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allosteric mutants show that prfa activation is dispensable for vacuole escape but required for efficient spread and listeria survival in vivo.the transcriptional regulator prfa controls key virulence determinants of the facultative intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes. prfa-dependent gene expression is strongly induced within host cells. while the basis of this activation is unknown, the structural homology of prfa with the camp receptor protein (crp) and the finding of constitutively activated prfa* mutants suggests it may involve ligand-induced allostery. here, we report the identification of a solvent-accessible cavity wit ...201222646689
study of vancomycin resistance in faecal enterococci from healthy humans and dogs in spain a decade after the avoparcin ban in europe.one hundred and 26 faecal samples from healthy dogs (2009) and 157 faecal samples from healthy humans (2007) from la rioja region (spain) were tested to know the carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). vre with intrinsic resistance (vanc) were found in 12% of healthy dogs and humans (29 enterococcus gallinarum and four enterococcus casseliflavus). nevertheless, vre with acquired mechanism of resistance were not detected among these samples. four enterococcus faecalis isolates with va ...201322646722
synergistic effect of steam and lactic acid against escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polyvinyl chloride and stainless steel.this study was designed to investigate the individual and combined effects of steam and lactic acid (la) on the inactivation of biofilms formed by escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on polyvinyl chloride (pvc) and stainless steel. six day old biofilms were developed on pvc and stainless steel coupons by using a mixture of three strains each of three foodborne pathogens at 25°c. after biofilm development, pvc and stainless steel coupons were treated with ...201222647677
listeriolysin o: the swiss army knife of listeria.listeriolysin o (llo) is a toxin produced by listeria monocytogenes, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen responsible for the disease listeriosis. this disease starts with the ingestion of contaminated foods and mainly affects immunocompromised individuals, newborns, and pregnant women. in the laboratory, l. monocytogenes is used as a model organism to study processes such as cell invasion, intracellular survival, and cell-to-cell spreading, as this gram-positive bacterium has evolved elaborate m ...201222652164
rugulactone and its analogues exert antibacterial effects through multiple mechanisms including inhibition of thiamine biosynthesis.rugulactone is a dihydro-α-pyrone isolated from the plant cryptocarya rugulosa in 2009. it has been reported to display ikb kinase (ikk) inhibitory activity, as well as antibiotic activity in several strains of pathogenic bacteria. however, its biological targets and mode of action in bacteria have not yet been explored. here we present enantioselective syntheses of rugulactone and of some corresponding activity-based protein profiling (abpp) probes. we found that the abpp probes in this study a ...201222653914
left ventricular outflow tract to left atrium fistula due to non-valve listeria monocytogenes endocarditis. 201222659197
bacterial infections other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis.cirrhotic patients are immunocompromised with a high risk of infection. proinflammatory cytokines and hemodynamic circulation derangement further facilitate the development of serious consequences of infections. other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, bacteremia and bacterial infections of other organ systems are frequently observed. gram-negative enteric bacteria are the most common causative organism. other bacterial infections, such as enterococci, vibrio spp., aeromonas spp., clostridi ...201222662285
hiv-1 integrase inhibitor-inspired antibacterials targeting isoprenoid biosynthesis.we report the discovery of antibacterial leads, keto- and diketo-acids, targeting two prenyl transferases: undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (upps) and dehydrosqualene synthase (crtm). the leads were suggested by the observation that keto- and diketo-acids bind to the active site mg(2+)/asp domain in hiv-1 integrase, and similar domains are present in prenyl transferases. we report the x-ray crystallographic structures of one diketo-acid and one keto-acid bound to crtm, which supports the mg(2+) ...201222662288
prevalence and serotypes of listeria monocytogenes contamination in chinese beef processing plants.the aim of this work was to study the epidemiology of listeria spp., particularly listeria monocytogenes, and to identify the serotypes present in contaminated samples from beef processing plants in china. a total of 439 samples were obtained from bovine feces, hides, and carcasses at three commercial processing plants. a standard protocol (iso 11290-1) was followed to detect listeria spp. and l. monocytogenes, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the various l. monocytog ...201222663187
the mammalian microrna response to bacterial infections.micrornas are small rnas that post-transcriptionally regulate eukaryotic gene expression. in addition to their involvement in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including viral infections, micrornas are increasingly implicated in the eukaryotic response to bacterial pathogens. recent studies have characterized changes in host microrna expression following infection with exclusively extracellular (helicobacter pylori) or intracellular (salmonella enterica) gram-negative bac ...201222664920
inactivation of listeria monocytogenes on ham and bologna using pectin-based apple, carrot, and hibiscus edible films containing carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde.edible films can be used as wrapping material on food products to reduce surface contamination. the incorporation of antimicrobials into edible films could serve as an additional barrier against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that contaminate food surfaces. the objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, incorporated into apple, carrot, and hibiscus-based edible films against listeria monocytogenes on contaminated ham and bologna. ...201222671718
[presence of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods available in open markets, delicatessens and supermarkets, bogotá, 2002-2008].the increase in diseases transmitted by foods has become a public health problem. listeria monocytogenes, the etiological agent of listeriosis or typical food poisoning,is considered to be among the most important food borne illnesses. high risk foods for l.monocytogenes have been recognized as foods already prepared for consumption and made available in retail outlets.201222674319
expression of ferritin-like protein in listeria monocytogenes after cold and freezing stress.the cold shock protein family consists of the transfer of the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes from 37 to 4 and -20 °c and was characterized by the sharp induction of a low molecular mass protein. this major cold shock protein ferritin-like protein (flp) has an important role in regulation of various microbial physiological processes. flp have a molecular mass of about 18 kda, as observed on sds-page. the purification procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation was used. monospec ...201222674417
early events regulating immunity and pathogenesis during listeria monocytogenes infection.listeria monocytogenes (lm) is both a life-threatening pathogen of humans and a model organism that is widely used to dissect the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune resistance to infection. specific aspects of the immune response to systemic lm infection can be protective, neutral, or in some cases deleterious. in this review, we seek to provide an overview of the early events during lm infection that dictate or regulate host innate and adaptive immune responses. we highlight several recen ...201222677184
highly discriminatory typing method for listeria monocytogenes using polymorphic tandem repeat regions.tandem repeats (tr), which are repetitive nucleotide sequences in dna, are polymorphic both in repeat number and sequence. in this study, we developed a new typing method, multilocus tr sequence analysis (mltsa), for the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes using sequence polymorphisms in three tandem repeat regions. the obtained dendrogram clustered l. monocytogenes strains of lineage i and lineage ii separately, and formed three groups within the lineage i cluster, each of which included ...201222677602
pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1a activates dendritic cells to provide signals for th17-, th2-, and treg-cell polarization.because of their plasticity and central role in orchestrating immunity and tolerance, dcs can respond to pregnancy-specific signals, thus promoting the appropriate immune response in order to support pregnancy. here, we show that pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (psg1a), the major variant of psg released into the circulation during pregnancy, targets dcs to differentiate into a subset with a unique phenotype and function. this semi-mature phenotype is able to secrete il-6 and tgf-β. psg1a also af ...201222678910
a piezoelectric immunosensor for specific capture and enrichment of viable pathogens by quartz crystal microbalance sensor, followed by detection with antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles.a sensitive bacteria enrichment and detection system for viable escherichia coli o157:h7 was developed using a piezoelectric biosensor-quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) with antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles (aunps) used as detection verifiers and amplifiers. in the circulating-flow qcm system, capture antibodies for e. coli o157:h7 were first immobilized onto the qcm chip. the sample containing e. coli o157:h7 was circulated through the system in the presence of 10 ml of brain heart in ...201622683250
microbiological profile of milk: impact of household practices.milk is susceptible to contamination by many microorganisms including microbial pathogens responsible for causing diseases. various processes including pasteurization, boiling or storage under refrigerated conditions are undertaken to minimize the microbial contamination of milk.201222684182
granulomatous typhlocolitis, lymphangitis, and lymphadenitis in a horse infected with listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, and cyathostomes.a 15-year-old american quarter horse mare was euthanized because of poor response to therapy for severe diarrhea. significant gross findings were limited to the large intestines. the walls of the cecum and colon were thickened with widely scattered nodules in the mucosa and submucosa that extended into the enlarged colic lymph nodes. microscopically, there was severe granulomatous typhlocolitis, lymphangitis, and lymphadenitis, with many intralesional gram-positive, non-acid-fast coccobacilli an ...201322688587
genome sequence of listeria monocytogenes 07pf0776, a cardiotropic serovar 4b strain.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne bacterial pathogen commonly associated with serious invasive infections of the central nervous system or of the developing fetus. we present the genome sequence of listeria monocytogenes 07pf0776, a serovar 4b isolate from a human myocardial abscess that exhibits enhanced invasion of cardiac tissue.201222689239
application of non-linear models to predict inhibition effects of various plant hydrosols on listeria monocytogenes inoculated on fresh-cut apples.in this study, we studied the effects of some plant hydrosols obtained from bay leaf, black cumin, rosemary, sage, and thyme in reducing listeria monocytogenes on the surface of fresh-cut apple cubes. adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis), artificial neural network (ann), and multiple linear regression (mlr) models were used for describing the behavior of l. monocytogenes against the hydrosol treatments. approximately 1-1.5 log cfu/g decreases in l. monocytogenes counts were observed aft ...201222690764
viability of salmonella and listeria monocytogenes in delicatessen salads and hummus as affected by sodium content and storage temperature.a study was conducted to determine survival and growth behavior of salmonella and listeria monocytogenes in commercially prepared mayonnaise-based potato salad, macaroni salad, and coleslaw and in hummus (initial mean ph values were 4.80 to 4.94, 4.18 to 4.31, 3.87, and 4.50 to 4.52, respectively) as affected by sodium concentration (133 to 364, 190 to 336, 146 to 272, and 264 to 728 mg/100 g, respectively) and storage at 4 or 10°c for up to 27 days. salmonella did not grow in any of the test pr ...201222691471
control of listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters and cooked pork chops by irradiation combined with modified atmosphere packaging.this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of controlling listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters and cooked pork chops with irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging (map) containing a high concentration of co(2). frankfurters and cooked pork chops were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of l. monocytogenes and packaged in vacuum or high-co(2) map. irradiation was applied to each product at 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 kgy. no significant packaging effect was found for the radiation sen ...201222691473
inhibition of listeria monocytogenes using natural antimicrobials in no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added ham.consumer demand for foods manufactured without the direct addition of chemical preservatives, such as sodium nitrite and organic acid salts, has resulted in a unique class of "naturally" cured meat products. formulation with a natural nitrate source and nitrate-reducing bacteria results in naturally cured processed meats that possess traits similar to conventionally cured meats. however, previous research has shown that the naturally cured products are more susceptible to pathogen growth. this s ...201222691474
comparison of sampling procedures for recovery of listeria monocytogenes from stainless steel food contact surfaces.a number of techniques exist for microbiological sampling of food processing environments in food industries. in the present study the efficacies of nine sampling procedures for the recovery of listeria monocytogenes from food contact surfaces, including a new sampling device consisting of a miniroller, were evaluated and compared. a stainless steel table was inoculated with l. monocytogenes strain 935 (serovar 4b, human origin) and l. monocytogenes strain 437/07 (serovar 1/2b, food origin), at ...201222691475
in vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of bacteriocin producer lactobacillus sakei 1.lactobacillus sakei 1 is a food isolate that produces a heat-stable antimicrobial peptide (sakacin 1, a class iia bacteriocin) inhibitory to the opportunistic pathogen listeria monocytogenes. bacterial isolates with antimicrobial activity may be useful for food biopreservation and also for developing probiotics. to evaluate the probiotic potential of l. sakei 1, it was tested for (i) in vitro gastric resistance (with synthetic gastric juice adjusted to ph 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0); (ii) survival and bac ...201222691476
machine learning analysis of the relationship between changes in immunological parameters and changes in resistance to listeria monocytogenes: a new approach for risk assessment and systems immunology.no method has been reported to predict, even approximately, the impact of mild-to-moderate changes in several immunological parameters on resistance to infection. the ability to make such predictions would be useful in risk assessment. in addition, equations that predict host resistance on the basis of changes in components of a complex biological system (the immune system) would fulfill one of the major goals of systems biology. in this study, multiple machine learning classification methods we ...201222696237
lacticin lc14, a new bacteriocin produced by lactococcus lactis bmg6.14: isolation, purification and partial characterization.a new bacteriocin, lacticin lc14, produced by lactococcus lactis bmg6.14, was isolated and characterized. it was purified to homogeneity from overnight broth culture by ammonium sulfate precipitation, sep-pak chromatography, and two steps of reversed-phase hplc. lacticin lc14 showed bactericidal-type antimicrobial activity against several lactic acid bacteria and pathogenic strains including listeria monocytogenes. it was inactivated by proteinase k and pronase e, but was resistant to papain, ly ...201222697129
in vivo assessment of natural killer cell responses during chronic feline immunodeficiency virus infection.accumulating evidence suggests that natural killer (nk) cells may have an important role in hiv-1 disease pathogenesis; however, in vivo studies are lacking. feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection of cats provides a valuable model to study nk cell function in vivo. the immune response against listeria monocytogenes (lm) is well characterized, allowing its use as an innate immune probe. we have previously shown that locally delivered il-15 can improve lm clearance in fiv-infected animals, ...201222701523
intracellular vesicles as reproduction elements in cell wall-deficient l-form bacteria.cell wall-deficient bacteria, or l-forms, represent an extreme example of bacterial plasticity. stable l-forms can multiply and propagate indefinitely in the absence of a cell wall. data presented here are consistent with the model that intracellular vesicles in listeria monocytogenes l-form cells represent the actual viable reproductive elements. first, small intracellular vesicles are formed along the mother cell cytoplasmic membrane, originating from local phospholipid accumulation. during gr ...201222701656
mechanisms of iron and haem transport by listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, is a virulent foodborne gram-positive bacterial pathogen, with 20-30% mortality. it has a broad ability to transport iron, either in the form of ferric siderophores, or by extracting it from mammalian iron binding proteins. in this review we focus on the mechanisms of ferric siderophore and haem transport into the listerial cell. despite the fact that it does not synthesize siderophores, l. monocytogenes transports ferric siderophores i ...201322703022
estimation of listeria monocytogenes transfer coefficients and efficacy of bacterial removal through cleaning and sanitation.listeria monocytogenes is readily found in the environment of retail deli establishments and can occasionally contaminate food handled in these establishments. here we synthesize the available scientific evidence to derive probability distributions and mathematical models of bacterial transfers between environmental surfaces and foods, including those during slicing of food, and of bacterial removal during cleaning and sanitizing (models available at www.foodrisk.org). transfer coefficients vari ...201222704063
antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria against listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters formulated with and without lactate/diacetate.contamination by listeria monocytogenes has been a constant public health threat for the ready-to-eat (rte) meat industry due to the potential for high mortalities from listeriosis. lactic acid bacteria (lab) have shown protective action against various pathogenic bacteria. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antilisterial activity of a combination of three lab strains (lactiguard®) on l. monocytogenes. the combination of the lab was inhibitory to l. monocytogenes inoculated onto frankfurt ...201222704134
listeria septicaemia following insertion of a dynamic hip screw: a case report and literature review.listeria monocytogenes is a food borne bacterial pathogen which is rarely encountered in the united kingdom. this rare and potentially life threatening infection has a high mortality rate and therefore requires early antimicrobial intervention.201222706298
[listeria monocytogenes endocarditis: two case reports with poor outcome]. 201222707109
a listeria monocytogenes rna helicase essential for growth and ribosomal maturation at low temperatures uses its c terminus for appropriate interaction with the ribosome.listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive food-borne human pathogen, is able to grow at temperatures close to 0°c and is thus of great concern for the food industry. in this work, we investigated the physiological role of one dexd-box rna helicase in listeria monocytogenes. the rna helicase lmo1722 was required for optimal growth at low temperatures, whereas it was dispensable at 37°c. a δlmo1722 strain was less motile due to downregulation of the major subunit of the flagellum, flaa, caused by de ...201222707705
immunomodulatory properties of enterococcus faecium jws 833 isolated from duck intestinal tract and suppression of listeria monocytogenes infection.the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of enterococcus faecium jws 833 (jws 833) isolated from duck intestine and compare them to those of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg), a proven immunity-enhancing probiotic. to investigate the immune-enhancing properties of jws 833, production of nitric oxide (no) and cytokines was measured in mouse peritoneal macrophages. in addition, a listeria monocytogenes challenge model was used in the assessment. it was found that heat-k ...201222709265
innate ifn-γ is essential for programmed death ligand-1-mediated t cell stimulation following listeria monocytogenes infection.although best characterized for sustaining t cell exhaustion during persistent viral infection, programmed death ligand-1 (pdl-1) also stimulates the expansion of protective t cells after infection with intracellular bacterial pathogens. therefore, establishing the molecular signals that control whether pdl-1 stimulates immune suppression or activation is important as immune modulation therapies based on manipulating pdl-1 are being developed. in this study, the requirement for pdl-1 blockade in ...201222711893
[accelerated method for microbiological control of the safety of foodstuffs].the action and devices of rapid singlepath (merck kgaa) tests are considered. the singlepath tests are used for the accelerated detection of pathogenic bacteria (salmonella spp., campylobacter spp., listeria monocytogenes, e. coli o157) in the raw products and foodstuff. the tests as compared to conventional methods showed a high similarity of results in identifying salmonella in raw meat material. the immunochromatographic test requires no equipment and it is characterized by simple sample prep ...201222712333
properties of bac w42, a bacteriocin produced by bacillus subtilis w42 isolated from cheonggukjang.ten bacillus strains with antimicrobial activities were isolated from cheonggukjang produced at different parts in korea. they all inhibited listeria monocytogenes atcc 19111 and nine inhibited bacillus cereus atcc 14579. four isolates (w42, h27, ske 12, and k21) showing strong inhibiting activities were identified as b. subtilis. b. subtilis w42 was the most inhibiting strain. the antimicrobial activity of culture supernatant from b. subtilis w42 was destroyed completely by proteinase k treatme ...201222713985
conditional stat1 ablation reveals the importance of interferon signaling for immunity to listeria monocytogenes infection.signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) is a key player in responses to interferons (ifn). mutations of stat1 cause severe immune deficiencies in humans and mice. here we investigate the importance of stat1 signaling for the innate and secondary immune response to the intracellular bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes (lm). cell type-restricted ablation of the stat1 gene in naïve animals revealed unique roles in three cell types: macrophage stat1 signaling protected again ...201222719255
activation of type iii interferon genes by pathogenic bacteria in infected epithelial cells and mouse placenta.bacterial infections trigger the expression of type i and ii interferon genes but little is known about their effect on type iii interferon (ifn-λ) genes, whose products play important roles in epithelial innate immunity against viruses. here, we studied the expression of ifn-λ genes in cultured human epithelial cells infected with different pathogenic bacteria and in the mouse placenta infected with listeria monocytogenes. we first showed that in intestinal lovo cells, induction of ifn-λ genes ...201222720036
genetic diversity and molecular typing of listeria monocytogenes in china.listeria monocytogenes can cause invasive diseases in humans and farm animals and is frequently isolated from dairy products and poultry. listeriosis is uncommon in china but l. monocytogenes has been isolated from foods and food processing environments in china. however little is known of genetic diversity of chinese l. monocytogenes isolates and their relationships with global isolates.201222727037
identification of volatile components of liverwort (porella cordaeana) extracts using gc/ms-spme and their antimicrobial activity.chemical constituents of liverwort (porella cordaeana) extracts have been identified using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (spme-gc/ms). the methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were rich in terpenoids such as sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (53.12%, 51.68%, 23.16%), and monoterpene hydrocarbons (22.83%, 18.90%, 23.36%), respectively. the dominant compounds in the extracts were β-phellandrene (15.54%, 13.66%, 12.10%) and β-caryophyllene (10.72%, 8.29%, 7.79%, ...201222728370
the listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b autolysin ispc has n-acetylglucosaminidase activity.ispc is a novel peptidoglycan (pg) hydrolase that is conserved in listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b strains and is involved in virulence. the aim of this study was to establish the hydrolytic bond specificity of ispc. purified l. monocytogenes peptidoglycan was digested by recombinant ispc and the resulting muropeptides were separated by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. the structure of each muropeptide was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (maldi ...201222730466
ifn-β expression is directly activated in human neutrophils transfected with plasmid dna and is further increased via tlr-4-mediated signaling.upon lps binding, tlr4 activates a myd88-dependent pathway leading to the transcriptional activation of proinflammatory genes, as well as a myd88-independent/trif-dependent pathway, responsible for the transcriptional induction of ifn-β. previous findings delineated that human neutrophils are unable to induce the transcription of ifn-β in response to tlr4 stimulation. because neutrophils do not express protein kinase c ε, a molecule recently reported as essential for initiating the myd88-indepen ...201222730532
multieffector-functional immune responses of hmbpp-specific vγ2vδ2 t cells in nonhuman primates inoculated with listeria monocytogenes δacta prfa*.although listeria monocytogenes can induce systemic infection causing spontaneous abortion, septicemia, and meningitis, studies have not been performed to investigate human anti-l. monocytogenes immune responses, including those of ag-specific vγ2vδ2 t cells, a dominant human γδ t cell subset. l. monocytogenes is the only pathogen known to possess both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways that produce metabolic phosphates or phosphoantigens activating human vγ2vδ2 t ...201222745375
ether lipid vesicle-based antigens impart protection against experimental listeriosis.incidence of food-borne infections from listeria monocytogenes, a parasite that has adapted intracellular residence to avoid antibody onslaught, has increased dramatically in the past few years. the apparent lack of an effective vaccine that is capable of evoking the desired cytotoxic t cell response to obliterate this intracellular pathogen has encouraged the investigation of alternate prophylactic strategies. it should also be noted that archaebacteria (archae) lipid-based adjuvants enhance th ...201222745536
physical and antimicrobial properties of peppermint oil nanoemulsions.the mixture of peppermint oil (po) with medium-chain triacylglycerol was emulsified in water and stabilized with a food-grade biopolymer, modified starch, to form po nanoemulsions. the effects of emulsifying conditions including homogenization pressure, the number of processing cycles, and oil loading on the mean diameters and viscosities of nanoemulsions were characterized by dynamic light scattering, optical microscopy, and rheological measurements. the formulated po nanoemulsions with mean di ...201222746096
inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes by high-pressure processing: pressure and temperature variation.the enhanced quasi-chemical kinetics (eqck) model is presented as a methodology to evaluate the nonlinear inactivation kinetics of baro-resistant listeria monocytogenes in a surrogate protein food system by high-pressure processing (hpp) for various combinations of pressure (p= 207 to 414 mpa) and temperature (t= 20 to 50 °c). the eqck model is based on ordinary differential equations derived from 6 "quasi-chemical reaction" steps. the eqck model continuously fits the conventional stages of the ...201222748039
pfge characterisation and adhesion ability of listeria monocytogenes isolates obtained from bovine carcasses and beef processing facilities.listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen capable of adhering to many surfaces and forming biofilms, which may explain its persistence in food processing environments. this study aimed to genetically characterise l. monocytogenes isolates obtained from bovine carcasses and beef processing facilities and to evaluate their adhesion abilities. dna from 29 l. monocytogenes isolates was subjected to enzymatic restriction digestion (asci and apai), and two clusters were identified for serotypes 4b and 1/2a ...201222748307
construction of recombinant e. coli nissle 1917 (ecn) strains for the expression and secretion of defensins.the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 (ecn) is one of the few probiotics licensed as a medication in several countries. best documented is its effectiveness in keeping patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (uc) in remission. this might be due to its ability to induce the production of human β-defensin 2 (hbd2) in a flagellin-dependent way in intestinal epithelial cells. in contrast to ulcerative colitis, for crohn's disease (cd) convincing evidence is lacking that ecn might be c ...201222748509
listeria monocytogenes serotypes in human infections (italy, 2000-2010).in developed countries invasive listeriosis is an infection of great concern to public health to due its clinical severity and high fatality rate, despite its low incidence. in europe, statistically significant increasing trends in listeriosis notification rates from 2005 to 2009 were noted in austria, denmark, hungary, italy, spain and sweden.201222751557
identification of a new bacillus licheniformis strain producing a bacteriocin-like substance.the emergence of antibiotic resistance has spurred a great number of studies for development of new antimicrobials in the past decade. the purpose of this study was to screen environmental samples for bacillus strains producing potent antimicrobial agents. a new strain, which showed strong antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enterica ser. pullorum, was isolated from soil and designated as b116. this new isolate was identified as bacillus licheniformis by morpholog ...201222752909
chronic activation of the kinase ikkβ impairs t cell function and survival.activation of the transcription factor nf-κb is critical for cytokine production and t cell survival after tcr engagement. the effects of persistent nf-κb activity on t cell function and survival are poorly understood. in this study, using a murine model that expresses a constitutively active form of inhibitor of nf-κb kinase β (caikkβ) in a t cell-specific manner, we demonstrate that chronic inhibitor of nf-κb kinase β signaling promotes t cell apoptosis, attenuates responsiveness to tcr-mediat ...201222753932
listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent adult: a case report.listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes) is an uncommon cause of bacterial meningitis in immunocompetent adults. patients with immunosuppression are at increased risk of developing serious invasive diseases, particularly meningitis. we describe a case of meningitis caused by l. monocytogenes in an immunocompetent and previously healthy 34-year-old adult. the patient received treatment with intravenous ampicillin plus amikacin and made a full recovery. l. monocytogenes should be suspected in imm ...201222760149
eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eif2) signaling regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression and bacterial invasion.in eukaryotic cells, there are two well characterized pathways that regulate translation initiation in response to stress, and each have been shown to be targeted by various viruses. we recently showed in a yeast-based model that the bacterial virulence factor yopj disrupts one of these pathways, which is centered on the α-subunit of the translation factor eif2. here, we show in mammalian cells that induction of the eif2 signaling pathway occurs following infection with bacterial pathogens and t ...201222761422
listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat seafood and potential hazards for the consumers.the risk of exposure to listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes) when consuming ready-to-eat (rte) seafood was assessed in the veneto region (italy). thirty-eight samples were analyzed, each sample consisted of three subunits belonging to the same batches. the first of the three units was examined immediately, the second was stored at +4°c (for all of its shelf-life) and the third at +10°c (for the latter third of its shelf-life) before the analysis. chemical-physical and microbiological parame ...201222761621
resveratrol and some glucosyl, glucosylacyl, and glucuronide derivatives reduce escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes scott a adhesion to colonic epithelial cell lines.the efficacy of resveratrol and some glucosyl, glucosylacyl, and glucuronide derivatives in inhibiting the adhesion of salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes scott a to caco-2 and ht-29 colonic cells was investigated. the three bacteria strains were capable of adhering to both colonic epithelial cell lines, which responded by producing the pro-inflammatory interleukin 8 (il-8). adhesion inhibition of e. coli o157:h7 and s. typhimurium to colonic cells was ≥6 ...201222762450
fluctuation in contamination dynamics of l. monocytogenes in quargel (acid curd cheese) lots recalled during the multinational listeriosis outbreak 2009/2010.for the first time it has been possible to determine the contamination level of listeria monocytogenes in the very cheese lots of acid curd cheese that caused a multinational outbreak between 2009/2010. the listeriosis outbreak accounted for 34 clinical cases and eight deaths. the cheese, which was distributed in austria, germany, the czech republic, poland and slovakia, was recalled on the 23rd january 2010. all recalled lots were immediately investigated after call back from the retail market. ...201222762998
nlrp6 negatively regulates innate immunity and host defence against bacterial pathogens.members of the intracellular nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) family contribute to immune responses through activation of nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb), type i interferon and inflammasome signalling. mice lacking the nlr family member nlrp6 were recently shown to be susceptible to colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis, but the role of nlrp6 in microbial infections and the nature of the inflammatory signalling pathways regulated by nlrp6 remain unclear. here we s ...201222763455
an atomic-force basis for the bacteriolytic effects of granulysin.while granulysin has been suggested to play an important role in adaptive immune responses against bacterial infections by killing pathogens, and molecular force for protein-protein interaction or protein-bacteria interaction may designate the specific functions of a protein, the molecular-force basis underlying the bacteriolytic effects of granulysin at single-molecule level remains unknown. here, we produced and purified bactericidal domain of macaque granulysin (gnl). our bacterial lysis assa ...201222766293
a case of bovine raw milk contamination with listeria monocytogenes.during routine sampling of bulk raw milk on a dairy farm, the pathogenic bacteria listeria monocytogenes was found to be a contaminant, at numbers < 100 cfu/ml. a strain with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern was isolated from the bulk milk two months later. environmental swabs taken at the dairy environment were negative for the presence of l. monocytogenes, indicating a possible case of excretion of the l. monocytogenes directly into the milk. milk samples were coll ...201222769601
evaluation of near-infrared pasteurization in controlling escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat sliced ham.this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of near-infrared (nir) heating to reduce salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (rte) sliced ham compared to conventional convective heating, and the effect of nir heating on quality was determined by measuring the color and texture change. a cocktail of three pathogens was inoculated on the exposed or protected surfaces of ham slices, followed by nir or conventional heatin ...201222773635
glycolipid antigens for treating hepatic colorectal cancer metastases and their effect on the therapeutic efficacy of live attenuated listeria monocytogenes.previous work demonstrated that a subset of natural killer t cells in mice decreased the antitumor efficacy of live attenuated listeria monocytogenes where the actin a and internalin b genes were genetically deleted (lmd) against murine hepatic colorectal cancer metastases. therefore, we hypothesized that the use of specific glycolipids known to selectively stimulate natural killer t-cell subsets used alone or co-administered with lmd would increase survival. we found that early or multiple admi ...201222785644
pulsed light treatment for the inactivation of selected pathogens and the shelf-life extension of beef and tuna carpaccio.the efficacy of pulsed light to improve the safety of carpaccio has been investigated. beef and tuna slices were superficially inoculated with approximately 3 log cfu/cm2 of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and vibrio parahaemolyticus. fluences of 0.7, 2.1, 4.2, 8.4 and 11.9 j/cm2 were assayed. colour, sensory and shelf-life studies were carried out. treatments at 8.4 and 11.9 j/cm2 inactivated the selected pathogens approximately by 1 log cfu/cm2, although they m ...201222795799
attachment of salmonella serovars and listeria monocytogenes to stainless steel and plastic conveyor belts.in poultry industry, cross-contamination due to processing equipment and contact surfaces is very common. this study examined the extent of bacterial attachment to 6 different types and design of conveyor belts: stainless steel-single loop, stainless steel-balance weave, polyurethane with mono-polyester fabric, acetal, polypropylene mesh top, and polypropylene. clean conveyor belts were immersed separately in either a cocktail of salmonella serovars (salmonella typhimurium and salmonella enterit ...201222802197
development and evaluation of a new device to effectively detach micro-organisms from food samples.to develop a new instrument of great versatility for recovering micro-organisms from all types of food samples and to compare the effects with existing sample preparation methods.201222803600
ruminant organotypic brain-slice cultures as a model for the investigation of cns listeriosis.central nervous system (cns) infections in ruminant livestock, such as listeriosis, are of major concern for veterinary and public health. to date, no host-specific in vitro models for ruminant cns infections are available. here, we established and evaluated the suitability of organotypic brain-slices of ruminant origin as in vitro model to study mechanisms of listeria monocytogenes cns infection. ruminants are frequently affected by fatal listeric rhombencephalitis that closely resembles the sa ...201222804762
characterization of medium chain length (r)-3-hydroxycarboxylic acids produced by streptomyces sp. jm3 and the evaluation of their antimicrobial properties.(r)-3-hydroxycarboxylic acids, chiral enantiomers of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (pha), may be valuable synthons for the production of numerous industrial materials such as β-lactams, fungicides, flavors, pheromones and vitamins. in this study, (r)-3-hydroxycarboxylic acid [(r)-3has)] synthons were produced by streptomyces sp. jm3 (jn166713) under batch fermentation. initial confirmation of pha production was achieved by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectro ...201222806719
mitogenic response and probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from indigenously pickled vegetables and fermented beverages.lactic acid bacteria from indigenous pickled vegetables and fermented beverages (fermented rice and madhuca longifolia flowers) were isolated and investigated for their functional characteristics in vitro as potential new probiotic strains. four isolates (all lactobacillus spp.) selected on the basis of high tolerance to bile (0.2%) were identified by standard and molecular methods (16s rdna) as l. helveticus, l. casei, l. delbrueckii and l. bulgaricus from pickled vegetables and fermented bever ...201122806866
membrane damage during listeria monocytogenes infection triggers a caspase-7 dependent cytoprotective response.the cysteine protease caspase-7 has an established role in the execution of apoptotic cell death, but recent findings also suggest involvement of caspase-7 during the host response to microbial infection. caspase-7 can be cleaved by the inflammatory caspase, caspase-1, and has been implicated in processing and activation of microbial virulence factors. thus, caspase-7 function during microbial infection may be complex, and its role in infection and immunity has yet to be fully elucidated. here w ...201222807671
no effect of wolbachia on resistance to intracellular infection by pathogenic bacteria in drosophila melanogaster.multiple studies have shown that infection with the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia pipientis confers drosophila melanogaster and other insects with resistance to infection by rna viruses. studies investigating whether wolbachia infection induces the immune system or confers protection against secondary bacterial infection have not shown any effect. these studies, however, have emphasized resistance against extracellular pathogens. since wolbachia lives inside the host cell, we hypothesized th ...201222808174
remodeling of the listeria monocytogenes cell wall inside eukaryotic cells.listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular gram-positive bacterial pathogen that produces many types of surface proteins. to get insights into its intracellular lifestyle, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the cell wall proteome of bacteria proliferating within the eukaryotic cell. the relative amount of a few surface proteins was found notoriously different in intracellular bacteria. internalin a (inla), which is covalently bound to the peptidoglycan and plays a central ...201222808321
rosmarinus officinalis l. essential oil and the related compound 1,8-cineole do not induce direct or cross-protection in listeria monocytogenes atcc 7644 cultivated in meat broth.listeria monocytogenes has the capability of adapting to 1 or more antimicrobial compounds or procedures applied by the food industry to control the growth and survival of microorganisms in foods. in this study, the effects of rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (eo) and the related compound 1,8-cineole on the inhibition of the growth and survival of l. monocytogenes atcc 7644 were determined. the ability of the r. officinalis eo and 1,8-cineole to induce direct and cross-protection of bacteria ...201222808924
[mri findings of neonatal purulent meningitis caused by different pathogenic bacteria].to study the image characteristics of neonatal purulent meningitis caused by different pathogenic bacteria, using conventional magnetic resonance imaging (mri).201222809598
years of potential life lost for six major enteric pathogens, germany, 2004-2008.in industrialized countries, acute infectious enteric diseases are usually mild, but they can also cause death. they do so, however, at different ages. using 2004-2008 german notification data, we computed and compared crude and premature mortality [three different measures of years of potential life lost (ypll)] of illnesses caused by campylobacter spp., listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, rotavirus, non-typhoidal salmonella spp., and shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec). among ~1.5 million noti ...201322813426
an unusual case of fatal pericarditis due to listeria monocytogenes.pericarditis due to listeria monocytogenes is a very uncommon and serious disease. we describe a case of fatal subacute pericarditis that was caused by l. monocytogenes in a 61-year-old woman with hodgkin's disease who was diagnosed in 1975 and considered cured. in addition, we review the literature on this condition.201222814153
the 3bp2 adapter protein is required for chemoattractant-mediated neutrophil activation.3bp2 is a pleckstrin homology and src homology 2 domain-containing adapter protein mutated in cherubism, a rare autosomal-dominant human bone disorder. previously, we have demonstrated a functional role for 3bp2 in peripheral b cell development and in peritoneal b1 and splenic marginal zone b cell-mediated ab responses. in this study, we show that 3bp2 is required for g protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil functions. neutrophils derived from 3bp2-deficient (sh3bp2-/-) mice failed to pola ...201222815290
longitudinal study on the sources of listeria monocytogenes contamination in cold-smoked salmon and its processing environment in italy.the aim of the present study was to investigate the sources of listeria monocytogenes contamination in a cold smoked salmon processing environment over a period of six years (2003-2008). a total of 170 samples of raw material, semi-processed, final product and processing surfaces at different production stages were tested for the presence of l. monocytogenes. the l. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by multiplex pcr for the analysis of virulence factors and for serogrouping. the routes o ...201222819714
roles of four putative dead-box rna helicase genes in growth of listeria monocytogenes egd-e under heat, ph, osmotic, ethanol, and oxidative stress conditions.to examine the role of the four putative dead-box rna helicase genes of listeria monocytogenes egd-e in stress tolerance, the growth of the δlmo0866, δlmo1246, δlmo1450, and δlmo1722 deletion mutant strains at 42.5°c, at ph 5.6 or ph 9.4, in 6% nacl, in 3.5% ethanol, and in 5 mm h(2)o(2) was studied. restricted growth of the δlmo0866 deletion mutant strain in 3.5% ethanol suggests that lmo0866 contributes to ethanol stress tolerance of l. monocytogenes egd-e. the δlmo1450 mutant strain showed ne ...201222820328
endogenous endophthalmitis due to listeria monocytogenes.the authors report a case of listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis in a patient who had undergone cardiac revascularization surgery and was receiving systemic corticosteroids. the organism was isolated both in the aqueous humor and in blood culture. the infection was successfully treated with intravenous crystalline penicillin, but the patient developed a bullous keratopathy and secondary glaucoma, resulting in poor visual acuity (counting fingers at 0.5 m). the visual acuity recovered to 20/30 ...199422823015
the activity of ferulic and gallic acids in biofilm prevention and control of pathogenic bacteria.the activity of two phenolic acids, gallic acid (ga) and ferulic acid (fa) at 1000 μg ml(-1), was evaluated on the prevention and control of biofilms formed by escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes. in addition, the effect of the two phenolic acids was tested on planktonic cell susceptibility, bacterial motility and adhesion. biofilm prevention and control were tested using a microtiter plate assay and the effect of the phenolic acids was asse ...201222823343
optimizing the balance between host and environmental survival skills: lessons learned from listeria monocytogenes.environmental pathogens - organisms that survive in the outside environment but maintain the capacity to cause disease in mammals - navigate the challenges of life in habitats that range from water and soil to the cytosol of host cells. the bacterium listeria monocytogenes has served for decades as a model organism for studies of host-pathogen interactions and for fundamental paradigms of cell biology. this ubiquitous saprophyte has recently become a model for understanding how an environmental ...201222827306
characterization and antimicrobial resistance of listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail beef meat in poland.four hundred seventeen retail beef meat samples purchased in the eastern part of poland during october 2009 to january 2011 were tested for the presence of listeria monocytogenes. it was found that 81 (19.4%) of them were positive for this microorganism as identified by the culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. molecular serotyping performed by pcr revealed that the majority of the isolates (50 strains; 61.7%) were of 1/2a serotype. furthermore, 26 (32.1%) l. monocytogenes strains ...201222827491
reduction in resident microflora, and experimentally inoculated salmonella enterica, on spinach leaves treated with vinegar and canola oil.in this study, we explored the use of vinegar, or vinegar and canola oil as a salad dressing, to reduce bacterial levels on spinach leaves. we found that incubation of spinach leaves with various types of vinegar substantially reduced the predominantly gram-negative microflora. a similar response was observed when spinach leaves were incubated with white vinegar mixed in various proportions with canola oil, as used in salad dressing. we assessed the effects of vinegar, or vinegar and oil, on spi ...201222828283
behaviour of non-stressed and stressed listeria monocytogenes and campylobacter jejuni cells on fresh chicken burger meat packaged under modified atmosphere and inoculated with protective culture.numerous investigations have provided evidence that chicken products are a source of listeria monocytogenes and campylobacter jejuni. different strategies applied in final products are needed to prevent consumers' contamination. in this work, the combination of modified atmosphere packaging (map) and protective culture to control the growth of freeze stressed and non-stressed l. monocytogenes and c. jejuni on fresh chicken meat burger was studied. meat burgers were inoculated with l. monocytogen ...201222831819
[effect of volatile metabolites from germinating seeds on the reproduction of the bacteria listeria monocytogenes and yersinia pseudotuberculosis].the biological activity of volatile metabolites of germinating seeds of cabbage (brassica oleacia), carrot (daukus carota), salad (lactuca sativa), and corn (zea mays l.) against listeria monocytogenes and yersinia pseudotuberculosis was studied. it was shown that volatile metabolites are transfer factors and can be the sole carbon and energy source for these bacteria. methanol is the main substance affecting their growth and reproduction.201522834302
listeria monocytogenes peritonitis: presentation, clinical features, treatment, and outcome.spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (sbp) is a serious complication in cirrhotic patients. gram (-) (e. coli, klebsiella pneumoniae), and gram (+) (streptococci, staphylococci) bacteria are most frequently cultured from patients'ascites. listeria monocytogenes (lm) is scarcely reported as a causative agent.201222834987
on the different growth conditions affecting silver antimicrobial efficacy on listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica.silver is known to inhibit microorganisms and therefore it is an ideal candidate for its incorporation in a wide variety of materials for food applications. however, there is still a need for understanding how silver prolonged exposure to bacterial contamination affects the bioavailability of the active silver species. in the present study, growth curves of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica were performed for 3-5 days in tryptic soy broth (tsb) and m9 minimal medium (m9) in the pres ...201222835228
attenuated listeria monocytogenes, a mycobacterium tuberculosis esat-6 antigen expression and delivery vector for inducing an immune response.we selectively expressed protective mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen esat-6 in recombinant strains lm(esat-6) and lmδacta/plcb(esat-6) to evaluate the capacity of listeria monocytogenes to deliver antigens from m. tuberculosis, and we studied the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of these strains compared with virulent parental strain yzulm4 and attenuated strain lmδacta/plcb. the two recombinant strains retained listeriolysin o hemolytic activity, escaped into the cytosol niche and established ...201222835946
contribution of sortase a to the regulation of listeria monocytogenes lpxtg surface proteins.gram-positive bacteria of the genus listeria contain many surface proteins covalently bound to the peptidoglycan. in the pathogenic species listeria monocytogenes, some of these surface proteins mediate adhesion and entry into host cells. specialized enzymes called sortases anchor these proteins to the cell wall by a mechanism involving processing and covalent linkage to the peptidoglycan. how bacteria coordinate the production of sortases and their respective protein substrates is currently unk ...201222837151
inhibition of listeria monocytogenes atcc 19115 on ham steak by tea bioactive compounds incorporated into chitosan-coated plastic films.the consumer demands for better quality and safety of food products have given rise to the development and implementation of edible films. the use of antimicrobial films can be a promising tool for controlling l. monocytogenes on ready to eat products. the aim of this study was to develop effective antimicrobial films incorporating bioactive compounds from green and black teas into chitosan, for controlling l. monocytogenes atcc 19115 on vacuum-packaged ham steak. the effectiveness of these anti ...201222839307
a new and efficient method to obtain benzalkonium chloride adapted cells of listeria monocytogenes.a new method to obtain benzalkonium chloride (bac) adapted l. monocytogenes cells was developed. a factorial design was used to assess the effects of the inoculum size and bac concentration on the adaptation (measured in terms of lethal dose 50 -ld50-) of 6 strains of listeria monocytogenes after only one exposure. the proposed method could be applied successfully in the l. monocytogenes strains with higher adaptive capacity to bac. in those cases, a significant empirical equation was obtained s ...201222841739
amplified electrochemiluminescence detection of nucleic acids by hairpin probe-based isothermal amplification.here, we present a straightforward method for isothermal amplified detection of nucleic acids. in this proof-of-concept study, a specific dna sequence is amplified through hairpin probe-based isothermal strand-displacement polymerization reaction and then detected via a sensitive and commercially available ecl detection platform. results show that the dna sequence derived from the listeria monocytogenes hly gene can be detected down to 10 pm in solution, together with correlation of the detected ...201222842480
heavy metal and disinfectant resistance of listeria monocytogenes from foods and food processing plants.the persistence of listeria monocytogenes in food processing plants and other ecosystems reflects its ability to adapt to numerous stresses. in this study, we investigated 138 isolates from foods and food processing plants for resistance to the quaternary ammonium disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (bc) and to heavy metals (cadmium and arsenic). we also determined the prevalence of distinct cadmium resistance determinants (cada1, cada2, and cada3) among cadmium-resistant isolates. most bc-resist ...201222843526
fatty acids regulate stress resistance and virulence factor production for listeria monocytogenes.fatty acids (fas) are the major structural component of cellular membranes, which provide a physical and chemical barrier that insulates intracellular reactions from environmental fluctuations. the native composition of membrane fas establishes the topological and chemical parameters for membrane-associated functions and is therefore modulated diligently by microorganisms especially in response to environmental stresses. however, the consequences of altered fa composition during host-pathogen in ...201222843841
application of bacteriocinogenic enterococcus mundtii crl35 and enterococcus faecium st88ch in the control of listeria monocytogenes in fresh minas cheese.several strains of enterococcus spp. are capable of producing bacteriocins with antimicrobial activity against important bacterial pathogens in dairy products. in this study, the bacteriocins produced by two enterococcus strains (enterococcus mundtii crl35 and enterococcus faecium st88ch), isolated from cheeses, were characterized and tested for their capability to control growth of listeria monocytogenes 426 in experimentally contaminated fresh minas cheese during refrigerated storage. both str ...201222850372
diversity of bacterial population of table olives assessed by pcr-dgge analysis.nocellara etnea and geracese table olives are produced according to traditional process, in which lactic acid bacteria (lab) and yeasts are the dominant microorganisms. with the aim to evaluate the effect of selected starter cultures on dynamics of bacterial population during fermentation and on growth/survival of listeria spp. artificially inoculated into the olive brine, a polyphasic approach based on the combination of culturing and pcr-dgge analysis was applied. plating results showed a diff ...201222850378
phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of sigma l-dependent characteristics in listeria monocytogenes egd-e.in this study the phenotypic and transcriptomic traits associated with the alternative sigma factor protein sigma l in listeria monocytogenes egd-e were investigated. it was demonstrated that sigma l is required for efficient growth in presence of stress associated with food preservative measures such as low temperature and organic acids. furthermore, besides attenuation of swarming motility, the disruption of sigma l in this bacterium also reduces resistance to a diverse range of toxic compound ...201222850387
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