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herbivore-induced volatile emissions from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seedlings.the effect of herbivory on the composition of the volatile blends released by cotton seedlings was investigated by collecting volatiles from undamaged, freshly damaged (0-2 hr after initiation of feeding), and old damaged (16-19 hr after initiation of feeding) plants on which corn earworm caterpillars (helicoverpa zea boddie) were actively feeding. a blend of 22 compounds was consistently observed to be emitted by the old damaged plants with nine occurring either only in, or in significantly gre ...199424241975
reflectance and cyclic electron flow as an indicator of drought stress in cotton (gossypium hirsutum).the response and the functioning of the photosynthetic machinery of cotton, gossypium hirsutum during water stress was studied by leaf optical properties, linear (etrii) and cyclic electron flow (cef) and chlorophyll a fluorescence. we observed that in g. hirsutum, during water limitation, chlorophyll b showed the best correlation with reflectance at 731 nm and is a better indicator of drought. fv /fm was observed to be very insensitive to mild water stress. however, during severe water stress t ...201424246098
genetic analysis of some seed quality characters in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).a set of diallel crosses involving ten parents was evaluated over two locations to determine the genetic control of protein per cent, oil per cent, seed index, percentage of mature seeds and number of seeds per boll. the analysis of pooled data showed that percentage of mature seeds was controlled by additive (d) and non-additive (h1 and h2) genetic effects. overdominance was noticed. for seed index the d component measuring additive, and the h2 component measuring dominance, variation were sign ...198524247349
effect of pollen-style interaction on the pollen tube growth of gossypium hirsutum.all possible crosses among 5 strains of gossypium hirsutum were made, and the pollen tubes were grown in vivo for 4 h before being fixed, stained and measured. temperatures ranging from 18.5 to 40.0 °c were tested for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. the optimal temperature for pollen tube growth was 30.0 °c. relative humidity levels of 0 to 100% were used as a pre-pollination treatment of the pollen. significant differences among the mean pollen tube length of the strains occurred due ...198624247777
isolation, culture, and cell division in cotyledon protoplasts of cotton (gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense).protoplasts were isolated from cotyledons and foliage leaves of cotton (gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense). cotyledon protoplasts were larger and responded to culture better than leaf protoplasts. cotyledon derived protoplasts regenerated cell walls and formed microcolonies of 2-3 cells in g. hirsutum and 5-8 cells in g. barbadense. however, the microcolonies did not grow beyond this stage. protoplast yield and viability, cell wall regeneration and cell division were influenced by several fac ...198624248051
characterization of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).seventeen cultivars of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) were evaluated for callus initiation and maintenance using 3 initiation media and 3 maintenance media. after a series of transfers of a 3% glucose media, calli were placed on a 3% sucrose medium. after several weeks calli were observed for the presence of embryo-like structures. cultivars coker 201 and coker 315 were identified as embryogenic. embryogenic callus has since been routinely obtained within 6 weeks by initiating callus on glucose ...198624248126
short-term storage of cotton pollen.several methods of storing cotton pollen (gossypium hirsutum l.) were evaluated. a successful pollen storage method that maintains fertility would enhance the crossing of breeding materials. storing pollen at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen or at 5°c was not successful. no storage method maintained pollen fertility for more than 72 h. cotton pollen did maintain adequate fertility up to 24 h at 10 and 15°c, at both low and high humidity when the pollen was stored in the detached flowers ...198624248291
some characteristics of peroxidase secreted by cotton ovule cultures.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) ovule cultures secreted a soluble peroxidase into the surrounding medium, resulting in a 200-fold increase in this activity during the 30-day growth period. the peroxidase activity was thermostable from 4°c to 60°c and displayed a ph optimum of 5.5 to 6.0. the ovule peroxidase was susceptible to periodate treatment and very resistant to protease digestion. the data suggest that the peroxidase activity is a glycoprotein. interpretation of peroxidase data may be comp ...198624248293
the conditions required to isolate and maintain viable cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) microspores.cultural systems developed for the successful production of haploid plants from anther and microspore culture of a number of species are lethal to cotton microspores. components of these systems were examined individually and in simple combinations to determine their specific effect on cotton microspore viability during isolation and culture. an organically buffered ph of 7.0 was critical for survival. the addition of potassium salts, near standard concentrations used for other species, enhanced ...198624248391
somatic embryogenesis from leaf and petiole callus cultures of gossypium hirsutum l.leaf discs from four strains and petioles from six strains of gossypium hirsutum were cultured on a variety of media. callus formed from explants on all media, though embryogenesis was highly specific. embryos formed from only three strain x media combinations. a small percentage of these embryos developed into plantlets. these results demonstrate that cotton plants can be obtained from leaf tissue explants.198624248405
storage protein accumulation patterns in somatic embryos of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).the storage protein content of somatic embryos of gossypium hirsutum l. cv. coker 201 was determined using extinction level, antigen/antibody association detection methods. mature storage protein was first detected in early globular-stage somatic embryos at a total concentration of 0.36% of the embryo protein mass. tulip-stage and mature somatic embryos were comprised of 3.0% and 1.3% mature storage protein, respectively. maximum storage protein synthesis was found to occur during early globular ...198724248439
somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).tissue culture methods for improvement of cotton has lagged seriously compared to other major crops. a method for regeneration of cotton which includes a morphogenetically competent cell suspension was needed to facilitate selection of stress-resistant variants and gene manipulation. preliminary screening of eight strains of gossypium hirsutum l. for embryogenic potential resulted in the production of somatic embryos in all strains. coker 312 was selected for use in the development of a model re ...198724248660
cell regeneration and sustained division of protoplasts from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).protoplasts were isolated from 12 day old subcultured phytohormone habituated callus tissue of gossypium hirsutum l. (0.5% cellulysin-calbiochem, 0.6% macerase-calbiochem, 0.7m mannitol, and ph 5.0). after separation and purification (0.35m sucrose floatation medium), the protoplasts were cultured (k3 media of kao et al., 1974 with 0.9 μm bap, 5 μm iaa and 0.35m sucrose) in both liquid and solid medium at a density of 5×10(5) protoplasts/ml. four weeks after isolation, cell regeneration and call ...198724248935
inhibitions of cotton seedling growth by volatile ketones emitted by cover crop residues.low-input, sustainable agriculture (lisa) systems can include soil incorporation of residues of weeds and legume cover crop species. however, both seed germination and seedling growth of crops, including cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), are inhibited by volatile organic compounds emitted by these residues during decomposition. a cotton seedling-growth assay was used to demonstrate that c4 through c9 ketones released by decomposing legume residues significantly inhibited root and shoot elongation, ...199324249128
ultrastructure and chemistry of soluble and polymeric lipids in cell walls from seed coats and fibres of gossypium species.electron-microscopic examination in conjunction with extraction procedures and chemical analysis have confirmed that a suberin-like lipid biopolymer is located within the concentric polylamellate layers found in the secondary cell walls of green cotton fibres (gossypium hirsutum cv. green lint). a polymer of similar ultrastructure and chemical constitution also occurs mainly in the secondary seed-coat walls of the outer epidermis of both green and white varieties of g. hirsutum. the suberins com ...198524249333
rhythmicity in cotton seedlings : rhythmic ethylene production as affected by silver ions and as related to other rhythmic processes.ethylene production by detached cotyledons of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seedlings grown under cycles of 12 h darkness and 12 h light has been shown to be rhythmic, with a minimum and maximum 4 and 16 h, respectively after the start of the cycle (rikin, chalutz and anderson, 1984, plant physiol. 75, 493-495). treatment with silver ions stimulated the rhythmic ethylene production in both regular and "inverted" cycles (i.e. dark period changed to light period, and vice versa). the rate of the ...198524249343
ontogeny of glyoxysomes in maturing and germinated cotton seeds-a morphometric analysis.morphometric procedures were used with light and electron microscopy to examine glyoxysome number, volume, shape and distribution as well as mesophyll cell volume, in cotyledons of mature (50 d postanthesis), imbibed (5h) and germinated (24 and 37 h) cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seeds. additionally, activities of five glyoxysomal marker enzymes in cotyledon extracts were assayed at each of the above ages. cell volume was determined from photomicrographs of epon-embedded sections by the point-c ...198424253604
specific and direct measurement of theβ-1,3-glucan in developing cotton fiber.the reaction of n,n-diethylaziridinium chloride with raw cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seed fibers to introduce n,n-diethylaminoethyl (deae) substituents at a low degree of substitution was used for demonstrating the presence of o(4)h, characteristic of a β-1,3-glucan. the derivatized 1,3-glucan/cellulose was hydrolyzed to deae-glucoses that were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. capillary columns proved effective for measuring the small amounts of 4-o-deae-glucose in the presence of major ...198424253657
attraction ofheliothis virescens (f.) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers.mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,heliothis virescens (f.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,gossypium hirsutum l. significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract ...199224254094
plant cell suspension cultures as model systems for investigating growth regulating compounds.several plant growth regulators were investigated for their activity in cell suspension cultures of glycine max, gossypium hirsutum and zea mays. the effect on the growth of the cell cultures was traced by means of cell counting and determining packed cell volume and turbidity of the suspensions. the growth retardant 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaaza-tetracyclo-5,4,10(2,6) ,0(8,11)-dodeca-3,9-diene (nda) and, to a slightly lesser extent, ancymidol proved to be the compounds with the greates ...198224257776
line x tester analysis for fixed effect model in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).the data from an experiment in cotton consisting of three testers and 12 lines selected deliberately have been analysed. the investigation showed higher specific combining ability variance for yield of seed cotton and number of bolls, indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. of parental lines, h777 was found to possess high g.c.a. effects for seed cotton yield, number of bolls and number of sympodes. parent h842 contributed only for boll weight, whereas h655 was good general comb ...198424257819
transpiration-induced changes in the photosynthetic capacity of leaves.high transpiration rates were found to affect the photosynthetic capacity of xanthium strumarium l. leaves in a manner analagous to that of low soil water potential. the effect was also looked for and found in gossypium hirsutum l., agathis robusta (c. moore ex muell.) bailey, eucalyptus microcarpa maiden, larrea divaricata cav., the wilty flacca tomato mutant (lycopersicon esculentum (l.) mill.) and scrophularia desertorum (munz) shaw. two methods were used to distinguish between effects on sto ...198424258416
effects of cotton plant allelochemicals and nutrients on behavior and development of tobacco budworm.female moths of the tobacco budworm,heliothis virescens (f.), oviposit in the terminals of the cotton plant,gossypium hirsutum (l.). the hatched larvae migrate to the terminal area and then to small squares (buds), on which they feed, finally burrowing into the anthers where they grow and develop. they attempt to avoid gossypol glands as they feed. chemically related evidence explains, in part, these observations. the calyx crown of resistant lines (which is avoided) is high in the terpenoid ald ...199124259171
genome-wide functional analysis of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) in response to drought.cotton is one of the most important crops for its natural textile fibers in the world. however, it often suffered from drought stress during its growth and development, resulting in a drastic reduction in cotton productivity. therefore, study on molecular mechanism of cotton drought-tolerance is very important for increasing cotton production. to investigate molecular mechanism of cotton drought-resistance, we employed rna-seq technology to identify differentially expressed genes in the leaves o ...201324260499
volatile seed germination inhibitors from plant residues.volatile emissions from residues of the winter cover legumes, berseem clover (trifolium alexandrinum l.), hairy vetch [vicia hirsuta (l.) s.f. gray], and crimson clover (trifolium incarnatum l.), inhibited germination and seedling development of onion, carrot, and tomato. using gc-ms, 31 c2-c10 hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, furans, and monoterpenes were identified in these residue emission mixtures. mixtures of similar compounds were found in the volatiles released by herbi ...199024263582
ovipositional response of threeheliothis species (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants.the role of plant allelochemicals on the oviposition behavior ofheliothis virescens (f.),h. subflexa (guenee), andh. zea (boddie) was investigated in the laboratory using a "choice" bioassay system. fresh young leaves of tobacco,desmodium tortuosum (swartz) de candolle, groundcherry (physalis angulata l.), and cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed material, and applied to a cloth oviposition su ...199024263986
devil's-claw (proboscidea louisianica), essential oil and its components : potential allelochemical agents on cotton and wheat.the potential allelopathic activity of devil's-claw [proboscidea louisianica (mill.) thellung] essential oil and a few of the compounds it contains on the elongation of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) radicles was studied using a petri dish bioassay. essential oil was collected by steam distillation using an all-glass-teflon assembly. ether extracts of the steam distillates from fresh devil's-claw were inhibitory to cotton and wheat radicle elongation. the followi ...199024263996
electroantennogram responses ofcampoletis sonorensis (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) to chemicals in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).combined gas chromatography-electroantennogram (gc-eag) recording ofcampoletis sonorensis (cameron) responses to cotton plant volatile chemicals was performed.c. sonorensis antennal olfactory receptors respond differentially to green leaf, mono-, and sesquiterpene chemicals that have been identified previously in cotton. eag depolarizations to green leaf chemicals were greater than to terpenes.198924271425
metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid reserves in germinated cotton seeds.utilization of reserve lipid and carbohydrates during germination (0-12 h) and postgerminative growth (12-48 h) was studied in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seedlings. raffinose and stachyose were utilized during the germination period and early growth; mobilization was associated with α-galactosidase (ec 3.2.1.22) activity. results from pulse-chase experiments with [(3)h]raffinose supplied exogenously to 4-h soaked seeds indicated that raffinose-derived catabolites contributed to the coinciden ...198224272116
effects of cotton leaf surface alkalinity on feeding ofspodoptera littoralis larvae.the high leaf surface ph in cotton (gossypium hirsutum) var. acala sj2 was bioassayed againstspodoptera littoralis larvae. weight gain and leaf consumption of the larvae feeding on leaves devoid of alkalinity, due to daily washing, were recorded. untreated cotton, with a leaf surface ph of 9.5-10.0 was used as control. the gland exudates contained potassium and magnesium cations, and the gland surface and intergland leaf areas were rich in calcium and phosphorus and low in k or mg. the role of t ...198824276135
extraction and immunochemical assays of a tubulin-like factor in cotton seedlings.antibodies to tubulin were prepared in rabbits by immunization with reduced-carboxymethylated calf-brain tubulin. in immunodiffusion tests the antibodies showed full cross reactivity with the immunogen as well as with native calf-brain tubulin. the same antibodies showed cross reactivity with a factor in extract of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cotyledons but there was no full immunological identity between calf-brain tubulin and this factor. a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for quantitative esti ...198224276267
the role of somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 1 in controlling pollen production of the gossypium anther.in flowering plants, male gametophytes are generated in anthers from microsporocytes. however, more evidence is needed to reveal the genetic mechanisms which regulate the differentiation and interaction of these highly specialized cells in anthers. here we report the characterization of a series of male-sterile cotton (gossypium hirsutum) mutants, including mutants with normal fertility, semi-sterility and complete sterility. these mutants are forms of transgenic cotton containing rnai vectors w ...201424276918
translation efficiency of lea mrnas in cotton embryos: minor changes during embryogenesis and germination.in earlier studies, only two major patterns of transcript accumulation were seen for 18 late embryogenesis abundant (lea) gene families in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) during embryogenesis and early germination. each of these gene families probably comprises two active alloalleles. the two polypeptides encoded by seven of the lea families can be distinguished, and analysis of their translation in vitro indicated that regulation of the homeologous transcript abundance was similar in each.in the ...198724277083
developmental biochemistry of cottonseed embryogenesis and germination. xix. sequences and genomic organization of the α globulin (vicilin) genes of cottonseed.the α globulin storage protein genes of cotton are found to exist as gene tandems that contain a gene from each of the 2 α globulin subfamilies separated by a spacer region of about 2700 or 3400 base pairs. three different tandems have been identified by restriction endonuclease mapping of genomic dna. a cdna that is different from the genes of the tandems in map sites and/or in nucleotide sequence indicates that a fourth tandem probably exists in the cotton genome. since the species of cotton u ...198724277191
transformation of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) by agrobacterium tumefaciens and regeneration of transgenic plants.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cotyledon tissues have been efficiently transformed and plants have been regenerated. cotyledon pieces from 12-day-old aseptically germinated seedlings were inoculated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing avirulent ti (tumor-inducing) plasmids with a chimeric gene encoding kanamycin resistance. after three days cocultivation, the cotyledon pieces were placed on a callus initiation medium containing kanamycin for selection. high frequencies of transform ...198724277496
gene expression profile analysis of ligon lintless-1 (li1) mutant reveals important genes and pathways in cotton leaf and fiber development.ligon lintless-1 (li1) is a monogenic dominant mutant of gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) with a phenotype of impaired vegetative growth and short lint fibers. despite years of research involving genetic mapping and gene expression profile analysis of li1 mutant ovule tissues, the gene remains uncloned and the underlying pathway of cotton fiber elongation is still unclear. in this study, we report the whole genome-level deep-sequencing analysis of leaf tissues of the li1 mutant. differentially ...201424279997
stimulation of membrane-associated polysaccharide synthetases by a membrane potential in developing cotton fibers.conditions which induce a transmembrane electrical potential, positive with respect to the inside of membrane vesicles, result in a substantial (4-12-fold) stimulation of the activity of membrane-associated β-glucan synthetases in a membrane preparation derived from the developing cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fiber. induction of electrical potentials which are negative with respect to the inside of the membrane vesicle results in little or no stimulation of β-glucan synthesis. those products w ...198124301030
control of enzyme activities in cotton cotyledons during maturation and germination : iii. in-vitro embryo development in the presence of abscisic acid.cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) embryos excised from bolls 38-43 d after anthesis and cultured in vitro for 4 d on a nutrient agar medium containing 3.8 μm abscisic acid (aba) developed enzyme activity and accumulated insoluble protein, neutral lipid, and dry weight similar to embryos maturing on the plant. inclusion of aba in the medium prevented precosious germination and allowed continued increases in catalase, malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and β-oxidation ...198124301116
abscisic acid induction of cloned cotton late embryogenesis-abundant (lea) mrnas.earlier studies found that cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) cotyledons contain several mrnas which are more abundant during late embryogenesis than in mid-embryogenesis or early germination. they are here termed 'late embryogenesis-abundant' mrnas, encoded by lea loci. complementary dna clones for 18 such mrna sequences, defined at a hybridization criterion of tm-15°c, were identified in a mature embryo cdna library by differential cdna hybridization. at a lower hybridization criterion, some seque ...198624302301
cloning and functional analysis of a novel ascorbate peroxidase (apx) gene from anthurium andraeanum.an 888-bp full-length ascorbate peroxidase (apx) complementary dna (cdna) gene was cloned from anthurium andraeanum, and designated as anapx. it contains a 110-bp 5'-noncoding region, a 28-bp 3'-noncoding region, and a 750-bp open reading frame (orf). this protein is hydrophilic with an aliphatic index of 81.64 and its structure consisting of α-helixes, β-turns, and random coils. the anapx protein showed 93%, 87%, 87%, 87%, and 86% similarities to the apx homologs from zantedeschia aethiopica, v ...201324302711
correlation between chiasma frequency and quantitative traits in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).four locally adapted and high yielding cultivars of upland cotton were examined in order to elucidate the relationship between total chiasma frequency and quantitative traits, including yield and fiber properties. total chiasma frequency per nucleus was found to correlate positively with boll number (r = 0.4041), seed cotton yield (r = 0.6003), seed index (r = 0.4624), lint yield (r = 0.7325), and lint index (r = 0.9534). the data are discussed from the point of view that the heterozygosity caus ...198024305760
ssr marker-assisted improvement of fiber qualities in gossypium hirsutum using g. barbadense introgression lines.this study demonstrates the first practical use of csils for the transfer of fiber quality qtls into upland cotton cultivars using ssr markers without detrimentally affecting desirable agronomic characteristics. gossypium hirsutum is characterized by its high lint production and medium fiber quality compared to extra-long staple cotton g. barbadense. transferring valuable traits or genes from g. barbadense into g. hirsutum is a promising but challenging approach through a traditional interspecif ...201424306319
correlation between loss of turgor and accumulation of abscisic acid in detached leaves.mature leaves of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney bean), xanthium strumarium l. (cocklebur), and gossypium hirsutum l. (cotton) were used to study accumulation of abscisic acid (aba) during water stress. the water status of individual, detached leaves was monitored while the leaves slowly wilted, and samples were cut from the leaves as they lost water. the leaf sections were incubated at their respecitive water contents to allow aba to build up or not. at least 8 h were required for a new stead ...198024309706
opening of the hypocotyl hook in seedlings as influenced by light and adjacent tissues.the influence of the cotyledons and apical bud and the root system on the light-induced opening of the hypocotyl hook of etiolated seedlings of gossypium hirsutum l., phaseolus vulgaris l., helianthus annuus l., ipomoea alla l., ipomoea sp., cucumis sativus l., linum usitatissimum l., hibiscus esculentus l., and raphanus sativus l. was studied. light stimulated the opening of hypocotyl hook in all cases, but the cotyledons and roots had different effects in different plants. generally, the prese ...198024309708
effects of diterpene esters of tigliane, daphnane, ingenane, and lathyrane types on pink bollworm,pectinophora gossypiella saunders (lepidoptera: gelechiidae).twenty esters, representing the biogenetically related tigliane, daphnane, ingenane, and lathyrane series of diterpenes, were screened for growth-inhibitory and insecticidal effects on newly hatched larvae of the north american cotton pest,pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm). among the tigliane derivatives tested, only 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 12-o-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-decanoate, of seven phorbol diesters isolated from croton oil by a new procedure involving droplet c ...198524309846
characterization of inhibitors of cellulose synthesis in cotton fibers.several compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the in-vivo synthesis of cellulose and other cell-wall polysaccharides in fibers of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) developing on in-vitro cultured ovules. inhibitory effects were measured by the ability of the compounds to inhibit the incorporation of radioactivity from [u-(14)c]glucose into these cell-wall polymers. of the compounds surveyed, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dcb) was the most effective and specific one for its effects on cellu ...198024310131
olfaction in the boll weevil,anthonomus grandis boh. (coleoptera: curculionidae): electroantennogram studies.electroantennogram (eag) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,anthonomus grandis boh. (coleoptera: curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (gossypium hirsutum l.) volatiles. eags of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. simila ...198424318432
rna-seq transcriptome profiling of upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) root tissue under water-deficit stress.an rna-seq experiment was performed using field grown well-watered and naturally rain fed cotton plants to identify differentially expressed transcripts under water-deficit stress. our work constitutes the first application of the newly published diploid d5 gossypium raimondii sequence in the study of tetraploid ad1 upland cotton rna-seq transcriptome analysis. a total of 1,530 transcripts were differentially expressed between well-watered and water-deficit stressed root tissues, in patterns tha ...201324324815
harmonic radar tagging for tracking movement of nezara viridula (hemiptera: pentatomidae).harmonic radar tagging was investigated as a method for monitoring the movement of the southern green stink bug, nezara viridula (l.) (hemiptera: pentatomidae). because adhesive toxicity and tag weight limit the use of this technology, initial efforts focused on selection of the optimal adhesive and design of harmonic radar tags to reduce impact on the movement of stink bugs. a design consisting of a 6-cm-long 0.10-mm-thick silver-plated copper monopole on the anode terminal of a three-contact s ...201324331611
a fungal protein elicitor pevd1 induces verticillium wilt resistance in cotton.we found that the elicitor pevd1 triggered innate immunity in cotton, which plays an important role in future cotton wilt disease control.201424337817
the gossypium hirsutum wrky gene ghwrky39-1 promotes pathogen infection defense responses and mediates salt stress tolerance in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana.our results indicate that overexpression of the ghwrky39 - 1 gene enhances resistance to pathogen infection and tolerance to high salt and oxidative stress in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana.201424337818
functional analyses of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) immature fiber (im) mutant infer that fiber cell wall development is associated with stress responses.cotton fiber maturity is an important factor for determining the commercial value of cotton. how fiber cell wall development affects fiber maturity is not well understood. a comparison of fiber cross-sections showed that an immature fiber (im) mutant had lower fiber maturity than its near isogenic wild type, texas marker-1 (tm-1). the availability of the im mutant and tm-1 provides a unique way to determine molecular mechanisms regulating cotton fiber maturity.201324341782
conversion of fusaric acid to fusarinol by aspergillus tubingensis: a detoxification reaction.the fungus fusarium oxysporum causes wilt diseases of plants and produces a potent phytotoxin fusaric acid (fa), which is also toxic to many microorganisms. an aspergillus tubingensis strain with high tolerance to fa was isolated from soil and designated as cdrat01. hplc analysis of culture filtrates from a. tubingensis isolate cdrat01 grown with the addition of fa indicated the formation of a metabolite over time that was associated with a decrease of fa. spectral analysis and chemical synthesi ...201424352475
synthesis and evaluation of heterocyclic analogues of bromoxynil.one attractive strategy to discover more active and/or crop-selective herbicides is to make structural changes to currently registered compounds. this strategy is especially appealing for those compounds with limited herbicide resistance and whose chemistry is accompanied with transgenic tools to enable herbicide tolerance in crop plants. bromoxynil is a photosystem ii (psii) inhibitor registered for control of broadleaf weeds in several agronomic and specialty crops. recently at the university ...201424354444
both methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways contribute to biosynthesis of each of the major isoprenoid classes in young cotton seedlings.in higher plants, both the methylerythritol phosphate (mep) and mevalonate (mva) pathways contribute to the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. however, despite a significant amount of research on the activity of these pathways under different conditions, the relative contribution of each to the biosynthesis of diverse isoprenoids remains unclear. in this work, we examined the formation of several classes of isoprenoids in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.). after feeding [5,5-(2)h2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose ([5 ...201424359633
construction of microsatellite-based linkage map and mapping of nectarilessness and hairiness genes in gossypium tomentosum.gossypium tomentosum, a wild tetraploid cotton species with ad genomes, possesses genes conferring strong fibers and high heat tolerance. to effectively transfer these genes into gossypium hirsutum, an entire microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, ssr)-based genetic map was constructed using the interspecific cross of g. hirsutum x g. tomentosum (ht). we detected 1800 loci from 1347 pairs of polymorphic primers. of these, 1204 loci were grouped into 35 linkage groups at lod ≥ 4. the map covers ...201324371166
a mads-box gene is specifically expressed in fibers of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and influences plant growth of transgenic arabidopsis in a ga-dependent manner.in this study, a cdna, ghmads14, encoding a typical mads-box protein with 223 amino acids was isolated from a cotton cdna library. fluorescent microscopy indicated that the ghmads14 protein was localized in the cell nucleus. ghmads14 was specifically expressed in the elongating fibers, and its expression was gradually enhanced at early stages of fiber elongation and reached its peak in 9-10 dpa fibers. overexpression of ghmads14 in arabidopsis hindered plant growth. measurement and statistical a ...201424374505
comparative evolutionary and developmental dynamics of the cotton (gossypium hirsutum) fiber transcriptome.the single-celled cotton (gossypium hirsutum) fiber provides an excellent model to investigate how human selection affects phenotypic evolution. to gain insight into the evolutionary genomics of cotton domestication, we conducted comparative transcriptome profiling of developing cotton fibers using rna-seq. analysis of single-celled fiber transcriptomes from four wild and five domesticated accessions from two developmental time points revealed that at least one-third and likely one-half of the g ...201424391525
ethnobotanical study of kani tribes in thoduhills of kerala, south india.india is having a rich vegetation with a wide variety of plants, because of the extreme variations in geographical and climatic conditions prevailing in the country. plants have been used since ancient times for the treatment of various ailments. especially, kani tribal communities in thodu hills of kerala meet their healthcare needs by using non-timber minor forest products and preparations based on traditional knowledge. they still depend on medicinal plants and most of them have a basic knowl ...201424393788
influence of fusaric acid on circadian leaf movements of the cotton plant, gossypium hirsutum.the cotton plant, gossypium hirsutum l. (cv. lakshmi) exhibits circadian leaf movements. fusaric acid (5-n butyl pyridine 2-carboxylic acid), an in vivo toxin shown to be produced during the pathogenesis of the wilt disease in cotton, causes phase shifts of the leaf movement rhythm that varied in degree and magnitude as a function of the treated phases. the data support the hypothesis that membranes play a vital role as a pacemaker in circadian rhythms.197824408653
phosphoenol-pyruvate-carboxylase activity in cotton and sorghum seeds and its relation to seedling development.cotton (gossypium hirsutum) seeds and sorghum vulgare caryopses are able to incorporate co2 through a pep-carboxylating enzyme (ec 4.1.1.38). the enzyme activity is optimal at ph 8.2 and is unaffected by atp, gdp or acetyl coa. the partially purified cotton enzyme is stimulated by inorganic phosphate with an apparent km of 0.3 mm. the enzymes from both cultivars are inhibited by pyrophosphate, malate, and aspartate but not by succinate. kinetic studies for sorghum and cotton seed enzymes show ap ...197824414265
a study of heterosis in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).heterosis (over mid parent) and "useful" heterosis (over commercial variety h14) estimates were obtained from a line x tester analysis of crosses involving thirteen diverse female parents with two locally adapted varieties h14 (local standard) and j34. marked heterosis was observed for seed cotton yield, boll number and halo length. the values of positive heterosis and "useful" heterosis for seed cotton yield ranged from 28.1 to 87.0% and 20.1 to 45.5%, respectively. the overall study of heteros ...197624414319
effect of hormones on nucleolar growth and vacuolation in elongating cotton fibers.a rather precise combination of the three phytohormones, gibberellic acid, auxin, and abscisic acid, is necessary for the considerable growth of fiber nucleoli in gossypium hirsutum l. for about 8 days after anthesis and for nucleolar "vacuolation" in the second half of that period. nucleolar growth and vacuolation must occur in a precise sequence for the fiber to reach a good final length. nucleolar vacuolation indicates simultaneous output and neosynthesis of nucleolar material.197824414565
kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects : xiii. kairomonal activity fortrichogramma spp. of abdominal tips, excretion, and a synthetic sex pheromone blend ofheliothis zea (boddie) moths.volatile chemicals emanating from an excretion (apparently meconium) and abdominal tips of femaleheliothis zea (boddie) moths mediated increased rates of parasitization ofh. zea eggs bytrichogramma pretiosum riley. a blend of synthetic chemicals, consisting of hexadecanal, (z)-7-hexadecenal, (z)-9-hexadecenal, and (z)-11-hexadecenal, which has been identified as the sex pheromone of and from the abdominal tip of femaleh. zea moths, also increased rates of parasitization ofh. zea eggs byt. pretio ...198224414738
hormonal regulation of cotton ovule and fiber growth: effects of bromodeoxyuridine, amo-1618 and p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid.the effects of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (budr, thymidine analogue), amo-1618 (2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-piperidine carboxylate methyl chloride), a growth retardant, and p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (pcib, an antiauxin) on growth (dry weight increase) and fiber development in unfertilized cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) ovules grown in vitro have been studied. budr (5 μm) causes about 70% inhibition of fiber production, with little effect on ovule growth, if applied during the f ...197824414871
inhibition of oviposition by volatiles of certain plants and chemicals in the leafhopperamrasca devastons (distant).oviposition by the leafhopperamrasca devastans (distant) on its susceptible host plant, cotton (gossypium hirsutum var. ps-10), was inhibited by the volatiles of certain plants and by the vapors of some chemicals occurring in various plants when these were presented at a distance from the ovipositional substrate. the effectiveness of the volatiles of the plants for inhibiting the oviposition decreased in the order: eucalyptus > coriander=castor=tomato > lime,ocimum being without effect. among th ...198224414944
effects of fuzzless cottonseed phenotype on cottonseed nutrient composition in near isogenic cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) mutant lines under well-watered and water stress conditions.there is no information available on the effect of fuzzless seed trait on cottonseed nutrient composition (minerals, n, s, protein, and oil) under drought stress. the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the fuzzless seed trait on cottonseed nutrients using five sets of near-isogenic lines (nils). each set consists of two lines that share the same genetic background, but differ in seed fuzziness (fuzzy, f; fuzzless, n). the near isogenic lines will enable us to compare the ...201324416037
selecting for productivity within a strain of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in three environments.the effectiveness of selecting cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) plants solely for productivity was examined in three climatic zones of the san joaquin valley. individual plant selections (f7) were made from the breeding line 12302 (later released as acala sj-1 cultivar) in 1965 at locations in the northern, western, and southern zones of the valley. increased production of seed cotton was shown for selections in each zone when compared with the parental check in replicated trial in 1968.selecting ...197424419280
performance of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) lines selected for high productivity in three environments.three groups of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) selections that had been screened in separate climatic zones within the san joaquin valley were tested for a 2-year period. selection pressure had been applied solely upon productivity.seven production attributes and eight fiber properties were influenced by the selection pressure on this material. the increase in number of bolls per m(2) virtually account for the genetic gains in yield.environmental influences accounted for the larger part of the v ...197524419510
a vapor pressure deficit effect on crop canopy photosynthesis.canopy co2-exchange rates (cer), air temperatures, and dew points were measured throughout ten days during the 1987 growing season for cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.), grain sorghum [sorghum bicolor (l) moench], and five soybean [glycine max (l) merr.] cultivars, and throughout seven days in 1988, on maize (zea maize l.). the objective was to determine if the decline in cer per unit light during the afternoon is associated with a vapor pressure deficit (vpd) increase. some of the soybean and maiz ...199024419762
gene effects for fibre properties in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).six populations - p1,p2,f1,f2,b1 and b2 - each of five upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) crosses were used to evaluate gene effects in the inheritance of fibre properties by gamble's six-parameter model for the analysis of generation means. partial dominance of long fibres over short fibres and of mature fibres over immature fibres was found in the material studied. overdominance in gene action governed fibre fineness while additive gene action governed the fibre strength. besides additive a ...197524419865
estimates of genetic parameters for lint quality in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum).in a half diallel set of crosses involving twelve ah (67) parents and in a full diallel set with nine albar 51 lines the genetic control of three characters of fibre quality, namely effective length, fibre bundle strength and micronaire value could largely be accounted for by an additive (parent + parent) model. nevertheless, there were non-additive effects that could be attributed to particular parents. however, for practical plant breeding purposes, it seems that where improvements in lint qua ...197524420001
genetic analysis of the duplicate loci, cluster and short branch in gossypium hirsutum l.six generations, namely p1, p2, f1, f2, b1 and b2, of five different crosses involving diverse parents, h14 (local standard), res h141 (reselection of h141), 419/49 (punjab), 5143c (ceylon) and banda-i (africa) on one hand and prs-72 a cluster type strain on the other, were studied to gain understanding of the genetics of short fruiting branch and cluster boll bearing in upland cotton, gossypium hirsutum l. observations were recorded on cluster vs. noncluster normal plants in the first and secon ...197524420122
breeding implications from a diallel analysis in two environments of yield and component characters in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum).in a full diallel set of crosses involving nine albar 51 lines the genetic control of yield and yield components were largely accounted for by additive effects, although non-additive effects were evident. significant differences in correlation coefficients between sites and the interaction of genetic effects indicate the effect of the environment on development and gene action. the failure to achieve yield improvements appears to stem from a combination of testing at the early selection stage in ...197524420270
in-ovulo embryo culture and seedling development of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.).a convenient and reliable method for culturing cotton embryos is needed to obtain interspecific hybrids of this genus. c.a. beasley and i.p. ting (amer. j. bot. 60, 130, 1973) developed a phytohormone-supplemented medium (btp) upon which the growth of ovules was similar that of in situ ovules. this medium was examined for in-ovulo embryo culture. although good ovule growth occurred on btp no embryos developed to maturity. however, when the medium was supplemented with nh 4 (+) , more than 50% of ...197724420627
photosynthesis of individual field-grown cotton leaves during ontogeny.photosynthetic characteristics of field-grown cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) leaves were determined at several insertion levels within the canopy during the growing season. single-leaf measurements of net photosynthesis (pn), stomatal conductance to co2 (gs·co2), substomatal co2, leaf area expansion, leaf nitrogen, and light intensity (ppfd) were recorded for undisturbed leaves within the crop canopy at 3-4 day intervals during the development of all leaves at main-stem nodes 8, 10, and 12. patt ...199024421058
functional characterization of a bidirectional plant promoter from cotton leaf curl burewala virus using an agrobacterium-mediated transient assay.the c1 promoter expressing the ac1 gene, and v1 promoter expressing the av1 gene are located in opposite orientations in the large intergenic region of the cotton leaf curl burewala virus (clcubuv) genome. agro-infiltration was used to transiently express putative promoter constructs in nicotiana tabacum and gossypium hirsutum leaves, which was monitored by a gus reporter gene, and revealed that the bidirectional promoter of clcubuv transcriptionally regulates both the ac1 and av1 genes. the clc ...201424424501
effects of abscisic acid on in vitro growth of cotton fiber.abscisic acid (aba) inhibits in vitro growth of cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) fiber and is effective only when applied during the first four days of culture started on the day of anthesis. abscisic acid causes a small increase in potassium uptake by the ovules and also enhances leakage of potassium from them. during their period of rapid growth, fibers produced by aba-treated ovules have a higher potassium content and a lower malate content as compared to fibers on untreated control ovules. res ...197624424599
an ultrastructural study of early endosperm development and synergid changes in unfertilized cotton ovules.excised, unfertilized cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) ovules were cultured for 1-5 days postanthesis and embryo-sac development was studied with the electron microscope. in some ovules the two polar nuclei fuse and the diploid endosperm nucleus goes through a limited number of free nuclear divisions after 2-3 days in culture. each nucleus has two nucleoli, in contrast to nuclei of fertilized triploid endosperm which have three nucleoli. precocious cell walls form between the endosperm nuclei on t ...197724425222
association analysis of fiber quality traits and exploration of elite alleles in upland cotton cultivars/accessions (gossypium hirsutum l.).exploring the elite alleles and germplasm accessions related to fiber quality traits will accelerate the breeding of cotton for fiber quality improvement. in this study, 99 gossypium hirsutum l. accessions with diverse origins were used to perform association analysis of fiber quality traits using 97 polymorphic microsatellite marker primer pairs. a total of 107 significant marker-trait associations were detected for three fiber quality traits under three different environments, with 70 detected ...201424428209
mir828 and mir858 regulate homoeologous myb2 gene functions in arabidopsis trichome and cotton fibre development.although polyploidy is common in plants and some animals, mechanisms for functional divergence between homoeologous genes are poorly understood. myb2 gene promotes cotton fibre development and is functionally homologous to arabidopsis glabrous1 (gl1) in trichome formation. the most widely cultivated cotton is an allotetraploid (gossypium hirsutum, aadd) that contains ghmyb2a and ghmyb2d homoeologs. here we show that ghmyb2d mrna accumulates more than ghmyb2a during fibre initiation and is target ...201424430011
phytochrome rnai enhances major fibre quality and agronomic traits of the cotton gossypium hirsutum l.simultaneous improvement of fibre quality, early-flowering, early-maturity and productivity in upland cotton (g. hirsutum) is a challenging task for conventional breeding. the influence of red/far-red light ratio on the fibre length prompted us to examine the phenotypic effects of rna interference (rnai) of the cotton phya1 gene. here we show a suppression of up to ~70% for the phya1 transcript, and compensatory overexpression of up to ~20-fold in the remaining phytochromes in somatically regene ...201424430163
simultaneous requirement of carbon dioxide and abscisic acid for stomatal closing in xanthium strumarium l.open stomata of detached leaves of xanthium strumarium l. closed only when carbon dioxide and abscisic acid (aba) were presented simultaneously. three parameters of stomatal closing were determined after additions of aba to the irrigation water of detached leaves, while the leaves were exposed to various co2 concentrations ([co2]s) in the air; a) the delay between addition of aba and a reduction of stomatal conductance by 5%, b) the velocity of stomatal closing, and c) the new conductance. chang ...197524435438
photosynthesis of cotton plants exposed to elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the field.the cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) plant responds to a doubling of atmospheric co2 with almost doubled yield. gas exchange of leaves was monitored to discover the photosynthetic basis of this large response. plants were grown in the field in open-top chambers with ambient (nominally 350 μl/l) or enriched (nominally either 500 or 650 μl/l) concentrations of atmospheric co2. during most of the season, in fully-irrigated plants the relationship between assimilation (a) and intercellular co2 concent ...198724435687
the calcium sensor ghcam7 promotes cotton fiber elongation by modulating reactive oxygen species (ros) production.fiber elongation is the key determinant of fiber quality and output in cotton (gossypium hirsutum). although expression profiling and functional genomics provide some data, the mechanism of fiber development is still not well understood. here, a gene encoding a calcium sensor, ghcam7, was isolated based on its high expression level relative to other ghcams in fiber cells at the fast elongation stage. the level of expression of ghcam7 in the wild-type and the fuzzless/lintless mutant correspond t ...201424443839
association between photosynthesis and contrasting features of minor veins in leaves of summer annuals loading phloem via symplastic versus apoplastic routes.foliar vascular anatomy and photosynthesis were evaluated for a number of summer annual species that either load sugars into the phloem via a symplastic route (cucumis sativus l. cv. straight eight; cucurbita pepo l. cv. italian zucchini romanesco; citrullus lanatus l. cv. faerie hybrid; cucurbita pepo l. cv. autumn gold) or an apoplastic route (nicotiana tabacum l.; solanum lycopersicum l. cv. brandywine; gossypium hirsutum l.; helianthus annuus l. cv. soraya), as well as winter annual apoplast ...201424450755
genetic structure, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of verticillium wilt resistance in elite cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) germplasm population.understanding the population structure and linkage disequilibrium in an association panel can effectively avoid spurious associations and improve the accuracy in association mapping. in this study, one hundred and fifty eight elite cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) germplasm from all over the world, which were genotyped with 212 whole genome-wide marker loci and phenotyped with an disease nursery and greenhouse screening method, were assayed for population structure, linkage disequilibrium, and ass ...201424466016
identification and functional analysis of a novel parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerase from gossypium hirsutum.plants have developed a variety of adaptive mechanisms to cope with stresses. a novel salt-induced gene was isolated during the screening of a nacl-induced cdna library of cotton seedlings. the gene was registered as accession number ay972810 in genbank. phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protein encoded by the gene belongs to the parvulin family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (ppiases, ec 5.2.1.8). northern blot analysis indicated that the mrna accumulation of ghppi was induced b ...201424468661
using resistant prey demonstrates that bt plants producing cry1ac, cry2ab, and cry1f have no negative effects on geocoris punctipes and orius insidiosus.geocoris punctipes (say) and orius insidiosus (say) are generalist predators found in a wide range of crops, including cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and maize (zea mays l.), where they provide important biological control services by feeding on an array of pests, including eggs and small larvae of caterpillars. a high percentage of cotton and maize in the united states and several other countries are transgenic cultivars that produce one or more of the insecticidal cry proteins of bacillus thur ...201424472212
sugar and auxin signaling pathways respond to high-temperature stress during anther development as revealed by transcript profiling analysis in cotton.male reproduction in flowering plants is highly sensitive to high temperature (ht). to investigate molecular mechanisms of the response of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) anthers to ht, a relatively complete comparative transcriptome analysis was performed during anther development of cotton lines 84021 and h05 under normal temperature and ht conditions. in total, 4,599 differentially expressed genes were screened; the differentially expressed genes were mainly related to epigenetic modifications, c ...201424481135
aberrant phenotype and transcriptome expression during fiber cell wall thickening caused by the mutation of the im gene in immature fiber (im) mutant in gossypium hirsutum l.the immature fiber (im) mutant of gossypium hirsutum l. is a special cotton fiber mutant with non-fluffy fibers. it has low dry weight and fineness of fibers due to developmental defects in fiber secondary cell wall (scw).201424483163
related to aba-insensitive3(abi3)/viviparous1 and atabi5 transcription factor coexpression in cotton enhances drought stress adaptation.drought tolerance is an important trait being pursued by the agbiotech industry. abscisic acid (aba) is a stress hormone that mediates a multitude of processes in growth and development, water use efficiency (wue) and gene expression during seed development and in response to environmental stresses. arabidopsis b3-domain transcription factor related to aba-insensitive3 (abi3)/viviparous1 (namely atrav2) and basic leucine zipper (bzips) atabi5 or atabf3 transactivated aba-inducible promoter:gus r ...201424483851
modelling the structural response of cotton plants to mepiquat chloride and population density.cotton (gossypium hirsutum) has indeterminate growth. the growth regulator mepiquat chloride (mc) is used worldwide to restrict vegetative growth and promote boll formation and yield. the effects of mc are modulated by complex interactions with growing conditions (nutrients, weather) and plant population density, and as a result the effects on plant form are not fully understood and are difficult to predict. the use of mc is thus hard to optimize.201424489020
induction and establishment of somatic embryogenesis in elite indian cotton cultivar (gossypium hirsutum l. cv khandwa-2).embryogenesis in cotton is a difficult task due its genome dependency. we used 3 cotton cultivars (khandwa-2, g. cot. 10, and bc-68–2) and coker-312 as control for regeneration. efficient somatic embryogenesis was induced in agronomically important indian cotton cultivars, khandwa-2 and g. cot. 10. for callusing in all the cultivars, different media combinations were tried. embryogenesis was initiated on a hormone-free ms medium (msb). for embryo maturation and recovery excess of l-glutamine and ...201324494238
identification and analyses of aux-iaa target genes controlling multiple pathways in developing fiber cells of gossypium hirsutum l.technological development led to an increased interest in systems biological approaches in plants to characterize developmental mechanism and candidate genes relevant to specific tissue or cell morphology. aux-iaa proteins are important plant-specific putative transcription factors. there are several reports on physiological response of this family in arabidopsis but in cotton fiber the transcriptional network through which aux-iaa regulated its target genes is still unknown. in-silico modelling ...201324497725
atwuschel promotes formation of the embryogenic callus in gossypium hirsutum.upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most recalcitrant species for in vitro plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis. callus from only a few cultivars can produce embryogenic callus (ec), but the mechanism is not well elucidated. here we screened a cultivar, cri24, with high efficiency of ec produce. the expression of genes relevant to ec production was analyzed between the materials easy to or difficult to produce ec. quantitative pcr showed that cri24, which had a 100% ec d ...201424498119
cotton embryogenesis: the tissues of the stigma and style and their relation to the pollen tube.the stigma of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) is covered by unicellular hairs. the cytoplasm of these hairs degenerates before the stigma becomes receptive. the vacuole remains intact, but the hair cytoplasm becomes a mass of dark, amorphous material with only a few organelles still being visible. the rest of the stigma consists of thin-walled parenchyma cells with large vacuoles and large amounts of starch. the cells of the style are differentiated into a uniseriate epidermis, vascular tissue, a co ...196824515374
cotton embryogenesis: the pollen cytoplasm.the ultrastructure and composition of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) pollen, exclusive of the wall, was examined immediately before and after germination. the pollen grain before germination consists of two parts: the outer layer and a central core. the outer layer contains large numbers of mitochondria and dictyosomes as well as endoplasmic reticulum (er). the core contains units made of spherical pockets of er which are lined with lipid droplets and filled with small vesicles; the er is rich in p ...196824519656
cotton embryogenesis: the entrance and discharge of the pollen tube in the embryo sac.an analysis of the entrance and discharge of the pollen tube into the embryo sac of gossypium hirsutum was made with the light and electron microscopes. the following sequence of events is seen in cotton: 1. one of the two synergids begins to degenerate following pollination but before the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac. this degeneration is marked by the swelling and darkening of the organelle membranes, the collapse of the vacuoles, and the disappearance of the plasma membrane. striking ch ...196724522707
cotton embryogenesis: the zygote.the zygote of cotton (gossypium hirsutum) remains undivided for approximately [formula: see text] days following fertilization. the changes which occur during this period can be divided into two stages. during stage 1 the zygote decreases in volume so that its volume becomes one half that of the egg. correlated with this change a number of alterations occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) numerous enlargements form; it becomes closely associated with the plasma membrane; and an internal networ ...196824522906
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