Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 in the female genital tract: implications for the understanding of virus transmission. | risk of perinatal or female to male sexual transmission of hiv is likely to be associated with whether, and at what concentration, the virus is present in the cervical and vaginal secretions of the hiv-infected woman. examining correlates of cervical and vaginal hiv shedding is, therefore, essential for the development of strategies to interrupt hiv transmission. this article presents the rationale for using detection of hiv in the female genital tract as a marker of infectivity, and briefly des ... | 1997 | 9140133 |
| potency comparison of peptidomimetic inhibitors against hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteinases: design of equipotent lead compounds. | hiv-1 and hiv-2 proteinases (pr) are responsible for the processing of viral polyproteins, a step that is crucial for the formation of infectious virus particles. pr represents one of the most important targets for antiviral chemotherapy. inhibitors of hiv-1 pr usually exhibit a 10- to 100-fold weaker affinity for hiv-2 pr. in order to design subnanomolar inhibitors for both hiv-1 and hiv-2 prs, we prepared a series of compounds varying in the type of scissile bond replacement as well as in the ... | 1997 | 9143353 |
| predominance of hiv-1 among patients with aids and aids-related complex in ghana. | we determined the prevalence of hiv among aids and aids-related complex (arc) patients seen within one year in two hospitals in southern ghana. subjects were screened by an elisa procedure for anti-hiv antibodies. specific identification of the hiv type was done with a particle agglutination (pa) kit. all pa-determined dual specimens were then confirmed by western blotting and pepti-lav 1/2 monoepitope kit. virus isolation was attempted from symptomatic patients by co-culturing patient periphera ... | 1997 | 9145571 |
| antiviral properties of palinavir, a potent inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. | palinavir is a potent inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) proteases. replication of laboratory strains (hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus) and hiv-1 clinical isolates is inhibited by palinavir with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 30 nm. the average cytotoxic concentration of palinavir (35 microm) in the various target cells indicates a favorable therapeutic index. potent antiviral activity is retained with increased doses ... | 1997 | 9145853 |
| conservation and host specificity of vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest suggest a fundamental role in primate lentivirus evolution and biology. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpr protein prevents infected cells from passing through mitosis by arresting them in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. vpr is conserved among all primate lentiviruses, suggesting an important role in the virus life cycle. moreover, in this study we show that the ability to cause cell cycle arrest is also conserved in vpr proteins from a wide variety of both tissue culture-passaged and uncultured human (hiv-1 and hiv-2), sooty mangabey (simian immuno ... | 1997 | 9151821 |
| cd4-independent infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain rod/b: the role of the n-terminal domain of cxcr-4 in fusion and entry. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strain rod/b can efficiently use the 7tm chemokine receptor cxcr-4 as a primary receptor to enter cd4-negative cells. we have stably expressed cxcr-4 on mink lung mv-1-lu and feline kidney ccc cells (normally restrictive to hiv entry) and have shown efficient fusion, entry, and replication of rod/b. mutation of the two n-linked glycosylation sites on cxcr-4 (n11-->i, and n176-->q) or pretreatment of ccc or mv-1-lu cells expressing wild-type cxcr-4 ... | 1997 | 9151832 |
| role of the first and third extracellular domains of cxcr-4 in human immunodeficiency virus coreceptor activity. | the cxcr-4 chemokine receptor and cd4 behave as coreceptors for cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and for dual-tropic hiv strains, which also use the ccr-5 coreceptor. the cell line-adapted hiv-1 strains lai and ndk and the dual-tropic hiv-2 strain rod were able to infect cd4+ cells expressing human cxcr-4, while only lai was able to infect cells expressing the rat homolog of cxcr-4. this strain selectivity was addressed by using human-rat cxcr-4 chim ... | 1997 | 9151868 |
| growth ability of auxiliary gene mutants of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | mutational studies on the vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, and nef genes of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) were performed to evaluate their biological functions in natural target cells. for this purpose, replication properties of mutant viruses derived from hiv-1 nl strain and hiv-2 gh strain in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined. vif- viruses of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 did not grow at all in these cells. similarly, no replication of hiv-2 vpx- mutant w ... | 1997 | 9155882 |
| basolateral sorting of the hiv type 2 and siv envelope glycoproteins in polarized epithelial cells: role of the cytoplasmic domain. | in polarized epithelial cell lines, enveloped viruses are directionally released by asymmetric viral budding at specific plasma membrane domains. previous studies have shown that hiv-1 budding and gp160 expression occur on basolateral membranes whereas the release of hiv-1 gag particles, in the absence of the env glycoproteins, is nonpolarized. we have examined the directional transport and surface expression of hiv-2 and siv envelope glycoproteins using vaccinia virus recombinants in vero c1008 ... | 1997 | 9168235 |
| in vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. | 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (f-dda) is an acid-stable purine dideoxynucleoside analog active against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains in vitro. f-dda is presently undergoing a phase i clinical trial at the national cancer institute. we induced hiv-1 variants resistant to f-dda by exposing wild-type hiv-1 (hiv-1lai) to increasing concentrations of f-dda in vitro. after 18 passages, the virus was fourfold less sensitive to f-dda than hiv-1l ... | 1997 | 9174190 |
| evolution of hiv-1 coreceptor usage through interactions with distinct ccr5 and cxcr4 domains. | the chemokine receptor cxcr4 functions as a fusion coreceptor for t cell tropic and dual-tropic hiv-1 strains. to identify regions of cxcr4 that are important for coreceptor function, cxcr4-cxcr2 receptor chimeras were tested for the ability to support hiv-1 envelope (env) protein-mediated membrane fusion. receptor chimeras containing the first and second extracellular loops of cxcr4 supported fusion by t tropic and dual-tropic hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains and binding of a monoclonal antibody to cxcr ... | 1997 | 9177234 |
| identification of a chemokine receptor encoded by human cytomegalovirus as a cofactor for hiv-1 entry. | the human cytomegalovirus encodes a beta-chemokine receptor (us28) that is distantly related to the human chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4, which also serve as cofactors for the entry into cells of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (hiv-1). like ccr5, us28 allowed infection of cd4-positive human cell lines by primary isolates of hiv-1 and hiv-2, as well as fusion of these cell lines with cells expressing the viral envelope proteins. in addition, us28 mediated infection by cell line-adapted h ... | 1997 | 9188536 |
| protection of human immunodeficiency virus type 2-exposed seronegative macaques from mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus transmission. | at present it is not known which form of immunity would be most effective against infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). to evaluate the possible role of cellular immunity, we examined whether four hiv type 2-exposed but seronegative macaques developed cellular immune responses and determined whether these exposed macaques were resistant to mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). following intrarectal challenge with siv, 2 monkeys were protected against detectabl ... | 1997 | 9188561 |
| vpr of simian immunodeficiency virus of african green monkeys is required for replication in macaque macrophages and lymphocytes. | the genomes of simian immunodeficiency viruses isolated from african green monkeys (sivagm) contain a single accessory gene homolog of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpr. this genomic organization differs from that of sivsm-sivmac-hiv-2 group viruses, which contain two gene homologs, designated vpr and vpx, which in combination appear to share the functions of hiv-1 vpr. the in vitro role of the sivagm homolog was evaluated with molecularly cloned, pathogenic sivagm9063-2. these stu ... | 1997 | 9188633 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 envelope glycoproteins oligomerize through conserved sequences. | hetero-oligomerization between human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoprotein (env) truncation mutants and epitope-tagged gp160 is dependent on the presence of gp41 transmembrane protein (tm) amino acids 552 to 589, a putative amphipathic alpha-helical sequence. hiv-2 env truncation mutants containing this sequence were also able to form cross-type hetero-oligomers with hiv-1 env. hiv-2/hiv-1 hetero-oligomerization was, however, more sensitive to disruption by mutagenesis or i ... | 1997 | 9188654 |
| defective hiv-1 provirus encoding a multitarget-ribozyme inhibits accumulation of spliced and unspliced hiv-1 mrnas, reduces infectivity of viral progeny, and protects the cells from pathogenesis. | a hela t4 cell line containing a defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) dna (hd4) was isolated. after transactivation with tat, the hd4 dna was transcribed into a single 3.7-kb mrna that encodes a chimeric cd4/env protein and a multitarget-ribozyme directed against multiple sites within the gp120 coding region of hiv-1 rna (chen et al., 1992). early steps in hiv infection such as entry, reverse transcription, and proviral dna formation were not affected in hd4 cells, and hd4 was e ... | 1997 | 9189769 |
| herpesvirus saimiri-immortalized human t-cells support long-term, high titred replication of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | herpesvirus saimiri strain c488 transforms human cd4+ t-lymphocytes to continuous interleukin-2-dependent growth. unlike human t-cell lines derived from tumours or those transformed by human t-lymphotropic virus 1, herpesvirus saimiri-immortalized t-cells (hvs t-cells) retain many functions of primary activated t-lymphocytes. we have characterized the course of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/-2) infection in three hvs t-cell lines. our results confirm that hvs t-cells are high ... | 1997 | 9191937 |
| controlling elements in replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | we have reviewed the genetic structure of hiv-1 from the perspective of understanding viral and cellular regulatory factors that affect viral replication. comparisons are drawn, as appropriate, with other human retroviruses, such as hiv-2, in regard to our understanding of pathogenesis. the synthesis of viral protein and the manner in which viral assembly takes place is also discussed. | 1997 | 9193800 |
| genetic analysis of an hiv type 2 subtype b virus from a spanish individual with aids. | 1997 | 9197384 | |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in children. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection is rare in children. this virus can be acquired through transfusion and also by the maternofetal route, especially when the mother becomes infected during pregnancy. diagnosis based on specific serologic tests is simple after the age of 18 months. in the perinatal period, however, viral isolation by culture or polymerase chain reaction dna amplification or both appears to be less sensitive than in the case of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. dise ... | 1997 | 9202626 |
| mode of inhibition of hiv reverse transcriptase by 2-hexaprenylhydroquinone, a novel general inhibitor of rna-and dna-directed dna polymerases. | a natural compound from the red sea sponge ircinia sp., 2-hexaprenylhydroquinone (hph), has been shown to be a general inhibitor of retroviral reverse transcriptases (from hiv-1, hiv-2 and murine leukaemia virus) as well as of cellular dna polymerases (escherichia coli dna polymerase i, and dna polymerases alpha and beta). the pattern of inhibition was found to be similar for all dna polymerases tested. thus the mode of inhibition was studied in detail for hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. hph is a n ... | 1997 | 9210394 |
| the n-terminal arg-rich region of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus nef is involved in rna binding. | comparison of the amino acid sequences of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nef protein and several rna-binding proteins shows similarities in some regions of these proteins. thus, poliovirus protein 2c, an rna-binding protein, shares with nef the sequence yxqq...mdd...dxxd. in addition, both proteins contain an arg-rich motif that, in the case of poliovirus 2c, is involved in rna-binding activity. moreover, the rna-binding, anti-terminator n proteins of lambda, phi21 and p22 phages show sequen ... | 1997 | 9210463 |
| discovery of cyanovirin-n, a novel human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein that binds viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120: potential applications to microbicide development. | we have isolated and sequenced a novel 11-kda virucidal protein, named cyanovirin-n (cv-n), from cultures of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) nostoc ellipsosporum. we also have produced cv-n recombinantly by expression of a corresponding dna sequence in escherichia coli. low nanomolar concentrations of either natural or recombinant cv-n irreversibly inactivate diverse laboratory strains and primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 as well as strains of hiv type 2 and sim ... | 1997 | 9210678 |
| active replication of hepatitis b virus (hbv) in hiv type 1 and in hiv type 2 infected patients. | to evaluate the effect of concurrent infection by hiv on hbv infection or immunity, we have studied a group of 66 hiv1+ symptomatic caucasian patients and another of 38 african hiv2+ asymptomatic individuals, concerning their hbv status: serological markers of infection and presence of hbv-dna in serum, the last taken as sign of hepatitis b virus active replication, were monitored. hiv+ groups were compared with seronegative controls, adequately matched for age, sex and ethnological background. ... | 1996 | 9216105 |
| sensitization of rhabdo-, lenti-, and spumaviruses to human serum by galactosyl(alpha1-3)galactosylation. | vesicular stomatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2, and human foamy virus, which were produced by cell lines expressing galactosyl(alpha1-3)galactosyl (alphagal) sugars, were found to be less stable in human serum than those from alphagal-negative cells, indicating that galactosyl(alpha1-3)galactosylation sensitizes these viruses as well as mammalian type c oncoviruses (rother et al., j. exp. med. 182:1345-1355, 1995; takeuchi et al., nature (london) 379:85-88, 1996) to complement k ... | 1997 | 9223512 |
| expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. | several members of the chemokine-receptor family serve, in conjunction with cd4, as receptors for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) into cells. the principal receptor for entry of macrophage-tropic (m-tropic) hiv-1 strains is ccr5, whereas that for t-cell-line-tropic (t-tropic) strains is cxcr4. unlike hiv-1, infection with either m-tropic or t-tropic strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) can be mediated by ccr5, but not cxcr4. siv strains will also infect cd4+ ce ... | 1997 | 9230441 |
| conversion of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (dda) and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (d4a) to their corresponding aryloxyphosphoramidate derivatives markedly potentiates their activity against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis b virus. | 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (dda), 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (d4a) and their lipophilic 5'-monophosphate triester (aryloxyphosphoramidate) prodrugs were evaluated for their anti-retrovirus and anti-hepatitis b virus activity in various cell culture models. the aryloxyphosphoramidate derivatives of dda (cf 1093) and d4a (cf 1001) showed markedly superior (100-1000-fold) efficacies than the parent drugs against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency vir ... | 1997 | 9237655 |
| anonymous testing of newborn infants for hiv antibodies as a basis for estimating prevalence of hiv in childbearing women: the 1991-1994 study in spain. | during 1991-1994, anonymous screening of newborn infants for maternal antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was carried out in three regions of spain: valencia, galicia and sevilla. the newborn infants whose heel-stick blood eluates were satisfactory for hiv antibody tests were a consecutive series of 104 876, representing 99.3% of all newborn infants undergoing routine metabolic screening and estimated as comprising at least 98% of all births in the three regions. enzyme immunoassay (e ... | 1997 | 9240862 |
| p24 antigen capture assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus using readily available inexpensive reagents. | antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for quantitation of the p24 gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) is currently the most common method used to demonstrate virus replication both in vivo and in vitro. the present paper describes an elisa employing readily available inexpensive reagents and gives detailed suggestions for optimizing the variables for specific purposes. the assay is as sensitive as commercial kits (25 pg/ml) and has a linear dose respons ... | 1997 | 9245608 |
| the fidelity of 3' misinsertion and mispair extension during dna synthesis exhibited by two drug-resistant mutants of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with leu74-->val and glu89-->gly. | the relatively low fidelity of dna synthesis characteristic to the reverse transcriptases (rts) of the aids-causing viruses, human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) was implicated as a dominant factor that contributes to the genetic hypervariability of these viruses. the formation of 3'-mispaired dna and the subsequent extension of this dna were shown to be key determinants that lead to the error proneness of these rts. as part of our goal to study the struct ... | 1997 | 9249032 |
| differentiation of dual seropositivity to hiv 1 and hiv 2 in ghanaian sera using line immunoassay (innolia). | two hundred serum samples from aids-like patients, blood donors and miscellaneous patients were screened by elisa for hiv 1-2. repeatedly positive samples were confirmed using the western blot (wb). twenty samples that were dual positive were further analysed by innolia, which contains synthetic or recombinant antigens in hiv-1 and hiv-2. only 5 of the samples were dual positive. the need for further analysis of dual wb results is re-emphasized. | 1997 | 9257539 |
| envelope glycoproteins from human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus can use human ccr5 as a coreceptor for viral entry and make direct cd4-dependent interactions with this chemokine receptor. | several members of the chemokine receptor family have recently been identified as coreceptors, with cd4, for entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) into target cells. in this report, we show that the envelope glycoproteins of several strains of hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) employ the same chemokine receptors for infection. envelope glycoproteins from hiv-2 use ccr5 or cxcr4, while those from several strains of siv use ccr5. our data indicate also that some viral en ... | 1997 | 9261346 |
| shared usage of the chemokine receptor cxcr4 by the feline and human immunodeficiency viruses. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) induces a disease state in the domestic cat that is similar to aids in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals. as with hiv, fiv can be divided into primary and cell culture-adapted isolates. adaptation of fiv to replicate and form syncytia in the crandell feline kidney (crfk) cell line is accompanied by an increase in the net charge of the v3 loop of the envelope glycoprotein, mirroring the changes observed in the v3 loop of hiv gp120 with the ... | 1997 | 9261358 |
| human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus nef use distinct but overlapping target sites for downregulation of cell surface cd4. | although the nef proteins encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and simian immuno-deficiency virus (siv) are known to induce the efficient internalization and degradation of cell surface cd4, it remains unclear whether this process involves a direct interaction between nef and cd4. here, we report that cd4 downregulation by hiv-1 and siv nef requires distinct but overlapping target sites within the cd4 intracytoplasmic domain. in particular, mutation of a glutamic acid residue l ... | 1997 | 9261398 |
| human immunodeficiency virus matrix tyrosine phosphorylation: characterization of the kinase and its substrate requirements. | during virus assembly, a subset of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) matrix (ma) molecules is phosphorylated on c-terminal tyrosine. this modification facilitates infection of nondividing cells by allowing for the recruitment of the karyophilic ma into the viral core and preintegration complex. ma tyrosine phosphorylation is accomplished by a cellular protein kinase which is incorporated into virions. in this study, we have investigated the nature of this enzyme as well as the determinants of m ... | 1997 | 9261408 |
| [ophthalmologic complications due to human immunodeficiency virus infection at bamako (mali)]. | aids ocular complications have been researched in 70 hospitalised patients in the two main hospitals of bamako (mali) during one year (1992-1993). men were predominant (sex ratio 1.6). hiv1 infections (67%) were most frequent than hiv1 + hiv2 (21.4%) or hiv2 infections (11.4%). most of the patients were on the who's clinical stage iii; 34% of them had ocular complications, quite often non infectious: cotonous nodules (10%), vascularitis (5.7%) and retineous haemorrhages (4.3%). ocular opportunis ... | 1996 | 9264734 |
| inhibition of hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv envelope glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion by calmodulin. | calmodulin, an ef-hand protein, inhibited the fusion between cd4+ human cells and cells stably expressing hiv-1 envelope proteins. fusion was also inhibited when hiv-1, hiv-2 or siv envelope glycoproteins were expressed by vaccinia virus (vv) recombinants, but calmodulin did not inhibit syncytia formation induced by measles virus glycoproteins. calmodulin also inhibited fusion induced by vpe17, a vv-recombinant expressing a truncated form of hiv-1gp160 which lacks the two known calmodulin-bindin ... | 1997 | 9282777 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins. | twelve monoclonal antibodies (mabs), tb1 to tb12, were produced against a soluble vaccinia recombinant envelope glycoprotein (gp140) from simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac251. these mabs recognized siv gp140 with a relatively high affinity (k0.5 from 6.7 x 10(-8) to 4 x 10(-9) m). all the mabs except tb9, tb11, and tb12 cross-reacted with hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins, but none of the 12 mabs recognized those from hiv-1. using a panel of 87 overlapping synthetic peptides containing 20 amino ac ... | 1997 | 9282816 |
| association of human immunodeficiency virus nef protein with actin is myristoylation dependent and influences its subcellular localization. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nef functions are thought to be mediated via interactions with cellular proteins. utilizing zone velocity sedimentation in glycerol gradients we found that recombinant hiv-1 nef non-covalently associates with actin forming a high-molecular-mass complex of 150-300 kda. this nef/actin complex was present in human b and t lymphocytes but not in insect cells and was dependent on the n-terminal myristoylation of nef, whereas the sh3-binding proline motif of nef was ... | 1997 | 9288906 |
| bicyclams, a class of potent anti-hiv agents, are targeted at the hiv coreceptor fusin/cxcr-4. | bicyclams are a novel class of antiviral compounds which are highly potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of hiv-1 and hiv-2. the prototype compound, amd3100, has an ic50 of 1-10 ng/ml, which is a least 100,000 fold lower than the cytotoxic concentration. amd3100 does not inhibit virus binding to the cd4 receptor and based on time-of-addition experiments, has been assumed to interact with the hiv fusion-uncoating process. resistance of hiv-1 strains to amd3100 is associated with the ... | 1997 | 9298754 |
| maintenance of an unusual polypurine tract in hiv-2: stability to passage in culture. | a stretch of purine residues, the polypurine tract (ppt), is found in all retroviruses and is used to initiate plus-strand dna synthesis. while the ppt of most lentiviruses is a homogeneous sequence of purine residues, the ppt of some isolates of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses is interrupted with a single pyrimidine residue. the rod strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) has such a pyrimidine-containing variant ppt. virus generated from an infectious molecular clone ... | 1997 | 9299633 |
| prevalence of transmissible blood infections among blood donors at the university of maiducuri teaching hospital, maiduguri, nigeria. | before the advent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), many countries of the world transfused blood without seriously considering the potential risks of transmission of infectious agents. even after it was shown that the human immunodeficiency virus(hiv) could be transmitted through blood and blood products, many hospitals and clinics in nigeria still continue to transfuse unscreened blood. this study was therefore initiated to highlight the risks of transmitting infectious agents ... | 1997 | 9299819 |
| synthetic-peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening human serum or plasma for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2. | a synthetic-peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eia) capable of screening for antibodies to both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 has been developed for use in blood banks and diagnostic laboratories. microtiter wells are coated with two synthetic peptides, one corresponding to the highly conserved envelope region of hiv-1 and another corresponding to the conserved envelope region of hiv-2. overall, sensitivity was 100% in 303 individuals diagnosed with aids and ... | 1997 | 9302212 |
| use of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 and 2 recombinant strip immunoblot assay to resolve enzyme immunoassay anti-hiv-2-repeatably reactive samples after anti-hiv-1/2 combination enzyme immunoassay screening. | with the implementation of combination human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/2) antibody enzyme immunoassay (eia) in donor screening in 1992, the supplemental testing algorithm changed to require the use of a food and drug administration (fda)-licensed hiv-1 western blot (wb) or immunofluorescence assay, as well as an fda-licensed hiv-2 eia. when hiv-2 eia-reactive specimens are identified, further testing to confirm hiv-2 infection is recommended. currently, a licensed hiv-2 supplem ... | 1997 | 9308638 |
| functional analysis of vif genes derived from various primate immunodeficiency viruses. | replication property in cells of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hivs and sivs) lacking intact vif gene was evaluated. of 10 vif mutants constructed in vitro of the major four hiv/siv groups, only those derived from hiv-1 and hiv-2/sivmac displayed replication defect. the cell lines non-permissive for the vif mutants of hiv-1 and sivmac were found to be different. to determine whether vif is exchangeable between hiv-1 and sivmac, chimeric virus clones with respect to the vi gene were ... | 1997 | 9311564 |
| rantes and mcp-3 inhibit the replication of t-cell-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains (sf-2, mn, and he). | the effects of the c-c chemokines rantes (regulation upon activation normal t-cell expressed and secreted) and mcp-3 (monocyte chemotactic protein 3) on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) activated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (pha) were investigated. the following t-cell line-tropic (t-tropic) hiv strains were tested: hiv type 1 (hiv-1) sf-2, hiv-1 iiib, hiv-1 mn, hiv-1 ndk, hiv-1 he, hiv-1 nl4-3, hiv-2 rod, and hiv-2 eho ... | 1997 | 9311806 |
| the sequence and structure of the 3' arm of the first stem-loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 trans-activation responsive region mediate tat-2 transactivation. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) causes aids, but generally after a much longer asymptomatic period than that which follows infection with hiv-1. at the molecular level, hiv-2 is much more closely related to the simian immunodeficiency viruses than to hiv-1 and our previous studies have demonstrated that hiv-2 and hiv-1 enhancer stimulation is mediated by different sets of cellular proteins following t-cell activation. similar to hiv-1, hiv-2 encodes a transactivating protein, tat, wh ... | 1997 | 9311903 |
| generation of neutralizing antibody to the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by immunizing of mice with an infectious vaccinia virus recombinant. | antibodies inhibiting the reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) were found to be generated in the serum of mice repeatedly infected with a vaccinia virus recombinant, wrrt, expressing the enzyme. a monoclonal antibody (mab), 7c4, which specifically and almost completely inhibits the rna-dependent dna polymerase activity of hiv-1 rt was produced from a mouse repeatedly immunized with wrrt. 7c4 seems to be specific for hiv-1 among retroviruses: 7c4 inhibited rt ... | 1997 | 9328586 |
| superinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 can reactivate virus production in baboons but is contained by a cd8 t cell antiviral response. | an animal model was used to assess whether resistance to superinfection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can exist in vivo. asymptomatic baboons (papio cynocephalus), previously infected with hiv-2, were first challenged with homologous virus (hiv-2uc2 or hiv-2uc14) and later with heterologous virus (hiv-2uc12). after both virus inoculations, either resistance to viral infection or a transient viremia was observed. the original virus was recovered in 3 baboons, suggesting that reactivation ... | 1997 | 9333153 |
| inhibition of t-tropic hiv strains by selective antagonization of the chemokine receptor cxcr4. | bicyclams are a novel class of antiviral compounds that are highly potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of hiv-1 and hiv-2. surprisingly, however, when the prototype compound amd3100 was tested against m-tropic virus strains such as bal, ada, jr-csf, and sf-162 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the compound was completely inactive. because of the specific and potent inhibitory effect of amd3100 on t-tropic viruses, but not m-tropic viruses, it was verified that amd3100 i ... | 1997 | 9334378 |
| site-specific phosphorylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 rev protein accelerates formation of an efficient rna-binding conformation. | phosphorylation is important in the regulation of many cellular processes, yet the precise role of protein phosphorylation for many rna-binding protein substrates remains obscure. in this report, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type-1 rev protein promotes rapid formation of an efficient rna-binding state. the apparent dissociation constant for ligand binding is enhanced 7-fold for the protein following phosphorylation; however, phosphate addition ... | 1997 | 9341215 |
| prevalence and risk factors for htlv-ii infection in 913 injecting drug users in stockholm, 1994. | the prevalence and risk factors for acquisition of human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i and ii (htlv-i and ii) were investigated in a prospective study of 913 injecting drug users (idus) in stockholm in 1994. epidemiologic data were recorded, and blood samples were tested for antibodies against htlv-i and htlv-ii; human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2; and hepatitis a (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), and d (hdv). positive serologic results for htlv were confirmed by western blot (wb) and po ... | 1997 | 9342259 |
| usage of the coreceptors ccr-5, ccr-3, and cxcr-4 by primary and cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | the chemokine receptors ccr-5 and cxcr-4, and possibly ccr-3, are the principal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) coreceptors, apparently interacting with hiv-1 envelope, in association with cd4. cell lines coexpressing cd4 and these chemokine receptors were infected with a panel of seven primary hiv-2 isolates passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and three laboratory hiv-2 strains passaged in t-cell lines. the ccr-5, ccr-3, and cxcr-4 coreceptors could all be used by ... | 1997 | 9343175 |
| promiscuous use of cc and cxc chemokine receptors in cell-to-cell fusion mediated by a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope protein. | the cc chemokine receptors ccr5, ccr2, and ccr3 and the cxc chemokine receptor cxcr4 have been implicated as cd4-associated cofactors in the entry of primary and cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strains. cxcr4 is also a receptor for t-cell-line-adapted, cd4-independent strains of hiv-2. with the exception of this latter example, little has been reported on the entry cofactors used by hiv-2 strains. here we show that a cd4-dependent, t-cell-line-adapted hiv-2 strain u ... | 1997 | 9343197 |
| susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group o isolates to antiretroviral agents: in vitro phenotypic and genotypic analyses. | we investigated the phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of 11 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group o strains to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors and protease inhibitors in vitro. phenotypic susceptibility was determined by using a standardized in vitro assay of rt inhibition, taking into account the replication kinetics of each strain. hiv-1 group m and hiv-2 isolates were used as references. dna from cocultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell ... | 1997 | 9343254 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein binds to cd8 as well as to cd4 molecules on human t cells. | we report here that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoprotein (gp105), but not hiv-1 gp120, can bind to cd8 molecules as well as to cd4 molecules on human t cells. this phenomenon may lead to differences in the life cycles of hiv-1 and hiv-2, and it may be related to the differences in disease manifestations of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection, including longer survival of hiv-2-infected patients. | 1997 | 9343259 |
| expression of naturally occurring antisense rna inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 heterologous strain replication. | recently, the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna transcripts with negative-strand polarity has been shown in tissue culture models of acute and persistently infected cells. one of these transcripts encodes a 189 amino acid open reading frame. this highly conserved antisense sequence is complementary to the structured rev-responsive element and extends through the cleavage site of the env protein. we tested the ability of this antisense rna to modulate hiv-1 replication a ... | 1997 | 9349471 |
| dual infection with hepatitis c and b viruses: clinical and histological study in saudi patients. | the purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and histological significance of dual infection with hepatitis c virus and hepatitis b virus. | 1997 | 9356863 |
| early postinfection antiviral treatment reduces viral load and prevents cd4+ cell decline in hiv type 2-infected macaques. | reports of significant reductions in plasma viral load by anti-hiv drugs have raised the possibility that antiviral therapy, if initiated sufficiently early, may result in sustained control of infection and prolonged clinical benefits. we evaluated the effects of intervention coincident with infection using an antiviral nucleoside, d4t, in macaca nemestrina infected with a highly pathogenic isolate of hiv-2 (hiv-2[287]). infection with this virus reproducibly results in high viremia and rapid cd ... | 1997 | 9359657 |
| in vivo evolution of hiv-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. | following the identification of the c-c chemokines rantes, mip-1alpha and mip-1beta as major human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-suppressive factors produced by cd8+ t cells, several chemokine receptors were found to serve as membrane co-receptors for primate immunodeficiency lentiretroviruses. the two most widely used co-receptors thus far recognized, ccr5 and cxcr4, are expressed by both activated t lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. ccr5, a specific rantes, mip-1alpha and mip-1 receptor, ... | 1997 | 9359702 |
| the solution structure of the amino-terminal hhcc domain of hiv-2 integrase: a three-helix bundle stabilized by zinc. | integrase mediates a crucial step in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the enzyme cleaves the viral dna ends in a sequence-dependent manner and couples the newly generated hydroxyl groups to phosphates in the target dna. three domains have been identified in hiv integrase: an amino-terminal domain, a central catalytic core and a carboxy-terminal dna-binding domain. the amino-terminal region is the only domain with unknown structure thus far. this domain, which is known to ... | 1997 | 9368756 |
| utilization of chemokine receptors, orphan receptors, and herpesvirus-encoded receptors by diverse human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) requires both cd4 and a coreceptor to infect cells. macrophage-tropic (m-tropic) hiv-1 strains utilize the chemokine receptor ccr5 in conjunction with cd4 to infect cells, while t-cell-tropic (t-tropic) strains generally utilize cxcr4 as a coreceptor. some viruses can use both ccr5 and cxcr4 for virus entry (i.e., are dual-tropic), while other chemokine receptors can be used by a subset of virus strains. due to the genetic diversity of hiv-1, hiv-2, an ... | 1997 | 9371556 |
| identification of the v1 region as a linear neutralizing epitope of the simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac envelope glycoprotein. | the sequence variability of viral structure polypeptides has been associated with immune escape mechanisms. the v1 region of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is a highly variable region of the sivmac env gene. here, we describe the v1 region as a linear neutralizing epitope. v1 region-specific neutralizing antibodies (nab) were first demonstrated in a rabbit infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus carrying the env gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben (hiv-2ben). since we ... | 1997 | 9371609 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr interacts with hhr23a, a cellular protein implicated in nucleotide excision dna repair. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpr gene is an evolutionarily conserved gene among the primate lentiviruses hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency viruses. one of the unique functions attributed to the vpr gene product is the arrest of cells in the g2 phase of the cell cycle. here we demonstrate that vpr interacts physically with hhr23a, one member of an evolutionarily conserved gene family involved in nucleotide excision repair. interaction of vpr with hhr23a was initially id ... | 1997 | 9371639 |
| hiv and siv envelope glycoproteins induce phospholipase a2 activation in human and macaque lymphocytes. | we investigated the early interactions between hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope glycoproteins gp120(iiib), gp105(rod), and gp120(mac251), and human and macaque cells of the lymphocytic series. our results demonstrate that the soluble viral glycoproteins induce a specific phospholipase a2 (pla2) activation in lymphocytes through cd4. this pla2 activation was induced after envelope glycoprotein-cd4 interaction and, because of its local membrane-destabilizing effect, m ... | 1997 | 9377118 |
| the use of multiple antigenic peptide (map) in the immunodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | in order to develop an elisa system for the antibody detection of hiv-1 or hiv-2 infections, maps for hiv-1 gp41(584-618) and hiv-2 gp36(574-602) corresponding to the immunodominant regions of hiv-1 gp41 and hiv-2 gp36 were used as coating antigens in the elisa. the maps were synthesized by the solid phase method using fmoc-lys(fmoc)-oh and their molecular weights were confirmed by tricine gel electrophoresis. the maps reacted with all hiv positive sera (64 samples), but did not react with hiv n ... | 1997 | 9385431 |
| intracellular immunization of rhesus cd34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells with a hairpin ribozyme protects t cells and macrophages from simian immunodeficiency virus infection. | evaluation of candidate genes for stem cell gene therapy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has been limited by the difficulty of supporting in vitro t-cell differentiation of genetically modified hematopoietic progenitor cells. using a novel thymic stromal culture technique, we evaluated the ability of a hairpin ribozyme specific for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to inhibit viral replication in t lymphocytes derived from transduce ... | 1997 | 9389699 |
| seroprevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, and hiv-1 group o in nigeria: evidence for a growing increase of hiv infection. | to determine current data on hiv infection and to further confirm the presence of hiv-1 group o infection in nigeria, 2300 samples from five states were tested for the presence of hiv antibody. a convenience sampling was obtained from pregnant women, tuberculosis (tb) patients, commercial sex workers (csws), blood donors, patients with sexually transmitted diseases (stds), patients with skin diseases, male clients of csws, outpatients suspected to have aids, truck drivers, and community dwellers ... | 1997 | 9390573 |
| expression of human immunodeficiency virus genes using baculovirus expression system. | the structural protein genes of hiv-1 and hiv-2 have been expressed in spodoptera frugiperda (sf) cells using baculovirus expression system. the noncoding flanking sequences of hiv structural genes were removed and a putative ribosome binding site was placed in front of the open reading frame of each gene by using crossover linker mutagenesis. the coding sequences of the gag, pol, env, and vif proteins were inserted into autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) so that hiv genes ... | 1997 | 9406188 |
| evidence of nef truncation in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 differs from hiv-1 in its relative lower transmissibility and pathogenicity. to understand the virologic basis of these differences, the nef gene from hiv-2-seropositive persons was analyzed because of its importance for disease progression in the genetically related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv[mac]). proviral nef sequences from 60 hiv-2-infected persons were amplified from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and nef open-reading frames were screened by a tr ... | 1998 | 9419171 |
| natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus. | a seroprevalence survey was conducted for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) antibody in household pet monkeys in gabon. twenty-nine monkeys representing seven species were analyzed. by using human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/sivsm, sivmnd, and sivagm antigens, one red-capped mangabey (rcm) (cercocebus torquatus torquatus) was identified as harboring siv-cross-reactive antibodies. a virus isolate, termed sivrcm, was subsequently established from this seropositive rcm by cocultivation ... | 1998 | 9420264 |
| an hiv type 2 dna vaccine induces cross-reactive immune responses against hiv type 2 and siv. | we have previously reported on the generation of specific functional immune responses after inoculation of animals with expression vectors encoding hiv-1 genes. this article provides the details of the first application of this new technology to induce immune responses against hiv-2. this virus is molecularly and serologically distinct from hiv-1 and is in fact more closely related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). anti-hiv-2 and siv antibodies were induced in mice of three different h ... | 1997 | 9430248 |
| field evaluation of a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for type-specific diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections in hiv-seropositive persons in abidjan, ivory coast. | serologic distinction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infection is made difficult because of the cross-reactivity and high cost of existing differentiation assays. an evaluation of a strategy based on a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) (cme), was carried out in abidjan, ivory coast, where both hiv-1 and hiv-2 are present, to determine its accuracy and cost-effectiveness. a total of 1,608 (428 hiv-1-positive, 361 hiv-2-positive, ... | 1998 | 9431934 |
| the fidelity of misinsertion and mispair extension throughout dna synthesis exhibited by mutants of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 resistant to nucleoside analogs. | the aids-causing retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) undergo extensive genetic variations, which effect their pathogenesis and resistance to drug therapy. it was postulated that this genetic hypervariability results from high rates of viral replication in conjugation with a relatively low fidelity of dna synthesis [typical to the reverse transcriptases (rt) of these retroviruses]. as part of studying structure/function relationship in hiv ... | 1997 | 9431997 |
| hiv-testing study of immigrants with pulmonary tuberculosis. | the increasing prevalence of tuberculosis (tb) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), particularly in africa and asia, led us to investigate the prevalence of hiv infection in immigrants with pulmonary tb at the time of arrival in the uk. we performed anonymous hiv testing of stored sera from 39/65 immigrants referred to our unit between january 1991 and december 1994, who had culture-positive pulmonary tb. none of the 39 patients tested was positive for either hiv-1 or hiv-2, and the character ... | 1997 | 9435032 |
| the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among drug-dependent patients in jeddah, saudi arabia. | this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hiv among drug-dependent patients in jeddah. between january 1 1995 and may 31 1996, all the patients admitted into the al amal hospital for drug dependence were screened for hiv by enzyme immunoassay (eia) and confirmed by western blot. those positive by the two tests were questioned about exposure to the risk factors for hiv infection and examined for clinical evidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). of 2628 admitted, 5 te ... | 1997 | 9437619 |
| tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in west burkina faso: clinical presentation and clinical evolution. | to study the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and tuberculosis (tb) in a west african country. | 1997 | 9441062 |
| reverse transcriptase of mouse mammary tumour virus: expression in bacteria, purification and biochemical characterization. | we have constructed a plasmid that induces in bacteria the synthesis of an enzymically active reverse transcriptase (rt) of mouse mammary tumour virus (mmtv), a retrovirus with a typical b-type morphology. the highest catalytic activity was detected only when 27 residues from the c-terminus of the protease were included in the n-terminus of the recombinant rt, after an extra deoxyadenosine was added between the pro and pol genes to overcome the -1 frameshift event (which occurs naturally in viru ... | 1998 | 9445385 |
| neither human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) nor hiv-2 infects most-primitive human hematopoietic stem cells as assessed in long-term bone marrow cultures. | attempts to clarify the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-mediated bone marrow (bm) dysfunction have yielded inconsistent results regarding the susceptibility of bm progenitors to the viral infection. to specifically address this question, we exposed highly purified subpopulations of human bm progenitor cells to various hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains and assessed (pro)viral gene presence and expression in more-committed (cd34+cd38+) as well as most-primitive (cd34+cd38-) cells in lo ... | 1998 | 9446651 |
| inhibition of hiv replication by capsid mutant c6b. | a gag capsid mutant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) designated c6b was biologically and biochemically characterized with respect to its ability to suppress the replication of wild-type (wt) hiv. the c6b efficiently interfered with the replication of wt hiv-1 in the cleavage of gag precursor, and also in the early replication process before or during viral dna synthesis after viral penetration. the c6b gag appeared to be unable to form chimeric multimers with hiv-2 gag and failed t ... | 1998 | 9446791 |
| characterization of a molecular clone of hiv type 2 infectious for macaca nemestrina. | a lambda phage clone containing a full-length hiv-2 provirus, designated hiv-2kr, was obtained from the genomic dna of molt4 clone 8 (molt4/8) lymphoblastic cells infected with the hiv-2pei2 strain. hiv-2kr is genetically distinct from known hiv-2 isolates, possessing both a unique deletion in the ltr promoter region, and a long rev reading frame. it is replication competent in vitro after transfection into molt4/8 cells, replicates in a variety of established human t lymphoblastic (molt-3, molt ... | 1998 | 9453253 |
| transient virus infection and pathogenesis of a new hiv type 2 isolate, uc12, in baboons. | we have previously shown that baboons (papio cynocephalus) can be persistently infected with hiv-2 and some baboons progress to an aids-like disease with a cd4+ t cell decline, cachexia, alopecia, and kaposi's sarcoma-like fibromatosis. in this study, we found that a new virus isolate, hiv-2uc12, replicated to high levels in baboon peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in vitro. three baboons were subsequently inoculated and had plasma viral rna loads that peaked between 15,000 and 7000 cop ... | 1998 | 9453254 |
| genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strains from spain. | 1998 | 9453256 | |
| the rhesus macaque ccr3 chemokine receptor is a cell entry cofactor for hiv-2, but not for hiv-1. | the eotaxin receptor (ccr3) is a cd4-associated coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). by comparison with other chemokine receptors, such as ccr5 and cxcr4, the primary sequences of human ccr3 and its rhesus macaque homolog were markedly different in their extracellular domains. human cd4+ cells expressing ccr3 from either human or macaque origin could be infected by hiv-2, with apparently similar efficiency, but only cells expressing human ccr3 could be i ... | 1998 | 9454694 |
| induction of v3-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses by hiv gag particles carrying multiple immunodominant v3 epitopes of gp120. | effort to develop a vaccine to prevent infection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have focused on the induction of neutralizing antibodies. in our previous study, we reported that chimeric gag-env virus-like particles (vlps) induce neutralizing antibodies which block hiv infection. in addition to the neutralizing antibodies, the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) response is considered to be another major immune defense mechanism required for recovery from many different viral infections. in the ... | 1998 | 9454705 |
| [hiv infection in a seronegative child diagnosed by isolation of the virus. the significant immunological and epidemiological signs]. | hiv-1, subtype f was isolated from a seronegative child aged 2.5 yr. elisa tests (behring hiv-1 + 2, abbott hiv-1 + 2, wellcozyme hiv-1 recombinant, clonatec hiv-1 + 2, genelavia mixt), and also rapid tests (abbott pack, serodia) were all negative, although some of them presented borderline reactivities. western blot (cambridge biotech) revealed an undetermined profile (traces of anti-gp160 plus anti-p24). a new wb test (sanofi dg. pasteur) performed at a higher serum concentration (1/25) reveal ... | 1996 | 9455410 |
| multicenter evaluation of the new automated enzymun-test anti-hiv 1 + 2 + subtyp o. | an international multicenter study was performed to evaluate a new, automated human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) third-generation antibody assay. the enzymun-test anti-hiv 1 + 2 + subtyp o showed 100% sensitivity and 99.8% specificity among 11,172 samples from hospitalized patients and blood donors. for early hiv antibody detection in seroconversion panels, enzymun-test showed a sensitivity equivalent to that of the abbott recomb. hiv-1/hiv-2 3rd gen. assay. | 1998 | 9466782 |
| t cells chronically infected with hiv do not contain sufficient nef to promote cd4 downmodulation in the absence of envelope-mediated effects. | among hiv viral proteins, envelope glycoproteins and nef have been both suggested to participate in cd4 downregulation during the course of hiv infection. in a previous study, we provided evidence that a mutant form of cd4 that does not bind gp120 was never downregulated in chronically hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected cem cells. to further investigate the relative effects of nef or glycoproteins in cd4 downregulation, recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) vectors were used to express high levels of hiv-1 vir ... | 1998 | 9473011 |
| left ventricular dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | we evaluated left ventricular function by echocardiography in a prospective study that included 98 consecutive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and 40 hiv-seronegative normal controls. when compared with controls, hiv patients showed increased isovolumic relaxation time (101+/-18 ms versus 71+/-10 ms; p<0.0001) and left ventricular diastolic diameters (51+/-6 mm versus 47+/-3 mm; p<0.0005), and decreased fractional shortening (31+/-6% versus 37+/-2%; p<0.0001). diastolic dysf ... | 1998 | 9482143 |
| the regulation of primate immunodeficiency virus infectivity by vif is cell species restricted: a role for vif in determining virus host range and cross-species transmission. | the primate immunodeficiency virus vif proteins are essential for replication in appropriate cultured cell systems and, presumably, for the establishment of productive infections in vivo. we describe experiments that define patterns of complementation between human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) vif proteins and address the determinants that underlie functional specificity. using human cells as virus producers, it was found that the hiv-1 vif protein could modulate the infectivi ... | 1998 | 9482723 |
| prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus among patients with tuberculosis in sierra leone, established from dried blood spots on filter paper. | sierra leone national tuberculosis programme. | 1997 | 9487445 |
| cytotoxic t cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected patients frequently cross-react with different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades. | knowledge of immune mechanisms responsible for the cross-protection between highly divergent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 may contribute to an understanding of whether virus variability may be overcome in the design of vaccine candidates which are broadly protective across the hiv subtypes. we demonstrate that despite the significant difference in virus amino acid sequence, the majority of hiv-2-infected individuals with different hla molecules possess a ... | 1998 | 9499105 |
| a minimally replicative hiv-2 live-virus vaccine protects m. nemestrina from disease after hiv-2(287) challenge. | m. nemestrina immunized with an apathogenic hiv-2 molecular clone (hiv-2kr) were protected from cd4 decline and disease upon challenge with hiv-2(287), after any immunizing virus could be detected. higher but not lower inocula of hiv-2kr were protective against intravenous inoculation of either 10(5) or 10(1) tcid50 of hiv-2(287). protected animals displayed substantial reductions in pbmc proviral burden (1-3 logs), viral titers (1-2 logs), and plasma viral rna (2-4 logs) compared to unprotected ... | 1998 | 9501043 |
| a recombinant protein based immunoassay for the combined detection of antibodies to hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-i. | the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a combined assay for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1, hiv-2 and htlv-i (human t-cell leukemia virus type i). a mixture of recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides was fixed to the surface of microelisa wells and a protein a peroxidase conjugate was used as tracer. the combined assay was compared to specific hiv-1/2 and htlv-i commercial elisas. the sensitivity was studied with a panel of 158 hiv-1, 82 hiv-2 and 48 htlv-i positive sera, al ... | 1998 | 9506816 |
| highly sensitive method for amplification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna. | we evaluated a new human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) dna amplification strategy based on peripheral blood mononuclear cell long pcr (xl pcr) followed by nested pcr amplification. the primers used were located in the highly conserved long terminal repeat and in the pol regions of the genome. five primer pairs corresponding to different regions of the hiv-2 env gene were used in the nested step. samples from 42 patients were tested, which yielded positive amplification with at least two ... | 1998 | 9508318 |
| 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e][1,2,4]thiadiazine (ttd) derivatives: a new class of nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors with anti-hiv-1 activity. | we report the development of a new group of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). one of the most active congeners of this series of 1,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h-thieno[3,4-e] [1,2,4]thiadiazine (ttd) derivatives, i.e., 2-(3-fluorobenzyl)-4-cyanomethylen-l,1,3-trioxo-2h,4h- thieno [3,4-e] [1,2,4] thiadiazine) (qm96639) was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 [hiv-1 (iiib)] replication in mt-4 cells at a concentration of 0.09 microm. this compound was toxic for the ... | 1998 | 9517942 |
| detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in oral fluids: a large-scale evaluation of immunoassay performance. | paired serum and oral-fluid (of) specimens (n = 4,448) were collected from blood donors and patients attending local sexually transmitted disease clinics in trinidad and tobago and the bahamas and were tested for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) antibodies. sera were tested by abbott ab hiv-1/hiv-2 (rdna) enzyme immunoassay (eia), and positive specimens were confirmed by cambridge hiv-1 and hiv-2 western blotting (wb). of specimens were collected with the orasure colle ... | 1998 | 9521138 |
| a simple whole-blood test for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. | we developed an immunochromatographic whole-blood test (wbt) which detects antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) from fingerstick blood. the sensitivity and specificity of the wbt were 99.41% (1,018 confirmed positive patients) and 99.89% (941 uninfected patients), respectively (enzyme immunoassay [eia] on serum or plasma as a reference). wbt performance was comparable to those of licensed eias and western blotting, using 18 hiv-2 sera, 23 hiv-1 seroconversio ... | 1998 | 9521156 |
| virological and molecular demonstration of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vertical transmission. | to demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) mother-to-child transmission exists, hiv-2 isolates were obtained from both an asymptomatic mother (hiv-2 strain arm), and her child (hiv-2 strain sar), who had a diagnosis of aids. to determine their biological phenotype, primary isolates were used to infect various primary mononuclear cells and cell lines. hiv-2 arm replicates in primary cells and jurkat-tat, while hiv-2 sar infects these cells plus supt1, which led us to classify ... | 1998 | 9525673 |
| specific interaction of hiv-1 and hiv-2 surface envelope glycoproteins with monolayers of galactosylceramide and ganglioside gm3. | cellular glycosphingolipids mediate the fusion between some viruses and the plasma membrane of target cells. in the present study, we have analyzed the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 surface envelope glycoproteins from distinct viral isolates with monolayers of various glycosphingolipids at the air-water interface. the penetration of the viral glycoproteins into glycosphingolipid monolayers was detected as an increase in the surface pressure. we found that hiv-1 re ... | 1998 | 9525894 |