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microbial community structure and performance of an anaerobic reactor digesting cassava pulp and pig manure.microbial community dynamics in response to changes in substrate types (i.e. pig manure (pm), cassava pulp (cp) and mixtures of pm and cp) were investigated in an anaerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (cstr). molecular identification of bacterial and archaeal domains were performed, using a 16s rdna clone library with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) screening and phylogenetic analysis. analysis of bacterial clone libraries revealed that the diff ...201222864448
occurrence of lace bug vatiga illudens and vatiga manihotae (hemiptera: tingidae) in mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil.nymphs and adults of the lace bug (hemiptera: tingidae) have been found in cassava crops (manihot esculenta) in mato grosso do sul state, brazil. the insects were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory where they were identified based on some morphological traits of the species vatiga manihotae (drake) and v. illudens (drake), which are first reported in the aforementioned state.201222886161
a melting pot of old world begomoviruses and their satellites infecting a collection of gossypium species in pakistan.clcud in southern asia is caused by a complex of multiple begomoviruses (whitefly transmitted, single-stranded [ss]dna viruses) in association with a specific ssdna satellite; cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub). a further single ssdna molecule, for which the collective name alphasatellites has been proposed, is also frequently associated with begomovirus-betasatellite complexes. multan is in the center of the cotton growing area of pakistan and has seen some of the worst problems ca ...201222899988
characterization of ethanol fermentation waste and its application to lactic acid production by lactobacillus paracasei.in this study, an ethanol fermentation waste (efw) was characterized for use as an alternative to yeast extract for bulk fermentation processes. efw generated from a commercial plant in which ethanol is produced from cassava/rice/wheat/barley starch mixtures using saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for lactic acid production by lactobacillus paracasei. the effects of temperature, ph, and duration on the autolysis of an ethanol fermentation broth (efb) were also investigated. the distilled efw (de ...201322907566
acromyrmex octospinosus (hymenoptera: formicidae) management: effects of tramils fungicidal plant extracts.leaf-cutting ants, acromyrmex octospinosus (reich), are considering among the most important pest species of the new world. until now, the main insecticides used for controlling these ants were synthetic chemicals. leaf-cutting ants live in obligate symbiosis with abasidiomycete fungus, leucocoprinus gongylophorus (heim) moeller. the crucial role of this symbiotic partner in the nest of leaf-cutting ants has prompted us to focus on a. octospinosus management through the use of fungicides in our ...201222928301
preparation and characterization of gelatinized granular starches from aqueous ethanol treatments.in order to modify the properties of native starch granules, the formation of gelatinized granular forms (ggs) from normal, waxy, and high amylose maize, as well as potato and tapioca starches was investigated by treating granules with aqueous ethanol at varying starch:water:ethanol ratios and then heating in a rotary evaporator to remove ethanol. the modified starches were characterized using bright field, polarized and electron microscopy. short/long range molecular order and enthalpic transit ...201222944420
tale1 from xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis acts as a transcriptional activator in plant cells and is important for pathogenicity in cassava plants.many plant-pathogenic bacteria suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity by injecting effector proteins into the host cytoplasm during infection through the type iii secretion system (ttss). this type iii secretome plays an important role in bacterial pathogenicity in susceptible hosts. xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam), the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight, injects several effector proteins into the host cell, including tale1(xam) . this protein i ...201322947214
convergent adaptations: bitter manioc cultivation systems in fertile anthropogenic dark earths and floodplain soils in central amazonia.shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type: long-fallow shifting cultivation. while it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunities for agricultural intensification. we hypothesized that amazonian people have developed divergent bitter manioc cultivation systems as adaptations to the properties of different soils. we compared bi ...201222952727
retraction: transgenic biofortification of the starchy staple cassava (manihot esculenta) generates a novel sink for protein. 201222970110
first report of infestation of cassava fruit, manihot esculenta, by neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell) (lonchaeidae) in brazil. 201222990837
iron biofortification and homeostasis in transgenic cassava roots expressing the algal iron assimilatory gene, fea1.we have engineered the tropical root crop cassava (manihot esculenta) to express the chlamydomonas reinhardtii iron assimilatory gene, fea1, in its storage roots with the objective of enhancing the root nutritional qualities. iron levels in mature cassava storage roots were increased from 10 to 36 ppm in the highest iron accumulating transgenic lines. these iron levels are sufficient to meet the minimum daily requirement for iron in a 500 g meal. significantly, the expression of the fea1 gene in ...201222993514
[identification and characterization of a flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferase gene from saussurea involucrata].the flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferas (3gt) is one of the most important enzymes for biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. in this paper, the homology analysis and gene special primers design were used. with the methods of modern molecular biology, the full-length gene of 3gt (genbank accession no. jn092127) which was cloned from saussurea involucrata kar. et kir by rt-pcr and race. the cdna sequence of 3gt consisted of 1548 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 516 amino acid, the deduced ...201223016307
raw starch-degrading α-amylase from bacillus aquimaris mksc 6.2: isolation and expression of the gene, bioinformatics and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme.the aims were to isolate a raw starch-degrading α-amylase gene baqa from bacillus aquimaris mksc 6.2, and to characterize the gene product through in silico study and its expression in escherichia coli.201323020612
yeast extract promotes phase shift of bio-butanol fermentation by clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824 using cassava as substrate.when fermenting on cassava (15-25%, w/v) with clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824, a severe delay (18-40 h) was observed in the phase shift from acidogenesis to solventogenesis, compared to the cases of fermenting on corn. by adding yeast extract (2.5 g/l-broth) into cassava meal medium when the delay appeared, the phase shift was triggered and fermentation performances were consequently improved. total butanol concentrations/butanol productivities, compared to those with cassava substrate alone, ...201223023236
starch addition in renneted milk gels: partitioning between curd and whey and effect on curd syneresis and gel microstructure.milk gels were made by renneting and acidifying skim milk containing 5 different starches, and then compressed by centrifugation to express whey and simulate curd syneresis during the manufacture of low-fat cheese. a series of 17 starches were examined, with 5 starches being selected for in-depth analysis: a modified waxy corn starch (wc), a waxy rice starch (wr), an instant tapioca starch (it), a modified tapioca starch (mt), and dextrin (dx). milks containing wc, wr, and dx were given a 72°c h ...201223040026
exploiting the combination of natural and genetically engineered resistance to cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak viruses impacting cassava production in africa.cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) and cassava mosaic disease (cmd) are currently two major viral diseases that severely reduce cassava production in large areas of sub-saharan africa. natural resistance has so far only been reported for cmd in cassava. cbsd is caused by two virus species, cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv). a sequence of the cbsv coat protein (cp) highly conserved between the two virus species was used to demonstrate that a cbsv-cp ...201223049780
mercury in the surface soil and cassava, manihot esculenta (flesh, leaves and peel) near goldmines at bogoso and prestea, ghana.mercury amalgamation is used indiscriminately in the recovery of gold by small-scale native gem winners in ghana. mercury is released into the environment in the form of wastewater, tailing and vapor from the roasting of amalgam to separate gold. the study looked at the levels of total mercury concentration in surface soil and cassava crop from farms located within the vicinities of bogoso and prestea goldmines. the surface soil total mercury concentrations ranged between 125.29 and 352.52 μg/kg ...201223052587
unintended consequences of bioethanol feedstock choice in china.economic, energy, and environmental impacts of 11 types of bioethanol feedstock in china were evaluated using a mixed-unit input-output life cycle assessment model. corn grain and wheat grain had higher negative economic, energy, and environmental impacts. sweet sorghum, cassava, sugar beet, and sugarcane showed better economic performance but increasing negative energy and environmental impacts. cellulose-based feedstocks in general showed positive economic, energy, and environmental performanc ...201223070140
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
characteristics and malaria prevalence of migrant populations in malaria-endemic areas along the thai-cambodian border.the rise of artemisinin resistant plasmodium falciparum along the thai-cambodian border is an urgent public health threat. we conducted an employer-based survey of migrant workers in two provinces in thailand along the thai-cambodian border to explore socio-economic conditions, bednet ownership, and parasite prevalence among migrant workers. five thousand three hundred seventy-one migrant workers were enrolled in this study; 56.9% were male. cambodians comprised 69.0%, migrants from myanmar comp ...201223082578
introduction of east african cassava mosaic zanzibar virus to oman harks back to "zanzibar, the capital of oman".cassava mosaic disease (cmd) is the most devastating disease of the subsistence crop cassava (manihot esculenta) across africa and the indian subcontinent. the disease is caused by viruses of the genus begomovirus (family geminiviridae)-seven species have been identified so far. the sultanate of oman is unusual among countries in arabia in growing cassava on a small scale for local consumption. during a recent survey in a'seeb wilayat of muscat governorate, oman, cassava plants were identified w ...201323085885
comparative analysis of genetic variation among xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis isolated from the western states of nigeria using rapd and aflp.xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis is the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (cbb) worldwide. cbb disease is a major constraint to cassava cultivation, and losses can be extremely severe in regions where highly susceptible cultivars are grown. to develop an efficient disease management policy, the genetic diversity of the pathogens population must be known. there is dearth of information on the genetic diversity of x. axonopodis pv manihotis population in nigeria. we used rapd (random amp ...201023100819
hev b 5: latex allergen implicated in clinically relevant cross-reactivity with manioc. 201223101196
selection and characterization of a newly isolated thermotolerant pichia kudriavzevii strain for ethanol production at high temperature from cassava starch hydrolysate.pichia kudriavzevii dmku 3-et15 was isolated from traditional fermented pork sausage by an enrichment technique in a yeast extract peptone dextrose (ypd) broth, supplemented with 4 % (v/v) ethanol at 40 °c and selected based on its ethanol fermentation ability at 40 °c in ypd broth composed of 16 % glucose, and in a cassava starch hydrolysate medium composed of cassava starch hydrolysate adjusted to 16 % glucose. the strain produced ethanol from cassava starch hydrolysate at a high temperature u ...201323132277
cloning and characterization of a tuberous root-specific promoter from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).in order to obtain a tuberous root-specific promoter to be used in the transformation of cassava, a 1,728 bp sequence containing the cassava granule-bound starch synthase (gbssi) promoter was isolated. the sequence proved to contain light- and sugar-responsive cis elements. part of this sequence (1,167 bp) was cloned into binary vectors to drive expression of the firefly luciferase gene. cassava cultivar adira 4 was transformed with this construct or a control construct in which the luciferase g ...201223132522
cassava starch as a stabilizer of soy-based beverages.soy-based beverages are presented as healthy food alternatives for human nutrition. cassava (manihot esculenta, crantz) starch is relatively inexpensive, widely available in brazil and is broadly used by the food industry due to its desired properties that result from pasting. the objective of this study was to develop soy-based beverages with good sensory quality using native cassava starch as a stabilizer and maintaining the nutritional value that makes this product a functional food. the deve ...201223144242
genetic diversity and geographic distribution of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) genotypes associated with cassava in east africa.the genetic variability of whitefly (bemisia tabaci) species, the vectors of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs) in cassava growing areas of kenya, tanzania, and uganda, was investigated through comparison of partial sequences of the mitochondria cytochrome oxidase i (mtcoi) dna in 2010/11. two distinct species were obtained including sub-saharan africa 1 (ssa1), comprising of two sub-clades (i and ii), and a south west indian ocean islands (swio) species. among the ssa1, sub-clade i sequences s ...201223170210
a single-tube duplex and multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of four cassava mosaic begomovirus species in cassava plants.a single-tube duplex and multiplex pcr was developed for the simultaneous detection of african cassava mosaic virus (acmv), east african cassava mosaic cameroon virus (eacmcv), east african cassava mosaic malawi virus (eacmmv) and east african cassava mosaic zanzibar virus (eacmzv), four cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs) affecting cassava in sub-saharan africa. co-occurrence of the cmbs in cassava synergistically enhances disease symptoms and complicates their detection and diagnostics. four p ...201323174160
[effects of seven rna silencing suppressors on heterologous expression of green fluorescence protein expression mediated by a plant virus-based system in nicotiana benthamiana].to test the effects of 7 virus-encoded rna silencing suppressors (rsss) for enhancement of a plant virus-based vector system-mediated heterologous expression of green fluorescence protein (gfp) in nicotiana benthamiana.201223174571
the nigeria high glycemic index starchy foods, obesity, and the environment.glycemic index has generated a lot of debate for nearly 30 years, especially as it relates to the control for the treatment of diabetes.201123175893
east african cassava mosaic-like viruses from africa to indian ocean islands: molecular diversity, evolutionary history and geographical dissemination of a bipartite begomovirus.cassava (manihot esculenta) is a major food source for over 200 million sub-saharan africans. unfortunately, its cultivation is severely hampered by cassava mosaic disease (cmd). caused by a complex of bipartite cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmg) species (family: geminivirideae; genus: begomovirus) cmd has been widely described throughout africa and it is apparent that cmg's are expanding their geographical distribution. determining where and when cmg movements have occurred could help curtail i ...201223186303
tuberization in cassava (manihot esculenta): cytokinin and abscisic acid activity in tuberous roots.the nature and distribution of cytokinins and abscisic acid in tuberous roots of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) was studied. trans-ribosylzeatin, dihydrozeatin and trans-zeatin were tentatively identified as the major cytokinins in tuberous root extracts. cytokinin activity was concentrated in the meristematic region of the secondary xylem and in the phloem. this suggests a role for cytokinins in the regulation of meristematic activity which is responsible for the growth of the tuberous root ...198523196078
effect of resistant starch on the cooking quality of yam (dioscorea spp.) and cassava (manihot esculenta) based paste products.total starch (ts) and resistant starch (rs) contents in pasty edible product of mealy and hard cooking tubers of three yam varieties and four cassava varieties were determined to evaluate their contribution in their cooking quality. ts and rs contents appeared as the main components in determining yam cooking quality. mealy cooking yam varieties were characterized by a significant higher ts content (75.2 ± 7.7 g/100 g d.m.) and lower rs content (13.8 ± 3.4 g/100 g d.m.) than hard cooking yam var ...201323215529
effects of lipids on enzymatic hydrolysis and physical properties of starch.this study aimed to understand effects of lipids, including corn oil (co), soy lecithin (sl), palmitic acid (pa), stearic acid (sa), oleic acid (oa), and linoleic acid (la), on the enzymatic hydrolysis and physical properties of normal corn (ncs), tapioca (tps), waxy corn (wcs), and high-amylose corn (ha7) starch, and to elucidate mechanisms of interactions between the starches and lipids. after cooking with the lipids (10%, w/w, dsb), ncs, tps, and ha7 showed significant decreases in enzymatic ...201323218274
microbial community diversity of organically rich cassava sago factory waste waters and their ability to use nitrate and n2o added as external n-sources for enhancing biomethanation and the purification efficiency.water shortage necessitated south indian sago factory owners, extracting starch out of cassava tubers, to install biogas plants where a starch utilizing microbial community multiplies and reduces the biological oxygen demand (bod) of the waste waters by presently about 30%. the purification efficiency of sago factory waste waters, rich in solid particles and having wide c/n ratios, around 250, through unstirred biogas plants needs to be improved. our approach was to apply instead of animal slurr ...201223219890
characterization of carotenoid-protein complexes and gene expression analysis associated with carotenoid sequestration in pigmented cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) storage root.carotenoid-protein complex (cpc) was isolated from chromoplast-enriched suspensions of cassava storage root (csr) using size exclusion chromatography and characterized. peptide sequences (lc_ms/ms spectrum) obtained from cpc and their corresponding proteins were obtained using publically available databases. small heat shock proteins (shsps) were the most abundant proteins identified in the cpc. western blot analysis showed that fribrillin and or-protein were present in chromoplast-enriched susp ...201223230451
biological invasions of geminiviruses: case study of tylcv and bemisia tabaci in reunion island.in the last 20 years, molecular ecology approaches have proven to be extremely useful to identify and assess factors associated with viral emerging diseases, particularly in economically and socially important tropical crops such as maize (maize streak disease) and cassava (cassava mosaic disease). molecular ecology approaches were applied in reunion island to analyze the epidemic of tomato yellow leaf curl disease, which has been affecting the island since the end of the 1990s. before the invas ...201223235470
complete genome sequencing of two causative viruses of cassava mosaic disease in ghana.cassava mosaic disease (cmv), caused by one or a combination of cassava mosaic geminiviruses, is ranked among the most important constraints to profitable and efficient production of cassava. effective control measures require in-depth knowledge of the viral causative agent. using rolling-circle amplification and unique enzymes, the full genome of two species of cassava mosaic geminivirus isolated from infected cassava plants in ghana were cloned into pcambia 1300 and pet-28b. the sequences of t ...201223237086
[x-ray diffraction study of high hydrostatic pressure on crystalline structure of different type starches].crystalline changes of different type starches after high hydrostatic pressure treated under 300, 450, 600 mpa were studied by x-ray diffraction. waxy maize (a type, 100% amylopectin), hylon vii (b type, 30% amylopectin) and tapioca starch (c type, 83% amylopectin) were chosen. the results indicated that for waxy maize starch, annealing effect was observed at 300 mpa, disappearance of crystalline structure happened at 450 mpa and retrogradation at 600 mpa. the results proved that the granule und ...201223240443
screening for bacillus subtilis group isolates that degrade cyanogens at ph 4.5-5.0.cyanogenic food crops abound in nature with important crops like cassava forming the staple food for over half a billion people. detoxification by hydrolysis of cassava cyanogenic glycosides often involves acid fermentation, and in some of these processes bacillus species are encountered. forty bacillus spp. (20 bacillus subtilis, 11 bacillus licheniformis, 7 bacillus sonorensis, 2 bacillus cereus) isolated from acid fermented primary starters to produce gergoush, a sudanese fermented snack, wer ...201323261810
effects of starches on the textural, rheological, and color properties of surimi-beef gels with microbial tranglutaminase.in order to evaluate effects of starches (corn starch, potato starch, and tapioca starch) on the characteristics of surimi-beef gels with microbial transglutaminase, the cooking loss, gel strength, color and rheological properties of samples were investigated. results demonstrated that starches gave negative effects on the cooking loss of surimi-beef gels. the gel with corn starch had the highest cooking loss while that with tapioca starch showed the lowest value. the gel with potato starch obta ...201323273461
effects of dietary fibers with different fermentation characteristics on feeding motivation in adult female pigs.dietary fibers can be fermented in the colon, resulting in production of short-chain fatty acids (scfa) and secretion of satiety-related peptides. fermentation characteristics (fermentation kinetics and scfa-profile) differ between fibers and could impact their satiating potential. we investigated the effects of fibers with varying fermentation characteristics on feeding motivation in adult female pigs. sixteen pair-housed pigs received four diets in four periods in a latin square design. starch ...201323313406
crop expansion and conservation priorities in tropical countries.expansion of cropland in tropical countries is one of the principal causes of biodiversity loss, and threatens to undermine progress towards meeting the aichi biodiversity targets. to understand this threat better, we analysed data on crop distribution and expansion in 128 tropical countries, assessed changes in area of the main crops and mapped overlaps between conservation priorities and cultivation potential. rice was the single crop grown over the largest area, especially in tropical forest ...201323326316
enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging by overproduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase delays postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava storage roots.postharvest physiological deterioration (ppd) of cassava (manihot esculenta) storage roots is the result of a rapid oxidative burst, which leads to discoloration of the vascular tissues due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds. in this study, coexpression of the reactive oxygen species (ros)-scavenging enzymes copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (mecu/znsod) and catalase (mecat1) in transgenic cassava was used to explore the intrinsic relationship between ros scavenging and ppd occurrence. transg ...201323344905
comparative morphology, biology and histology of reproductive development in three lines of manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae: crotonoideae).cassava (manihot esculenta), a major food staple in the tropics and subtropics, thrives even in environments undergoing threatening climate change. to satisfy the increasing demand for crop improvement and overcome the limitations of conventional breeding, the introduction of inbreeding techniques such as the production of doubled haploid lines via androgenesis or gynogenesis offers advantages. however, comprehensive studies on cassava flower bud biology or structural development are lacking and ...201323346343
manioc flour consumption as a risk factor for lead poisoning in the brazilian amazon.recent studies reported elevated blood lead (pb) levels in riparian populations of the amazon. for this reason, the aim of the present study was to assess the risk to riparians in the brazilian amazon to pb exposure due to the intake of contaminated manioc flour. lead levels were determined in whole blood (n = 74) and in manioc flour samples (n = 30) in three different communities. mean blood pb levels were 16.8 μg/dl, with individuals living in açaituba presenting the highest mean blood pb leve ...201323356650
digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to growing pigs.an experiment was conducted to measure de and me in copra (cocos nucifera) meal (cm), palm kernel meal (pkm), and cassava (manihot esculenta) root (cr) in growing pigs. eight boars with an initial bw of 67.3 ± 5.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design was used with 4 dietary treatments, 4 periods, and 8 animals. a basal diet mainly contained corn (zea mays) and soybean (glycine max) meal. thr ...201223365309
prediction of gross energy and digestible energy in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to pigs.many of the available prediction equations for feed energy value may not be applicable for ingredients such as copra (cocos nucifera) meal (cm), palm kernel meal (pkm), and cassava (manihot esculenta) root (cr). therefore, we developed novel equations for estimating ge and de concentrations in cm, pkm, cr, and diets containing these ingredients. data for ge and de concentrations were obtained from previous experiments in which the chemical composition in the ingredients and diets were determined ...201223365336
antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of ten cameroonian vegetables against gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria.many edible plants are used in cameroon since ancient time to control microbial infections. this study was designed at evaluating the antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of ten cameroonian vegetables against a panel of twenty nine gram negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant (mdr) strains.201323368430
feeding potential of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) peels ensiled with leucaena leucocephala and gliricidia sepium assessed with west african dwarf goats.cassava peels (cape) were ensiled in mixtures with gliricidia sepium and leucaena leucocephala, and the utilization of the mixed silages by west african dwarf (wad) goats was assessed. five silages were composed, comprising of 100% ensiled cape (control), cape + g. sepium 2:1 (w/w; 2cgs), cape + g. sepium 1:1 (w/w; cgs), cape + l. leucocephala 2:1 (w/w; 2cll) and cape + l. leucocephala 1:1 (w/w; cll). all diets were supplemented with molasses (40 g/kg) before ensiling which lasted 3 months. fift ...201323397521
development of model for barrier and optical properties of tapioca starch based edible films.the film forming solutions composed of tapioca (cassava) starch (1-3 g), glycerol (0.5-1.0 ml), agar (0.5-1.0 g) and span 80 (0.1-0.5 ml) were prepared according to a three-level, four-factor box-behnken response surface experimental design. the films were obtained by casting method and they are homogenous and transparent. the influence of film composition (tapioca starch, glycerol, agar and span80) on the barrier and optical properties of the tapioca starch based edible films was evaluated. the ...201323399163
molecular and supra-molecular structure of waxy starches developed from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).the aim of this work was to characterize the amylopectin of low amylose content cassava starches obtained from transgenesis comparatively with a natural waxy cassava starch (wxn) discovered recently in ciat (international center for tropical agriculture). macromolecular features, starch granule morphology, crystallinity and thermal properties of these starches were determined. m¯(w) of amylopectin from the transgenic varieties are lower than wxn. branched and debranched chain distributions analy ...201323399176
potential of using multiscale kenaf fibers as reinforcing filler in cassava starch-kenaf biocomposites.biodegradable materials made from cassava starch and kenaf fibers were prepared using a solution casting method. kenaf fibers were treated with naoh, bleached with sodium chlorite and acetic buffer solution, and subsequently acid hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (cncs). biocomposites in the form of films were prepared by mixing starch and glycerol/sorbitol with various filler compositions (0-10 wt%). x-ray diffraction revealed that fiber crystallinity increased after each stage of tre ...201223399291
relative contribution of biotic and abiotic factors to the population density of the cassava green mite, mononychellus tanajoa (acari: tetranychidae).the cassava green mite, mononychellus tanajoa, is a key pest of cassava, manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae), and it may be kept in check by naturally occurring predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae. in addition to predatory mites, abiotic factors may also contribute to regulate pest mite populations in the field. here, we evaluated the population densities of both m. tanajoa and the generalist predatory mite euseius ho deleon (acari: phytoseiidae) over the cultivation cycle (11 months ...201323417702
tumebacillus flagellatus sp. nov., an α-amylase/pullulanase-producing bacterium isolated from cassava wastewater.a novel α-amylase/pullulanase-producing bacterium, designated strain gst4(t), was isolated from samples collected from the wastewater of a cassava starch factory in nanning, guangxi autonomous region, southern china. cells of strain gst4(t) were rod-shaped bacilli containing ellipsoidal terminal spores and found to be gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative and formed light yellow colonies on agar plates. strain gst4(t) was able to grow at ph 4.5-8.5 (optimum ...201323435245
[determination of deoxynivalenol in grain and its products by solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].a method was established for the determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and its products based on solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms). the sample was firstly extracted by acetonitrile-water (84:16, v/v). the extract was then cleaned-up by an hlb solid phase extraction cartridge. the separation was carried out on a phenomenex kinetex c18 column (100 mm x4. 6 mm, 2.6 microm) with a gradient elution using 0.3 ...201223451526
molecular and biochemical characterization of a cyanogenic β-glucosidase in the inner bark tissues of rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis muell. arg.).tapping causes the loss of large amounts of latex from laticifers and subsequently enhances latex regeneration, a high carbon- and nitrogen-cost activity in rubber tree. it is suggested that a 67 kda protein associated with protein-storing cells in the inner bark tissues of rubber tree plays an important role in meeting the nitrogen demand for latex regeneration. here, the 67 kda protein was further characterized by a combination of cell biological, molecular biological and biochemical technique ...201323510639
synthesis of periclinal chimera in cassava.we provide the first report on the synthesis of a very productive interspecific periclinal chimera of cassava, with large and edible roots. the epidermal tissue of the chimera was formed by the cultivated species manihot esculenta (e), and the subepidermis and internal tissue were formed by the wild species, manihot fortalezensis (f). we used cytogenetics and morphological analyses to determine the origins of all tissues. these results may offer potential for the development of new lines for cro ...201323512678
molecular characterization of a new alphasatellite associated with a cassava mosaic geminivirus in madagascar.two complete nucleotide sequences of an alphasatellite isolated from a cassava plant with mosaic disease symptoms in madagascar are described and analyzed. while the helper begomovirus was identified as an isolate of east african cassava mosaic kenya virus (eacmkv), its associated alphasatellite was most closely related (80 % nucleotide sequence identity) to cotton leaf curl gezira alphasatellite. these satellite molecules have typical features of alphasatellites, with a single gene in the virio ...201323525698
novel allergens from ancient foods: man e 5 from manioc (manihot esculenta crantz) cross reacts with hev b 5 from latex.manioc (manihot esculenta) is a tuber mainly consumed in the southern hemisphere and used worldwide by food and chemistry industry. we aimed to recombinantly produce and characterize the first manioc allergen and evaluate its ige reactivity in sera of brazilian and italian patients.201323526605
production of enzymes from agroindustrial wastes by biosurfactant-producing strains of bacillus subtilis.bacteria in the genus bacillus are the source of several enzymes of current industrial interest. hydrolases, such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, are the main enzymes consumed worldwide and have applications in a wide range of products and industrial processes. fermentation processes by bacillus subtilis using cassava wastewater as a substrate are reported in the technical literature; however, the same combination of microorganisms and this culture medium is limited or nonexistent. in this ...201323533780
geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; euphorbiaceae). 201323548671
visualizing metabolite distribution and enzymatic conversion in plant tissues by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.in comparison with the technology platforms developed to localize transcripts and proteins, imaging tools for visualization of metabolite distributions in plant tissues are less well developed and lack versatility. this hampers our understanding of plant metabolism and dynamics. in this study, we demonstrate that desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (desi-msi) of tissue imprints on porous teflon may be used to accurately image the distribution of even labile plant metabol ...201323551340
isolation, identification and growth determination of lactic acid-utilizing yeasts from the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle.ruminal organic acid production, especially lactic acid, can be modified by feeding cattle highly concentrated diets, which have been shown to adversely affect dairy cattle health. therefore, the use of lactic acid-utilizing organisms is considered to be a potential method for controlling lactic acid levels. this study was conducted to isolate and identify lactic acid-utilizing yeasts from the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle and to determine the specific growth rate and generation time when using ...201323565722
growth and cyanide degradation of azotobacter vinelandii in cyanide-containing wastewater system.azotobacter vinelandii, a strict aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, has been extensively studied with regard to the ability of n2-fixation due to its high expression of nitrogenase and fast growth. because nitrogenase can also reduce cyanide to ammonia and methane, cyanide degradation by a. vinelandii has been studied for the application in the bioremediation of cyanide-contaminated wastewater. cyanide degradation by a. vinelandii in nfs (nitrogen-free sucrose) medium was examined in terms of ce ...201323568214
kinetics of thermal softening of cassava tubers and rheological modeling of the starch.cassava or tapioca (manihot esculenta crantz) tubers having high amount of carbohydrate are utilized after boiling or processing into starch and flour. textural properties of raw and cooked tubers depend on variety, maturity, growing environment, physico-chemical and starch properties. starch is used in food preparations as gelling and thickening agent, stabilizer and texture modifier. this study aims at analyzing and modeling the textural, dynamic rheological and gelatinization properties of se ...201023572679
quantitative trait loci and candidate genes associated with starch pasting viscosity characteristics in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).starch pasting viscosity is an important quality trait in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cultivars. the aim here was to identify loci and candidate genes associated with the starch pasting viscosity. quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping for seven pasting viscosity parameters was carried out using 100 lines of an f1 mapping population from a cross between two cassava cultivars huay bong 60 and hanatee. starch samples were obtained from roots of cassava grown in 2008 and 2009 at rayong, and i ...201423614826
glyceollin is an important component of soybean plant defense against phytophthora sojae and macrophomina phaseolina.the response of soybean transgenic plants, with suppressed synthesis of isoflavones, and nontransgenic plants to two common soybean pathogens, macrophomina phaseolina and phytophthora sojae, was studied. transgenic soybean plants of one line used in this study were previously generated via bombardment of embryogenic cultures with the phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, and isoflavone synthase (ifs2) genes in sense orientation driven by the cotyledon-preferable lectin promoter (to tur ...201323617338
cryopreservation for the 'in perpetuity' conservation of yam and cassava genetic resources.cryopreservation via droplet vitrification showed high efficiency for cassava meristems (79 pecent average recovery) when these were excised from in vitro seedlings. the efficiency of the process dropped considerably (to > 23 percent) when meristems were excised from field-grown plants, thus precluding the use of such explants for routine cryobanking. in yam, large disparities were observed in the ability of meristems to produce a shoot after cryopreservation ranging from 0 to 60 percent, depend ...201323625079
a geminivirus-satellite complex is associated with leaf deformity of mentha (mint) plants in punjab.a widespread leaf deformity disease of mentha (mint), accompanied by whiteflies, the vectors of begomoviruses, was observed in punjab in the last few years. the presence of begomovirus was indicated by dna dot-blot analysis using the conserved coat protein and replication-associated protein genes of another begomovirus, sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv). a dna fragment (2.0 kb), representing a partial genomic dna of a begomovirus, amplified from the symptomatic mentha leaves was used to de ...201123637488
optimization of neutral protease production from bacillus subtilis: using agroindustrial residues as substrates and response surface methodology.statistically based experimental designs were applied to optimize the fermentation medium and cultural conditions for the maximization of neutral protease using three agroindustrial residues (cassava pulp, soybean meal, and wheat bran) and bacillus subtilis des-59. the plackett-burman design was used to evaluate the effects of variables such as the concentration of substrates, initial ph, shaker's rotating speed, temperature, inoculum size, and incubation time. among the eight parameters, three ...201323654222
cassava interspecific hybrids with increased protein content and improved amino acid profiles.cassava (manihot esculenta) is a principal food for large populations of poor people in the tropics and subtropics. its edible roots are poor in protein and lack several essential amino acids. interspecific hybrids may acquire high protein characteristics from wild species. we analyzed 19 hybrids of m. esculenta with its wild relative, m. oligantha, for crude protein, amino acid profile, and total cyanide. some hybrids produced roots with high protein content of up to 5.7%, while the common cult ...201323661446
identification of ta-sirnas and cis-nat-sirnas in cassava and their roles in response to cassava bacterial blight.trans-acting small interfering rnas (ta-sirnas) and natural cis-antisense sirnas (cis-nat-sirnas) are recently discovered small rnas (srnas) involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. ta-sirnas are transcribed from genomic loci and require processing by micrornas (mirnas). cis-nat-sirnas are derived from antisense rnas produced by the simultaneous transcription of overlapping antisense genes. their roles in many plant processes, including pathogen response, are mostly unknown. in this work ...201323665476
genetic diversity analysis of cyanogenic potential (cnp) of root among improved genotypes of cassava using simple sequence repeat markers.cyanogenic potential (cnp) of cassava constitutes a serious problem for over 500 million people who rely on the crop as their main source of calories. genetic diversity is a key to successful crop improvement for breeding new improved variability for target traits. forty-three improved genotypes of cassava developed by international institute of tropical agriculture (ita), ibadan, were characterized for cnp trait using 35 simple sequence.repeat (ssr) markers. essential colorimetry picric test wa ...201223678653
production of pectinolytic enzymes by the yeast wickerhanomyces anomalus isolated from citrus fruits peels.wickerhamomyces anomalus is pectinolytic yeast isolated from citrus fruits peels in the province of misiones, argentine. in the present work, enzymes produced by this yeast strain were characterized, and polygalacturonase physicochemical properties were determined in order to evaluate the application of the supernatant in the maceration of potato tissues. w. anomalus was able to produce pg in liquid medium containing glucose and citrus pectin, whose mode of action was mainly of endo type. the su ...201323691327
most consumed foods in brazil: national dietary survey 2008-2009.to describe the most commonly consumed foods in brazil.201323703263
utilization of unpeeled cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens.a 42-day feeding trial was conducted using 480-day-old, male marshall broilers to study the utilization of unpeeled cassava root meal (ucrm) supplemented with or without 6 g/kg charcoal. the experimental design was laid out in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments having three inclusion levels of ucrm (0, 100 and 200 g/kg) with or without 6 g/kg charcoal supplementation. each treatment consisted of 80 birds replicated eight times with 10 birds per replicate. main effect of inclusion level ...201423721067
quality evaluation of stiff porridges prepared from irish potato (solanum tuberosum) and pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) starch blends.quality attributes of stiff porridges prepared from irish potato and pigeon pea starch blends were studied. starches were extracted from irish potato and pigeon pea using a wet extraction method. various ratios of the starches were mixed and analyzed for chemical, functional and pasting properties. the starch blends were then prepared into stiff porridges for sensory evaluation using a 20-man sensory panel. substitution of irish potato starch with pigeon pea starch led to increases in protein (0 ...201123729855
bacterial community composition of anthropogenic biochar and amazonian anthrosols assessed by 16s rrna gene 454 pyrosequencing.biochar (bc) is a common minor constituent of soils and is usually derived from the burning of wood materials. in the case of amazonian dark earth (ade) soils, the increased amount of this material is believed to be due to anthropogenic action by ancient indigenous populations. in this study, we use 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing to assess the bacterial diversity observed in the bc found in ades as well as in the dark earth itself and the adjacent acrisol. samples were taken from two sites, one cu ...201323743632
glutamic acid-rich proteins in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) storage roots. 201323744824
optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate production by marine bacillus megaterium msbn04 under solid state culture.a marine sponge-associated bacterium bacillus megaterium msbn04 was used for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) under solid state culture (ssc). a central composite design (ccd) was employed to optimize the production medium and to find out the interactive effects of four independent variables, viz. tapioca industry waste, palm jaggery, horse gram flour and trace element solution on phb production. the maximum yield of phb 8.637 mg g(-1) of substrate (tapioca industry waste) was achieve ...201323748002
effects of boiling and frying on the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene in yellow-fleshed cassava roots (manihot esculenta crantz cv. brs jari).the effects of boiling and frying on the bioaccessibility of all-trans-beta-carotene in biofortified brs jari cassava roots have not been investigated, although these are conventional methods of cassava preparation.201323767282
mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of liquid waste, press water and pond water, produced in the cassava flour industry, and of antitoxic sodium thiosulfate.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz), a plant used as food and an ingredient in industry, contains cyanogenic glycosides. the cassava root contains wastewater, popularly known as manipueira, which is a toxic substance. its ingestion by animals causes poisoning although they react positively to treatment with sodium thiosulfate. the present research evaluates the cytotoxicity and the mutagenicity of liquid waste produced in the process of industrialization of the bitter cassava, olho-junto variety. ...201423775422
antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and nutritional content in selected ethiopian staple food ingredients.the total antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content (tpc) and nutritional content of five types of enset (enset ventricosum) flour in comparison with four staples (teff [eragrostis tef], wheat, corn and tapioca) were evaluated. teff, corn and "amicho" (corm of enset) had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap). the frap and tpc of teff (1.8 mmol trolox equivalence/100 g dry matter (dm) and 123.6 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dm, respectively) were over 4-fold larger than the l ...201323777527
prevalence of harmful/traditional medication use in traumatic eye injury.ocular trauma of varying aetiologies do occur frequently, however when different traditional/harmful substances are applied before presentation in the hospital, prognosis in terms of visual outcome following treatment may be worse than expected. this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of harmful/traditional eye medication practices among patients with traumatic eye injury in a tertiary institution.201323777721
neurotoxic effect of linamarin in rats associated with cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) consumption.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a plant widely used for food consumption in different processed products in rural areas of africa, asia, and latin america. cassava is a good source of carbohydrates and micronutrients. however, if it is not adequately processed or the consumer has nutritional deficiencies, then its cyanogenic glycoside (i.e., linamarin and lotaustralin) content makes it potentially neurotoxic. in the present study, the neurotoxic effects of different concentrations of linam ...201323778051
assessing global transcriptome changes in response to south african cassava mosaic virus [za-99] infection in susceptible arabidopsis thaliana.in susceptible plant hosts, co-evolution has favoured viral strategies to evade host defenses and utilize resources to their own benefit. the degree of manipulation of host gene expression is dependent on host-virus specificity and certain abiotic factors. in order to gain insight into global transcriptome changes for a geminivirus pathosystem, south african cassava mosaic virus [za:99] and arabidopsis thaliana, 4×44k agilent microarrays were adopted. after normalization, a log2 fold change filt ...201323826319
snails and slugs damaging the cut foliage, cordyline fruticosa and use of biorationals towards their management.snails and slugs became a serious molluscan pests and damaging leaves of purple compacta, cordyline fruticosa extensively grown for export at green farm ltd, sri lanka. the export quality of leaves of c. fruticosa is lowered due to feeding of snails, achantina fulica (bowditch), opeas pyrgula schmacker and boettgerx and helix aspersa muller and slugs incurring great loss to cut foliage industry. paucity of information is available to understand snails and slugs damage and their host range that l ...201223885439
molecular evolution and functional divergence of soluble starch synthase genes in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).soluble starch synthases (sss) are major enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in plants. cassava starch has many remarkable characteristics, which should be influenced by the evolution of ss genes in this starchy root crop. in this work, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of the soluble starch synthases in cassava. genome-wide identification showed that there are 9 genes encoding soluble starch synthases in cassava. all of the soluble starch synthases encoded ...201323888108
food safety: importance of composition for assessing genetically modified cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).the importance of food composition in safety assessments of genetically modified (gm) food is described for cassava ( manihot esculenta crantz) that naturally contains significantly high levels of cyanogenic glycoside (cg) toxicants in roots and leaves. the assessment of the safety of gm cassava would logically require comparison with a non-gm crop with a proven "history of safe use". this study investigates this statement for cassava. a non-gm comparator that qualifies would be a processed prod ...201323899040
fermentation and quality of yellow pigments from golden brown rice solid culture by a selected monascus mutant.a single peak (λmax 370) yellow pigment-producing mutant derived from monascus sp. tistr 3179 was used for the pigment production in solid rice culture. various factors affecting yellow tones were investigated. hom-mali rice variety was the best amongst five thai local varieties used for fungus culture. it was also better than corn, mungbean, soybean, potato, sweet potato, or cassava tubers. the moisture content and temperature were the key environmental factors affecting the color tones of crea ...201323912113
the in vitro mass-produced model mycorrhizal fungus, rhizophagus irregularis, significantly increases yields of the globally important food security crop cassava.the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and plant roots. the fungi provide the plant with inorganic phosphate (p). the symbiosis can result in increased plant growth. although most global food crops naturally form this symbiosis, very few studies have shown that their practical application can lead to large-scale increases in food production. application of amf to crops in the tropics is potentially effective for improving yields. however, a main ...201323950975
development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics.the availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant. recent developments, based on enriching protein in cassava chips, have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein (yefecap) providing up to 47.5% crude protein (cp), which can be used to replace soybean meal. the use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pell ...201323981662
cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in new zealand.cyanogenic glycosides occur in a wide range of plant species. the potential toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides arises from enzymatic degradation to produce hydrogen cyanide, which may result in acute cyanide poisoning and has also been implicated in the aetiology of several chronic diseases. one hundred retail foods were sampled and analysed for the presence of total hydrocyanic acid using an acid hydrolysis-isonicotinic/barbituric acid colourimetric method. food samples included cassava, bamboo ...201323984870
impact on molecular organization of amylopectin in starch granules upon annealing.this study investigated the influence of the internal structure of amylopectin on annealing (3h, 24h) of starches from four different types of amylopectin (bertoft, koch, & aman, 2012; bertoft, piyachomkwan, chatakanonda, & sriroth, 2008). regardless of the starch source and incubation time, annealing significantly increased the onset gelatinization temperature (to) and narrowed and deepened the amylopectin endotherm. however, the extent of the change in the melting temperature (tm) and the enth ...201323987446
draft genome sequence of the xanthomonas cassavae type strain cfbp 4642.we report the draft genome sequence of the xanthomonas cassavae type strain cfbp 4642, the causal agent of bacterial necrosis on cassava plants. these data will allow the comparison of this nonvascular pathogen with the vascular pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, both infecting the same host, which will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools.201323990580
novel myco-like dna viruses discovered in the faecal matter of various animals.a wide variety of novel single-stranded dna (ssdna) viruses have been found in faecal matter of chimpanzees, cows, rodents, bats, badgers, foxes and pigs over the last few years. using a combination of rolling circle amplification coupled with restriction enzyme digests based approach as well as a next generation sequencing informed approach, we have recovered fourteen full genomes of ssdna viruses which exhibit genomic features described for members of the recently proposed gemycircularvirus gr ...201323994297
study of the physicochemical parameters and spontaneous fermentation during the traditional production of yakupa, an indigenous beverage produced by brazilian amerindians.yakupa is a traditional non-alcoholic cassava beverage produced by brazilian amerindians. in this work the microbial dynamics and metabolites involved in yakupa fermentation were investigated by pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and chromatography analysis, respectively. the lactic acid bacteria (lab) population was higher than yeast in the beginning of fermentation (5 log cfu ml(-1) and 3 log cfu ml(-1), respectively) and after 36 h both population increased reaching 7 log cfu ml(-1), ...201423996637
enzyme activities and substrate degradation by fungal isolates on cassava waste during solid state fermentation.the growth and bioconversion potential of selected strains growing on cassava waste substrate during solid state fermentation were assessed. rhizopus stolonifer showed the highest and the fastest utilization of starch and cellulose in the cassava waste substrate. it showed 70% starch utilization and 81% cellulose utilization within eight days. the release of reducing sugars indicating the substrate saccharification or degradation potential of the organisms reached the highest value of 406.5 mg/g ...200724015097
feeding response of subterranean termites coptotermes curvignathus and coptotermes gestroi (blattodea: rhinotermitidae) to baits supplemented with sugars, amino acids, and cassava.feeding responses of subterranean termites coptotermes curvignathus (holmgren) and coptotermes gestroi (wasmann) (blattodea: rhinotermitidae) to bait matrices supplemented with various sugars, amino acids, and cassava were evaluated both in the laboratory and field. the results indicated that the two termite species consumed significantly different amount of filter papers that had been treated with various types and concentrations of sugars and amino acids. based on consumption and survival data ...201324020295
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