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apoptosis-mediated testicular alteration in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in response to temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations.reproductive performance of many avian species, including japanese quail, is reported to be modulated by specific temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations. accordingly, it has been shown that the serotonin precursor 5-htp and the dopamine precursor l-dopa given 8 h apart induce gonadal suppression and given 12 h apart lead to gonadal stimulation, while other temporal relationships were found to be ineffective. in the present study, we investigated the effects of 8- a ...201627207953
use of transcutaneous ultrasonography to characterize ovarian status, size distribution, and hierarchical status of follicles in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the present study was undertaken to evaluate the ovarian status of matured breeding female japanese quail by means of b mode portable ultrasound scanning. active ovaries in various stages of hierarchical development and different morphological structure were observed. the large yellow follicles appeared as a cluster of dark circles with various intensity of hyperechoic concentric ring. sonographically, these follicles were classified into f1, f2, and f3 measuring 16.20 ± 0.06 mm, 12.48 ± 0.09 mm ...201627233352
neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).neurotrophins (ngf, bdnf and nt-3) and their specific receptors (trka, trkb and trkc) were studied in the oviduct of egg laying quails. neurotrophins (nts) are mainly involved in the development and maintenance of neuronal populations in the central and peripheral nervous system, but also in reproductive system. in this survey, we first studied the morphological organization of the quail oviduct, distinguished in infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina, and then we analyzed the expressi ...201727235870
chicken cathelicidins as potent intrinsically disordered biocides with antimicrobial activity against infectious pathogens.this study was performed to identify the expression patterns of the cathelicidin genes in a local chicken breed and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the cathelicidin peptides against pathogenic bacteria. this analysis revealed that the coding regions of cath-1, -2, and -3 genes contain 447 bp, 465 bp, and 456 bp, respectively, and encode proteins of 148, 154, 151 amino acids, respectively. the complete amino acid sequences of the cathelicidin peptides are similar to those found in mel ...201627328070
black soldier fly as dietary protein source for broiler quails: apparent digestibility, excreta microbial load, feed choice, performance, carcass and meat traits.in order to expand with validated scientific data the limited knowledge regarding the potential application of insects as innovative feed ingredients for poultry, the present study tested a partial substitution of soya bean meal and soya bean oil with defatted black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) larvae meal (h) in the diet for growing broiler quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) on growth performance, mortality, nutrients apparent digestibility, microbiological composition of excreta, feed choi ...201627339654
semen characteristics and biochemical composition of cloacal foam of male japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) fed diet incorporated with selenium.an attempt was made to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (se) on physical and cloacal gland size, foam production, biochemical composition of foam and semen biochemical characteristics of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). two hundred twenty-five (225)-day-old male japanese quail were randomly distributed to three dietary treatment groups for a period of 20 weeks. each treatment comprised of three replicates, each containing 25 chicks. three experimental diets were supple ...201727486071
sensitivity of breeding values for carcass traits of meat-type quail to changes in dietary (methionine + cystine):lysine ratio using reaction norm models.our objective was to evaluate changes in breeding values for carcass traits of two meat-type quail (coturnix coturnix) strains (lf1 and lf2) to changes in the dietary (methionine + cystine):lysine ([met + cys]:lys) ratio due to genotype by environment (g × e) interaction via reaction norm. a total of 7000 records of carcass weight and yield were used for analyses. during the initial phase (from hatching to day 21), five diets with increasing (met + cys):lys ratios (0.61, 0.66, 0.71, 0.76 and 0.8 ...201627501367
sirt1/atg5/autophagy are involved in the antiatherosclerosis effects of ursolic acid.the purpose of this study was to investigate the antiatherosclerosis effects of ursolic acid (ua) in high-fat diet-fed quails (coturnix coturnix) and potential mechanism. quails were treated with high-fat diet (14 % pork oil, 1 % cholesterol w/w) with or without ua (50, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. serum lipid profile was assessed at 0, 4.5, and 10 weeks. after 10 weeks, serum antioxidant status and morphology of aorta were assessed. additionally, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( ...201627514536
body weight, egg production, and egg quality traits of gray, brown, and white varieties of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in coastal climatic condition of odisha.the present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of gray, brown, and white varieties of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) with respect to body weight, egg production, and egg quality traits in the coastal climatic condition of odisha.201627651670
modulation of digestive enzyme activities in the avian digestive tract in relation to diet composition and quality.in nature, birds are faced with variable food sources that may differ in composition (protein vs. carbohydrates) and quality (highly digestible material vs. indigestible fiber). studies in passerine birds and some commercial poultry demonstrate that the gastrointestinal tract can respond to varying diet composition and quality by changing morphology and/or activities of digestive enzymes. however, studies in additional avian species are warranted to understand generalities of these trends. we fi ...201727695931
effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of growing french meat quails (france coturnix coturnix).a dose-response experiment with 5 analyzed dietary crude protein (cp) levels (17.61, 19.73, 21.58, 23.24, and 25.32%) was conducted to investigate the effects of low-protein diets on growth performance and carcass yields of french meat quails from 15 to 42 d of age. all diets were formulated to contain a similar dietary energy level and amino acid profile. a total of 400 fifteen-day-old french quails were divided into 5 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 4 replicate pens of 20 ...201627702918
evaluation of quail and turkey egg yolk for cryopreservation of nili-ravi buffalo bull semen.egg yolk is used as a cryoprotectant for semen in different mammalian species including buffalo. egg yolk from different sources may affect freezability of buffalo bull semen. quail egg yolk (qey) and turkey egg yolk (tey) in tris-citric acid extender was evaluated for post-thaw quality and in vivo fertility rate of cryopreserved buffalo bull semen. ejaculates were collected on weekly basis from six nili-ravi buffalo bulls (12 ejaculates/bull) for a period of 6 weeks and diluted at 37 °c with tr ...201727720400
a survey of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) farming in selected areas of bangladesh.to investigate the status, problems and prospects of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) farming in selected areas of bangladesh.201627733793
gamma and deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from northern italy.in view of the restricted knowledge on the diversity of coronaviruses in poultry other than chicken, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in quail, pheasant, and partridge from two regions of northern italy. to this end, pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs from european quail (coturnix coturnix) and intestinal tract from pheasants (phasianus colchicus) and partridge (perdix perdix) flocks, with or without enteric signs, were collected during 2015. avian coronavi ...201627738120
the effects of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on the health status and tissue lipid profiles of male, japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the current study aimed to investigate the impact of high-fat diets composed of different animal and vegetable fat sources on serum metabolic health markers in japanese quail, as well as the overall lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the edible bird tissues following significantly increased dietary lipid supplementation.201627764914
a novel mechanism underlies atrazine toxicity in quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix): triggering ionic disorder via disruption of atpases.the widely used atrazine has been reported to exhibit extensive ecological hazards. due to the biological accumulation, atrazine elicits widespread toxic effects on different organisms. however, true proof for the mechanism of atrazine-induced toxicity is lacking. to determine the potential mechanism by which atrazine exerted toxic effects, quails were treated with atrazine (0, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) by gavage administration for 45 days. atrazine significantly increased the histological alterati ...201627924060
first genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii infection in common quails (coturnix coturnix) intended for human consumption in china.toxoplasma gondii is widely distributed in humans and other animals including birds throughout the world. however, little is known of the molecular epidemiology and genotypes of t. gondii infecting quails in china. therefore, the present study was conducted to characterize t. gondii genotypes in common quails in china. during december 2014 to october 2015, a total of 390 muscle tissue samples of common quails were collected and the t. gondii b1 gene was amplified using a nested pcr, and the posi ...201728043887
wfs1 is expressed in dopaminoceptive regions of the amniote brain and modulates levels of d1-like receptors.during amniote evolution, the construction of the forebrain has diverged across different lineages, and accompanying the structural changes, functional diversification of the homologous brain regions has occurred. this can be assessed by studying the expression patterns of marker genes that are relevant in particular functional circuits. in all vertebrates, the dopaminergic system is responsible for the behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. here we show that the brain regions that recei ...201728267787
pathology and tissue distribution of an lpai h5n8 of north american lineage isolated from an outbreak in commercial japanese quail (coturnix c. japonica) in the central valley of california.this report describes the pathology and tissue distribution of avian influenza (ai) antigens by immunohistochemistry (ihc) in the tissues of commercial layer quail from a natural outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n8. lpai virus h5n8 of north american lineage was diagnosed in commercial japanese quail hens ( coturnix coturnix japonica) in california based on serology, reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and sequencing. the sudden increase ...201728301241
expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in myogenic clones obtained from developing quail breast muscle.monoclonal antibodies specifically recognizing cardiac and extraocular muscle myosin heavy chains of the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) were used to determine the patterns of expression of these isoforms in clonal cultures of embryonic quail myoblasts. myoblasts prepared from 9 day embryonic pectoralis are virtually homogeneous in their ability to form clones expressing both cardiac and extraocular isoforms. the majority of myoblasts obtained from day 5 embryos also formed clones which co-ex ...198828305476
evaluation of some heavy metals residues in batteries and deep litter rearing systems in japanese quail meat and offal in egypt.the main objectives of this study were for comparing the effect of batteries and deep litter rearing systems of domesticated japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica, on the concentration levels of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc from the quail meat and offal in ismailia, egypt.201728344413
influence of different types of lamps on the reproductive development of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).reproductive tract development during puberty is critical to reproductive performance, and the light is crucial in this process in birds. however, in male quail, there is little information on the effects of types of lamps, more specifically the wavelength emitted. thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of types of lamps on the reproductive performance of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). two hundred and forty male quail were exposed to six different types of lamp (incan ...201728407861
first report of toxoplasma gondii infection in common quails (coturnix coturnix) intended for human consumption in three provinces of northeastern china.common quails are nutritious food and are also used as medicine in some parts of the world. until now, no information on toxoplasma gondii infection in common quails intended for human consumption in china is available. therefore, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of t. gondii infection in common quails in six cities from shandong, liaoning, and jilin provinces, china. out of 620 common quails examined, 59 (9.52%) were seropositive for t. gondii by the modified agglutination ...201728437182
effect of dietary supplementation of hemp seed (cannabis sativa l.) on meat quality and egg fatty acid composition of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).this study was conducted in two separate experiments. experiment i was conducted to investigate the effects of hemp seed (hs) on meat quality traits, and experiment ii was designed to determine egg fatty acid (fa) composition in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). in experiment i and experiment ii treatments, groups were as follows: (i) control (not included hs0), (ii) 5% hs inclusion to diets, (iii) 10% hs inclusion to diets and (iv) 20% hs inclusion to diets. in experiment i, a total ...201728444789
functional response, seasonal decline and landscape differences in nest predation risk.previous studies investigating density-dependent nest predation risk have suffered from unnaturally high nest densities (artificial nests) or lack of controls for nest predator densities (observational data on real nests). i designed an experiment with artificial nests within the natural range of nest densities using a latin square design (to control for differences in densities of nest predators in time and space) to avoid the shortcomings of previous studies. i incorporated confounding factors ...200228466159
effect of dietary supplementation of fermented fish silage on serum biochemical parameters of broiler japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented fish silage (ffs) on serum biochemical parameters of japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).201728507408
efficiency of early, single-dose probiotic administration methods on performance, small intestinal morphology, blood biochemistry, and immune response of japanese quail.the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of early probiotics (single dose) administered in different ways, on quails' performance, small intestine morphology, blood biochemistry, and immune response. in total, 192 day-old chicks were used in one of the following experimental groups before being transferred to a raising room: 1) control (no probiotic administered), 2) oral gavage, 3) spray, and 4) vent lip. four replicates of 12 chicks per cage were considered for each treatme ...201728521051
lighting programs for male and female meat quails (coturnix coturnix) raised in equatorial region.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lighting programs for male and female meat quails raised in an equatorial region on performance and carcass traits. a total of 1,500 sexed quails (coturnix coturnix) was distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with 2 sexes (male and female) and 3 lighting programs (natural, intermittent, and continuous) with 5 replicates of 50 birds. the lighting programs were applied in the period from 7 to 49 d o ...201728541573
the positive expression of genotype vii newcastle disease virus (malaysian isolate) in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).genotype vii newcastle disease virus (ndv) is the most predominant ndv strains that circulating in malaysia; thus, this study was aimed to determine the susceptibility of japanese quails toward genotype vii ndv. clinical signs, gross pathological lesions of organs, positive detection of virus in organs and cloacal swabs, as well as the expression of the antibody titer, were used as parameters to assess the susceptibility of japanese quails following infection of genotype vii ndv.201728620260
the effects of phytosterols on the sexual behavior and reproductive function in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).phytosterols (ps) are plant origin sterols naturally found in many foods and added as food additives. since 1950, ps have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to lower serum cholesterol and inhibit cardiovascular disease (cvd). however, recent studies have found that ps act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals in laboratory animals. therefore, this study was aimed at finding the mechanism(s) for ps effects on the sexual behaviors and reproductive functions in male japanese quails ( ...201728637324
probiotics intake from proximal or distal gastrointestinal tract: the investigation on intestinal morphology and performance of japanese quail.the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of early single-dose probiotics administered from proximal or distal gastrointestinal tract on quails' performance and small intestinal morphology. a total of 120 japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) 1-d-old chicks were divided into the following experimental groups before being transferred to the raising room: (i) control (no probiotic administered); (ii) oral group (received probiotics via oesophageal gavage); and (iii) vent l ...201728691244
experimental toxoplasmosis in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).in this study, forming of experimental toxoplasmosis in quails; clinical, pathological, and serological determination of tissue lesions and bioassay techniques, which were aimed to compare them and determine pathogenesis.201728695827
ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river chenab, punjab-pakistan.although, use of animal species in disease treatment and culture practices is as ancient as that of plant species; however ethnomedicinal uses and cultural values of animal species have rarely been reported. present study is the first report on the medicinal uses of mammals and bird species in pakistan.201728701165
black soldier fly as dietary protein source for broiler quails: meat proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profile, oxidative status and sensory traits.in the perspective of improving the sustainability of meat production, insects have been rapidly emerging as innovative feed ingredient for some livestock species, including poultry. however, at present, there is still limited knowledge regarding the quality and sensory traits of the derived meat. therefore, the present study tested the effect of a partial substitution of soya bean meal and oil with defatted black soldier fly (hermetia illucens) larvae meal (h) in the diet for growing broiler qu ...201728735587
species identification in meat products: a new screening method based on high resolution melting analysis of cyt b gene.meat adulteration by substitution with lower value products and/or mislabeling involves economic, health, quality and socio-religious issues. therefore, identification and traceability of meat species has become an important subject to detect possible fraudulent practices. in the present study the development of a high resolution melt (hrm) screening method for the identification of eight common meat species is reported. samples from bos taurus, ovis aries, sus scrofa domestica, equus caballus, ...201728764056
stress induced polarization of immune-neuroendocrine phenotypes in gallus gallus.immune-neuroendocrine phenotypes (inps) stand for population subgroups differing in immune-neuroendocrine interactions. while mammalian inps have been characterized thoroughly in rats and humans, avian inps were only recently described in coturnix coturnix (quail). to assess the scope of this biological phenomenon, herein we characterized inps in gallus gallus (a domestic hen strain submitted to a very long history of strong selective breeding pressure) and evaluated whether a social chronic str ...201728808318
testicular atrophy and reproductive quiescence in photorefractory and scotosensitive quail: involvement of hypothalamic deep brain photoreceptors and gnrh-gnih system.birds time their daily and seasonal activities in synchronization with circadian and annual periodicities in the environment, which is mainly provided by changes in photoperiod/day length conditions. photoperiod appears to act at the level of eye, pineal and encephalic/deep brain photoperception and thus entrain the hypothalamic clock as well as reproductive circuitry in different avian species. in this article our focus of study is to elucidate out the underlying molecular mechanism of modulati ...201728923598
critical developmental windows for morphology and hematology revealed by intermittent and continuous hypoxic incubation in embryos of quail (coturnix coturnix).hypoxia during embryonic growth in embryos is frequently a powerful determinant of development, but at least in avian embryos the effects appear to show considerable intra- and inter-specific variation. we hypothesized that some of this variation may arise from different protocols that may or may not result in exposure during the embryo's critical window for hypoxic effects. to test this hypothesis, quail embryos (coturnix coturnix) in the intact egg were exposed to hypoxia (~15% o2) during "ear ...201728926567
coccidia of japanese quail: from identification, prevalence, infection, and immunization.a systematic study was undertaken to identify the species, characterize the pathogenicity, and assess the immunization of eimeria bateri in japanese quail ( coturnix coturnix japonica). in total, 107 japanese quail farms were examined. the samples were processed and oocyst shape indices of sporulated oocysts were determined. out of 107 examined farms, 34 (31.78%) farms were positive. four eimeria spp. were morphologically identified. for characterization of the pathogenicity, japanese quail were ...201828937852
synchronizing biological cycles as key to survival under a scenario of global change: the common quail (coturnix coturnix) strategy.breeding grounds are key areas for sustaining common quail (coturnix coturnix) populations as this species is characterised by short life expectancy that requires high offspring production. annually, breeding quails make up to three breeding attempts in different places. however, the impact of climate warming on quail phenology is unknown. here, we use a long-term study (1961-2014) of quail-ringing in spain and data on variation in rainfall and temperature over the past 86years to evaluate how q ...201828968932
apoptotic mechanism behind the testicular atrophy in photorefractory and scotosensitive quail: involvement of gnih induced p-53 dependent bax-caspase-3 mediated pathway.in most of the avian species, daylength or photoperiod is the main environmental factor regulating reproduction. during their annual gonadal cycle, birds once sensitive to short or long day effect develop refractoriness to the same daylength and gonad develop or regress accordingly. the present study investigated the effects of photoperiodic alterations on apoptosis mediated testicular responses of photosensitive/photorefractory and scotosensitive/scotorefractory quail, coturnix coturnix japonic ...201728992606
replacing soybean oil with increasing levels of soybean acid oil in diets of coturnix quails (coturnix coturnix coturnix) and the effects on egg quality.the effects of increasing levels of soybean acid oil in diets of quails on the quality of eggs were evaluated over a period of 56 days. a completely randomized design with five treatment levels of soybean acid oil (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) as a replacer for soybean oil and eight replicates of two quails each were used. a total of 240 fresh eggs were used for quality analysis, and 400 eggs were stored at 23ºc over a period of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for analysis of shelf-life. polynomial regression ...201829044324
the importance of propolis in alleviating the negative physiological effects of heat stress in quail chicks.heat stress is one of the most detrimental confrontations in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, causing considerable economic losses in poultry production. propolis, a resinous product of worker honeybees, possesses several biological activities that could be used to alleviate the deleterious effects of high environmental temperature on poultry production. the current study was aimed at evaluating the effects of propolis supplementation to japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) ...201729053741
antouka super® induced oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity in male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).antouka super® (as), a combination of insecticide (pirimiphos-methyl 16% and permethrin 3%), is one of the most widely used pesticides in agriculture, public health, home and garden, with high potential for human and animal exposure.201729057334
performance and serum biochemical profile of japanese quail supplemented with silymarin and contaminated with aflatoxin b1.the aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin in diets contaminated or not with aflatoxin b1 (afb1) on the productive performance and serum biochemical profile of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in the laying phase. a total of 240 12-week-old japanese quail was used in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (additives x contaminated or not with afb1 - 1,500 μg/kg), totaling 6 treatments and 5 replicates of 8 birds each. the additiv ...201829077959
accumulation of steroid hormones in the eggshells of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).oviparous mother transfer significant amounts of steroid to egg yolk during oviposition and the amounts may vary throughout the embryonic development. eggshell may contain steroid hormones and the amounts could be different during embryonic development inside the egg. this study was designed to quantify the steroid concentrations in the eggshells of japanese quail. we hypothesized that the steroids would be accumulated in the eggshells in a sex-dependent manner. eggshells were obtained from thre ...201829174486
levels of supplementation of inorganic selenium and vitamin e for meat quail aged 0 to 14 and 14 to 35 days.two experiments were carried out to determine the levels of supplementation of inorganic selenium (se) and vitamin e (ve) in diets of quails aged 0-14 and 14-35 days old. a completely randomized design was used in a factorial design (se = 0.1125; 0.2250; 0.3375 and 0.4500 mg kg-1  diet-1  × ve = 10; 23; 36 and 49 iu kg-1  diet-1 ). in experiment 1, quail (n = 2,400) were aged 0-14 days and were divided into 16 treatments, with three replicates of 50 birds. in experiment 2, quail (n = 1,680) were ...201829250876
feeding of phytosterols reduced testosterone production by modulating gnrh and gnih expression in the brain and testes of male japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).phytosterols (ps), or plant sterols used as cholesterol-lowering agents, have been shown to act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals in some laboratory animals. moreover, dietary ps efficiently pass through the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in brain cell membranes. we asked whether the accumulation of ps affects reproduction through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. thirty male quail chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups (control, 80 mg/kg bw, and 800 mg/kg bw), and daily single do ...201729294112
acute heat stress alters the expression of orexin system in quail muscle.accumulating evidences indicate that the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexins or hypocretins are involved in stress-induced responses in mammals. recently, we found that orexin is expressed and secreted from avian muscle cells, however its regulation is still unknown. in this study, we investigated the effect of heat and oxidative stress, the most challenging stressors in poultry production, on the expression of orexin system in quail muscle tissues and myoblast cell lines. four week-old geneticall ...201729311994
effect of different levels of dietary vitamin e on reproductive and productive performances in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin e on reproductive and productive parameters in japanese quails. a total number of 240 female and 80 male japanese quail were divided into five treatments with four replications in a completely randomized design. experimental diets were zero control, 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg kg-1 of vitamin e. fertility and total hatchability were not affected by treatments. but, the lowest hatch of fertile eggs and the highest embryonic death wer ...201729326796
effect of probiotic supplementation on organic feed to alternative antibiotic growth promoter on production performance and economics analysis of quail.the purpose of this study was to know the production performance and economic analysis in quail which use probiotic supplementation to alternate antibiotic growth promoter (agp) to feed consumption, water consumption, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, and feed efficiency.201729391694
insights into thermal stress in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix): dynamics of immunoendocrine and biochemical responses during and after chronic exposure.avian require comfortable temperatures for optimal development and heat stress is a high concern in warm weather countries. we aimed to assess the dynamics of immunoendocrine and biochemical variables responses of birds exposed to a heat stressor applied during daylight hours, during the chronic stress and the recovery periods. we hypothesize that variables involved in the birds response will be differentially and gradually modified during those periods. female quail (n = 210) were housed in six ...201829478357
production systems of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in the urban communities of southwestern nigeria.the study was conducted to examine the management practices and constraints associated with quail production in southwestern nigeria. data were collected through a survey of 113 quail bird farmers selected by multi-stage sampling technique from three states of southwestern nigeria. data were analyzed mainly by descriptive statistics with values compared across states using relevant statistics at certain instances. the results show that quail farming is a relatively new enterprise with farmers' a ...201829574552
age dependent variations in the deep brain photoreceptors (dbps), gnrh-gnih system and testicular steroidogenesis in japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.the complex physiology of aging involves a number of molecular and biochemical events, manifested as signs of senescence. japanese quail is a very unique and advantageous model to study the signs and symptoms of senescence in the central and peripheral modules of hpg axis. in the present study, we have investigated the age dependent variations in hypothalamic deep brain photoreceptors (dbps), central gnrh-i/ii-gnih-mel1cr system, testicular gnrh-gnih system, testicular steroidogenic genes and pr ...201829580815
a life in science with the avian embryo.my career in research was a second thought. i first (during 8 years) worked as a secondary school teacher and after 4-5 years, during which my two daughters were born, i found a way to escape from what was to be a lifetime job. for two years, my initiation to research was limited to the free time left by my teaching duties. this period of time was a bit "complicated" but not enough to prevent me to realize that research was really what i wanted to do for the rest of my life… and this was when i ...201829616728
comment on: "synchronizing biological cycles as key to survival under a scenario of global change: the common quail (coturnix coturnix) strategy" by nadal, j., ponz, c., margalida, a.nadal et al. (2018) recently reported on changes in the phenology of the common quail (coturnix coturnix) in seven cloudy regions of spain in relation to climate change. the authors used a long-term ringing database (1961-2014) and calculated the mean date for three biological stages: arrival at the breeding areas, stay and autumn departure. they observed that some of these phenological variables were associated with the climate variables of temperature and rainfall (figs. 4 and 6 of their artic ...201829625750
erratum to "neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)" [aanat 210c (2017) 112-120]. 201829653601
evaluation of propolis extract as a disinfectant of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) hatching eggs.this study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of an alcoholic propolis extract (15%) as a disinfectant for japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) hatching eggs. a total of 600 eggs were randomly divided into four experimental groups: 1) negative control (nc), without disinfection, 2) control (c), fumigated with formaldehyde gas, 3) (a), sprayed with 96% alcohol, and 4) (p), sprayed with 15% alcoholic propolis extract. the eggs were incubated artificially in a bios hatching appara ...201829672738
reply to the comment on "synchronizing biological cycles as key to survival under a scenario of global change: the common quail (coturnix coturnix) strategy" by rodriguez-teijeiro et al.two methodological criticisms of our paper "synchronizing biological cycles as key to survival under a scenario of global change: the common quail (coturnix coturnix) strategy" (nadal et al., 2018) were proposed in the comment by rodriguez-teijeiro et al. (2018) regarding: 1) our estimates of the mean date of arrival, duration of stay and departure stages in the different regions studied; and 2) the analyses carried out to correlate the phenology of the species with changes in the climate variab ...201829685687
atrazine-xenobiotic nuclear receptor interactions induce cardiac inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in quail (coturnix coturnix coturnix).atrazine (atr) is one of the most extensively used herbicide that eventually leaches into groundwater and surface water from agricultural areas. exposure to atr does harm to the health of human and animals, especially the heart. however, atr exposure caused cardiotoxicity in bird remains unclear. to evaluate atr-exerted potential cardiotoxicity in heart, quail were exposed with 0, 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg bw/day atr by gavage treatment for 45 days. cardiac histopathological alternation was observe ...201829778080
rom mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans.studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. however, joint mobility must be considered in three dimensions simultaneously, and applications of mobility data to extinct taxa require both a phylogenetically informed reconstruction of articular morphology and justifications for why specific structures' effects on mobility are inferred to be similar. we manipulated cadaveric hip joints of common quail an ...201829794053
neurotrophins and trk receptors in the developing and adult ovary of coturnix coturnix japonica.ngf, bdnf, nt-3 and their specific receptors trka, trkb and trkc are known to be involved in the development and maintenance of vertebrates' nervous system. however, these molecules play a role also in non-neuronal tissue, such as in the reproductive system. in this study we investigated the presence and localization of neurotrophins and trk receptors to unravel their potential role in the developing and adult ovary of japanese quail, a model species well suited for reproduction studies. western ...201829842992
transgenerational epigenetic variance for body weight in meat quails.we aimed to estimate transgenerational epigenetic variance for body weight using genealogical and phenotypic information in meat quails. animals were individually weighted from 1 week after hatching, with weight records at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age (bw7, bw14, bw21, bw28, bw35 and bw42, respectively). single-trait genetic analyses were performed using mixed models with random epigenetic effects. variance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. a grid sea ...201829878492
dietary supplemented effects of mannan-oligosaccharides on biochemical parameters of 4 close-bred flocks of japanese quail breeders.the current study was carried out to investigate the consequences of mannan-oligosaccharides (mos), a prebiotic, as feed supplement on biochemical parameters of japanese quail breeders (coturnix coturnix japonica). twelve-week-old, 960 birds, belonging to 4 close-bred flocks (cbf), were randomly selected and divided into 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates according to pattern (4 strains × 4 treatment groups × 3 replicates). birds were fed corn-based basal diet or the same diet supplemented wit ...201829897547
behavioral changes in japanese quails exposed to predicted environmentally relevant abamectin concentrations.abamectin (aba) toxicity in fish, amphibian and mammals was already proven, but its effect on birds is almost unknown. thus, the aim of our study is to assess the impact of exposure to water with aba for 40 days at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations on the behavior of female japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica). the three following experimental groups (n = 10 each) were set: "control", quails exposed to drinking water, without aba, "ec1x" and "ec1000x" (0.31 mg a.i./l and ...201829913616
are there facial indicators of positive emotions in birds? a first exploration in japanese quail.the positive aspect of emotions, like pleasure, remains overlooked in birds. our aim was to contribute to the exploration of facial indicators of positive emotions. to observe contrasting emotional expressions, we used two lines of japanese quail divergently selected on their inherent fearfulness: a fearful line (long tonic immobility duration: lti) and a less fearful line (short tonic immobility duration: sti). to induce positive emotions, we gave individual quail the opportunity to perform a r ...201829969647
growth performance, serum biochemical profile, oxidative status, and fertility traits in male japanese quail fed on ginger (zingiber officinale, roscoe) essential oil.this study was designed to evaluate the effect of ginger (zingiber officinale, rosc.) essential oil on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, oxidative stress, and histological structure of testes and fertility traits in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). 96 three-week-old male japanese quail weighing between 120 and 130 g were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. each group was divided into 4 replicates of 6 quails. quails in contr ...201830050674
fresh and stored copra meal in meat quail diets.the aim of the current study was to evaluate the addition of fresh and stored copra meal to the diet of meat quails. two hundred eighty-seven-day-old male and female quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments, in a 2 × 2 + 1factorial arrangement. two copra meal types (fresh and stored) at inclusion levels of 12.5% and 25%, respectively, were added to a corn-soybean meal-based diet, with seven replicates, of eight quails each. copra meal acidity index recorded ...201930054773
growth performance, haematology, serum biochemistry and meat quality characteristics of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) fed canola meal-based diets.the present study investigated the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal (glycine max) with canola meal (cm) (brassica napus) on the growth performance, haematology, serum biochemistry and meat quality characteristics of female japanese quails in a 35-day feeding trial. one hundred and forty 6-week-old quails 158.28 ± 11.919 g were randomly allocated to 5 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets: control diet (cm0; with no cm inclusion); cm0 with 2.5% (cm25), 5.0% (cm50), 12.5% ...201830167482
the need for sex hormone analysis in addition to long-term follow-up of phytosterol supplementationphytosterols in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of cardiovascular diseasesthe effects of phytosterols on the sexual behavior and reproductive function in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)phytosterol feeding induces alteration in testosterone metabolism in rat tissuesmultigenerational exposure to phytosterols in the mouse. 201830183993
time, geography and weather provide insights into the ecological strategy of a migrant species.farmland and migratory bird populations are in decline. the common quail (coturnix coturnix) provides an exception to this trend and its populations have remained stable over the last two decades. however, some basic facts regarding quail biology and ecology, such as the geographic distribution of age and sex classes during the summer, remain poorly understood. we analyzed 43,194 spanish quail ringing records from 1961 to 2014 to assess the effects of geography and weather conditions on the prob ...201930308881
development and growth of digestive system organs of european and japanese quail at 14 days post-hatch.the objective of this study was to evaluate the development and growth of the digestive system organs, from the 11th day of incubation until the 14 d post-hatch in european and japanese quail. on days 11, 13 and 15 of incubation at hatch and at 4, 7, 10 and 14 d post-hatch, embryos or chicks of european and japanese quail were analyzed. after 15 d of incubation, samples from stomach and small intestine were analyzed by microscopy. european quail had significantly heavier body weight at 15 d of i ...201930358872
banding cytogenetics of chimeric hybrids coturnixcoturnix × coturnixjaponica and comparative analysis with the domestic fowl.the common quail coturnixcoturnix linnaeus, 1758 is a wild migratory bird which is distributed in eurasia and north africa, everywhere with an accelerating decline in population size. this species is protected by the bonn and berne conventions (1979) and by annex ii/1 of the birds directive (2009). in algeria, its breeding took place at the hunting centre in the west of the country. breeding errors caused uncontrolled crosses between the common quail and japanese quail coturnixjaponica temminck ...201830364889
expression of glucose transporters and morphometry in the intestine of japanese quails after hatch.the intestinal physiology and mechanisms involved in nutrient transport are not well established in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica). the present study assessed the growth performance, morphological development, duodenal density and the expression of sglt1 and glut2 of female japanese quails from 1 to 49 days of age. the three small intestine segments were sampled weekly from 1 to 49 days of age to evaluate villus height, crypt depth and villus: crypt ratio, and goblet cell counts. scanning e ...201930413882
heterochromatic regions in japanese quail chromosomes: comprehensive molecular-cytogenetic characterization and 3d mapping in interphase nucleus.chromosomes of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica, 2n=78), a galliform domestic species closely related to chicken, possess multiple heterochromatic segments. due to the difficulties in careful analysis of such heterochromatic regions, there is a lack of data on their dna composition, epigenetic status, as well as spatial distribution in interphase nucleus. in the present study, we applied giant lampbrush chromosome (lbc) microdissection for high-resolution analysis of quail centromeric ...201930565005
production, purification, and evaluation of quail immunoglobulin y against salmonella typhimurium and salmonella enteritidis.salmonella species have been the major foodborne problems in food production systems, with salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and enteritidis (s. enteritidis) being among the more common isolates. the oral administration of chicken egg yolk specific antibodies (igys) has been established as an efficient alternative for treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal pathogens including salmonella. the present study was aimed to investigate the possible production of specific ...201930665061
use of natural ingredients in the japanese quail diet and their effect on carcass and meat quality. review.the present paper reviews the findings of different research studies on the effect of natural ingredients in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) diet on carcass characteristics and meat quality. the results show a relationship between the type and concentration of ingredients used in diets and carcass characteristics and meat quality. the inclusion of medicinal herbs (thyme, black seed, and mint), plants (canola), seeds (chickpea), spices (cinnamon and coriander), worms (earthworms), ...201930744324
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the testis of the quail coturnix coturnix: expression, localization, and phylogenetic analysis.to evaluate the involvement of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap)/receptors system in the control of testis activity, we have investigated the expression and localization of pacap and the distribution of its receptors in the testis of mature samples of quail coturnix coturnix, and we have performed a phylogenetic analysis of pacap in birds. using histological, molecular, and bioinformatics tools, we demonstrated that (a) pacap messenger rna shows a high sequence identity ...201930791203
productive performance and surface temperatures of japanese quail exposed to different environment conditions at start of lay.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different environment conditions on productive performance and surface temperatures of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) during the initial stage of laying. in environmental controlled chambers, the birds were subjected to different temperatures and air velocities at the feeder. a total of 216 japanese quails were distributed randomly in 2 galvanized wire cages, with 3 partitions each and 27 birds/cage. the experimental design ...201930815695
a stereological study on calculation of volume values regarding lumbosacral segments of quails.in the study, total segment, grey matter and white matter volume values of lumbosacral segment of spinal cord in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) were stereologically examined. regardless of sex, six adult quails were used as material. after the materials were perfused, they were dissected and their spinal cords were uncovered. tissue samples were taken from each lumbosacral segment of spinal cord. after the tissue fixation process, 6-7 sections having a 5-µm thickness were separated in every ...201930835894
secreting oviduct epithelial cells of coturnix coturnix japonica (qoec) and changes to their proteome after nonviral transfection.the quail oviduct (coturnix c. japonica) is a natural candidate avian bioreactor, while the secretive quail oviduct epithelial cells (qoecs) are potential in vitro producers of recombinant proteins and vaccines. in view of the need for highly performing and transformable cell lines, qoec may potentially act as an alternative bioreactor platform to the existing ones, for example, to the chinese hamster ovary. the aim of this work was to characterize qoecs and their response to nucleofection with ...201930854717
propolis alleviates the negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality, physiological and immunological aspects of laying japanese quail.the present work was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary propolis supplementation to laying japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) on egg production, egg quality, physiological and immunological aspects under heat stress conditions. a total of 200, 21-day-old, japanese quail females were distributed equally into standard wired cages in two identical environmentally-controlled rooms (10 cages per room, 10 birds per cage). from 29-70 d of age, the quail birds in the first room r ...201930964896
ingestion of tannery effluent as a risk factor to the health of birds: a toxicological study using coturnix coturnix japonica as a model system.tannery industries generate large amounts of tannery effluents (te), which have been considered highly toxic to various groups of animals. however, the identification and characterization of the impact of this mix of pollutants on birds is still highly incipient. so, our goal was to evaluate the possible biological changes of coturnix coturnix japonica, exposed for 45 days, to different dilutions of te (1.4%, 3.1% and 6.5%), using behavioural biomarkers, mutagenics and egg production. when submi ...201931103665
effects of bacteriocin and organic acid on growth performance, small intestine histomorphology, and microbiology in japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).in this study, 600 1-day-old japanese quail chicks (coturnix coturnix japonica) were used to investigate the effects of bacteriocin and organic acids on performance and intestinal histomorphology and microbiology. chicks were allocated to 6 groups, i.e., control, bac150 (150 mg/kg bacteriocin), bac300 (300 mg/kg bacteriocin), oa (3 g/kg organic acid blend), bac150+oa (150 mg/kg bacteriocin + 3 g/kg organic acid blend), and bac300+oa (300 mg/kg bacteriocin + 3 g/kg organic acid blend) group. the ...201931119514
morphological characteristics of the developing cecum of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca, coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. the cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. an undeveloped smooth musculari ...201931169105
the ossification of the vertebral column, thorax and sternum in the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the ossification centers onset of the quail vertebrae, ribs, and sternum in embryos and hatchling birds was studied. specimens were cleared, stained with alcian blue and alizarin red s and examined using stereomicroscope. the chondral rudiments of the vertebrae were observed at the 6th day of incubation (e6). the osteogenesis of the vertebrae was accomplished with both perichondral and endochondral ossifications. the cervical vertebrae began to ossify at e9-e10, whereas the thoracic ones began a ...201931183009
carcass characteristics, physicochemical attributes, and fatty acid and amino acid compositions of meat obtained from different japanese quail strains.the objective of the current study was to assess the carcass traits and meat quality in three different japanese quail strains. a total of 90 1-day-old japanese quail chicks of three different strains; 30 of each of white, black, and brown were used. quails were slaughtered at 10 weeks of age. carcass traits such as carcass weight and carcass yield were recorded. at 24 h postmortem, breast and leg meat samples were detached, vacuum packaged and stored at - 20 °c until meat quality, nutritional c ...202031301038
paraquat induced impaired reproductive function and modulation of retinal and extra-retinal photoreceptors in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).paraquat (pq) being a potent herbicide, causes toxic effect on growth, development and reproduction of plant as well as in animals. in this study we have mainly focused on the toxic effect of pq on photoperception via different photoreceptors present in retina, pineal and hypothalamus and thereby its effect on hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal (hpg) axis. pq was administered i.p.10 mg/kg body weight daily for 1 week in poultry birds japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). our findings clea ...201931302232
histological and immunohistochemical studies of the proximal caecum and caecal tonsils of quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).the proximal caecum in quails consists of lymphoid and non-lymphoid structures. the caecal tonsils in the proximal part of the caecum are units of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in poultry. this study aimed to examine the histological characteristics of the proximal caecum, as well as compositions of dendritic cells (dcs) and antigen-presenting cells (apcs) in the caecal tonsil of quails. tissue sections were stained with crossman's triple, periodic acid-schiff, gordon and sweet's silver, congo ...201931305954
positive roadside edge effects on artificial nest survival in a lowland atlantic forest.road construction is considered to be one of the primary causes of forest fragmentation, and little is known about how roads affect bird reproductive success. the objective of this study was to assess the survival rate of artificial nests along an edge associated with a highway and in the interior of a tabuleiro forest. the study was performed at the sooretama biological reserve, on the margins of federal highway br-101, between september and october 2015. a total of 168 artificial nests with a ...201931346411
expression of gnrh receptor and 3βhsd during meiosis and foliculogénesis in columba livia (aves: columbiformes): histological and immunohistochemical analysis.during the ovarian ontogeny in birds, five fundamental events can be recognized: migration and colonization of the primordial germ cells, differentiation and proliferation of oogonies, an organization of germinal nests, beginning of the meiotic process and folliculogenesis. the knowledge of these events is fundamental for the interpretation of the processes involved in the differentiation of female gametes. however, there are only references for some model species such as gallus gallus domesticu ...202031348955
ontogenetic changes of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the avian femur: a comparison between precocial and altricial birds.the mechanical performance of limb bones is closely associated with an animal's locomotor capability and is thus important to our understanding of animal behaviour. this study combined a geometrical analysis and three-point bending tests to address the question of how the mechanical performance of the femurs of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and pigeon (columba livia domestica) respond to changing functional demands during ontogeny. results showed that hatchling quails had stiff bon ...201931355453
effect of a diet containing date pits on growth performance, diet digestibility, and economic evaluation of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).this study was performed to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of date pits (dp) to growing japanese quails on growth performance, diet digestibility, blood parameters, carcass traits, and economical value of the farm production. a total of 204 1-day-old quail chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups (three replicates each). dp was chemically analyzed and used as 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% to formulate 4 balanced experimental diets (control, dp-2, dp-4, and dp-6, respectively). the fee ...202031359353
natural outbreak of marek's disease in indigenous chicken and japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) in jos, plateau state, nigeria.carcasses of an indigenous adult chicken and japanese quail from different flocks were presented to a veterinary clinic for postmortem (pm) examination in 2014 in jos, plateau state, nigeria. pm observations revealed cutaneous, hepatic, and splenic tumors in the indigenous chicken. the quail carcass was emaciated with hepatic tumors. histopathology revealed severe focally extensive non-encapsulated circumscribed large nodules with pleomorphic population of cells mainly composed of lymphoplasmacy ...201931360655
seasonal expression and cellular distribution of star and steroidogenic enzymes in quail testis.the quail coturnix coturnix is a seasonal breeder with a physiological switch on/off of gonadic activity. photoperiod and temperature are the major environmental factors regulating the spermatogenesis. to more thoroughly comprehend the steroidogenic pathways that govern the seasonal reproductive cycle, we have investigated the localization of star protein and steroidogenic enzymes (3β-hsd, 17β-hsd, p450 aromatase, and 5α-red) as well as androgen and estrogen levels, in the testis of reproductive ...201931433565
cellular invasion and matrix degradation, a different type of matrix-degrading cells in the cartilage of catfish (clarias gariepinus) and japanese quail embryos (coturnix coturnix japonica).we previously studied the phenomena of the mesenchymal cell-dependent mode of cartilage growth in quail and catfish. thus, we selected the two cartilage models in which mesenchymal cells participate in their growth. in such models, cartilage degradation occurred to facilitate cellular invasion. the studies do not explain the nature of the cartilage degrading cells. the current study aims to explore the nature of the cartilage-degrading cells using transmission electron microscopy (tem) and immun ...201931583991
cellular elements in the developing caecum of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica): morphological, morphometrical, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic studies.the present study aims to investigate the histological, histochemical and electron microscopic changes of the caecal proximal part of japanese quail during both pre- and post-hatching periods starting from the 2nd embryonic day (ed) until four weeks post-hatching. on the 2nd and 3rd ed, the primordia of caeca appeared as bilateral swelling on the wall of the hindgut. on the 7th ed, the lamina propria/submucosa contained the primordia of glands. on the 8th ed, rodlet cells could be observed among ...201931700017
effect of omega-3 rich diet on the response of japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with newcastle disease virus or avian influenza virus h9n2.this study was performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on growth performance, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titres, gene expression and histopathology in quails (coturnix coturnix japonica) infected with newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2. one hundred, 40-day-old male quails were divided into 5 groups: g1, fed a control basal diet; g2a, infected with ndv; g2b, infected with h9n2; g3a, infected ...202031712184
oxygen supply limits the heat tolerance of avian embryos.physiologists have primarily focused on two potential explanations for heat stress in animals-the classic model of molecular stability and an alternative model of oxygen limitation. although the classic model has widespread support, the oxygen-supply model applies to many aquatic animals and some terrestrial ones. in particular, the embryonic stage of terrestrial animals seems most susceptible to oxygen limitation because embryos acquire oxygen from the atmosphere by diffusion rather than ventil ...201931744411
lead in terrestrial game birds from spain.we analysed exposure to pb and its relationship with lead-based ammunition in seven species of terrestrial game birds-common woodpigeon (columba palumbus), rock dove (columba livia), stock dove (columba oenas), european turtle-dove (streptopelia turtur), red-legged partridge (alectoris rufa), barbary partridge (alectoris barbara) and common quail (coturnix coturnix)-from rural and urban areas in different parts of spain (valencia, castilla-la mancha, castilla y león, madrid, islas canarias and n ...202031755055
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