... | 1990 | 2128980 |
| depressed adjuvant arthritis in rats transferred with spleen cells from trypanosoma cruzi-infected syngeneic donors. | in the present study we investigated whether the attenuating effect of chronic trypanosoma cruzi (tc) infection on adjuvant arthritis (aa) in the rat could be transferred to naive recipients. transfer of whole spleen cells, but not of serum, from tc-infected rats reduced aa (means +/- sem: 11 +/- 0.5) in recipient animals (control values, means +/- sem: 19 +/- 0.7). transfer of a t-cell-enriched subpopulation from spleen cells of tc-infected rats (obtained by filtration through a nylon wool colu ... | 1990 | 2129267 |
| non-lytic antibodies in h-2-controlled resistance to acute infection with trypanosoma cruzi. | 1. resistance to acute trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice is a polygenic character with a major factor linked to the murine major histocompatibility system (h-2). we found that f1 hybrids a.ca(h-2f)/b10.br(h-2k) between two susceptible strains are strongly resistant. 2. resistant b10(h-2b) and a.sw(h-2s) animals survived 60 or more days after an intraperitoneal injection of 10(4) tulahuén strain blood trypomastigotes. the specific antibody response of these individuals increased continuously up ... | 1990 | 2129269 |
| lymphocyte subpopulations and neutrophil function in chronic human chagas' disease. | the absolute numbers of total leukocytes, lymphocytes. t cells, helper/inducer, suppressor/cytotoxic and b cells were decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic chagas' disease. since antilymphocyte antibodies were present only in a minority of patients they probably cannot account for the abnormalities in lymphocyte subsets. patient neutrophils stimulated with endotoxin-treated autologous plasma showed depressed chemotactic activity and this seems to be an intrinsic cellular def ... | 1990 | 2129291 |
| [effect of reinfection on the development of rats infected with trypanosoma cruzi]. | the present study was undertaken in order to demonstrate that reinfection could modify parasitemia, serum antibodies, electrocardiographic patterns and/or myocardial lesions already observed in a rat model. experimental groups ig: rats infected at weaning with 1 x 10(6) t. cruzi; rg: same as ig plus reinoculations each 30 days until completion on day 150; ig1: 51 day old infected rats; c: controls. a high parasitemia was detected in ig and rg until day 20 showing a tendency to become negative on ... | 1990 | 2129292 |
| [positive serology of syphilis, toxoplasmosis and chagas' disease in pregnant women in their first visit to health centers in a metropolitan area, brazil]. | the diagnosis of some infectious diseases contracted during pregnancy is very important, as these diseases can be transmitted to the fetus. four hundred and eighty-one pregnant women were studied, of an average 24.5 years of age (from 14 to 46), during their first prenatal visit to the state of s. paulo's health care centres in the subdistrict of paz (butantan), city of s. paulo, brazil, between april and october, 1988. classified by trimester of pregnancy, 230 patients (47.8%) fell into the fir ... | 1990 | 2129293 |
| [aspects of "bug reporting" activity by the population in the control of panstrongylus megistus in 12 countries of the northwestern region of são paulo state, brazil, 1974 to 1983]. | the importance of "bug reporting", on the part of the local human population, to the epidemiological surveillance of chagas' disease in s. paulo state is demonstrated. the variations the number of "bug reports" from the local human population in the period from 1974 to 1983 relating to an area, infested by panstrongylus megistus, in the northeast of s. paulo state are studied. an increase in the number of "bug reporting" occurring in october, november and december was observed; however, no conne ... | 1990 | 2129403 |
| isoxazolylnaphthoquinone effects on the growth of trypanosoma cruzi. | knowing the need for new drugs against the etiologic agent of chagas disease and considering the biological properties of naphthoquinones and isoxazoles, the effect of three isoxazolyl-naphthoquinones on the growth of trypanosoma cruzi was studied. to evaluate the activity of the compounds on epimastigote forms, growth curves with different concentrations of 2-hydroxi-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone-4 -imine (i), n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-4-amino-1,2-naphthoquinone (ii), 2-a ... | 1990 | 2129475 |
| chagas' disease as endemic to the brazilian amazon: risk or hypothesis? | 2004 | 2129519 | |
| ige dependent autoimmune response. effect of trypanosoma cruzi infection. | the autoimmune response to mouse accessory glands (mag) was investigated in male balb/c mice immunized with different doses of chemically modified mouse accessory glands (mmag) and complete freund's adjuvant (cfa). this autoimmune response was studied at several time intervals using the skin test with mag. it was found that 5 mg of mmag induced on the day 15 an autoimmune response detected by specific skin test at 20 min., 3 h and 24 h. the results of the immediate type hypersensitivity (ith) we ... | 1990 | 2129784 |
| [diastolic function in chagas disease]. | with the purpose of analyzing diastolic function in chagas, disease (ech), 42 patients were studied: 31 males (aged 33 +/- 9), 22 of them with positive serology for ech and 9 with negative serology; 11 female patients (aged 36 +/- 12), 10 with positive serology and 1 with negative serology. in all patients 2 d-echo and simultaneous ekg, phonocardiogram, apexcardiogram and m-mode echo at 100 mm/sec were taken. the a2-d, a2-o (total apexcardiographic relaxation-rat), a/d (diastolic amplitude of "a ... | 1990 | 2130245 |
| [development of chronic human chagas cardiopathy in the hinterland of the paraíba state, brazil, in a 4.5 year period]. | two sectional studies about chronic chagas' disease were performed at a 4.5 year interval, involving the urban populations of agua branca, catingueira, emas, imaculada, mãe d'agua, olho d'agua, piancó and são josé de caiana counties in the sertão region of the state of paraíba. the evolution of heart disease was evaluated in 125 matched pairs of chronic chagasic and non-chagasic patients of the same sex, age and county of origin through electrocardiograms (ecg) at rest. the following evaluation ... | 1990 | 2131491 |
| [diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi infection in opossums, naturally infected, using indirect immunofluorescence reaction]. | one hundred and sixteen opossums captured in bambuí, mg state, had an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) to detect circulating trypanosoma cruzi antibodies. forty-four of them (37.9%) reacted to t. cruzi, showing, titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:320. the parasite was demonstrated by parasitological examinations in 43 (97.7%) of these opossums. the ifat presented co-positivity (97.7%) co-negativity (98.6%) and agreement (98.3%) rates when compared to xenodiagnosis and hemoculture. considerin ... | 1990 | 2131494 |
| occurrence of triatomine infestation without trypanosoma cruzi transmission in tres braços, bahia-brazil. | 1990 | 2131497 | |
| [treatment of the undetermined form of chagas disease with nifortimox and benzonidazole]. | one hundred patients with the indeterminate form of human chronic chagas disease were submitted to chemotherapy, 50 with nifurtimox (bayer) and 50 with benznidazole (roche) from 1965 up to 1985. after two-year follow-up there was negativation of xenodiagnosis in 25 (50%) and negativation of serological tests in 3 (6%) of the patients treated with nifurtimox. as for benznidazole there was 35 (70%) of xenodiagnosis negativation and 5 (10%) of serological negativation. in 92 patients after a period ... | 1990 | 2133586 |
| [sudden death caused by the spontaneous rupture of the right ventricle in a woman with chronic chagas disease]. | we report a case of sudden death from hemopericardium consequent to spontaneous rupture of the right ventricle in a 49-year-old chronic chagasic woman. to our knowledge, this is the third reported case of spontaneous cardiac rupture with chagasic cardiomyopathy. in our case we believe that the thinning of the anterior right ventricular wall, its large ray curvature and the increased ventricular pressure were factors favoring the rupture. there was no infarction and the chronic cardiopathy was si ... | 2006 | 2133589 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: serum antibody reactivity to the parasite antigens in susceptible and resistant mice. | the specific antibody responses were compared among susceptible (a/sn), moderately susceptible (balb/c) and resistant (c57 bl/10j) mice infected with trypanosoma cruzi (y strain). sera obtained during the second week of infection recognized a surface trypomastigote antigen of apparent mr 80 kda while displaying complex reactivity to surface epimastigote antigens. complex trypomastigote antigens recognition was detected around the middle of the third week of infection. no major differences were o ... | 1990 | 2134701 |
| secretory granules in rat submandibular acinar cells during experimental chagas disease. | the fine structure of rat submandibular glands has been compared in control and infected-rats with y strain of trypanosoma cruzi at day 18 of infection. in the acinar cells of the infected rats the secretory granules exhibit a variety of morphological types suggesting and early form of secretion product or a new secretory protein. | 1990 | 2134905 |
| [effect of cyclosporin and prednisone on the acute phase of experimental infection of mice by trypanosoma cruzi]. | the relations between immunosuppression and human or experimental infection by trypanosoma cruzi have recently been the subject of great interest, specially because of the wider use of drugs acting on immunity and of organ transplantation programs, now in frank expansion. the use of cyclosporin turned necessary to know adequately its interactions with t. cruzi parasitosis, and this has been the objective of the present study, regarding the acute phase in mice, in comparison to the use of prednis ... | 1990 | 2135359 |
| chronic myocardial damage in experimental t. cruzi infection of a new world primate, cebus sp. monkey. | eighteen cebus apella monkeys, (juvenile and adult of both sexes) were inoculated five years ago, with three trypanosoma cruzi strains (ca1, n = 10; colombian, n = 4 and tulahuen, n = 4), either by conjunctival or intraperitoneal route, once or repeatedly. parasitological, hematological, serological, enzymatic, radiographic, electro and echocardiographic findings have been previously published and they are similar to those observed in human pathology. the most frequent electrocardiographic alter ... | 1990 | 2135367 |
| chagas'disease: iga, igm and igg antibodies to t. cruzi amastigote, trypomastigote and epimastigote antigens in acute and in different chronic forms of the disease. | in an attempt to find a better t. cruzi antigen and possible immunological markers for the diagnosis of different clinical forms of chagas'disease, amastigote and trypomastigote antigens obtained from immunosuppressed mice infected with t. cruzi (y strain) were assessed in comparison with conventional epimastigote antigens. a total of 506 serum samples from patients with acute and with chronic (indeterminate, cardiac and digestive) forms, from nonchagasic infections, and from healthy individuals ... | 1990 | 2135370 |
| [morphologic and morphometric study of changes in the mouse parotid gland in the acute phase of chagas' disease]. | in the present study we describe the morphological and morphometric alterations induced by bolivia strain of the trypanosoma cruzi in the mouse parotid gland during the acute period of infection. the acinar cells exhibit reduced eosinophilia, greater chromatin condensation, reduced height and consequent dislocation of the nucleus towards the basal pole. then lumen is reduced. the ducts are dilated and lined with low cylindrical epithelium. the septa are wider. an intense lymphoplasmocytic infilt ... | 1990 | 2135440 |
| [viability of trypanosoma cruzi in sugar cane juice]. | in catolé do rocha, state of paraíba, brasil several people were concomitantly contaminated by chagas' disease and had the acute form of the infection. because of this event, the hypothesis that trypanosoma cruzi might have been transmitted by the digestive route, through the ingestion of accidentally contaminated sugar cane juice, was made. in the present study, we verified that the parasite has remained viable for four hours in the liquid, at room temperature. we have also demonstrated that, a ... | 1990 | 2135472 |
| simultaneous identification of trypanosoma cruzi surface and internal antigens reactive to different immunoglobulin classes (radio-immunoblotting). | a radioactive western-blotting technique was developed by which the reactivity of immunoglobulins (igs) from different classes to both membrane radiolabelled and internal parasite antigens is simultaneously identified. the method includes radioiodination of parasites, polypeptide fractionation by sds-page, western-blot transfer and autoradiography of the immunoblots developed with anti-igs conjugates labelled with enzymes. the analysis is then performed by the comparison of common bands on the a ... | 1990 | 2135481 |
| trypanosoma cruzi: modification of alkaline phosphatase activity induced by trypomastigotes in cultured human placental villi. | human term placental villi cultured "in vitro" were maintained with bloodstream forms of trypanosoma cruzi during various periods of time. two different concentrations of the parasite were employed. controls contained no t. cruzi. the alkaline phosphatase activity was determined in placental villi by electron microscopy and its specific activity in the culture medium by biochemical methods. results showed that the hemoflagellate produces a significant decrease in enzyme activity as shown by both ... | 1990 | 2135485 |
| [psychosocial variables associated to housing conditions colonized by the vector of chagas' disease]. | the venezuelan unfinished housing that prevails in the rural areas (palm roof and unfinished walls) is the main factor for the settlement of the chagas' disease vector in the country. this research had as principal objective: to explore the social behavior variable that maintain housing in such condition. it was carried out in the municipality of tinaquillo, cojedes state, an endemic zone of this disease. the research was based on a previous study on the same subject. the sample used in that stu ... | 1990 | 2135561 |
| [therapeutic effect of benzonidazole in mice infected by trypanosoma cruzi and immunodepressed by the combination cyclosporin and prednisone]. | because the organ transplantation is currently involving patients with chagas' disease, we evaluated the therapeutic activity of benzonidazole in mice immunosuppressed by cyclosporine and prednisone. the purpose was to obtain further knowledge regarding the infection with trypanosoma cruzi when the immune system is depressed. it was verified that benzonidazole, at least in the conditions of the present study, decreased the severity of the parasitic component of the infection and of the inflammat ... | 1990 | 2135838 |
| [increase of lipids in human chagasic placentas: cytochemical and biochemical study]. | it has been demonstrated that the normal human trophoblast has lipidic granules that contain triglycerides and phospholipids of yet unclear signification. with the purpose of analyzing the effect of chagas disease on these structures, the present study was undertaken with the purpose of determining the relationship between the degree of placental lesion, the presence of lipids and the general condition of the fetus and newborn. human placentas from mothers with chronic chagas disease detected by ... | 1990 | 2135942 |
| xvii annual meeting on basic research in chagas disease. caxambur, november 6-8, 1990. abstracts. | 1990 | 2136612 | |
| intensification of acute trypanosoma cruzi myocarditis in balb/c mice pretreated with low doses of cyclophosphamide or gamma irradiation. | this study was carried out to examine the development of acute myocarditis in trypanosoma cruzi-infected balb/c mice after they were treated with low doses of cylophosphamide or gamma irradiation. it has been claimed that, in mice, such treatments temporarily interfere with the host-immune suppressor network, but cause no immunodepression. a severe extensive and diffuse acute myocarditis developed in the treated mice infected with t. cruzi, whereas a slight to moderate focal or occasionally diff ... | 1990 | 2138024 |
| involvement of a divalent cation in the binding of fructose 6-phosphate to trypanosoma cruzi phosphofructokinase: kinetic and magnetic resonance studies. | when mg2+ ions were replaced by mn2+ in the assay of trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi phosphofructokinase (atp:d-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, ec 2.7.1.11) the km for d-fructose 6-phosphate (f6p) was reduced threefold while the corresponding constant for atp was essentially unaffected. a detailed kinetic investigation showed that the apparent km for f6p decreased monotonically with increasing free mn2+ concentrations, from a limiting value of 5.7 mm in its absence to a limiting va ... | 1990 | 2138869 |
| trypanosoma cruzi inhibits the expression of cd3, cd4, cd8, and il-2r by mitogen-activated helper and cytotoxic human lymphocytes. | we studied the effects of trypanosoma cruzi secretion products on the capacity of helper (th) and cytotoxic (tc) cells to express il-2r, cd3, cd4, and cd8 in response to pha or anti-cd3 stimulation. to this end, we used a culture system in which blood forms of the parasite were cocultured with human pbmc. two-color flow cytometry studies revealed that, under these conditions, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of both th and tc cells expressing il-2r (inhibition range = 30 to 65% ... | 1990 | 2139458 |
| differential energetic metabolism during trypanosoma cruzi differentiation. ii. hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. | the activities of hexokinase (atp:hexose-6-phosphate transferase, e.c. 2.7.1.1), phosphofructokinase (atp:fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, e.c.2.7.1.11) and pyruvate kinase (atp:pyruvate transferase, e.c. 2.7.1.40), and their kinetic behaviour in two morphological forms of trypanosoma cruzi (epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes) have been studied. the kinetic responses of the three enzymes to their respective substrates were normalized to hyperbolic forms on a velocity versus s ... | 1990 | 2143268 |
| [estimate of the incidence rates of chronic parasitosis and infections based on the prevalence: chagas disease in latin america]. | a simple method is described for using prevalence data to estimate the incidence of chronic infections. the incidence rate is estimated as the prevalence rate multiplied by the crude birth rate. the method is applicable to infections which are detectable for life and which have little effect on mortality. strictly, it is valid only if infection occurs at or shortly after birth, but we show that little error results if infections occur gradually over the first two decades of life. a method of ref ... | 1990 | 2143904 |
| structural features of the lipopeptidophosphoglycan from trypanosoma cruzi common with the glycophosphatidylinositol anchors. | the lipopeptidophosphoglycan (lppg) from trypanosoma cruzi, a major constituent of the plasma membrane of epimastigote forms, has been now extracted with butanol/water from delipidated cells and purified by hydrophobic chromatography. we have found that the lppg undergoes two reactions, characteristic of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors: (a) cleavage of the ceramide by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (ptdins-specific phospholipase c) from bacillus thuringiensis, (b) nitrous ... | 1990 | 2145155 |