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development of a transgenic early flowering pear (pyrus communis l.) genotype by rnai silencing of pctfl1-1 and pctfl1-2.trees require a long maturation period, known as juvenile phase, before they can reproduce, complicating their genetic improvement as compared to annual plants. 'spadona', one of the most important european pear (pyrus communis l.) cultivars grown in israel, has a very long juvenile period, up to 14 years, making breeding programs extremely slow. progress in understanding the molecular basis of the transition to flowering has revealed genes that accelerate reproductive development when ectopical ...201222203321
analysis of the global transcriptional profiles of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) isolate e24377a.enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is an important pathogenic variant (pathovar) of e. coli in developing countries from a human health perspective, causing significant morbidity and mortality. previous studies have examined specific regulatory networks in etec, although little is known about the global effects of inter- and intra-kingdom signaling on the expression of virulence and colonization factors in etec. in this study, an e.coli/shigella pan-genome microarray, combined with quantita ...201222215741
water-insoluble condensed tannins content of young persimmon fruits-derived crude fibre relates to its bile acid-binding ability.in this study, we prepared crude fibre samples from young fruits of 10 persimmon (diospyros kaki) cultivars and from young fruits of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) and peach (prunus persica) and compared their bile acid-binding abilities in vitro. all crude fibre samples from young fruits of persimmon were able to bind to cholic acid in a 4 mm cholic acid solution, but crude fibre samples from young fruits of japanese pear and peach did not show bile acid-binding ability. the bile ac ...201222250751
effect of several different pollens on the bio-ecological parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus athenas swirski and ragusa (acari: phytoseiidae).the development, survivorship, and reproduction of the predacious mite typhlodromus athenas swirski and ragusa were studied in the laboratory by rearing the predator on nine different plant pollens [almond(prunus amygdalis batsch), apple (malus domestica borkh.), apricot (prunus armeniaca l.), cherry (prunus avium l.), pear (pyrus communis l.), plum (prunus domestica l.), walnut (juglans regia l.), olive (olea europaea l.), typha sp.], and pollen collected from bee hives. all experiments were c ...201122251637
variations in the molecular masses of the capsular exopolysaccharides amylovoran, pyrifolan and stewartan.erwinia amylovora, causing fire blight of apple, pear and some ornamentals, erwinia pyrifoliae, causing asian pear blight, and pantoea stewartii, causing stewart's wilt of sweet maize, synthesize capsular extracellular polysaccharides (epss) with a high molecular mass. the epss are virulence factors and form viscous aggregates, which participate in clogging vessels of infected plants and causing wilting. the sizes of epss produced under different environmental growth conditions were determined b ...201222266385
bacteriological quality of foods and water sold by vendors and in restaurants in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria: a comparative study of three microbiological methods.bacterial count in prepared food or water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. it also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation of such foods. this comparative study evaluated the bacteriological quality of food and water consumed in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria, using three bacteria enumeration methods. data obtained are assumed to reflect the level of personal and environmental hygiene in the study population. ten types of foods ...201122283029
cytotoxic effects exerted by tritrichomonas foetus pseudocysts.the protozoan parasite tritrichomonas foetus displays a pear-shaped form and a pseudocyst stage. however, little is known about the biology of the pseudocyst. the aim of this work was to assess whether pseudocysts exert cytotoxic effects during their interaction with mdck cells (an epithelial kidney canine cell line) and compare their behavior to that of the pear-shaped parasites. pseudocysts and pear-shaped parasites from both cultured and freshly isolated t. foetus were used. electron microsco ...201222309685
the properties of terrestrial laser system intensity for measuring leaf geometries: a case study with conference pear trees (pyrus communis).light detection and ranging (lidar) technology can be a valuable tool for describing and quantifying vegetation structure. however, because of their size, extraction of leaf geometries remains complicated. in this study, the intensity data produced by the terrestrial laser system (tls) faro ls880 is corrected for the distance effect and its relationship with the angle of incidence between the laser beam and the surface of the leaf of a conference pear tree (pyrus commmunis) is established. the r ...201122319374
formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins in the transition zones of fire blight-infected stems of malus domestica cv. 'holsteiner cox' and pyrus communis cv. 'conference'.in the rosaceous subtribe pyrinae (formerly subfamily maloideae), pathogen attack leads to formation of biphenyls and dibenzofurans. accumulation of these phytoalexins was studied in greenhouse-grown grafted shoots of malus domestica cv. 'holsteiner cox' and pyrus communis cv. 'conference' after inoculation with the fire blight bacterium, erwinia amylovora. no phytoalexins were found in leaves. however, both classes of defence compounds were detected in the transition zone of stems. the flanking ...201222377689
gorham-stout disease affecting both hands: stabilisation during biphosphonate treatment.the gorham-stout syndrome is a rare condition in which spontaneous, progressive resorption of bone occurs. the aetiology is poorly understood. we report a patient with osteolysis of the metacarpal bones in both hands due to an increased number of stimulated osteoclasts. this suggests that early potent antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates may prevent local progressive osteolysis.201122379445
treatment of early-onset gorham syndrome with 8-year follow-up.a case of gorham disease with several years of follow-up is reported. at birth he had a mass in the thigh which was had pathology demonstrating a lymphangioma. by age 3 years, he had lymphedema of the ipsilateral foot and discrepant leg lengths. radiography revealed heterogenous dystrophy of the bones and osteolysis of the hallux. at age 6, a spontaneous fracture of the right tibia was treated with surgery. histopathology of a bone sample demonstrated bone remodelling, fibrous tissue, and large ...201622380698
microbial ecology studies of spontaneous fermentation: starter culture selection for prickly pear wine production.a procedure for designing starter cultures for fermentation is illustrated for prickly pear wine production. the illustration includes kinetic studies on inoculated and spontaneous fermentation, microorganism identification studies based on molecular biology tools, and microbial ecology studies, which led to the selection of strains that are capable of synthesizing alcohol and desirable volatile compounds. results show that a mixed starter inoculum containing pichia fermentans and saccharomyces ...201122417507
gorham-stout disease and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea.gorham-stout disease is a rare entity characterized by vascular proliferation causing local destruction of bone tissue. owing to its low incidence and variable clinical presentation, the diagnosis requires a high degree of awareness by the clinician.201122456030
phytoestrogens: food or drug?within the past several years, the relation between diet and health has been accepted by the mainstream nutrition community and in this connection interest in the physiological role of bioactive compounds present in plants has dramatically increased over the last decade.the phytoestrogens are bioactive molecules present as nutritional constituents of widely consumed vegetables. their name derives from the fact that they are able to bind to estrogen receptors and to induce an estrogenic/antiestro ...200722461212
[anaesthetic implications of gorham syndrome]. 201222480560
characterization of the biosynthetic operon for the antibacterial peptide herbicolin in pantoea vagans biocontrol strain c9-1 and incidence in pantoea species.pantoea vagans c9-1 is a biocontrol strain that produces at least two antibiotics inhibiting the growth of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease of pear and apple. one antibiotic, herbicolin i, was purified from culture filtrates of p. vagans c9-1 and determined to be 2-amino-3-(oxirane-2,3-dicarboxamido)-propanoyl-valine, also known as n(ß)-epoxysuccinamoyl-dap-valine. a plasposon library was screened for mutants that had lost the ability to produce herbicolin i. it was sho ...201222504810
effect of host plants on developmental time and life table parameters of carposina sasakii (lepidoptera: carposinidae) under laboratory conditions.studies were designed to examine the effects of host plants (apricot, prunus armeniaca l.; plum, prunus salicina l.; peach, prunus persica l.; jujube, zizyphus jujuba will.; apple, malus domestica mill.; and pear, pyrus sorotina will) on the development and life table parameters of the peach fruit moth, carposina sasakii matsumura (lepidoptera: carposinidae) under laboratory conditions. peach fruit moth developed faster (12.48 d) and had the highest preimaginal survival rate (50.54%) on plum com ...201222507008
evaluating dispensers loaded with codlemone and pear ester for disruption of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae).polyvinyl chloride polymer (pvc) dispensers loaded with ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) plus the sex pheromone, (e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) of codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.), were compared with pvc dispensers and a commercial dispenser (isomate-c plus) loaded with codlemone. evaluations were conducted in replicated plots (0.1-0.2 ha) in apple, malus domestica (borkhausen) during both generations of codling moth from 2007 to 2009. dispensers were applied at 1,000 ha(-1). ...201222507015
monitoring codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in sex pheromone-treated orchards with (e)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene or pear ester in combination with codlemone and acetic acid.traps baited with ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (e)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (dmnt) in two- or three-way combinations with the sex pheromone (e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) and acetic acid (aa) were evaluated for codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.). all studies were conducted in apple orchards, malus domestica borkhausen, treated with sex pheromone dispensers during 2010. septa were loaded with codlemone, dmnt, and pear ester individually or codlemone with either dmnt o ...201222507016
controlled release of pantoea agglomerans e325 for biocontrol of fire blight disease of apple.microencapsulation and controlled release of the biocontrol agent pantoea agglomerans strain e325 (e325), an antagonist to the bacterial plant pathogen erwinia amylovora that causes fire blight, a devastating disease of apple and pear, have been investigated. uniform core-shell alginate microcapsules (amcs), 60-300 μm in diameter, were fabricated to encapsulate e325 within the core, along with nutrients, to preserve viability and promote proliferation. controlled release of e325 was achieved by ...201222516094
t3ss-dependent differential modulations of the jasmonic acid pathway in susceptible and resistant genotypes of malus spp. challenged with erwinia amylovora.fire blight is a bacterial disease of maloideae caused by erwinia amylovora (ea). this necrogenic enterobacterium uses a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to inject type iii effectors into the plant cells to cause disease on its susceptible hosts, including economically important crops like apple and pear. the expressions of marker genes of the salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) defense regulation pathways were monitored by rt-qpcr in leaves of two apple genotypes, one susceptible and one ...201222525238
pten hamartoma tumor syndrome and gorham-stout phenomenon.pten: hamartoma tumor syndrome (phts) is a group of syndromes caused by mutations in pten. gorham-stout phenomenon (gsp) is a rare condition characterized by proliferation of vascular structures in bones, resulting in progressive osteolysis. here we present a 1-year-old boy with phts and gsp. the lesion that later proved to be gsp was evident from the age of 4 months, and became symptomatic at the age of 1 year. eventually, he developed a fatal chylothorax. mutation analysis revealed a germline ...201222628360
evaluation of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and lactobacillus acidophilus ncfm encapsulated using a novel impinging aerosol method in fruit food products.this study investigated the effect of microencapsulation on the survival of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg and lactobacillus acidophilus ncfm and their acidification in orange juice at 25°c for nine days and at 4°c over thirty five days of storage. alginate micro beads (10-40 μm) containing the probiotics were produced by a novel dual aerosol method of alginate and cacl(2) cross linking solution. unencapsulated l. rhamnosus gg was found to have excellent survivability in orange juice at both tempera ...201222633536
ingestive behavior of pastured crossbred dairy cows offered different supplement types.the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different supplements on the behavior variables of crossbred dairy cows that were in pasture that comprised two 4 × 4 latin squares (four periods, four treatments, and four animals). each experimental period lasted 15 days (10 days to adapt animals to treatments and 5 days for data collection). the animals were supplemented twice a day, with different forage (corn silage and cactus pear) and concentrate sources (soy mea + wheat meal + corn meal + ...201322678494
ecosystems effects 25 years after chernobyl: pollinators, fruit set and recruitment.animals are assumed to play a key role in ecosystem functioning through their effects on seed set, seed consumption, seed dispersal, and maintenance of plant communities. however, there are no studies investigating the consequences of animal scarcity on seed set, seed consumption and seed dispersal at large geographical scales. we exploited the unprecedented scarcity of pollinating bumblebees and butterflies in the vicinity of chernobyl, ukraine, linked to the effects of radiation on pollinator ...201222707037
enhancement of hsp70 synthesis protects common carp, cyprinus carpio l., against lethal ammonia toxicity.exposure to tex-oe®, a patented extract of the prickly pear cactus (opuntia ficus indica) containing chaperone-stimulating factor, was shown to protect common carp, cyprinus carpio l., fingerlings against acute ammonia stress. survival was enhanced twofold from 50% to 95% after exposure to 5.92 mg l(-1) nh(3) , a level determined in the ammonia challenge bioassay as the 1-h ld50 concentration for this species. survival of tex-oe®-pre-exposed fish was enhanced by 20% over non-exposed controls dur ...201222724455
cloning, characterization and promoter analysis of s-rnase gene promoter from chinese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).the 5'-flanking region of the s(12)-, s(13)-, s(21)-rnase with a length of 854 bp, 1448 bp and 1137 bp were successfully isolated by tail-pcr from genomic dna from 'jinhua', 'maogong' (pyrus pyrifolia) and 'yali' (pyrus bretschneideri) genomic dna. sequence alignment and analysis of s(13)-, s(12)-, s(21)-rnase gene promoter sequences with s(2)-, s(3)-, s(4)-, s(5)-rnase 5'-flanking sequences indicated that a homology region of about 240 bp exists in the regions just upstream of the putative tata ...201222728119
behavior of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) neonate larvae on surfaces treated with microencapsulated pear ester.codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.), larvae cause severe internal feeding damage to apples, pears, and walnuts worldwide. research has demonstrated that codling moth neonate first instar larvae are attracted to a pear-derived kairomone, ethyl (2e,4z)-2,4-decadienoate, the pear ester (pe). reported here are the behavioral activities of neonate codling moth larvae to microencapsulated pear ester (mec-pe) applied in aqueous solutions to both filter paper and apple leaf surfaces that were evaluated o ...201222732619
chemical cues influence pupation behavior of drosophila simulans and drosophila buzzatii in nature and in the laboratory.in the wild, larvae of several species of drosophila develop in heterogeneous and rapidly changing environments sharing resources as food and space. in this scenario, sensory systems contribute to detect, localize and recognize congeners and heterospecifics, and provide information about the availability of food and chemical features of environments where animals live. we investigated the behavior of d. simulans and d. buzzatii larvae to chemicals emitted by conspecific and heterospecific larvae ...201222737236
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae strain ff5, causal agent of stem tip dieback disease on ornamental pear.pseudomonas syringae ff5 causes stem tip dieback disease on ornamental pear (pyrus calleryana). its genome encodes a complete type iii secretion system (t3ss) and hopac1, hopm1, avre1, hopi1, hopaa1, hopj1, hopah2, hopah1, hopag1, and hopaz1. lacking detectable homologues of other t3ss effectors, it may encode novel, undiscovered effectors.201222740663
growth characteristics and physiological functionality of yeasts in pear marc extracts.kluyveromyces fragilis kctc 7260 and saccharomyces cerevisiae kctc 7904, which both grew well in pear marc extract, were selected and their growth profiles and physiological functionalities were determined. both of the selected yeasts established maximal growth by 20 hr of cultivation at 30℃ in pear marc extract. the cell-free extracts showed high antihypertensive angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of 68.9% and 52.1%, respectively. the extracts also displayed 9.2 u/ml and 12.0 u ...201122783099
gorham disease in the maxilla.gorham disease is a rare condition that is characterized by the proliferation of thin-walled vascular channels associated with regional osteolysis. the exact etiology of gorham disease is unknown. the diagnosis of gorham disease is based on clinical, radiological, and histological features after excluding osteolysis, which is secondary to other pathologic processes. those pathologic processes include congenital, metabolic, neoplastic, and immunologic etiologies and infections. the appearance of ...201222801155
trans-epithelial transport of the betalain pigments indicaxanthin and betanin across caco-2 cell monolayers and influence of food matrix.this study investigated the absorption mechanism of the phytochemicals indicaxanthin and betanin and the influence of their food matrix (cactus pear and red beet) on the intestinal transport.201322806766
adding microencapsulated pear ester to insecticides for control of cydia pomonella (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in apple.the possibility of improving the efficacy of various insecticides for codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.), by the addition of a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester, ethyl (2e, 4z)-2,4-decadienoate (pe-mec, 5% ai), was evaluated in field trials in apple from 2005 to 2009.201322807277
effects of prickly pear dried leaves, artichoke leaves, turmeric and garlic extracts, and their combinations on preventing dyslipidemia in rats.the successful use of herbal combinations in managing diseases or conditions over a single herb has lead us to evaluate the anti-dyslipidemic properties of the combination of the artichoke leaves extract, turmeric extract, prickly pear dried leaves (ppl) and garlic extract versus each one alone in two different hyperlipidemic animal models. a two-week treatment of each of the natural extracts, combination 1 (artichoke, turmeric and ppl) or combination 2 (artichoke, turmeric, ppl and garlic) prio ...201222811929
invasive lymphatic malformation (gorham-stout) of the pelvis with prominent skin involvement.gorham-stout syndrome is a rare disease characterized by progressive osteolysis leading to disappearance of the bone. vascular proliferations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. the case of a 7-year-old girl with a prominent invasive lymphatic malformation on the lumbosacral area and massive osteolysis of the pelvic girdle is reported.201622823281
erwinia amylovora crispr elements provide new tools for evaluating strain diversity and for microbial source tracking.clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs) comprise a family of short dna repeat sequences that are separated by non repetitive spacer sequences and, in combination with a suite of cas proteins, are thought to function as an adaptive immune system against invading dna. the number of crispr arrays in a bacterial chromosome is variable, and the content of each array can differ in both repeat number and in the presence or absence of specific spacers. we utilized a comparati ...201222860008
successful management of intractable chylothorax in gorham-stout disease by awake thoracoscopic surgery.gorham-stout is an extremely rare disease, which is characterized by proliferation of vascular and lymphatic bone structures. a 15-year-old male patient was the diagnosis of gorham-stout disease of the cervical spine with chylothorax. awake thoracoscopic ablation was performed using bronchoscopic tools and awake thoracoscopic debridement of the thoracoscopic cavities and chemical pleurodesis with ok-432 were repeated. the amount of drained liquid was controlled. there was no recurrence of pleura ...201322865280
gorham-stout disease as a complication of posterior shoulder capsulorrhaphy. 201222889527
report of a rare case of gorham-stout disease of both shoulders: bisphosphonate treatment and shoulder replacement.massive osteolysis known as gorham-stout disease is a rare idiopathic disorder typically affecting long bones in a unifocal pattern. angiomatosis is strongly connected to the osteolysis. weather angiomatosis is the cause or the result of osteolysis is subject of intense discussion (kawasaki et al. (2003), möller et al. (1999), radhakrishnan and rockson (2008)). there are about 200 cases described since 1955. our patient is a 77-year-old female patient with osteolyses of both shoulders involving ...201122937447
constituents of twig bark of pear cultivars (pyrus species).organic solvent extracts from fresh twig bark of japanese pear cultivars (pyrus serotina) shinko and nijisseiki, and european pear cultivar (p. communis) le lectier were obtained by maceration with n-hexane and etoac, and analyzed in gc-eims experiments. in these two japanese cultivars, the lupeol, betulin, epifriedelinol, friedelin and arbutin contents of nijisseiki were higher than those of shinko. in the case of the lupane-type triterpenes, lupeol and betulin, the lupeol content of japanese p ...201222978211
theileriosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) associated with a potentially novel theileria sp.a 5-year-old male neutered reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from missouri was presented with a 3-week history of anorexia, respiratory distress, lethargy, and weight loss. blood smear review revealed that a small percentage of rbcs contained small (1-2 μm in length) pleomorphic piroplasms (signet ring, rod- or pear-shaped, and elongate forms) with an eccentric magenta nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. nested pcr to specifically amplify a portion of the piroplasm small subunit ribosomal rna ...201223025520
amyr is a novel negative regulator of amylovoran production in erwinia amylovora.in this study, we attempted to understand the role of an orphan gene amyr in erwinia amylovora, a functionally conserved ortholog of ybjn in escherichia coli, which has recently been characterized. amylovoran, a high molecular weight acidic heteropolymer exopolysaccharide, is a virulent factor of e. amylovora. as reported earlier, amylovoran production in an amyr knockout mutant was about eight-fold higher than that in the wild type (wt) strain of e. amylovora. when a multicopy plasmid containin ...201223028751
differential expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and transcription factor pcmyb10 in pears (pyrus communis l.).anthocyanin biosynthesis in various plants is affected by environmental conditions and controlled by the transcription level of the corresponding genes. in pears (pyrus communis cv. 'wujiuxiang'), anthocyanin biosynthesis is significantly induced during low temperature storage compared with that at room temperature. we further examined the transcriptional levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in 'wujiuxiang' pears during developmental ripening and temperature-induced storage. the expression o ...201223029391
characterization of glucansucrase and dextran from weissella sp. tn610 with potential as safe food additives.pear-derived weissella sp. tn610 produced extracellular glycosyltransferase activity responsible for the synthesis of soluble exopolysaccharide from sucrose. acid and dextranase-catalyzed hydrolysis revealed that the synthesized polymer was a glucan. according to (1)h and (13)c nmr analysis, the glucan produced by tn610 was a linear dextran made of 96% α-(1→6) and 4% α-(1→3) linkages. zymogram analysis confirmed the presence of a unique glucansucrase of approximately 180 kda in the cell-free sup ...201323046923
solution structure of subunit γ (γ(1-204)) of the mycobacterium tuberculosis f-atp synthase and the unique loop of γ(165-178), representing a novel tb drug target.tuberculosis, caused by the strain mycobacterium tuberculosis, is in focus of interest due to the emergence of multi- and extensive drug-resistant tb strains. the f(1)f(o) atp synthase is one of the essential enzymes in energy requirement of both proliferating aerobic and hypoxic dormant stage of mycobacterium life cycle, and therefore a potential tb drug target. subunit γ of f-atp synthases plays an important role in coupling and catalysis via conformational transitions of its n- and c-termini ...201323104121
preservation of pears in water in the presence of sinapis arvensis seeds: a greek tradition.in this research, the microbiological and physicochemical changes during preservation of pears in water in the presence of sinapis arvensis seeds (pws fl) according to the traditional greek home food manufacture were studied. pears preserved in water served as control (pw fl). the growth of lactic acid bacteria (lab) coming from the pear surface was enhanced in the presence of sinapis seeds, while enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative bacteria declined coincidently with the lower (p<0.05) ph of t ...201223107505
development of cultivar-specific dna markers based on retrotransposon-based insertional polymorphism in japanese pear.we developed retrotransposon-based insertional polymorphism (rbip) markers based on the long terminal repeat (ltr) sequences of copia-like retrotransposon ppcrt4 and flanking genome sequences, which were derived from 454 sequencing data from japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia) 'hosui'. out of 40 sequences including both ltr and flanking genome regions, we developed 22 rbip markers and used them for dna profiling of 80 pear cultivars: 64 japanese, 10 chinese (pyrus ussuriensis) and 6 european (pyrus ...201223136514
[gorham-stout syndrome--a pediatric clinical case]. 201223149645
gorham-stout syndrome of the facial bones: a review of pathogenesis and treatment modalities and report of a case with a rare cutaneous manifestations.gorham disease is a very rare condition associated with spontaneous destruction and resorption of 1 or more bones anywhere in the body. many authors have suggested and/or implicated trauma as the initiating factor in the majority of the reported cases. it can affect almost all bones, and a combination of bones has been reported. in the maxillofacial skeleton, the first facial case was reported by romer in 1928. until now, only a few cases of gorham disease affecting the maxillofacial bones, incl ...201223159123
broad-spectrum antifungal-producing lactic acid bacteria and their application in fruit models.a large-scale screen of some 7,000 presumptive lactic acid bacteria (lab), isolated from animal, human, or plant origin, identified 1,149 isolates with inhibitory activity against the food-spoilage mould penicillium expansum. in excess of 500 lab isolates were subsequently identified to produce a broad spectrum of activity against p. expansum, penicillium digitatum, penicillium notatum, penicillium roqueforti, rhizopus stolonifer, fusarium culmorum, aspergillus fumigatus and rhodotorula mucilagi ...201323160868
[isolation and characterization of thermopirellula anaerolimosa gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligate anaerobic hydrogen-producing bacterium of the phylum planctomycetes].to cultivate various yet-to-be cultured heterotrophs from anaerobic granule sludge, we used a selective culture medium with low concentrations of substrates supplemented a variety of antibiotics.201223173436
micropropagation of pear (pyrus sp.).elements of micropropagation include establishment of shoot tip cultures, proliferation, rooting, and acclimatization of the resulting plantlets. the wide genetic variation in pyrus makes micropropagation challenging for many genotypes. initiation of shoots is most successful from forced dormant shoots or from scions grafted onto seedling rootstocks to impose juvenility. clean shoots are recovered after testing for contaminants at the initiation stage on ½ strength murashige and skoog 1962 mediu ...201323179686
gorham-stout syndrome presenting in a 5-year-old girl with a successful bisphosphonate therapeutic effect.gorham-stout syndrome (gss), also known as gorham-stout disease, massive osteolysis, disappearing bone disease or phantom bone, is a rare disorder of the musculo-skeletal system. it most commonly involves the skull, shoulder and pelvic girdle. histological examination reveals a progressive osteolysis always associated with an angiomatosis of blood vessels and sometimes of lymphatics, which seemingly is responsible for the destruction of the bone. it is extremely rare that gorham-stout syndrome i ...201223181116
spotlight on the safety net. a community collaboration. lucille w gorham intergenerational community center (igcc). 201223189440
identification and thermal stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanins in aqueous solutions with various ph values and fruit juices.thirteen anthocyanins were identified in the purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar jihei no. 1. the main anthocyanins were 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside derivatives from cyanidin and peonidin, acylated with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, or caffeic acid. a unique anthocyanin, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside was also found. the thermal stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanins (pspas) followed a first-order kinetics model. aqueous solutions with various ph (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and fruit j ...201323194545
divisional morphogenesis in bakuella pampinaria nov. spec, and reevaluation of the classification of the urostylids (ciliophora, hypotrichida).a new hypotrichous ciliare, bakuella pampinaria nov. spec, colonizing vineleaf and pear-tree litter, is described. bakuella pampinaria differs from the other species of the genus by having distinct rows of yellowish cortical granules. several morphogenetic differences separate bakuella pampinaria from bakuella edaphoni and other congeners, especially in that the transverse cirri do not participate in the formation of the oral primordium. the type population of pseudourostyla cristata was reinves ...201123195347
yeasts and yeast-like organisms associated with fruits and blossoms of different fruit trees.yeasts are common inhabitants of the phyllosphere, but our knowledge of their diversity in various plant organs is still limited. this study focused on the diversity of yeasts and yeast-like organisms associated with matured fruits and fully open blossoms of apple, plum, and pear trees, during 2 consecutive years at 3 localities in southwest slovakia. the occurrence of yeasts and yeast-like organisms in fruit samples was 2½ times higher and the yeast community more diverse than that in blossom s ...201223210991
gorham-stout syndrome affecting the left mandible: a case report.gorham-stout syndrome is an extremely rare condition in which spontaneous, progressive resorption of bone occurs. owing to its low incidence and variable clinical presentation, the diagnosis is often missed or delayed, and at present, there are no specific guidelines for its treatment. we present the case of a 20-year-old male diagnosed with gorham-stout syndrome with involvement of the left mandible, and discuss its diagnostic and therapeutic features.201323251259
burdock fructooligosaccharide induces fungal resistance in postharvest kyoho grapes by activating the salicylic acid-dependent pathway and inhibiting browning.burdock fructooligosaccharide (bfo) is a natural elicitor from arcitum lappa. the effects of bfo in controlling postharvest disease in grape, apple, banana, kiwi, citrus, strawberry, and pear were investigated. the disease index, decay percentage, and area under the disease progress curve indicated that bfo has general control effects on postharvest disease of fruits. kyoho grapes were studied to elucidate the mechanism of bfo in boosting the resistance of grapes to botrytis cinerea infection. b ...201223265522
erwinia amylovora loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for rapid pathogen detection and on-site diagnosis of fire blight.several molecular methods have been developed for the detection of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in pear and apple, but none are truly applicable for on-site use in the field. we developed a fast, reliable and field applicable detection method using a novel target on the e. amylovora chromosome that we identified by applying a comparative genomic pipeline. the target coding sequences (cdss) are both uniquely specific for and all-inclusive of e. amylovora genotypes. this avoi ...201323275135
appressorium-localized nadph oxidase b is essential for aggressiveness and pathogenicity in the host-specific, toxin-producing fungus alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype.black spot disease, alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype, produces the host-specific toxin ak-toxin, an important pathogenicity factor. previously, we have found that hydrogen peroxide is produced in the hyphal cell wall at the plant-pathogen interaction site, suggesting that the fungal reactive oxygen species (ros) generation machinery is important for pathogenicity. in this study, we identified two nadph oxidase (noxa and noxb) genes and produced nox disruption mutants. δnoxa and δnoxb ...201223279187
single-strand conformation polymorphism for molecular variability studies of six viroid species.molecular diversity within six viroid species and different molecular variants, in each species infecting fruit trees was first estimated by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) technique and then by direct sequencing analysis. the different variants studied are to three australian grapevine viroids(agvd), four citrus dwarfing viroids (cdvd), eleven grapevine yellow speckle viroids type-1 (gysvd-1), four hop stunt viroids (hsvd), seven peach latent mosaic viroids (plmvd), and eight ...201323291763
terrestrial vegetation and aquatic chemistry influence larval mosquito abundance in catch basins, chicago, usa.an important determinant of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission is the spatial distribution of vectors. the primary vectors of west nile virus (wnv) in illinois are culex pipiens linnaeus (diptera: culicidae) and culex restuans theobald. in urban environments, these mosquitoes commonly oviposit in roadside storm water catch basins. however, use of this habitat is inconsistent, with abundance of larvae varying significantly across catch basins at a fine spatial scale.201323311394
syndromes associated with vascular tumors and malformations: a pictorial review.use of the international society for the study of vascular anomalies (issva) classification system has been strongly recommended in recent years because of the need for separate therapeutic measures for patients with vascular tumors and malformations. in the issva classification system, vascular tumors, which are neoplastic, are distinguished from vascular malformations, which are caused by vascular structural anomalies and are not neoplastic, on the basis of the presence or absence of neoplasti ...201323322836
an attempt to increase efficacy of moth mating disruption by co-releasing pheromones with kairomones and to understand possible underlying mechanisms of this technique.pheromone-based mating disruption is used worldwide for management of the internal fruit feeding codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.). there has been recent interest in the potential of improving mating disruption of c. pomonella, and potentially other insect species in general, by broadcasting combinations of pheromone and attractive host-plant kairomones. given that such kairomones are attractive by themselves (often to both sexes), and also enhance male moth response to their pheromone, it is p ...201323339797
russeting in apple and pear: a plastic periderm replaces a stiff cuticle.russeting in apples (malus × domestica borkh.) and pears (pyrus communis l.) is a disorder of the fruit skin that results from microscopic cracks in the cuticle and the subsequent formation of a periderm. to better understand russeting, rheological properties of cuticular membranes (cm) and periderm membranes (pm) were studied from the russet-sensitive apple 'karmijn de sonnaville' and from 'conference' pear.201323350024
gorham-stout disease and generalized lymphatic anomaly--clinical, radiologic, and histologic differentiation.gorham-stout disease (gsd) is a rare vascular disorder of lymphatic origin characterized by progressive osteolysis. generalized lymphatic anomaly (gla) is a multisystem disorder that also commonly affects bone. we hypothesized that gorham-stout disease is different from other osseous lymphatic anomalies. we proposed to discriminate these entities by analyzing findings on skeletal imaging.201323371338
unspecific, idiopathic isolated osteolysis (gorham-stout syndrome) of the mandibular condylar process with its radiological, histological and clinical features: a case report and review of literature.the unspecific, idiopathic isolated osteolysis is a rare condition in the various known osteopathies and better known as gorham-stout syndrome (gorham's disease, gd). it belongs to the primary idiopathic osteolysis, and its aetiology is poorly understood. many different localisations have been described, but there are only 48 cases affecting the maxillofacial region until now.201423378037
global small rna chaperone hfq and regulatory small rnas are important virulence regulators in erwinia amylovora.hfq is a global small rna (srna) chaperone that interacts with hfq-regulated srnas and functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. in this work, we identified hfq to be a virulence regulator in the gram-negative fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. deletion of hfq in e. amylovora ea1189 significantly reduced bacterial virulence in both immature pear fruits and apple shoots. analysis of virulence determinants in strain ea1189δhfq showed that hfq exerts pleiotropic regul ...201323378513
distribution of transglutaminase in pear pollen tubes in relation to cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics.transglutaminases (tgases) are ubiquitous enzymes that take part in a variety of cellular functions. in the pollen tube, cytoplasmic tgases are likely to be involved in the incorporation of primary amines at selected peptide-bound glutamine residues of cytosolic proteins (including actin and tubulin), while cell wall-associated tgases are believed to regulate pollen tube growth. using immunological probes, we identified tgases associated with different subcellular compartments (cytosol, membrane ...201323396835
graphene grafted silica-coated fe3o4 nanocomposite as absorbent for enrichment of carbamates from cucumbers and pears prior to hplc.in this paper, a novel graphene (g) grafted silica-coated fe3o4 nanocomposite was fabricated by the chemical bonding of g onto the surface of silica-coated fe3 o4 nanoparticles. some carbamates (metolcarb, carbaryl, pirimicarb, and diethofencarb) in cucumber and pear samples were enriched by this nanocomposite prior to their determination by hplc with uv detection. experimental parameters that may affect the extraction efficiency were investigated. under the optimum conditions, a linear response ...201323404952
gorham disease of the proximal femur: a case report and review of published reports. 201323420753
mutational analysis of a predicted double β-propeller domain of the dspa/e effector of erwinia amylovora.the bacterium erwinia amylovora causes fire blight, an invasive disease that threatens apple trees, pear trees and other plants of the rosaceae family. erwinia amylovora pathogenicity relies on a type iii secretion system and on a single effector dspa/e. this effector belongs to the widespread avre family of effectors whose biological function is unknown. in this manuscript, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of dspa/e- and avre-related effectors. motif search identified nuclear localization ...201323421848
predicting the emergence of the codling moth, cydia pomonella (lepidoptera: tortricidae), on a degree-day scale in north america.codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), is a major pest of apple, pear and walnut production in north america. management programs are based on preventing larval entry into the fruit or nut and are typically timed by heat-driven models that are synchronized to field populations by first capture of overwintering moths in pheromone traps. unfortunately, trap capture is affected by a range of environmental parameters as well as by the use of mating disruption, which makes det ...201323424021
season-long volatile emissions from peach and pear trees in situ, overlapping profiles, and olfactory attraction of an oligophagous fruit moth in the laboratory.insect herbivores that have more than one generation per year and reproduce on different host plants are confronted with substantial seasonal variation in the volatile blends emitted by their hosts. one way to deal with such variation is to respond to a specific set of compounds common to all host plants. the oriental fruit moth cydia (=grapholita) molesta is a highly damaging invasive pest. the stone fruit peach (prunus persica) is its primary host, whereas pome fruits such as pear (pyrus commu ...201323440443
insecticide toxicity to oriental fruit fly bactrocera dorsalis (diptera: tephritidae) is influenced by environmental factors.in this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors (temperature, dose, dietary source, and feeding density) on the insecticide tolerance of bactrocera dorsalis (hendel) (diptera: tephritidae). the results indicated that the toxicities of trichlorphon and abamectin to b. dorsalis increased with an increase in temperature. at 15-35 degrees c, the toxicity of beta-cypermethrin decreased with an increase in temperature at low doses (0.82 and 1.86 mg/l), but was similar at a high dos ...201323448051
comparison of activated carbon and oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with bis(3-nitrobenzylidene)-1,2-ethanediamine for enrichment of trace amounts of some metal ions.the efficiency of modified activated carbon (ac) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) for the separation/preconcentration and determination of co, cd, pb, zn, and cu following their complexation by bis(3-nitrobenzylidene)-1,2-ethanediamine has been described and compared. a one-at-a-time optimization method investigated the influence of various parameters that significantly influence the recoveries of the studied metal ions. at the optimum values of all variables, the response was linear ov ...201223451396
ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen of the goat. ii. liver, spleen, urinary tract and greater omentum.this review article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the liver, spleen, urinary tract and greater omentum that were previously obtained in studies of healthy female saanen goats. real-time b-mode ultrasonography and a linear or convex 5.0 to 7.5 mhz transducer are used to scan standing goats from both sides. the urinary bladder and urethra are also examined transrectally. the liver is scanned from the intercostal spaces (icss) on the right from dorsal to ventral. the parenchymal patter ...201323454504
gorham disease of the craniocervical junction: x-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.gorham disease of massive osteolysis is a spontaneous, idiopathic, and progressive form of primary osteolysis. it has no age, sex, or race predilection, and patients are mostly asymptomatic until severe deformity or pathological fracture becomes evident.201323462515
beware the batus cactus--cactus dermatitis in exercising soldiers on the albertan prairie.species of the opuntia or prickly pear genus of cacti are endemic to the british army training unit suffield (batus) training area in alberta, canada. they are known to provoke a dermatitis reaction in harvesters of the cacti fruit. it's spines are frequently an uncomfortable nuisance to unwary soldiers exercising in batus. we report two cases of particularly debilitating adverse skin reactions to the cacti spines that occurred during the 2010 exercise prairie thunder season.201223472572
cyclic di-gmp modulates the disease progression of erwinia amylovora.the second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) is a nearly ubiquitous intracellular signal molecule known to regulate various cellular processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. the intracellular concentration of c-di-gmp is inversely governed by diguanylate cyclase (dgc) enzymes and phosphodiesterase (pde) enzymes, which synthesize and degrade c-di-gmp, respectively. the role of c-di-gmp in the plant pathogen and causal agent of fire blight disease erwinia amylovora has not ...201323475975
comparative genomics of japanese erwinia pyrifoliae strain ejp617 with closely related erwinias.japanese erwinia pyrifoliae strains cause bacterial shoot blight of pear (bsbp) in japan. the genetics of japanese erwinia remains largely unknown relative to the abundant genomic information available for other erwinia strains. we compared the genome of japanese and korean e. pyrifoliae strains along with those of e. amylovora and e. tasmaniensis. comparisons with the korean e. pyrifoliae strain revealed numerous gene insertions/deletions, rearrangements, and inversions in the central regions o ...201223517317
estimated daily flavonoid and stilbene intake from fruits, vegetables, and nuts and associations with lipid profiles in chinese adults.the scientific evidence for the association of daily flavonoid and stilbene intakes with cardiovascular risk factors in chinese adults has not been reported previously.201323522824
gorham syndrome with postoperative respiratory failure and requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation.gorham syndrome is a rare disease that presents as progressive osteolysis, and may affect any part of the skeleton. the pathologic process involves the replacement of normal bone by aggressively expanding but non-neoplastic vascular tissue, resulting in massive osteolysis of the adjacent bone. if the spine and ribs are affected, the subsequent kyphosis and chest wall deformity may cause severe restrictive ventilatory impairment. we report a 34-year-old male with gorham syndrome presenting as pro ...201323550170
pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae uses proteasome inhibitor syringolin a to colonize from wound infection sites.infection of plants by bacterial leaf pathogens at wound sites is common in nature. plants defend wound sites to prevent pathogen invasion, but several pathogens can overcome spatial restriction and enter leaf tissues. the molecular mechanisms used by pathogens to suppress containment at wound infection sites are poorly understood. here, we studied pseudomonas syringae strains causing brown spot on bean and blossom blight on pear. these strains exist as epiphytes that can cause disease upon woun ...201323555272
[enigmatic lymphatic diseases involving the lung].lymphedema associated with other developmental malformations (milroy syndrome, hennekam syndrome, noonan syndrome, gorham-stout syndrome, yellow nail syndrome) are unfrequent disease, but explorations led to the identification of genetic mutations that have then been validated in mouse models. however, lymphatic vessels complexity and its proximity with the venous system suggest the need for further researches, especially in the comprehension of pulmonary symptoms.201323561737
apple volatiles synergize the response of codling moth to pear ester.codling moth, cydia pomonella l. (lepidoptera: tortricidae), is a major cosmopolitan pest of apple and other pome fruits. ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) has been identified as a host-derived kairomone for female and male codling moths. however, pear ester has not performed similarly in different fruit production areas in terms of the relative magnitude of moth catch, especially the proportion of females caught. our work was undertaken to identify host volatiles from apples, and to inv ...201323564293
molecular analyses of erwinia amylovora strains isolated in russia, poland, slovenia and austria describing further spread of fire blight in europe.fire blight, a bacteriosis of apple and pear, was assayed with molecular tools to associate its origin in russia, slovenia and south-eastern austria with neighboring countries. the identification of all investigated strains was confirmed by maldi-tof mass spectroscopy except one. independent isolation was verified by the level of amylovoran synthesis and by the number of short sequence dna repeats in plasmid pea29. dna of gently lysed e. amylovora strains from russia, slovenia, austria, hungary, ...201323570971
the fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene-an overview.the process of fruit ripening is normally viewed distinctly in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. but, many fruits such as guava, melon, japanese plum, asian pear and pepper show climacteric as well as non-climacteric behaviour depending on the cultivar or genotype. investigations on in planta levels of co2 and ethylene at various stages of fruits during ripening supported the role and involvement of changes in the rate of respiration and ethylene production in non-climacteric fruits such a ...201123572821
erwinia amylovora affects the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway in mature leaves of pyrus communis cv. conférence.flavonoids, which are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid pathway, not only contribute to fruit colour and photoprotection, they also may provide antimicrobial and structural components during interaction with micro-organisms. a possible response of this pathway was assessed in both mature and immature leaves of shoots of 2-year-old pear trees cv. conférence, which were inoculated with the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora strain sgb 225/12, were mock-inoculated or were left unt ...201323582642
[the importance of genus alternaria in mycotoxins production and human diseases].alternaría is a cosmopolitan fungal genus that includes saprophytic, endophytic and pathogenic species, widely distributed in soil and organic matter in decomposition. plant pathogenic species affect cereals, vegetables and fruit crops in the field and during storage. alternaría spp. contamination is responsible for some of the world's most devastating plant diseases, causing serious reduction of crop yields and considerable economic losses. alternaría species produce more than 70 secondary meta ...201223588425
effect of a peat humic acid on morphogenesis in leaf explants of pyrus communis and cydonia oblonga . metabolomic analysis at an early stage of regeneration.plant regeneration is a critical step in most in vitro breeding techniques. this paper studies the effects of a low-molecular-weight humic acid (ha) on morphogenesis from pear and quince leaf explants. variable ha amounts [0 (control), 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg c l(-1)] were added to the regeneration media. a dose-response effect was observed in pear for root and shoot production; it was improved at ha 1 mg c l(-1) and considerably reduced at the highest amounts. ha was, instead, ineffective in quince ...201323627499
the methylation of the pcmyb10 promoter is associated with green-skinned sport in max red bartlett pear.varieties of the european pear (pyrus communis) can produce trees with both red- and green-skinned fruits, such as the max red bartlett (mrb) variety, although little is known about the mechanism behind this differential pigmentation. in this study, we investigated the pigmentation of mrb and its green-skinned sport (mrb-g). the results suggest that a reduction in anthocyanin concentration causes the mrb-g sport. transcript levels of pcufgt (for udp-glucose:flavonoid 3-o-glucosyltransferase), th ...201323629835
characterisation of the stbd/e toxin-antitoxin system of pep36, a plasmid of the plant pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae.pep36 is a plasmid ubiquitously present in erwinia pyrifoliae, a pathogen which causes black stem blight of asian pear. pep36 is highly stable in its host, even in the absence of selective pressure. the plasmid is closely related to pea29, which is widespread in e. amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight of apple and pear trees. here we report that pep36 possesses a functional hybrid toxin-antitoxin module, stbd/e(pep36), with the toxin showing homology to the rele/pare proteins and the an ...201323632277
diversity of apple mosaic virus isolates in india based on coat protein and movement protein genes.apple mosaic virus (apmv), an ilarvirus is one of the most common pathogens of apple worldwide. during field surveys in commercial plantations of himachal pradesh and jammu & kashmir, observations of bright chlorotic mosaic like symptoms on apple trees indicated probable infection by the virus, which was later detected by double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa). an incidence of 24 and 28% (based on elisa) was obtained as 6/25 and 15/53 samples from hp and j&k were ...201123637501
effect of pyrimethanil on cryptococcus laurentii, rhodosporidium paludigenum, and rhodotorula glutinis biocontrol of penicillium expansum infection in pear fruit.the effect of biocontrol yeasts and pyrimethanil at low concentration on inhibition of blue mold rot caused by penicillium expansum in pear fruit was investigated. pyrimethanil at low concentration (40μg/ml) alone had little inhibitory activity against the p. expansum infection in pear fruit wounds although it was effective in inhibiting the survival of p. expansum on asp-agar medium. pyrimethanil at this low concentration significantly enhanced the efficacy of cryptococcus laurentii at 1×10(7)c ...201323673061
efficacy and putative mode of action of native and commercial antagonistic yeasts against postharvest pathogens of pear.putative mechanisms of action associated with the biocontrol capacity of four yeast strains (cryptoccocus albidus npcc 1248, pichia membranifaciens npcc 1250, cryptoccocus victoriae npcc 1263 and npcc 1259) against penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea were studied by means of in vitro and in situ assays. c. albidus(yp), a commercial yeast was also evaluated for comparative purposes. the yeast strains exhibited a variety of different mechanisms including: wound colonization, germination inhi ...201323680800
[polyvalence of bacteriophages isolated from fruit trees, affected by bacterial fire blight].phage populations appearing as a result of a pathogenic process caused by erwinia amylovora have been discovered and described. they accompany bacterial fire blight development in the process of quince, pear and apple trees vegetation in zakarpattya region of ukraine. phage isolates of the affected pear and quince include polyvalent virulent phages able to develop on bacterial strains associated with plants--e. amylovora. e. "horticola" and pantoea agglomerans. e. amylovora isolated from the pla ...201323720968
phylogenetic position and virulence apparatus of the pear flower necrosis pathogen erwinia piriflorinigrans cfbp 5888t as assessed by comparative genomics.erwinia piriflorinigrans is a necrotrophic pathogen of pear reported from spain that destroys flowers but does not progress further into the host. we sequenced the complete genome of the type strain cfbp 5888(t) clarifying its phylogenetic position within the genus erwinia, and indicating a position between its closest relative, the epiphyte erwinia tasmaniensis and other plant pathogenic erwinia spp. (i.e., the fire blight pathogen e. amylovora and the asian pear pathogen e. pyrifoliae). common ...201323726521
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