Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| evaluation of fluorescent-antibody tests as a means of confirming infant botulism. | fluorescent-antibody techniques were evaluated for confirming infant botulism. seventy-seven stool specimens from suspected cases were examined. all 34 specimens containing viable clostridium botulinum at time of study gave positive results (29 on direct smears and 34 on enrichments). two false-positive reactions were observed. | 1984 | 6394626 |
| toxin production by clostridium botulinum types a and b in unpasteurized cured meat products held at 15 and 27 degrees c. | 1984 | 6394862 | |
| [distribution of toxigenic clostridium botulinum in coastal areas in china]. | 1984 | 6396048 | |
| [clostridium botulinum in marine sediment]. | 1983 | 6396582 | |
| [food poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum type e]. | the results of a microbiological investigation carried out into a home-canned tuna fish are reported in relation to a suspected botulism case. toxin of cl. botulinum type e was detected by mouse toxicity and neutralization tests. the food specimen were also cultured for cl. botulinum. the isolates was identified as cl. botulinum type e by biochemical, gas chromatographic and immunological tests. the outbreak in which for the first time in italy, the cl. botulinum type e is involved, concerns one ... | 1984 | 6398700 |
| botulism in new south wales, 1980-1981. | the isolation of clostridium botulinum from the home environment of new south wales patients with infant botulism is reported. of the three cases of infant botulism type b, the bacteria were isolated from soil around the dwelling in one, and from tank rainwater in another. in one case with type a, the bacteria were present in the soil, vacuum-cleaner dust, and tank rainwater. the bacteria were not detected in the environment of two adult patients and a child with c. botulinum in their stools. th ... | 1983 | 6400580 |
| [identification of strain b 657 of clostridium botulinum]. | strain 657 has been described as a toxin variant of clostridium botulinum type b. toxin neutralization tests performed with types b and a botulinum antitoxins of known potency, avidity and specificity at 20, 200, 2.000 and 20.000 dl50/mouse level of testing have shown that 657 toxin is a mixture of b (90 to 99% of the complex) and a antigenic fractions. the possibility of a cross contamination between a and b serotypes has been, in principle, ruled out through the serologic screening of 33 toxin ... | 1983 | 6400761 |
| microbiological analysis of rock cod (sebastes spp.) stored under elevated carbon dioxide atmospheres. | the numbers and types of microorganisms on fresh rock cod fillets and fillets stored in air or in a modified atmosphere (ma; 80% co(2), 20% air) at 4 degrees c were compared. samples were analyzed after 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. the isolation plates were incubated aerobically, anaerobically, or under ma at 4, 20, or 35 degrees c. after 7 days of storage in air, the fillets were obviously spoiled and had a 3- to 4-log cycle increase in microbial counts. plate counts increased more slowly ... | 1983 | 6405691 |
| [preparation of neurotoxin and hemagglutinin from clostridium botulinum a and characterization of its neurotoxin]. | a procedure for preparation of electrophoretically and serologically homogeneous neurotoxin and a highly purified hemagglutinin from the culture fluid of cl. botulinum a, strain 501 is described. the yield of neurotoxin with specific activity of 80-100 x 10(6) dlm/mg of protein is 5-20%. neurotoxin has a molecular weight of 150,000, sedimentation coefficient of 7.1s, pi of 6.2-6.3; the maximum of its fluorescence corresponds to 332 nm. the toxin molecule contains 4 sh-groups. neurotoxin consists ... | 1983 | 6409167 |
| the food and drug administration's role in the canned salmon recalls of 1982. | the alaska salmon industry conducted 9 recalls of 7 3/4-oz cans of salmon in 1982 after a 7 3/4-oz can of alaskan salmon was implicated in illness and one death in belgium from clostridium botulinum type e toxin. by the code number on the can, the food and drug administration (fda), seattle district, traced it to a specific salmon packer. subsequently, the fda received a report about a defect in the can. investigation of the salmon packer's plant by the agency revealed that the equipment used at ... | 1983 | 6414026 |
| [molecular structure and immunochemical properties of highly purified hemagglutinin from clostridium botulinum type a]. | a procedure for isolation of highly purified hemagglutinin from a toxic complex of culture filtrates of cl. botulinum type a is described. this procedure includes precipitation with (nh4)2so4, chromatography on sephadex g-100, g-200 and deae-cellulose, specific adsorption on human erythrocytes and affinity chromatography. using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was shown that hemagglutinin is a heteropolymeric protein consisting of a monomer (mr 53 000) and a trimer (mr 160 000). the monome ... | 1983 | 6414537 |
| [botulism of aquatic birds at the starý u pohorelic pond (breclav district)]. | in the years 1981 and 1982 when a mass mortality of wild and domestic water birds was observed on the starý pond, eleven diseases or just died birds were examined by the neutralization test for botulotoxin and four sludge samples for the presence of clostridium botulinum. c. botulinum toxin of c type was detected in four wild ducks (anas platyrhynchos) from september 1981 and july 1982 and in one gull (larus ridibundus) and july 1982. the highest titres (of mice i. p. ld50/g) of botulotoxin in d ... | 1984 | 6441338 |
| comparison of clostridium botulinum toxins type d and c1 in molecular property, antigenicity and binding ability to rat-brain synaptosomes. | botulinum type d neurotoxin was purified 950-fold from the culture supernatant with an overall yield of 32%. the purified toxin had a specific toxicity of 5.8 x 10(7) mouse minimal lethal dose per mg of protein and a relative molecular mass of 140000. the purified toxin had a di-chain structure consisting of heavy and light chains with relative molecular masses of 85000 and 55000, respectively, linked by one disulfide bond. these subunits had different amino acid compositions and antigenicities. ... | 1984 | 6468375 |
| catastrophic death losses in a dairy herd attributed to type d botulism. | clostridium botulinum type d intoxication was diagnosed as the cause of death of 42 of 67 lactating cows in a southeast texas dairy herd over an 11-day period. by necessity, the diagnosis was based on clinicopathologic findings, as the toxin could not, by standard laboratory tests, be demonstrated in affected cattle. the predominant clinical findings were hindlimb weakness/ataxia rapidly progressing to persistent recumbency. affected cattle were alert until just before death, which occurred with ... | 1984 | 6490511 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of clostridium botulinum type a and type b toxins in stool samples of infants with botulism. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for clostridium botulinum type a and type b toxins was assessed for diagnostic accuracy in cases of infant botulism. this test was positive in all 22 cases confirmed by the conventional tests, which included the mouse lethality assay and stool culture. stool specimens from five cases were positive by culture, but the mouse lethality bioassay was either negative or toxicity was judged nonspecific since it could not be neutralized by specific antitoxin. ... | 1984 | 6490825 |
| determination of clostridium botulinum toxin by reversed passive latex agglutination. | 1984 | 6492538 | |
| titration of botulinum toxins for lethal toxicity by intravenous injection into mice. | clostridium botulinum type a - f toxins can be titrated by the time-to-death method by iv injection into mice. the time to death is not dependent upon the molecular size, but upon the immunological type of the toxin. it is necessary to assure complete activation of the activable toxin produced by nonproteolytic as well as a certain proteolytic strains before subjecting to titration by the iv injection method. | 1984 | 6503025 |
| acute toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics as an aid in detecting botulism. | gentamicin sulfate or neomycin sulfate injected intraperitoneally into 24- to 27-g mice at a dose of 6.2 mg per mouse elicited botulism-like responses in less than 30 min, but a dose of 3.1 mg per mouse had no observable effect. the normally nontoxic 3.1-mg aminoglycoside dose aggravated the illness induced by an earlier injection of clostridium botulinum type a or b toxin; it was usually lethal in 2 to 20 min if the preexisting illness was moderate to severe and worsened the condition of mice f ... | 1984 | 6508309 |
| internal temperature of decomposing duck carcasses in relation to botulism. | under spring conditions (mean daily maximum 22 c, mean daily minimum 9 c), the temperature within duck carcasses paralleled air temperature for 3 days; on days 4 and 5 the internal temperature rose above 30 c for approximately 30 hr and maximum temperatures of 40-47 c occurred. this coincided with the period of maximum blowfly maggot activity in the carcasses. carcasses screened from blowflies did not experience this period of high internal temperature. under autumn conditions (mean daily maximu ... | 1984 | 6530712 |
| binding of clostridium botulinum type c neurotoxin to rat brain synaptosomes. | the binding of clostridium botulinum type c neurotoxin to rat brain synaptosomes was determined by the use of 125i-neurotoxin. the binding was independent of the incubation temperature (0 degrees c and 37 degrees c) and was equilibrated in 10 min. the dose dependent of 125i-toxin binding to synaptosomes at 0 degrees c showed that there were two kinds of toxin receptors on the synaptosomal membrane; the association constants and maximum binding values were 1.05 x 10(10 m-1, 5.25 x 10(-13) mol/mg ... | 1983 | 6630172 |
| infant botulism in the united states: an epidemiologic study of cases occurring outside of california. | data were obtained for the 96 hospitalized cases of infant botulism reported to the centers for disease control between 1976-1980 from all states other than california. forty-one cases were associated with clostridium botulinum type a, 53 with type b, one with type f, and one with a strain of c. botulinum capable of producing both type b and f toxin. cases occurred in 25 states; the disease was more common in the western part of the united states, with the highest attack rates reported for utah ... | 1983 | 6638233 |
| rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with clostridium difficile toxins a and b: physiologic and pathologic basis. | clostridium botulinum can colonize and produce botulinal toxin in the human infant intestine, which the toxin then permeates to cause generalized flaccid paralysis, and occasionally, sudden death. this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that toxins produced by other intestinal clostridia, e.g., c. difficile, might also cause systemic illness and sometimes death in infants (j pediatr 100:568, 1982). because this hypothesis could not be evaluated clinically until the systemic manifestatio ... | 1984 | 6690674 |
| oral toxicities of clostridium botulinum type a and b toxins from different strains. | the production and the oral toxicity for mice of clostridium botulinum type a and b toxins of different strains were studied. all five type b strains produced both 16s (large or l) and 12s (medium or m) toxins, although the relative amounts varied with the strains. the culture supernatant of type b okra strain was the most potent in oral toxicity. the l toxin of this culture was about 700 times more toxic in feeding tests with mice than the l toxin from type b strain nh-2, whereas the m toxins o ... | 1984 | 6693168 |
| acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalization. | botulinum neurotoxin (bony) type a, a causative agent of botulism, is a di-chain protein (molecular weight 140,000) from clostridium botulinum, and the most neurotoxic substance known. some cases of sudden infant cot deaths have been attributed to such a neuroparalytic condition. bont inhibits irreversibly the release of acetylcholine from peripheral nerves in a highly selective manner. hence, it is potentially an invaluable probe for studying the mechanism of transmitter release. here we demons ... | 1984 | 6694738 |
| amino acid composition of clostridium botulinum type b neurotoxin. | to characterize type b botulinum neurotoxin based on reliable data on the amino acid composition, three batches of the neurotoxin were analyzed. each batch was isolated from a separate neurotoxin producing bacterial culture (strain okra). two batches were purified by the same method and one was purified by a different method. the toxin preparations were comparable in purity (judged by polyacrylamide gel--sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis) and similar in amino acid composition. the best esti ... | 1984 | 6729847 |
| an outbreak of botulism in waterfowl and fly larvae in new york state. | in october 1982 the death of approximately 1,500 wild ducks, mostly mallards (anas platyrhynchos), and about 100 shore birds including greater yellowlegs (tringa melanoleuca) was observed in the new york state oak orchard wildlife management area. the lack of gross pathology, the signs exhibited by the moribund ducks, and the ecologic conditions indicated possible botulinal intoxication. clostridium botulinum toxin type c was demonstrated in duck serum (approximately 5 x 10(4) mouse intraperiton ... | 1984 | 6737616 |
| metabiotic effect of bacillus licheniformis on clostridium botulinum: implications for home-canned tomatoes. | the metabiotic effect of bacillus licheniformis on clostridium botulinum was examined. b. licheniformis elevated the ph of a model system with an initial ph of 4.4 so that c. botulinum grew and produced toxin. toxin production was observed when spores from both species were coinoculated at levels as low as 10 spores per ml. when pint jars of tomatoes were used, canner size contributed to a 10,000-fold difference in the lethality of a boiling water bath process on b. licheniformis spores. botulin ... | 1982 | 6751229 |
| nitrite, nitrite alternatives, and the control of clostridium botulinum in cured meats. | historically, nitrite has been a component of meat-curing additives for several centuries. in recent years the safety of nitrite as an additive in cured meats has been questioned mainly because of the possible formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. nitrite has many important functions in meat curing including its role in color development, flavor, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity. the inhibition of clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production is an especially important an ... | 1982 | 6751698 |
| first cases of botulinic paralysis in puerto rico. | 1982 | 6753867 | |
| the role of intestinal bacteria in gallstone formation in animal model. a study on biliary lipid composition and bile acid profiles in bile, small intestinal contents and feces of clostridium butyricum miyairi no. 588 monocontaminated mice. | contradictory results in the studies on experimental gallstone formation using conventional and germfree mice have been reported. to study the role of bacteria in gallstone formation in the animal model jcl:icr male germfree mice were monocontaminated with clostridium butyricum miyairi no. 588. gallstone formation, biliary lipid composition and bile acid profiles in the bile, small intestinal contents and feces were analyzed after feeding the diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid. the rate ... | 1982 | 6754522 |
| resistance of mice with limited intestinal flora to enteric colonization by clostridium botulinum. | infant botulism is an age-dependent illness that is caused by the toxin produced by clostridium botulinum infecting the intestinal tract. because of composition of the intestinal microflora determines the resistance of mice to enteric colonization by c. botulinum, attempts were made to identify the kinds of bacteria that prevent this in vivo growth. orogastric challenges of 50 spores of c. botulinum type a were given to adult germfree mice, which are highly susceptible, and to gnotobiotic adult ... | 1982 | 6754827 |
| [incidence of clostridium in honey marketed in hungary]. | 1982 | 6755347 | |
| [toxoids of botulinum toxin type g]. | clostridium botulinum type g toxin was obtained by the dialysis sac culture method. crude toxin was submitted to precipitation either by 4.5 m (nh4)2so4 (table 2) or ethanol 96% up to 25% final concentration (table 3). aliquots of crude toxin and fractions from the precipitation methods were activated by trypsin, detoxificated by formalin and adsorbed with aluminum phosphate. twelve preparations of toxoids (table 1) were obtained and assayed in laboratory animals. the immune response was studied ... | 1980 | 6755549 |
| [type d animal botulism in senegal. first observation in a dog]. | 1982 | 6755573 | |
| [amino acid composition of major components of cl. botulinum toxin of type b]. | 1982 | 6758340 | |
| effects of potassium sorbate and other antibotulinal agents on germination and outgrowth of clostridium botulinum type e spores in microcultures. | the effects of potassium sorbate, sodium hypophosphite, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium nitrite, and linoleic acid on the germination and outgrowth of clostridium botulinum type e spores were studied in microcultures. at ph 5.8 to 6.0 in liver veal agar, the germination rate was decreased to nearly zero with 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0% sorbate. at ph 7.0 t 7.2, these levels of sorbate afforded germination and outgrowth of abnormally shaped cells that were defective in cell division. at the high ph range, ... | 1982 | 6758699 |
| clostridium botulinum type c in the mersey estuary. | nineteen of 98 samples of mud or sand taken from the mersey estuary in 1981 contained clostridium botulinum type c, the organism almost always responsible for botulism in water birds. in the dungeon and score bank areas, where many dead and dying birds were found during the period september-december 1979, almost half the samples contained type c. most of the positive samples were essentially muddy rather than sandy. the findings do not prove that botulism contributed to the 1979 mortality but ar ... | 1982 | 6759578 |
| the relation between toxicity and toxin-related-antigen contents of clostridium botulinum types c and d cultures as determined by mouse bioassay and elisa. | elisa was tested for the adequacy to differentiate between botulinum type c1 and d toxins. the results presented in this paper indicate antigenic relationship between type c1 and d toxins. furthermore, indications were obtained that the antigenicities of type c1 and of d toxins produced by different strains are not identical. although elisa can be used to differentiate type c1 and d toxins from those of other types, the assay has only limited value to differentiate between type c1 and d toxins. ... | 1982 | 6761472 |
| experimental toxicoinfection in infant mice challenged with spores of clostridium botulinum type e. | conventionally raised suckling mice were given 10(7) spores of a strain of clostridium botulinum type e. most but not all infant mice aged 8 through 19 days at the time of administration died after developing symptoms typical of botulism. however, none of the infant mice challenged with the spores at dose levels lower than 10(6) spores/mouse developed illness. | 1982 | 6761473 |
| outbreaks of type c botulism in waterfowl in japan. | four outbreaks of botulism in waterfowl were encountered over a five-year period of 1973 to 1977 in japan. in all the outbreaks toxin was detected from all 12 sera, twenty-three of 24 gizzard contents from diseased or dead birds and one of three maggots. it was neutralized with clostridium botulinum type c antitoxin serum, regardless of its origin. by using co2 gas jet method, c. botulinum was isolated from four of 11 gizzards from diseased birds, five of 7 ones from dead birds, one of one maggo ... | 1982 | 6761593 |
| germination and outgrowth of single spores of clostridium botulinum and putrefactive anaerobes. | 1982 | 6763023 | |
| infant botulism--the first five years. | in 1976 physicians in california reported the presence of botulism in infancy. over a period of a few days infants developed generalized weakness and lost autonomic functions. the severity of infant botulism has varied from feeding difficulties to paralysis. no toxin was found in the infants' food, but it was detected in the stool along with c. botulinum spores and organism. this suggested that infants consumed the spores, which germinated into organisms, which produced the toxin. | 1982 | 6763147 |
| clostridium botulinum toxins. | 1982 | 6763707 | |
| quantitation of clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin in the feces of an infant with botulism. | a 4-month-old boy presented with symptoms and signs characteristic of infant botulism. examination of feces revealed clostridium botulinum type b and type b toxin. the numbers of c. botulinum and the amount of toxin in feces were measured throughout the 4-week period in hospital. the maximum numbers and amounts were detected in a fecal specimen collected 16 days after admission: this contained 8.4 x 10(6) c. botulinum type b colony-forming units and 61,440 mouse 100% lethal doses of type b toxin ... | 1982 | 6764763 |
| [botulism in puglia: bacteriologic research on 6 episodes occurring between 1977 and 1982]. | 1982 | 6764797 | |
| [biological and gas chromatographic findings in a case of botulism]. | 1982 | 6764867 | |
| [simplified preliminary identification of some species of clostridium]. | a dichotomous key is proposed for the identification of eight species of clostridium: clostridium botulinum, c. butyricum, c. haemolyticum, c. histolyticum, c. paraperfringens, c. perfringens, c. sporogenes y c. subterminale, on the basis of the gram staining, catalase production, growth on nutrient agar, glucose utilization, motility test, gelatin hydrolysis, lecithinase production, human blood hemolysis and the test of mice toxicity. | 1982 | 6765625 |
| interaction between clostridium botulinum neurotoxin and gangliosides. | the effect of gangliosides on clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin was examined in terms of detoxification. the molar concentrations of gangliosides necessary to detoxify 50% of 1 m cl. botulinum neurotoxin were as follows: gm1, 2073; gm2, 2439; gm3, 6098; gd1a, 610; gd1b, 488; gt1a, 829; gt1b, 6 and gq1b, 27. inhibition by gangliosides of the neurotoxin binding to synaptosomes showed that gt1b was highly effective, but the others were not. low-temperature treatment inhibited the detoxificati ... | 1980 | 6768400 |
| infant botulism. | 1980 | 6772092 | |
| separation and characterization of heavy and light chains from clostridium botulinum type c toxin and their reconstitution. | clostridium botulinum type c toxin consists of a heavy and a light chain with molecular weights of 98,000 and 53,000, respectively, which are linked by one disulfide bond. the two components were separated from each other by quaternary aminoethyl sephadex a-50 column chromatography by stepwise elution with nacl in 27.5 mm borax-45 mm sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, ph 8.0, containing 5% 2-mercaptoethanol at 0 degrees c. the purified components had different amino acid compositions and antige ... | 1981 | 6783645 |
| antigenic similarity of toxins produced by clostridium botulinum type c and d strains. | antisera against purified type c1 toxin of clostridium botulinum and its heavy-chain component cross-neutralized type d toxin. antisera against partially purified type d toxin cross-neutralized type c1 toxin. from the latter serum, a component which neutralized only type d toxin and a component which equally neutralized both c1 and d toxins were obtained. we concluded that the cross-neutralization was not due to the fact that type c and d strains produce both c1 and d toxins but rather to the fa ... | 1980 | 6785231 |
| purification and characterization of two components of botulinum c2 toxin. | two dissimilar proteins, designated as components i and ii, of botulinum c2 toxin elaborated by strain 92-13 were purified to a homogeneous state. the molecular weights determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis were 55,000 for component i and 105,000 for component ii. whereas each component showed no or feeble toxicity even after being treated with trypsin, the toxicity was elicited when these two components were mixed and trypsinized. the toxicity of the mixture of components i a ... | 1980 | 6785232 |
| mechanisms of sorbate inhibition of bacillus cereus t and clostridium botulinum 62a spore germination. | the mechanism by which potassium sorbate inhibits bacillus cereus t and clostridium botulinum 62a spore germination was investigated. spores of b. cereus t were germinated at 35 degrees c in 0.08 m sodium-potassium phosphate buffers (ph 5.7 and 6.7) containing various germinants (l-alanine, l-alpha-nh2-n-butyric acid, and inosine) and potassium sorbate. spores of c. botulinum 62a were germinated in the same buffers but with 10 mm l-lactic acid, 20 mm sodium bicarbonate, l-alanine or l-cysteine, ... | 1981 | 6794451 |
| [immunochemical study of clostridium botulinum type b toxin]. | fractionation of type b. cl. botulinum toxin, a protein complex, was carried out; as a result, 3 fractions, alpha, beta, and gamma, were isolated in a pure form, alpha-fraction, or neurotoxin, is highly toxic (5-10.10(7) ldm per 1 mg of protein), beta-fraction showed hemagglutinating activity (64-128 hau per 1 mg of protein), gamma-fraction was not biologically active. the molecular weight of alpha and gamma-fractions was 150,000. all these fractions had antigenic properties. alpha-fraction was ... | 1981 | 6795866 |
| immunodiffusion method for detection of type a clostridium botulinum. | a simple gel immunodiffusion agar procedure was developed for detecting toxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum type a. the method consisted of overlaying colonies grown on thin-layer tryptone-peptone-glucose-yeast extract agar with gel diffusion agar containing desired levels of c. botulinum type a antitoxin. concentric precipitin zones formed around colonies of c. botulinum type a. strains of c. botulinum type a were detected by this procedure. however, c. botulinum type b reacted to a less ... | 1981 | 6797350 |
| leucine dissimilation to isovaleric and isocaproic acids by cell suspensions of amino acid fermenting anaerobes: the stickland reaction revisited. | freshly compared cell suspensions of clostridia (clostridium bifermentans, c. botulinum proteolytic type a, c. difficile, c. sordellii, and c. sporogenes) and peptostreptococcus anaerobius converted leucine to isovaleric (iv) and isocaproic (ic) acids in the absence of other amino acids. the optimal ph for conversion was between 8 and 9 at 37 degrees c. the stoichiometry of reaction was compatible with that expected for the stickland reaction, as the ratio of iv to ic was 1:2, the amount of co2 ... | 1982 | 6805929 |
| bacterial food poisoning: what to do if prevention fails. | the numerous etiologies of food poisoning make assessment of this disease a cultural, bacteriologic, chemical, gastronomic, and epidemiologic research project. cautious investigation and study of etiologic possibilities are most stimulating intellectual exercises and obviously benefit the patient. often, a case of food poisoning necessitates interaction with the local health department in search of the causative agent before other people are afflicted. a thorough knowledge of this field is essen ... | 1982 | 6812033 |
| clostridium botulinum type c toxin: a sketch of the molecule. | the purification and crystallization of type c botulinum toxin along with its physical characteristics are described. the shape of clostridium botulinum type c toxin molecule is globular like a pressed ball with a 7.4 nm diameter and a 4.3 nm thickness. the molecular volume is approximately 185 nl and the molecular weight is 141000. the toxin molecule is composed of two parts, which are separable under appropriate conditions. these parts have some differences in the electrophoretic properties, a ... | 1982 | 6817077 |
| differentiation of clostridium difficile toxin from clostridium botulinum toxin by the mouse lethality test. | the mouse lethality test is the most sensitive method for confirming the diagnosis of infant botulism. both clostridium difficile and clostridium botulinum produce heat-labile toxins which are lethal for mice and can be found in the feces of infants. these two toxins can be distinguished from one another in this assay when both are present in the same fecal specimen because they appear to be immunologically distinct toxins. | 1983 | 6824325 |
| botulism. | clostridium botulinum is ubiquitous in the environment, yet symptoms of botulism occur in humans only if toxin a, b, or e is ingested, absorbed in the intestine, and bound and eventually internalized in the neuronal receptors, producing neuromuscular blockade. clinically, botulism is divided into four types: food borne, infantile, wound, and unclassified. systemic neurological symptoms occur within 72 hours of gastrointestinal symptoms and can progress rapidly to respiratory paralysis. diagnosis ... | 1983 | 6842155 |
| toxicoinfectious botulism in foals and adult horses. | toxicoinfectious botulism was proved to be the cause of a neuromuscular paralytic syndrome in foals and adult horses. in eight successive cases, clostridium botulinum type b was isolated at necropsy. foals were either found dead without premonitory signs of illness or, most often, they had signs of progressive and symmetric motor paralysis. stilted gait, muscular tremors, and the inability to stand longer than 4 to 5 minutes were the salient clinical signs. other clinical manifestations included ... | 1980 | 6988376 |
| quantitative evidence of intestinal colonization by clostridium botulinum in four cases of infant botulism. | infant botulism is an infectious form of a disease heretofore principally known as food-borne intoxication. previous epidemiologic and laboratory studies have shown that infant botulism results from the ingestion of spores of clostridium botulinum that subsequently germinate in the infant intestine and produce botulinal toxin. a quantitative study of the fecal microflora of four infants with infant botulism revealed the presence of c. botulinum in numbers as high as 6.0 x 10(8) colony-forming un ... | 1980 | 6989924 |
| distribution of clostridium botulinum. | the distribution of clostridium botulinum in the natural environments of denmark, the faroe islands, iceland, greenland, and bangladesh was examined. a total of 684 samples were tested. type e was found in 90% of samples from the aquatic environment of denmark, including sediments from young artificial lakes, and in 86% of samples from the marine environment of greenland. type e was not found in danish cultivated soil and woodlands, including cultivated soil from reclaimed sea beds, but type b w ... | 1980 | 6990867 |
| antibotulinal efficacy of sulfur dioxide in meat. | the addition of sodium metabisulfite as a source of sulfur dioxide delayed botulinal outgrowth in perishable canned comminuted pork when it was temperature abused at 27 degree c. the degree of inhibition was directly related to the level of sulfur dioxide. levels greater than 100 microgram of sulfur dioxide per g were necessary to achieve significant inhibition when a target level of 100 botulinal spores per g was used. sodium nitrite partially reduced the efficacy of the sulfur dioxide. sulfur ... | 1980 | 6996613 |
| an epizootic of avian botulism in a phosphate mine settling pond in northern florida. | type c botulism was determined to be the cause of an epizootic among waterfowl and shorebirds in a phosphate mine settling pond in northern florida during may and june of 1979. several hundred birds, the most common of which were american coots (fulica americana), wood ducks (aix sponsa), common gallinules (gallinula chloropus), and northern shovelers (anas clypeata), were afflicted over about a three-week period. a second smaller outbreak occurred in the same pond in early december of 1979. thi ... | 1980 | 6997514 |
| prevalence of clostridium botulinum in fishes from markets in osaka. | a total of 142 samples of different sea foods, mostly fish, were procured from the near-by supermarkets to examine the edible parts for the presence of clostridium botulinum. eleven samples (7.7%) seemed to contain this organism. of these samples, we identified the toxin type in seven; six were type c and the other one type d. isolation of c. botulinum type c was successful form the six samples but that of type d failed. | 1980 | 6997584 |
| isolation of nontoxigenic variants associated with enhanced sporulation and alteration in the cell wall from clostridium botulinum type a 190l by treatment with detergents. | nontoxigenic variants were isolated from clostridium botulinum type a strain 190l after treatment with detergents such as deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, tween 80 and brij-58. deoxycholate was most effective for obtaining the variants. the variants exhibited a markedly increased frequency of sporulation compared with the oligosporogenic parent strain. the cell wall of the parent strain was composed of an outer layer and an inner layer, whereas that of the variants lost the outer layer. aft ... | 1980 | 6997693 |
| ultrastructure of a hexagonal array in exosporium of a highly sporogenic mutant of clostridium botulinum type a revealed by electron microscopy using optical diffraction and filtration. | the ultrastructure of a hexagonal array in the exosporium from spores of a highly sporogenic mutant of clostridium botulinum type a strain 190l was studied by electron microscopy of negatively stained exosporium fragments using optical diffraction and filtration. the exosporium was composed of three or more lamellae showing and equilateral, hexagonal periodicity. images of the single exosporium layer from which the noise had been filtered optically revealed that the hexagonally arranged, morphol ... | 1980 | 6997694 |
| susceptibility of clostridium botulinum to thirteen antimicrobial agents. | a total of 224 strains of clostridium botulinum (including isolates from 14 patients with infant botulism and 4 with wound botulism) and 15 strains of c. sporogenes were tested by agar dilution for susceptibility to tetracycline, metronidazole, erythromycin, penicillin, rifampin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin. at least 90% of the c. botulinum strains tested (except for nonproteolytic strains of toxi ... | 1980 | 6998374 |
| heat resistance of the chemical resistance forms of clostridium botulinum 62a spores over the water activity range 0 to 0.9. | having available the separate chemical resistance forms of clostridium botulinum 62a spores from an investigation of the effect of spore form on wet heat resistance and also a method for measuring heat resistance at known water activities over the whole water activity (aw) range, we measured the heat resistance of these preparations at four different temperatures at each aw interval of 0.1 from aw 0 to aw 0.9. the required temperature dependence of resistance was calculated for each aw increment ... | 1980 | 6999992 |
| a pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography study of clostridium botulinum and related organisms. | 1980 | 7000740 | |
| cultural and physiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium botulinum isolates from foodborne and infant botulism cases. | isolates clostridium botulinum from foodborne and infant botulism cases in the united states were compared on the basis of toxigenicity, cultural and biochemical characteristics, metabolic products, and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. seventy-eight strains, including 42 from foodborne and 36 from infant botulism sources, were examined. cultures on anaerobic blood agar exhibited circular, spindle, and rhizoid (medusa head) colonies. overall, the characteristics of isolates from foodborne ... | 1980 | 7000811 |
| production of phenylacetic and hydroxyphenylacetic acids by clostridium botulinum type g. | phenylacetic and hydroxyphenylacetic acids were present as major acids in spent growth medium from clostridium botulinum type g. these aromatic acids were identified by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. | 1980 | 7000821 |
| [nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in foods. higher production hygiene as an alternative to nitrite (author's transl)]. | 1980 | 7001347 | |
| [isolation and properties of a highly purified clostridium botulinum type f toxin]. | a scheme for isolation of highly purified type f cl. botulinum toxin has been developed. the scheme allows one to obtain the toxin with specific activity of 1.5--4.0 x 10(7) dlm/mg protein, molecular weight of 150,000 daltons, a typical protein uv spectrum and the optical density ratio e280/e260 = 1.98. | 1980 | 7004005 |
| [phage conversion of toxigenicity in clostridium botulinum]. | 1980 | 7004020 | |
| experimental botulism in pekin ducks. | clostridium botulinum types b, c, and e were found to produce toxin in killed pekin ducks after oral administration of spores to the live birds. the highest toxin production was found when the ducks were killed within 40 minutes after the administration of the spores. if the ducks were killed after 4 hours, only small amounts of toxin or no toxin at all was found. pekin ducks were sensitive to botulinum toxin type c-l after oral administration, the ld50 being 9.6 x 10(4) intraperitoneal mouse ld ... | 1980 | 7004433 |
| the clinical significance, taxonomy and special methodological problems of the pathogenic clostridia. | the clinical significance of clostridia is much greater than is generally recognized. the organisms are a major cause of septic abortion, clostridium perfringens being the most important single organism. this species is also the principle agent in food-poisoning. clostridium botulinum is considered to be one of the main causes of the sudden death syndrome in infants. as clostridia are universally distributed in nature and the human body, the isolation of an organism of this group from the human ... | 1980 | 7005089 |
| clostridium botulinum in british soil. | soil samples from various parts of britain were examined for clostridium botulinum by a sensitive technique comparable with that recently used for mud samples from british aquatic environments. the results showed beyond doubt that in britain the prevalence of the organism in soil is much lower than in mud. of 174 samples from all sites examined only 10 (5 . 7%) could be shown to contain cl. botulinum; this finding was consistent with the results of surveys made by less sensitive techniques in 19 ... | 1980 | 7005328 |
| infant botulism: clinical spectrum and epidemiology. | between 1977 and 1979, 12 cases of infant botulism were diagnosed in utah, and 87 control patients (normal, nonbotulism neurologic disease, and nonbotulism systemic disease) were evaluated. observations from these patients suggest an expanded clinical spectrum of infant botulism including asymptomatic carriers of organism; mild hypotonia and failure to thrive; typical cases with constipation, bulbar weakness, and hypotonia; and children with a picture compatible with sudden infant death syndrome ... | 1980 | 7005856 |
| effect of fermentation conditions on toxin production by clostridium botulinum type b. | to obtain high yields of toxin for the preparation of purified neurotoxoids, we examined the time of appearance and the quantity of toxin produced by the bean strain of clostridium botulinum type b under various conditions by using a fermentor system. the medium employed consisted of 2.0% casein hydrolylsate and 1.5% yeast extract plus an appropriate concentration of glucose. the maximum toxin concentration (4 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(5) mouse median lethal doses per ml) was attained within 48 h under ... | 1980 | 7006503 |
| electrophoretic analysis of clostridium botulinum types a and b hemagglutinins. | the serologically related hemagglutinins of clostridium botulinum types a and b were resolved into several bands in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. reduction of the samples with mercaptoethanol partly changed the band patterns, but with each hemaglutinin the two fastest moving bands in the reduced and unreduced samples were the same. in type a these two smallest units were of molecular weight 14 500 and 19 500; in type b they were of molecular weight 14 500 and 20 ... | 1980 | 7006771 |
| restaurant-associated type a botulism: transmission by potato salad. | in the period november 13-18, 1978, seven cases of type a botulism occurred in persons who had eaten in a restaurant in colorado. the outbreak was recognized when two persons who had independently eaten at the restaurant were hospitalized with an illness compatible with botulism. surveillance efforts identified five additional cases. potato salad made at the restaurant and available for service during an 11-day period was epidemiologically incriminated as the vehicle of botulinal toxin transmiss ... | 1981 | 7010999 |
| evidence that botulinum c2 toxin has two dissimilar components. | botulinum c2 toxin produced by most toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum types c and d contains two distinct protein components, and these were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. neither of these components manifested the original toxicity, but the original toxicity was restored when the two components were mixed together and trypsinized. this indicates that c2 toxin consists of two dissimilar protein components and that the cooperation of the two ... | 1980 | 7011974 |
| the rat as an animal model for infant botulism. | susceptibility to intraintestinal clostridium botulinum colonization of conventional infant and germfree adult rats is comparable to that of mice. c. botulinum-monoassociated rats pass c. botulinum toxin in their milk. | 1980 | 7011988 |
| isolation of clostridium botulinum type g and identification of type g botulinal toxin in humans: report of five sudden unexpected deaths. | clostridium botulinum type g has not been identified until now from humans or animals; it has been isolated only twice, from soil samples in argentina. type g organisms were isolated from necropsy specimens in four adults and an 18-week-old infant. type g botulinal toxin was demonstrated in the serum of three of these individuals. the toxic dose in mice ranged from 2 to 7 50% lethal doses/ml. these persons died suddenly and unexpectedly at home, without any pathologic evidence to account for the ... | 1981 | 7012244 |
| persistence of clostridium botulinum type b on a cattle farm after an outbreak of botulism. | on farms involved in botulism outbreaks, cycles of clostridium botulinum have occurred. the cycles were initiated by feeding brewers' grains contaminated with proteolytic c. botulinum type b to the cows. spreading of manure containing feces of these cows increased the contamination of the pastures. in grass silages prepared with wilted grass from these pastures the number of c. botulinum type b organisms increased, and toxin type b was produced. feeding cows with the contaminated silage fodder c ... | 1981 | 7013696 |
| nature of intracellular type a botulinum neurotoxin. | the neurotoxin in cells of young clostridium botulinum type a culture was extracted with lysozyme. highly purified neurotoxin preparation, obtained by processing the extract in two chromatographic steps had only unnicked (single-chain) molecules of molecular weight comparable to that of the dichains isolated from type a crystals. trypsinization converted the unnicked molecules into dichains whose component subunits were of sizes indistinguishable from those of the neurotoxin from crystals. the e ... | 1981 | 7013709 |
| [report on two outbreaks of type b botulism (author's transl)]. | 1980 | 7014145 | |
| vascular permeability activity of botulinum c2 toxin elicited by cooperation of two dissimilar protein components. | botulinum c2 toxin has vascular permeability as well as lethal activities. both activities are elicited by cooperation of two dissimilar protein components, designated components i and ii, which individually have very low activities. the vascular permeability activity of c2 toxin, demonstrated as blueing response after intravenous injection of evans blue, was markedly enhanced by treatment with trypsin and was abolished by neutralization with either anti-component i or ii serum. inflammatory rea ... | 1981 | 7014465 |
| [investigation on contamination of seashore soil and seafood by clostridium botulinum (author's transl)]. | 1980 | 7016476 | |
| selective medium for isolation of clostridium botulinum from human feces. | a selective medium, clostridium botulinum isolation (cbi) agar, was developed for the isolation of c. botulinum from human feces. this medium contains cycloserine (250 microgram/ml), sulfamethoxazole (76 microgram/ml), and trimethoprim (4 microgram/ml) as selective inhibitory agents. qualitative tests indicated complete recovery of c. botulinum types a, b, f, and g on cbi medium. it was more difficult to recognize type g colonies on the medium because of their lack of lipase activity. except for ... | 1981 | 7016901 |
| [botulism]. | 1980 | 7017774 | |
| distribution of clostridium botulinum around fishing areas of the western part of indonesian waters. | a survey was carried out to determine the presence of clostridium botulinum in samples of sediment and seafoods from the fishing areas of the western part of indonesian waters. among the 3,433 samples, 82 (2.4%) were positive for c. botulinum. type e was not found. | 1981 | 7018401 |
| infant botulism in a breast-fed infant from rural new south wales. | 1981 | 7019636 | |
| [antimicrobial effects of nitrates in meat products]. | in a review of the subject, the authors show that nitrite play an important role upon stability and safety of cured meat products. in non heated cured meat, they have a synergistic effect together with ph, nacl concentration and storage temperature, in such a way that 150 ppm seem to be necessary. usefullness of nitrite is also advocated in heated systems, though it seems difficult to establish quantitative requirements. in any way, there is a general agreement on the fact that curing without ni ... | 1980 | 7020545 |
| [botulism. its etiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment (a review of the literature)]. | 1981 | 7022682 | |
| determination of botulinum toxin type by the reaction of indirect hemagglutination inhibition. | results of investigations are reported which confirm the possibility of in vitro serological determination of the types of botulinus toxins and tracing the antigen mosaic of the preparations containing mixtures of soluble antigens of these toxins. this possibility has been opened by an appropriate combination in the arrangement of the reaction of inhibition of the antigenic indirect hemagglutination. | 1981 | 7025794 |
| [a preliminary analysis of the distribution characteristics of botulism in shihezi district of xinjiang (author's transl)]. | 1981 | 7030671 | |
| infant botulism: epidemiology and relation to sudden infant death syndrome. | 1981 | 7030764 |