Publications

regional hospital improves efficiency with co-generation retrofit.	feasibility analysis of the co-generation retrofit of the red deer regional hospital pointed to a reasonable payback of capital cost and increased efficiency in operation of the facility. budget restrictions nearly stopped the project from proceeding. innovative construction procedures proposed by the facility management group, in particular, mr keith metcalfe, director of maintenance, allowed a worthwhile project to reach successful completion. we feel that this model can perhaps be used by sim ...	1999	10747721
helicobacter pylori activates mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and induces expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun.	helicobacter pylori is an etiological agent in the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. patients infected with h. pylori carry a 3-6-fold increased risk of developing cancer compared with uninfected individuals. h. pylori strains expressing the cytotoxin-associated antigen a (caga) are more frequently associated with the development of neoplasia than caga-negative strains. however, the molecular mechanism by which h. pylori causes neoplastic trans ...	2000	10747974
egf stimulates gastrin promoter through activation of sp1 kinase activity.	epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a gc-rich element called gastrin egf response element (gere). this element is bound by sp1 family members and is a target of the ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signal transduction cascade. this raised the possibility that sp1 may be phosphorylated by kinases of this signaling pathway. erk is capable of phosphorylating other mitogen-inducible transcription factors, e.g., elk and sap, sugg ...	2000	10751319
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: v. mob and individual-hind risk factors associated with calf rearing to weaning.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. both years combined, 3364 adult and 653 yearling hinds were diagnosed pregnant in june by ultrasound scanning and monitored for reproductive success up to weaning. at weaning, pre-rut at approximately 100 days after calving, udders were palpated or observed by the farmer and hinds were categorised as lactating (wet) indicating survival of calf, or not lactating (dry). farm management pr ...	2000	10760402
phylogenetic relationships among european red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences.	we determined the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) of one subspecies of the european red deer (cervus elaphus in europe), three subspecies of the wapiti (c. elaphus in asia and north america), and six subspecies of the sika deer (c. nippon in japan). our phylogenetic analysis revealed the monophyly of the european red deer, that of the wapiti, and that of the sika deer. the wapiti, however, was shown to be more closely related to the sika deer than to the european red deer. th ...	2000	10764539
prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for macrophage-like differentiation of a human myeloid leukemic cell line.	the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signal transduction pathway in the proliferation of mammalian cells has been well established. however, there are relatively few reports concerning cell differentiation being mediated by mapk. the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) on cell differentiation and signal transduction in a human myeloid leukemia cell line, tf-1a, was investigated. when tf-1a cells were treated with 10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8), and 10(-9) m pma for 24 h, t ...	2000	10775036
the effect of bioaccumulated selenium on mortalities and deformities in the eggs, larvae, and fry of a wild population of cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi).	to determine if elevated concentrations of waterborne selenium (se), caused by coal mining, in the elk river in southeastern british columbia, may be causing reproductive or teratogenic effects in wild cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), fertilized eggs from exposed and reference fish were raised in the laboratory. eggs from each female were reared separately and the percent mortalities and deformities were related to the selenium content of the eggs. selenium concentrations in females ...	2000	10790501
characterization of hprp4 kinase activation: potential role in signaling.	mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are important proline-directed ser/thr kinases that play distinct roles in cell differentiation and proliferation. hprp4 (pre-mrna processing gene), a human homologue of s. pombe prp4, is a recently isolated cdk-like kinase with homology to mapks. little is known about the mrna processing function of hprp4 or about the signaling pathways with which it is associated. hprp4 is expressed in a variety of human tissues with ...	2000	10799319
tannins as nutritional constraints for elk and deer of the coastal pacific northwest.		1999	10800474
quick guide. jnk.		2000	10801428
genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (1) seasonal luteal cyclicity.	this study compared the onset and duration of the breeding season of female red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). in trial 1 (1995), adult red deer (n=9), f1 hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6) and maternal backcross hybrid pd deer x red deer (i.e., 14 pd; n=9) were maintained together in the presence of a vasectomised red deer stag for 12 months. they were blood-sampled daily or three times wee ...	2000	10804275
genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (2) seasonal and genetic effects on the superovulatory response to exogenous fsh.	this study evaluated the influences of seasons and genotype on the superovulatory response to a standardised ofsh regimen in red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (c.e. nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). adult red deer (n=9), f(1) hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6), and maternal backcross hybrid pd x red deer (i.e., 14 pd hybrid; n=9) were kept together in the presence of a vasectomised stag for 13 months. at 6 weekly intervals, all hinds recei ...	2000	10804276
substrate recognition domains within extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediate binding and catalytic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase phosphatase-3 (mkp-3) is a dual specificity phosphatase that inactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) map kinases. this reflects tight and specific binding between erk and the mkp-3 amino terminus with consequent phosphatase activation and dephosphorylation of the bound map kinase. we have used a series of p38/erk chimeric molecules to identify domains within erk necessary for binding and catalytic activation of mkp-3. these studies demonstra ...	2000	10811804
troglitazone inhibits mitogenic signaling by insulin in vascular smooth muscle cells.	troglitazone (tro) is an oral insulin-sensitizer that has direct effects on the vasculature to inhibit cell growth and migration. in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs), insulin transduces a mitogenic signal that is dependent on the erk1/2 map kinases. we examined the effects of tro on this pathway and found that it inhibits mitogenic signaling. in quiescent vsmcs, insulin (1 microm) induced a 3.2-fold increase in dna synthesis. tro (1-20 microm) inhibited insulin-stimulated dna synthesis by 72 ...	2000	10813377
[treatment of oestriasis and hypodermosis in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) and roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus) with ivermectin (ivomec)].	in two test areas in austria (burgenland, lower austria) ivermectin has been used to control oestrinosis and hypodermosis in red- and roe deer since many years (1985 and 1987, respectively). the results until 1992, using the injectable solution ivomec-injection 1% only, have been reported (kutzer, 1994). in continuation of these tests ivomec-praemix 0.6% was examined and it turned out that the treatment was extremely successful. in practice ivomec-praemix 0.6% has to be given preference due to i ...	2000	10816915
bartonella spp. isolated from wild and domestic ruminants in north america.	bartonella species were isolated from 49% of 128 cattle from california and oklahoma, 90% of 42 mule deer from california, and 15% of 100 elk from california and oregon. isolates from all 63 cattle, 14 deer, and 1 elk had the same polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles. our findings indicate potential for inter- and intraspecies transmission among ruminants, as well as risk that these bartonella spp. could act as zoonotic agents.	2000	10827123
host specificity of abomasal nematodes in free ranging alpine ruminants.	abomasums from 641 alpine wild ruminants representing five different species (cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus, rupicapra rupicapra, capra ibex, ovis musimon) and from 19 domestic sheep (ovis aries) from alpine areas were examined in order to investigate the host-specificity of abomasal helminths. nine out of 20 helminth species were found in at least five different host species. a discriminant analysis was able to significantly discriminate the hosts on the basis of their helminth community ...	2000	10842002
the mapk/erk cascade targets both elk-1 and camp response element-binding protein to control long-term potentiation-dependent gene expression in the dentate gyrus in vivo.	the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) signaling cascade contributes to synaptic plasticity and to long-term memory formation, yet whether mapk/erk controls activity-dependent gene expression critical for long-lasting changes at the synapse and what the events underlying transduction of the signal are remain uncertain. here we show that induction of long-term potentiation (ltp) in the dentate gyrus in vivo leads to rapid phosphorylation and nuclear ...	2000	10844026
a retrospective assessment of the accuracy of the paternity inference program cervus.	cervus is a windows-based software package written to infer paternity in natural populations. it offers advantages over exclusionary-based methods of paternity inference in that multiple nonexcluded males can be statistically distinguished, laboratory typing error is considered and statistical confidence is determined for assigned paternities through simulation. in this study we use a panel of 84 microsatellite markers to retrospectively determine the accuracy of statistical confidence when cerv ...	2000	10849296
intersectin, an adaptor protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, activates mitogenic signaling pathways.	intersectin is a member of a growing family of adaptor proteins that possess conserved eps15 homology (eh) domains as well as additional protein recognition motifs. in general, eh domain-containing proteins play an integral role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. indeed, intersectin functions in the intermediate stages of clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. however, recent evidence suggests that components of the endocytic machinery also regulate mitogenic signaling pathways. in this report, we pro ...	2000	10851244
sex differences in weather sensitivity can cause habitat segregation: red deer as an example.	sex differences in habitat use (habitat segregation) are widespread in sexually dimorphic ungulates. a possible cause is that males are more sensitive to weather than females, leading to sex differences in sheltering behaviour (the 'weather sensitivity hypothesis'). however, this hypothesis has never been tested. we considered the allometric rates of net energy gain during times of cold weather and food shortage in a model. we argue that the higher absolute heat losses relative to intake rates o ...	2000	10860532
immunocytochemical localization of oestrogen receptors in perichondrium of antlers in red deer (cervus elaphus).	remodelling of cancellous bone of antlers to compact bone can be stimulated by administration of oestrogens and previous work has demonstrated the presence of specific oestrogen binding in this tissue. in this study the presence of oestrogen receptors (er) in antler tissue from red deer males was examined by immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal mouse anti-human er serum. strong positive staining was detected in the tip regions of immature antlers and was confined primarily to the cells forming ...	1999	10864176
parasite community structure in pimephales promelas (pisces: cyprinidae) from two converging streams.	parasites of the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas, were examined in fish collected from elk creek (40.88534 degrees n, 96.83366 degrees w) and west oak creek (40.90821 degrees n, 96.81432 degrees w), lancaster county, nebraska. these 2 streams are part of the salt valley watershed and flow together approximately 2 km downstream from the collection sites to form oak creek. this study examined the extent to which the 2 tributaries constitute a continuous habitat with respect to fish hosts. the ...	2000	10864278
production of interferon by red deer (cervus elaphus) conceptuses and the effects of roifn-tau on the timing of luteolysis and the success of asynchronous embryo transfer.	the role of interferon in early pregnancy in red deer was investigated by (a) measuring production of interferon by the conceptus, (b) testing the anti-luteolytic effect of recombinant interferon-tau in non-pregnant hinds, and (c) treatment of hinds with interferon after asynchronous embryo transfer. blastocysts were collected from 34 hinds by uterine flushing 14 (n = 2), 16 (n = 2), 18 (n = 8), 20 (n = 13) or 22 (n = 9) days after synchronization of oestrus with progesterone withdrawal. interfe ...	2000	10864804
survival of the irish elk into the holocene.		2000	10866185
[new findings on the ecology and epidemiology of murine herpes virus isolated in slovakia].	rodents are important reservoir animals of many human microbial pathogens. of small rodents, trapped on slovakia territory, were several strains of murine herpes virus (mhv) isolated. our purpose was to complete the existing knowledge about circulation of mhv in rodents and to find out, whether also other animal species including man are mhv sensitive or not. the presence of antibodies against mhv in serum of the tested animals and men was followed by virus neutralization test (vnt) and elisa. p ...	2000	10870260
cellular events mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated toll-like receptor 4. md-2 is required for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and elk-1.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulates multiple signaling events, including nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) activity and the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases, erk, jnk, and p38 in lps-responsive cells, resulting in transcriptional activation and cytokine generation. lps-induced signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) results in the activation of the transcription factor nf-kappab. since lps activates other signaling cascades in responsive cells, the objective of this study was to determi ...	2000	10877845
effect of forage legumes containing condensed tannins on lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and gastrointestinal parasitism in young red deer (cervus elaphus).	to investigate the effect of feeding forage legumes containing condensed tannins (ct) on internal parasitism, red deer calves were fed either lucerne (medicago sativa; 0.1 per cent ct), birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus; 1.9 per cent ct) or sulla (hedysarum coronarium; 3.5 per cent ct) and trickle-infected with deer-origin gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) larvae for 5 weeks, then slaughtered at 7 weeks. there was a significant negative linear relationship between die ...	2000	10877967
focal adhesion kinase, rap1, and transcriptional induction of vascular endothelial growth factor.	signals from a cell's environment are sensed by receptors, which activate pathways that, in turn, transmit the signals to the nucleus, informing decisions on growth, angiogenesis, and other cell functions. transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf), a potent angiogenic factor, can be induced by cell-cell contact. in the current work, we sought to determine if this induction is dependent on transformation of cells to a malignant phenotype and subsequently to determine which signal ...	2000	10880549
increased levels of transcription factors elk-1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, and activating transcription factor 2 in the cerebellar vermis of schizophrenic patients.	we investigated the levels of transcription factors associated with activation of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway in schizophrenics using postmortem brain samples. these studies were done to determine whether our previous findings of abnormal levels of the map kinases in the cerebellar vermis were linked to additional downstream targets of this signal transduction pathway.	2000	10891039
increased effect of interferon gamma on pdgf-induced c-fos gene transcription in glomerular mesangial cells: differential effect of the transcriptional coactivator cbp on stat1alpha activation.	we have previously shown that interferon gamma (ifngamma) synergistically increases pdgf-induced dna synthesis in mesangial cells. to examine the mechanism, we studied its effect on pdgf-induced c-fos gene transcription using a reporter mesangial cell in which firefly luciferase gene is driven by c-fos promoter. ifngamma significantly enhanced pdgf-induced c-fos transcription. we have shown previously that pdgf-induced c-fos transcription in mesangial cells is mediated by the ternary complex fac ...	2000	10891373
phosphorylation of elk-1 by mek/erk pathway is necessary for c-fos gene activation during cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.	cardiac hypertrophy is associated with specific alterations in myocardial gene expression; however, the exact mechanisms responsible for altered gene expression are poorly defined. the goal of this study was to investigate whether signaling kinases that are activated during cardiac hypertrophy directly modulate transcription factor activity and regulate gene expression. in an effort to understand this process, we focused our studies on the transcriptional activation of c-fos gene through the ser ...	2000	10900171
expression of immediate early gene pip92 during anisomycin-induced cell death is mediated by the jnk- and p38-dependent activation of elk1.	we report here that immediate early gene pip92 is expressed during anisomycin-induced cell death in fibroblast nih3t3 cells. to determine the mechanism by which this occurs and to identify downstream signaling pathways, we investigated the induction of the pip92 promoter. the activation of pip92 by anisomycin is mediated by the activation of map kinases, such as jnk and p38 kinase, but not erk. deletion analysis of the pip92 promoter indicated that pip92 activation occurs primarily within the re ...	2000	10903500
tnf receptor family member bcma (b cell maturation) associates with tnf receptor-associated factor (traf) 1, traf2, and traf3 and activates nf-kappa b, elk-1, c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.	bcma (b cell maturation) is a nonglycosylated integral membrane type i protein that is preferentially expressed in mature b lymphocytes. previously, we reported in a human malignant myeloma cell line that bcma is not primarily present on the cell surface but lies in a perinuclear structure that partially overlaps the golgi apparatus. we now show that in transiently or stably transfected cells, bcma is located on the cell surface, as well as in a perinulear golgi-like structure. we also show that ...	2000	10903733
activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 contributes to cytokine-induced apoptosis in purified rat pancreatic beta-cells.	cytokines may contribute to beta-cell apoptosis in the early stages of type 1 diabetes mellitus. it has been reported recently that interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) induces activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) p38 and erk1/2 in neonatal rat islets. since these kinases may participate in cytokine-induced apoptosis, we evaluated whether cytokines induce activation of mapks in facs-purified primary rat beta-cells, and whether blockers of p38 and/or erk1/2 prevent beta-cell death ...	2000	10903806
reactive oxygen species stimulate p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induce p27(kip1): role in angiotensin ii-mediated hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells.	angiotensin ii (angii) induces g(1) phase arrest and hypertrophy of cultured renal proximal tubular cells. in previous studies, it was shown that these effects depend on oxygen radical-mediated induction of p27(kip1), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. the present study was undertaken to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases serve as signaling intermediates between angii-induced oxidative stress and induction of p27(kip1). angii (10(-7) m) induces a biphasic phosphor ...	2000	10906152
liver total lipids and fatty acid composition of shot red and fallow deer males in various reproduction periods.	in this study total lipid (tl) content and the fatty acid composition changes in the liver of red deer stags (n=35) and fallow deer bucks (n=19) were examined at various reproductive stages. samples were taken from mature red deer stags in the rut (september), in the post-rut (october), at the end of the rut (november) and after sexual activity had ceased (january). sampling from mature fallow bucks was performed in the pre-rut (early october), in the rut (november) and after the reproduction pe ...	2000	10908858
a lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving ets, elk-1, sp1, and creb binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo.	the tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) gene is rapidly activated by lipopolysaccharide (lps). here, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) kinase activity but not calcineurin phosphatase activity is required for lps-stimulated tnf-alpha gene expression. in lps-stimulated macrophages, the erk substrates ets and elk-1 bind to the tnf-alpha promoter in vivo. strikingly, ets and elk-1 bind to two tnf-alpha nuclear factor of activated t cells (nfat)-binding sites, which are req ...	2000	10913190
the effect of protein kinase c and its alpha subtype on human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and fibronectin production.	vascular smooth muscle cell (smc) migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix protein production are key steps in the formation of intimal hyperplasia, a process that leads to failure of vascular reconstructions. protein kinase c (pkc) may be involved in all 3 cellular events. pkc consists of a family of 11 isotypes, 8 of which we have identified in human vascular smcs. in this study we evaluate the role of pkcalpha as a second messenger for proliferation, migration and fibronectin product ...	2000	10922991
recruitment and activation of raf-1 kinase by nitric oxide-activated ras.	nitric oxide (no) and related species serve as cellular messengers in various physiological and pathological processes. the monomeric g protein, ras, transduces multiple signaling pathways with varying biological responses. we have previously reported that no triggers ras activation and recruitment of an effector, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (pi3k) and ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases which include extracellular signal regulated kinases (erks), c-jun nh(2)-t ...	2000	10933809
identification of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) for the rap1 gtpase. regulation of mr-gef by m-ras-gtp interaction.	although the ras subfamily of gtpases consists of approximately 20 members, only a limited number of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) that couple extracellular stimuli to ras protein activation have been identified. furthermore, no novel downstream effectors have been identified for the m-ras/r-ras3 gtpase. here we report the identification and characterization of three ras family gefs that are most abundantly expressed in brain. two of these gefs, mr-gef (m-ras-regulated gef, kiaa0277 ...	2000	10934204
status and origin of haemonchinae (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) in deer: a survey conducted in france from 1985 to 1998.	during our investigations on helminthofauna in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in france (1985-1998) we isolated nematodes not only of the genus haemonchus cobb, 1898 but also of the genus ashworthius le roux 1930, both of which belong to the same subfamily of haemonchinae. the prevalence of ashworthius was 22% (65/294) in roe deer and 40% (10/25) in red deer. h. contortus was not found in red deer, whereas its prevalence was only 3% (9/294) in roe deer. these data c ...	2000	10935910
evaluation of zuclopenthixol acetate to decrease handling stress in wapiti.	handling stress and capture myopathy are important consequences of intensively managing wildlife species. over the last 15 yr, the use of long-acting neuroleptic (lan) drugs in wildlife has increased, and these drugs have become a valuable tool for decreasing capture and handling stress in many species. at this time, reports on the use of these drugs in north american species are limited. the major objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the lan, zuclopenthixol acetate (clopixol-acuph ...	2000	10941729
safety and efficacy of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in captive pregnant elk.	brucella abortus strain rb51 is a laboratory-derived rough mutant of virulent b. abortus strain 2308 used as a vaccine because it induces antibodies that do not react on standard brucellosis serologic tests. strain rb51 vaccine was evaluated in pregnant captive elk (cervus elaphus) to determine (1) if it induced abortion and (2) if it protected against abortion following subsequent challenge. the time period of this study (february-june, 1998) was similar to field conditions where elk are vaccin ...	2000	10941732
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 in bull elk.	some of the elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of the greater yellowstone area (wyoming, idaho, montana; usa) are infected with brucella abortus, the bacterium that causes bovine brucellosis. brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine is being considered as a means to control b. abortus induced abortions in cow elk. however, the most probable vaccination strategies for use in free-ranging elk might also result in some bull elk being inoculated, thus, it is important to insure that the vaccine is safe in the ...	2000	10941733
antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids.	babesia isolates from an elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) and a caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) with fatal infections were compared to babesia odocoilei (engeling isolate) from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by experimental infection, serologic, and small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequence analysis studies. both the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among the isolates. experimental infection studies showe ...	2000	10941738
bovine virus diarrhea virus in free-living deer from denmark.	free-living deer are suggested as a possible source of infection of cattle with bovine virus diarrhea (bvd) virus. to examine this hypothesis blood samples from 476 free-living deer were collected during two different periods and tested for bvd virus and antibody in denmark. in 1995-96, 207 animals were tested. these included 149 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 29 fallow deer (dama dama), 20 red deer (cervus elaphus) and one sika deer (cervus sika). for the remaining eight animals no species inf ...	2000	10941751
inhibition of the er-kinase cascade by pd98059 and uo126 counteracts ischemic preconditioning in pig myocardium.	our previous studies suggested a protective role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) cascade in ischemic preconditioning (ip) in the porcine heart. to test this hypothesis further, we studied the influence of the novel specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mek 1/2) pd98059 (pd) and uo126 (uo) in ip. the substances were infused intramyocardially and uo also systemically in anesthetized, ventilated, open-chested, male pigs. the local intramyocardial pd a ...	2000	10942164
melanocytes respond to mechanical stretch by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk).	cells of human epidermis are permanently targeted by mechanical stimuli. besides mechanical forces from external sources the body itself generates mechanical forces via muscle contractions and growth processes. recently, it was demonstrated that mechanical stretch is connected to enhanced proliferation in epidermal cells. the underlying biochemical events are still a matter of debate. here we show that mechanical stretch leads to activation of both erk1/2 and sapk/jnk in human melanocytes and ke ...	2000	10952396
g protein-coupled receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation through cooperation of galpha(q) and galpha(i) signals.	g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to stimulate extracellular regulated kinases (erks) through a number of linear pathways that are initiated by g(q/11) or g(i) proteins. we studied signaling to the erk cascade by receptors that simultaneously activate both g protein subfamilies. in hek293t cells, bradykinin b(2) receptor (b(2)r)-induced stimulation of erk2 and transcriptional activity of elk1 are dependent on galpha(q)-mediated protein kinase c (pkc) and on galpha(i)-induced ra ...	2000	10958680
histological studies of pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet in red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antlers and their antecedent pedicles are made up of two components, interior osseocartilage and exterior integument. in a previous study, we described that histogenesis of the interior osseocartilage proceeds through four ossification stages. these are intramembranous (imo), transition (opc), pedicle endochondral (peco), and antler endochondral (aeco). in the present study, we used histological techniques to examine pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet. the result ...	2000	10967537
the c-jun amino-terminal kinase pathway is preferentially activated by interleukin-1 and controls apoptosis in differentiating pancreatic beta-cells.	to characterize the differentiation events that selectively target insulin-producing cells to interleukin (il)-1beta-induced apoptosis, we studied il-1beta signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and stress-activated protein kinase in 2 pancreatic endocrine cell lines. we studied the glucagon-secreting an-glu cell line and the insulin and the islet amyloid polypeptide-producing beta-cell line (an-ins cells), which is derived by stable transfection of an-glu cells with the transcrip ...	2000	10969830
evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of deer and elk, and little is known about its transmissibility to other species. an important factor controlling interspecies tse susceptibility is prion protein (prp) homology between the source and recipient species/genotypes. furthermore, the efficiency with which the protease-resistant prp (prp-res) of one species induces the in vitro conversion of the normal prp (prp-sen) of another species to the protease-res ...	2000	10970836
vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) enhances the expression of receptors and activates mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells.	since the galactose-fed dog is an animal model that develops the advanced stage of proliferative retinopathy, the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) on cell growth, receptor expression and the activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells were investigated. dog retinal endothelial cells were cultured at 37 degrees c under 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere in cs-c medium supplemented with endothelial cell growth factor (ecgf). ...	2000	10977134
diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a captive rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	a captive 5-yr-old castrated male rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) developed stranguria. rectal palpation and physical examination indicated urethral obstruction that was subsequently relieved by urethrostomy and required only minimal aftercare. the wapiti was able to urinate freely after surgery; however, the obstruction recurred 27 mo later. urethral catheterization relieved the second obstruction, which was caused by a large calculus composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium c ...	2000	10982140
qtl for pubertal and seasonality traits in male père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids.	the unique pere david's (elaphurus davidianus) x red deer (cervus elaphus) backcross hybrid has been used to search for evidence of quantitative trait loci (qtl) for antler pubertal (date and live weight at pedicle initiation) and antler seasonality (date of antler cleaning and casting) traits in temperate species of deer. analyses using marker information revealed evidence for a qtl for date at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.7) and live weight at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.1). these qtl explained ...	2000	10994707
binding of stromal derived factor-1alpha (sdf-1alpha) to cxcr4 chemokine receptor in normal human megakaryoblasts but not in platelets induces phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44 (mapk), elk-1 transcription factor and serine/threonine kinase akt.	the aim of this study was to identify pathways which are involved in signal transduction from the cxcr4 receptor stimulated by stromal derived factor-1alpha (sdf-1alpha) in human malignant hematopoietic cells and normal megakaryoblasts. first, we found that activation of cxcr4 in human t cell lines (jurkat and atl-2) rapidly induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) (p44 erk-1 and p42 erk-2). next, we became interested in cxcr4-mediated signaling in normal hematopoietic ...	2000	10997882
molecular mechanisms associated with long-term consolidation of the nmda signals.	the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) subtype of glutamate receptors in the mammalian brain plays a central role in synaptic plasticity underlying refinement of neuronal connections during development, or processes like long-term potentiation (ltp), learning and memory. on the other hand, over-activation of glutamate receptors leading to neurodegeneration has been implicated in major areas of brain pathology. any sustained effect of a transient nmda receptor activation is likely to involve signaling t ...	2000	11003045
human alpha (1,3)-fucosyltransferase iv (futiv) gene expression is regulated by elk-1 in the u937 cell line.	the alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase iv (fuctiv) encoded by its gene (futiv) is responsible for synthesis of le(x) (galbeta4[fucalpha3]glcnacbeta3galbeta1,r), which causes compaction in the morula stage of the preimplantation mouse embryo, as well as alpha1,3-fucosylation at multiple internal glcnac of unbranched poly-n-acetyllactosamine, termed "myeloglycan," the physiological epitope of e-selectin. since myeloglycan-type structure is also expressed in various types of human cancer and may mediate e ...	2000	11006292
pkcepsilon modulates nf-kappab and ap-1 via mitogen-activated protein kinases in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes.	we have previously shown that protein kinase c (pkc)-epsilon, nuclear factor (nf)-kappab, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are essential signaling elements in ischemic preconditioning. in the present study, we examined whether activation of pkcepsilon affects the activation of nf-kappab in cardiac myocytes and whether mapks are mediators of this signaling event. activation of pkcepsilon (+108% above control) in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes to a degree that has been previously shown t ...	2000	11009455
immunoglobulin g class identification from wild ungulates by cross-reactivity with antisera to domestic animals.	seven species of spanish ungulates were tested for the presence of homologous immunoglobulin g (igg) with a gel-diffusion test using bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine igg antisera. homologous ovine and caprine igg were detected in sera from chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica), spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus). homologous porcine igg was detected in wild boar (sus scrofa) s ...	2000	11014063
evaluation of the effectiveness of dna-binding drugs to inhibit transcription using the c-fos serum response element as a target.	previous work has demonstrated that sequence-selective dna-binding drugs can inhibit transcription factors from binding to their target sites on gene promoters. in this study, the potency and effectiveness of dna-binding drugs to inhibit transcription were assessed using the c-fos promoter's serum response element (sre) as a target. the drugs chosen for analysis included the minor groove binding agents chromomycin a(3) and hoechst 33342, which bind to g/c-rich and a/t-rich regions, respectively, ...	2000	11015205
role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies.	louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ...	2000	11016435
mechanisms of proliferation synergy by receptor tyrosine kinase and g protein-coupled receptor activation in human airway smooth muscle.	despite recent studies depicting the capacity of g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) to activate mitogenic signaling pathways more commonly associated with receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), little is known regarding the interactive effects of gpcr and rtk activation on cell growth and signal transduction. such interactions likely mediate the physiologic growth in most cells in vivo as well as the aberrant, non-neoplastic growth that occurs in diseases such as asthma, where disruptions of the loc ...	2000	11017921
mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein activates multiple apoptotic signaling pathways in human coronary cells.	apoptosis of arterial cells induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxldl) is thought to contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. however, most data on apoptotic effects and mechanisms of oxldl were obtained with extensively oxidized ldl unlikely to occur in early stages of atherosclerotic lesions. we now demonstrate that mildly oxidized ldl generated by incubation with oxygen radical-producing xanthine/xanthine oxidase (x/xo) induces apoptosis in primary cultures of human coronar ...	2000	11023984
activation of transcription of the human cytomegalovirus early ul4 promoter by the ets transcription factor binding element.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) early ul4 promoter has served as a useful model for studying the activation of early viral gene expression. previous transient-transfection experiments detected cis-acting elements (the nf-y site and site 2) upstream of the transcriptional start site (l. huang and m. f. stinski, j. virol. 69:7612-7621, 1995). the roles of two of these sites, the nf-y site and site 2, in the context of the viral genome were investigated further by comparing mrna levels from the ea ...	2000	11024111
selective targeting of mapks to the ets domain transcription factor sap-1.	mapk pathways play important roles in regulating the key cellular processes of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. there are multiple mapk pathways, which are subject to different regulatory cues. it is important that these pathways maintain specificity in signaling to elicit the activation of a specific program of gene expression. mapk-docking domains in several transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in determining the specificity and efficiency of their phosph ...	2001	11029469
rit, a non-lipid-modified ras-related protein, transforms nih3t3 cells without activating the erk, jnk, p38 mapk or pi3k/akt pathways.	the biological functions of rit (ras-like protein in tissues) and rin (ras-like protein in neurons), members of a novel branch of ras-related gtp-binding proteins that are approximately 50% identical to ras, have not been characterized. therefore, we assessed their activity in growth control, transformation and signaling. nih cells stably expressing a constitutively activated mutant of rit [rit(79l)] (analogous to the oncogenic mutant h-ras(61l)) demonstrated strong growth transformation, prolif ...	2000	11032018
activation of b-raf kinase requires phosphorylation of the conserved residues thr598 and ser601.	the raf kinase family serves as a central intermediate to relay signals from ras to erk. the precise molecular mechanism for raf activation is still not fully understood. here we report that phosphorylation of thr598 and ser601, which lie between kinase subdomains vii and viii, is essential for b-raf activation by ras. substitution of these residues by alanine (b-rafaa) abolished ras-induced b-raf activation without altering the association of b-raf with other signaling proteins. phosphopeptide ...	2000	11032810
blood acid-base and serum electrolyte values in red deer (cervus elaphus).	acid-base, serum electrolyte, plasma protein, and packed cell volume (pcv) values were determined in venous blood samples from 30 red deer (cervus elaphus) of both sexes showing no clinical signs of disease. the animals were 5 months of age and kept on pasture in the valley of mexico, at an altitude of 2450 m. blood samples were collected without sedation. mean blood values were: ph 7.411 +/- 0.041, pco2 37.7 +/- 4.4 mmhg, base excess 0.7 +/- 3.2 mmol/l, actual bicarbonate 24.3 +/- 3.1 mmol/l, t ...	2000	11041499
experimental elaphostrongylus cervi infection in sheep and goats.	the pathogenesis and migratory life cycle of elaphostrongylus cervi were studied in four sheep and six goats killed and examined 6 days to 5 months after inoculation with infective third-stage larvae (l3). detailed histological studies demonstrated that the l3 followed a porto-hepatic, and probably also a secondary lymphatic, migratory route from the abomasum and small intestine to the lungs, with subsequent spread via the general circulation to the central nervous system (cns) and other tissues ...	2000	11041994
the ternary complex factor net contains two distinct elements that mediate different responses to map kinase signalling cascades.	the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk-1, sap-1a and net, are key integrators of the transcriptional response to different signalling pathways. classically, three map kinase pathways, involving erk, jnk, and p38, transduce various extracellular stimuli to the nucleus. net is a repressor that is converted into an activator by ras/erk signalling. net is also exported from the nucleus in response to stress stimuli transduced through the jnk pathway, leading to relief from repression. here we show ...	2000	11042694
hepatitis c virus core protein activates the mapk/erk cascade synergistically with tumor promoter tpa, but not with epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor alpha.	persistent hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is associated with the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), although the mechanism of hcv-related hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. recently, however, the close relationships between the development of hcc and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) cascade have been described. in the present study, we investigated the effects of hcv core protein on this mapk/erk cascade. hcv ...	2000	11050045
opposing roles of elk-1 and its brain-specific isoform, short elk-1, in nerve growth factor-induced pc12 differentiation.	the ternary complex factor elk-1, a major nuclear target of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, is a strong transactivator of serum-responsive element (sre) driven gene expression. we report here that mature brain neurons and nerve growth factor (ngf)-differentiated pc12 cells also express a second, smaller isoform of elk-1, short elk-1 (selk-1). selk-1 arises from an internal translation start site in the elk-1 sequence, which generates a protein lacking the first 54 amino acids of the dna- ...	2001	11050086
microsatellite analysis of north american wapiti (cervus elaphus) populations.	eleven populations of wapiti (cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 microsatellite loci. samples were taken from vancouver island, british columbia; burwash and french river herds in ontario; ya ha tinda ranch, alberta; and banff, elk island, jasper, kootenay, riding mountain, yellowstone and yoho national parks. overall, wapiti populations have on average three to four alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity that ranged from 25.75 to 52.85%. the greatest ...	2000	11050551
intracellular calcium mobilization induces immediate early gene pip92 via src and mitogen-activated protein kinase in immortalized hippocampal cells.	regulation of intracellular calcium levels plays a central role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. a cell-permeable, tumor-promoting thapsigargin elevates the intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase. the src-tyrosine kinase family is involved in a broad range of cellular responses ranging from cell growth and cytoskeletal rearrangement to differentiation. the immediate early gene pip92 is induced in neuronal cell death as well as cell gro ...	2001	11053438
[research on constructing phylogenetics trees of ruminants basing on the database of milk protein gene sequences].	primers designed according to the sequences of four milk protein genes of cow bos taurus (alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobin, beta- and kappa-casein) were used to amplify the full length gene of alpha-lactalbumin in yak bos grunniens (2999 bp), water buffalo bubalus arnee bubalis (278 bp), partial sequence of this gene in red deer cervus elaphs xanthopygus (1582 bp), 5' and 3' flanking region of beta-lactoglobin gene (2167 bp and 1096 bp in length respectively), 5'-flanking region and exon vii ...	2000	11057044
role of ovarian failure in reproductive senescence in aged red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds.	physiological and endocrine factors associated with reproductive senescence were assessed in a group of 19 ageing red deer hinds. reproductive success, defined as the percentage of hinds weaning a calf successfully, decreased gradually from 89% at 6-7 years of age to 50% at 17 years, and subsequently decreased markedly; only one hind reared a calf at 19-20 years of age. when the 12 surviving hinds were approaching 21 years of age, they were compared with ten mature 7-year-old females over the on ...	2000	11058435
nuclear factor-kappa b activation by the cxc chemokine melanoma growth-stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein involves the mekk1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein (mgsa/gro), a cxc chemokine, plays an important role in inflammation, wound healing, growth regulation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. constitutive expression of mgsa/groalpha in melanoma tumors is associated with constitutive nuclear factor (nf)-kappab activity. we show here that either exogenous addition or continuous expression of mgsa/groalpha in immortalized melanocytes enhances nf-kappab activation, as well as mitogen-activate ...	2001	11062239
milk production and composition in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effect of birth date.	this study describes milk production and milk composition of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) females (hinds) and the effect of calving date and bw change of hinds by milking over 34 wk. all hinds produced milk throughout the 34-wk study period, well over the standard lactation period. total milk yield was 224.1 +/- 21.1 l, and daily production was 0.91 +/- 0.06 l. milk yield decreased with lactation stage (p = 0.01) and the later a calf was born (p = 0.008), and it was greater in po ...	2000	11063297
combinatorial effect of t-cell receptor ligation and cd45 isoform expression on the signaling contribution of the small gtpases ras and rap1.	by using ligands with various affinities for the t-cell receptor (tcr) and by altering the contribution of the cd45 tyrosine phosphatase, the effects of the potency of tcr-induced signals on the function of small gtpases ras and rap1 were studied. t cells expressing low-molecular-weight cd45 isoforms (e.g., cd45ro) exhibited the strongest activation of the ras-dependent elk-1 transcription factor and the highest sensitivity to the inhibitory action of dominant negative mutant ras compared to t c ...	2000	11073975
cyclic amp-elevating agents induce the expression of map kinase phosphatase-1 in pc12 cells.	stimulation of pheochromocytoma pc12 cells by camp-elevating agents caused the induction of the immediate early gene 3ch134, which encodes map kinase phosphatase-1 (mkp-1). forskolin was as potent as serum in stimulating mkp-1 gene expression, whereas dibutyryl-camp and neuropeptide pacap were less effective. induction of the mkp-1 gene was accompanied by neo-synthesis of mkp-1 protein. map kinase activation was not involved in the camp-induced mkp-1 gene expression. the map kinase inactivation, ...	2000	11078876
milk intake and production curves and allosuckling in captive iberian red deer, cervus elaphus hispanicus.	in two experiments, we compared milk intake (assessed by weighing calves before and after suckling) and milk production (by hand milking hinds) in iberian red deer both when calves sucked their mothers together (group-suckling experiment) and when mother and offspring were isolated (isolation-suckling experiment). in both experiments, the general lactation curve for calves increased to a peak and then decreased (type i, standard lactation curve in mammals), whereas the curve for hinds decreased ...	2000	11082238
mycobacterium bovis-infected cervine alveolar macrophages secrete lymphoreactive lipid antigens.	tuberculosis is caused by intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus mycobacterium, including m. tuberculosis and m. bovis. alveolar macrophages (ams) are the primary host cell for inhaled mycobacteria. however, little is known about the mechanisms by which infected ams can process and present mycobacterial antigens to primed lymphocytes and how these responses may affect ensuing protection in the host. in the present study, we sought to determine whether ams from a naturally susceptible host ...	2000	11083825
induction-independent recruitment of creb-binding protein to the c-fos serum response element through interactions between the bromodomain and elk-1.	proliferative signals lead to the rapid and transient induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene by targeting the ternary complex assembled on the serum response element (sre). transactivation by both components of this complex, serum response factor (srf) and the ternary complex factor elk-1, can be potentiated by the coactivator creb-binding protein (cbp). we report a novel interaction between the bromodomain of cbp, amino acids 1100-1286, and elk-1. dna binding and glutathione s-transferase pull-d ...	2001	11083868
a zoletil-rompun mixture as an alternative to the use of opioids for immobilization of feral red deer.	sixty chemical immobilizations of red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) have been carried out during an etho-ecological study from august 1994 to december 1996 in a 35 ha pen in the district of nitra (slovac republic). our objective was to determine the efficacy and standard dosages of zoletil and rompun for the immobilization of adult red deer in feral conditions as an alternative to the use of the highly toxic opioids. we therefore compared an immobilon-rompun combination (imro) with a 1:1 mix ...	2000	11085427
epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids in colorado and wyoming.	surveillance and epidemic modeling were used to study chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs naturally among sympatric, free-ranging deer (odocoileus spp.) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in contiguous portions of northeastern colorado and southeastern wyoming (usa). we used clinical case submissions to identify endemic areas, then used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 5,513 deer and elk sample ...	2000	11085429
susceptibility of elk to lungworms from cattle.	two studies were conducted to determine the infectivity of the lungworm, (dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle origin, in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or wapiti. in the first study, each of three 9-mo-old elk was administered 3,000 d. viviparus larvae from cattle using a nasogastric tube. in the second study, four 16-mo-old elk were each inoculated with 2,000 d. viviparus from cattle using a nasogastric tube. elk were observed daily for signs of respiratory disease, and fecal samples ...	2000	11085435
elaeophorosis in red deer from spain.	elaeophorosis, caused by elaeophora elaphi, was observed in red deer (cervus elaphus) from toledo province (spain) for the first time. adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host. adult nematodes were only found during the period from fall through early spring. no differences were present between sex or age groups. parasites were not found in a limit ...	2000	11085444
paratuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) in the western alps.	during the hunting seasons 1995-96 to 1997-98, 19 red deer from the upper susa valley (cottian alps) were examined for paratuberculosis (johne's disease). specific dna amplification on mesenteric lymph nodes detected mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in 17 animals. ten of these red deer were tested for serum antibodies by the agid and elisa tests, nine being negative. three isolates from infected deer were genetically characterized by an arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, and showe ...	2000	11085463
inhibitory role for dual specificity phosphatase vhr in t cell antigen receptor and cd28-induced erk and jnk activation.	the 21-kda dual specific protein phosphatase vh1-related (vhr) is one of the smallest known phosphatases, and its function has remained obscure. we report that this enzyme is expressed in lymphoid cells and is not induced by t cell antigen receptor like other dual specificity phosphatases. introduction of exogenous vhr into jurkat t cells caused a marked decrease in the transcriptional activation of a nuclear factor of activated t cells and an activator protein-1-driven reporter gene in response ...	2001	11085983
coexpression of proteins in bacteria using t7-based expression plasmids: expression of heteromeric cell-cycle and transcriptional regulatory complexes.	this report describes the development and application of a dual vector coexpression system for the overproduction of heteromeric cell cycle and transcriptional regulatory protein complexes in bacteria. to facilitate these studies we constructed a t7-based expression plasmid, prm1 that contains an origin of replication derived from p15a, and a gene encoding kanamycin resistance. this expression vector is compatible with cole1-derived plasmids found in the pet family of t7 expression vectors, whic ...	2000	11087683
characterisation of somatostatin sst2 receptor splice variants.	somatostatin is a peptide with a multitude of functions in the central nervous system and the periphery. it mediates its actions by binding to high-affinity g-protein coupled receptors, genes for five of which (sst1-sst5) have recently been cloned. the somatostatin sst2 receptor exists as two splice variants, sst2(a) and sst2(b) receptors, which differ in length and composition of their intracellular carboxy-termini. in this review, we describe the localisation of the two receptor isoforms in th ...	2000	11088000
novel nuclear target for thrombin: activation of the elk1 transcription factor leads to chemokine gene expression.	thrombin is primarily known for its role in homeostasis and thrombosis. however, this enzyme also plays important roles in wound healing and pathologic situations such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. among the molecules stimulated by thrombin in these latter processes are the stress response proteins, chemokines. chemokines are also known for their roles in inflammatory responses and tumor development. these correlative observations strongly suggest that chemokines may be mediators of some of ...	2000	11090049
maternal control of sex ratio in rana rugosa: evidence from dna sexing.	parental control of primary sex ratio has been reported in a mammal (red deer), some birds, and a snake. however, it remains uncertain whether other vertebrates including amphibia can control sex ratio. in this paper, we examined the possibility in a wild population of the japanese frog rana rugosa which has female heterogamety. sex ratios of their eggs were determined using dna markers. the eggs were sampled in the field from may to august in 1998. each egg was then sexed by polymerase chain re ...	2000	11091308
rna aptamers as pathway-specific map kinase inhibitors.	in eukaryotic cells, many intracellular signaling pathways have closely related mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) paralogs as central components. although mapks are therefore obvious targets to control the cellular responses resulting from the activation of these signaling pathways, the development of inhibitors which target specific cell signaling pathways involving mapks has proven difficult.	2000	11094337
involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade for cocaine-rewarding properties.	a central feature of drugs of abuse is to induce gene expression in discrete brain structures that are critically involved in behavioral responses related to addictive processes. although extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) has been implicated in several neurobiological processes, including neuronal plasticity, its role in drug addiction remains poorly understood. this study was designed to analyze the activation of erk by cocaine, its involvement in cocaine-induced early and long-term b ...	2000	11102476
immunohistochemical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in preclinically affected elk from a captive herd.	an immunohistochemical (ihc) method was used to test brain tissues from 17 elk in a captive herd in which chronic wasting disease (cwd) had previously occurred. the ihc technique detects the protease-resistant prion protein (prp-res), which is considered a disease-specific marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), regardless of the species affected. of the 17 elk tested, 10 were positive by ihc. only 2 of these 10 animals had shown clinical signs and histologic lesions of cwd, ...	2000	11108464
biochemical and biological functions of the n-terminal, noncatalytic domain of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2.	extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (erk1) and erk2 are important components in signal transduction pathways involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation and proliferation. these proteins consist of a central kinase domain flanked by short n- and c-terminal noncatalytic domains. while the regulation of erk2 by sequences within the kinase domain has been extensively studied, little is known about the small regions outside of the kinase domain. we performed mutational an ...	2001	11113199
n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are required for camp-dependent cyclase response element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation in the striatum.	in vivo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp)-induced n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was investigated in the dorsal striatum by semiquantitative immunocytochemistry. intracerebroventricular infusion of 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, sp isomer (sp-8-br-camps), increased phosphorylated camp-responsive element binding protein, phosphorylated elk-1 and fos immunoreactivity in a dose-dependent manner. intracerebroventricular infusio ...	2000	11113310