Publications

genetic mapping of genes for twelve nuclear-encoded polypeptides associated with the thylakoid membranes in beta vulgaris l.	thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts are composed of approx. 75 polypeptide species. nearly 60% originate in nuclear genes, the remainder in plastid genes. in order to localize representatives of the nuclear-encoded gene complement in a eukaryotic plant genome (sugar beet, beta vulgaris l.), we have investigated the rflp patterns of 21 cdnas from spinach that code for thylakoid proteins or proteins peripherally associated with thylakoid membranes. differences in gene dosage were noted between bot ...	1996	8849689
kinetic evidence for protein complexes between thioredoxin and nadp-malate dehydrogenase and presence of a thioredoxin binding site at the n-terminus of the enzyme.	the kinetics of activation of nadp-malate dehydrogenase (mdh; ec 1.1.1.82) from soybean and spinach leaves by the chloroplast thioredoxins isolated from the same plants, by the corresponding storage forms of the soybean chloroplast thioredoxins from soybean seeds, and by the bacterial escherichia coli thioredoxin have been studied. the hill equation has been applied to evaluate the saturation kinetics. the observed variable thioredoxin saturation characteristics (vmax 0.37-14.5 mumol nadph min-1 ...	1996	8856084
some characteristics of cytochrome f in the cyanobacterium phormidium laminosum: its sequence and charge properties in the reaction with plastocyanin.	part of the petca operon was cloned and the sequence of the cytochrome f gene from the moderately thermophilic cyanobacterium phormidium laminosum determined. a partial sequence of the petc gene encoding the rieske iron-sulphur protein was also obtained. the cytochrome f gene encodes a mature protein of 385 residues and a leader sequence of 45 residues. the mature protein contains several acidic or neutral residues corresponding to basic residues in the turnip protein. some of the latter are tho ...	1996	8856106
changes in microbial populations on fresh cut spinach.	the microbial populations found on fresh-cut spinach leaves that were stored in gas permeable bags at 10 degrees c for 12 days were examined and identified. the microorganisms consisted of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, pseudomonadaceae, enterobacteriaceae, micrococcaceae, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. populations of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, pseudomonadaceae and enterobacteriaceae increased sharply during the storage period. the initial populations were 10(7), 10(6), ...	1996	8880301
x-ray structure of the ferredoxin:nadp+ reductase from the cyanobacterium anabaena pcc 7119 at 1.8 a resolution, and crystallographic studies of nadp+ binding at 2.25 a resolution.	the crystal structure of the ferredoxin:nadp+ reductase (fnr) from the cyanobacterium anabaena pcc 7119 has been determined at 2.6 a resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement and refined using 15.0 a to 1.8 a data, collected at 4 degrees c, to an r-factor of 0.172. the model includes 303 residues, the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor (fad), one sulfate ion located at the putative nadp+ binding site and 328 water molecule sites. the structure of anabaena fnr, including fad, a network of ...	1996	8890910
introduction and expression of foreign dna in isolated spinach chloroplasts by electroporation.	an electroporation-mediated method for the study of foreign gene expression within chloroplasts has been developed. the chloroplast expression vector phd203-gus, which consists of coding regions for beta-glucuronidase (gus) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) separated by a double psba promoter fragment from pea (in opposite orientation) was electroporated into spinach chloroplasts and the transient gene expression was examined. conditions for the expression of the reporter genes have be ...	1996	8893549
amino acid sequence of the maize ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase variable subunit.	the ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase (ftr) is the essential enzyme of the light dependent regulatory system controlling enzyme activities in oxygenic, photosynthetic cells. this protein is composed of two dissimilar subunits, a catalytic subunit containing a [4fe-4s] cluster and a redox-active disulfide bridge as the active site, and a variable subunit, whose function is not known yet. whereas size and primary structure of the catalytic subunit from different organisms seem to be well conserved, ...	1996	8898896
purification and partial characterization of two thioredoxins from streptomyces aureofaciens.	thioredoxins are low molecular weight proteins, which participate in a wide spectrum of biochemical reactions. two thioredoxins from streptomyces aureofaciens 3239 have been purified to homogeneity by a sequence of chromatography steps including chromatography on sephacryl s-300, phenyl sepharose cl 4b and monoq hr 5/5. thioredoxin activity clearly separates into two protein fractions on monoq hr 5/5 chromatography. molecular weights determined by chromatography on superose 12 hr 10/30 and sodiu ...	1996	8908358
identification, characterization, and molecular cloning of a homologue of the bacterial ftsh protease in chloroplasts of higher plants.	in an attempt to identify and characterize chloroplast proteases, we performed an immunological analysis of chloroplasts using an antibody against escherichia coli ftsh protease, which is an atp-dependent metalloprotease bound to the cytoplasmic membrane. a cross-reacting protein of 78 kda was found in the thylakoid membrane of spinach, but not in the soluble stromal fraction. alkali and high salt washes, as well as trypsin treatment of thylakoid membranes, suggest that the chloroplastic ftsh pr ...	1996	8910594
evidence that the plastid signal and light operate via the same cis-acting elements in the promoters of nuclear genes for plastid proteins.	nuclear-encoded genes for proteins of the photosynthetic machinery represent a particular subset of genes. their expression is cooperatively stimulated by discrete factors including the developmental stage of plastids and light. we have analyzed in transgenic tobacco the plastid- and light-dependent expression of a series of 5' promoter deletions of various nuclear genes from spinach, of fusions of defined promoter segments with the 90-bp 35s rna camv minimal promoter, as well as with mutations ...	1996	8917305
the bioavailability of magnesium in spinach and the effect of oxalic acid on magnesium utilization examined in diets of magnesium-deficient rats.	spinach was evaluated for its bioavailability of magnesium in the experiment with magnesium-deficient rats. the effect of oxalic acid on absorption of dietary magnesium was also examined in the same experiment. after there were significant differences in the body weight of the rats between the control group and the magnesium-deficient group, and after the number of dead rats increased, the magnesium-deficient rats were divided into six groups. they were pair-fed for 8 days on the magnesium-defic ...	1995	8926539
high-level expression, purification, and crystallization of recombinant spinach glycolate oxidase in escherichia coli.	glycolate oxidase is a flavin-dependent enzyme in the photorespiratory pathway in plants. here we report the heterologous expression of glycolate oxidase in escherichia coli and an isolation procedure which results in 4 mg pure protein per gram cell paste in only 1.5 days. this corresponds to a more than 50-fold improvement in yield compared to previously reported expression systems. the purified recombinant protein can be crystallized easily, and the crystals are isomorphous to those obtained f ...	1996	8936590
characterization and crystallization of the lumen side domain of the chloroplast rieske iron-sulfur protein.	a soluble, 139-residue cooh-terminal polypeptide fragment of the rieske iron-sulfur protein of the cytochrome b6f complex from spinach chloroplasts was obtained by limited proteolysis of the complex and a two-step chromatography purification protocol. the purified rieske iron-sulfur protein fragment was characterized by: (i) a single nh2-terminal sequence, nh2-phe-val-pro-pro-gly-gly, starting with residue 41 of the intact rieske protein; (ii) a single molecular weight species determined by mass ...	1996	8940143
glutamate 94 of [2fe-2s]-ferredoxins is important for efficient electron transfer in the 1:1 complex formed with ferredoxin-glutamate synthase (glts) from synechocystis sp. pcc 6803.	we have analyzed the role of critical amino acid residues involved in the interaction between ferredoxin and ferredoxin-glutamate synthase (gogat) encoded by the glts gene from the cyanobacterium synechocystis sp. pcc 6803. our results indicated that the glutamate 94 residue of anabaena 7120 ferredoxin (= e92 of the synechocystis 6803 ferredoxin) was necessary for an efficient electron transfer to gogat comparable to ferredoxin:nadp-reductase, nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase [schmitz and ...	1996	8950376
is e37, a major polypeptide of the inner membrane from plastid envelope, an s-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase?	using antibodies raised against e37, one of the major polypeptides of the inner membrane from the chloroplast envelope, it has been demonstrated that a single immunologically related polypeptide was present in total protein extracts from various higher plants (monocots and dicots), in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues from young spinach plantlets, as well as in the cytoplasmic membrane from the cyanobacteria synechococcus. this ubiquitous distribution of e37 strongly suggests that th ...	1996	8953251
intron sequences are involved in the plastid- and light-dependent expression of the spinach psad gene.	plastid- and light-regulated expression of the spinach psad gene in transgenic tobacco requires sequences downstream of the transcription start site, sand promoter sequences alone are not sufficient to respond to these stimuli. the spinach psad mrna level in transgenic tobacco is still plastid- and light-responsive when the expression of the intron-containing transcription unit is driven by the 35s rna camv promoter indicating that psad contains (a) gene-internal control element(s). if the genom ...	1996	8953253
studies on protein processing for membrane-bound spinach leaf mitochondrial processing peptidase integrated into the cytochrome bc1 complex and the soluble rat liver matrix mitochondrial processing peptidase.	the plant mitochondrial processing peptidase (mpp) that catalyses the cleavage of the presequences from precursor proteins during or after protein import is a membrane-bound enzyme that constitutes an integral part of the bc1 complex of the respiratory chain. in contrast, mpp from mammals is soluble in the matrix space and does not form part of the respiratory chain. in the present study, we have compared the substrate specificity of the isolated spinach leaf bc1/mpp with rat liver mpp using syn ...	1996	8954161
the mechanism of gt element-mediated cell type-specific transcriptional control.	promoter studies have revealed that sequences related to the gt-1 binding site, known as gt elements, are conserved in plant nuclear genes of diverse functions. in this work, we addressed the issue of whether gt elements are involved in cell type-specific transcriptional regulation. we found that the inactivation of gt-1 site-mediated transcription in roots is correlated with the absence of the gt-1 binding activity in root extracts. in addition, the mutation of the related gt-1 (from the pea rb ...	1996	8955086
cross-linking of engineered subunit delta to (alphabeta)3 in chloroplast f-atpase.	ser --> cys mutations were introduced into subunit delta of spinach chloroplast f0f1-atpase (cf0cf1) by site-directed mutagenesis. the engineered delta subunits were overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified, and reassembled with spinach chloroplast f1-atpase (cf1) lacking the delta subunit (cf1(-delta)). by modification with eosin-5-maleimide, it was shown that residues 10, 57, 82, 160, and 166 were solvent-accessible in isolated cf1 and all but residue 166 also in membrane-bound cf0cf1. modi ...	1996	8955107
the amino acid sequence of the spinach basic cupredoxin plantacyanin.	we describe the amino acid sequence of plantacyanin isolated from spinach leaves. this small basic copper-binding plant cupredoxin contains 91 amino acids (accession no. s70746) and its theoretical average mass of 9788.2 da was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. when compared to the sequences of other plant cupredoxins, the most similar homologs were cucumber basic blue protein and stellacyanin from laquer tree with 44-58% identical residues. other known plant cupredoxins we ...	1996	8955876
identification of a chloroplast coenzyme a-binding protein related to the peroxisomal thiolases.	a 30-kd coenzyme a (coa)-binding protein was isolated from spinach (spinacea oleracea) chloroplast soluble extracts using affinity chromatography under conditions in which 95% of the total protein was excluded. the 30-kd protein contains an eight-amino-acid sequence, dvrlyyga, that is identical to a region in a 36-kd protein of unknown function that is encoded by a kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa) cdna. southern blotting also detected a spinach gene that is related to the kiwifruit cdna. the kiwi ...	1996	8972603
molecular characterization of transketolase (ec 2.2.1.1) active in the calvin cycle of spinach chloroplasts.	a cdna encoding the calvin cycle enzyme transketolase (tkl; ec 2.2.1.1) was isolated from sorghum bicolor via subtractive differential hybridization, and used to isolate several full-length cdna clones for this enzyme from spinach. functional identity of the encoded mature subunit was shown by an 8.6-fold increase of tkl activity upon induction of escherichia coli cells that overexpress the spinach tkl subunit under the control of the bacteriophage t7 promoter. chloroplast localization of the cl ...	1996	8980496
higher-plant chloroplast and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isoenzymes: origins via duplication rather than prokaryote-eukaryote divergence.	full-size cdnas encoding the precursors of chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fbp), sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (sbp), and the small subunit of rubisco (rbcs) from spinach were cloned. these cdnas complete the set of homologous probes for all nuclear-encoded enzymes of the calvin cycle from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). fbp enzymes not only of higher plants but also of non-photosynthetic eukaryotes are found to be unexpectedly similar to eubacterial homologues, suggesting a eubacter ...	1996	8980497
functional studies of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunits a and b expressed in escherichia coli: formation of highly active a4 and b4 homotetramers and evidence that aggregation of the b4 complex is mediated by the b subunit carboxy terminus.	chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating, e.c. 1.2.1.13) (gapdh) of higher plants exists as an a2b2 heterotetramer that catalyses the reductive step of the calvin cycle. in dark chloroplasts the enzyme exhibits a molecular mass of 600 kda, whereas in illuminated chloroplasts the molecular mass is altered in favor of the more active 150 kda form. we have expressed in escherichia coli proteins corresponding to the mature a and b subunits of spinach chloroplast gapdh (g ...	1996	8980499
cp12: a small nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein provides novel insights into higher-plant gapdh evolution.	higher-plant chloroplast nad(p)-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (nad(p)-gapdh; ec 1.2.1.13) is composed of two different nuclear-encoded subunits, gapa and gapb, forming the highly active heterotetrameric a2b2 enzyme. the main difference between these two subunits is a c-terminal extension of about 30 amino acid residues of gapb. we present cdna clones for a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein from pea, spinach and tobacco, which we have named cp12. the mature protein consists of only 7 ...	1996	8980547
the chloroplast envelope is permeable for maltose but not for maltodextrins.	permeation of [14 c]maltose into the stroma (measured as the sorbitol-impermeable space) of isolated intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts was studied using the silicone oil centrifugation technique. maltose uptake showed michaelis menten-kinetics with a k(m) of 25 mm and a vmax of 19.5 mumol maltose. mg chl-1. h-1 at 15 degrees c. lack of interaction of glucose and maltose uptake suggested the presence of individual translocators for maltose and glucose in the inner chloroplast env ...	1996	8980636
primary structure of the n-linked carbohydrate chains of calreticulin from spinach leaves.	calreticulin is a multifunctional ca(2+)-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum of most eukaryotic cells. the 56 kda calreticulin glycoprotein isolated from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves was n-deglycosylated by pngase-f digestion. the carbohydrate moiety was isolated by gel permeation chromatography and purified by high-ph anion-exchange chromatography. the fractions were investigated by 500 mhz 1h-nmr spectroscopy, in combination with monosaccharide analysis and fast-atom bombardm ...	1996	8981089
molecular cloning of a cdna encoding 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase iii from leek.	3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase iii (kas iii) catalyzes the initial condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) with acetyl-coa in plant and bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. the first cdna clone encoding kas iii from a monocot is reported here. a cdna clone was isolated from a leek epidermal cdna library by screening with spinach and arabidopsis heterologous probes from kas iii cdna clones. when expressed in escherichia coli, the cloned enzyme was able to catalyze the expected ...	1996	8982066
recombinant hansenula polymorpha as a biocatalyst: coexpression of the spinach glycolate oxidase (go) and the s. cerevisiae catalase t (ctt1) gene.	the methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha has been developed as an efficient production system for heterologous proteins. the system offers the possibility to cointegrate heterologous genes in anticipated fixed copy numbers into the chromosome. as a consequence co-production of different proteins in stoichiometric ratios can be envisaged. this provides options to design this yeast as an industrial biocatalyst in procedures where several enzymes are required for the efficient conversion of a ...	1996	8987534
cloning of the gene for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase and its evolutionary origin.	monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (mgdg) synthase (udpgalactose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-d-galactosyltransferase; ec 2.4.1.46) catalyzes formation of mgdg, a major structural lipid of chloroplast. we cloned a cdna for the synthase from cucumber cdna library. the full-length cdna clone was 2142 bp, and it contains a 1575-bp open reading frame encoding 525 aa. the open reading frame consists of the regions for a mature protein (422 aa; mr of 46,552) and transit peptide to chloroplast (103 aa). althoug ...	1997	8990209
the reaction mechanism of phosphomannomutase in plants.	the enzyme phosphomannomutase catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-1-phosphate (man-1-p) and mannose-6-phosphate (man-6-p). in mammalian cells the enzyme has to be activated by transfer of a phosphate group from a sugar-1.6-p2 (guha, s.k. and rose, z.b. (1985) arch. biochem. biophys. 243, 168). in contrast, in the red alga galdieria sulphuraria the co-substrate (man-1.6-p2 or glc-1.6-p2) is converted to the corresponding sugar monophosphate while the substrate is converted to the sugar bisph ...	1997	9003801
plant 21d7 protein, a nuclear antigen associated with cell division, is a component of the 26s proteasome.	previously, we cloned a carrot (daucus carota l.) cdna encoding a 45-kd protein, 21d7, located in the nuclei of proliferating cells. the 21d7 protein is similar to the partial sequence of a regulatory subunit of the bovine 26s proteasome, p58 (g. demartino, c.r. moomaw, o.p. zagnitko, r.j. proske, m. chu-ping, s.j. afendis, j.c. swaffield, c.a. slaughter [1994] j biol chem 269: 20878-20884) and to the deduced sequence encoded by the saccharomyces cerevisiae gene sun2 (m. kawamura, k. kominami, j ...	1997	9008397
residue glu-91 of chlamydomonas reinhardtii ferredoxin is essential for electron transfer to ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase.	the [2fe-2s] soluble ferredoxin from chlamydomonas reinhardtii was mutated by site directed mutagenesis, using pcr and the expression plasmid pet-fd as a template. the recombinant mutated proteins were purified to homogeneity and tested in the activation of nadp-malate dehydrogenase, a light dependent reaction in which ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase (ftr) and thioredoxin are involved. the mutation of residue glu-91 (e92 in spinach, e94 in anabaena) alone, either to gln (e91q) or to lys (e91k), ...	1997	9009217
substrate specificity modification of the stromal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase.	the stromal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (gpats; ec 2.3.1.15) from spinach (spinacia oleracea) and squash (cucurbita moschata) were expressed in escherichia coli and their activities with palmitoyl-coa and oleoyl-coa compared. the gpat from squash, a chilling-sensitive plant, was found to have the greatest difference in activities between the two substrates, using palmitoyl-coa over three times faster than oleoyl-coa. in contrast, the enzyme from spinach, a chilling-tolerant plant, pref ...	1997	9016814
characterization of a novel eukaryotic atp/adp translocator located in the plastid envelope of arabidopsis thaliana l.	recently, we have sequenced a cdna clone from arabidopsis thaliana l. encoding a novel putative atp/adp translocator (aatp1). here, we demonstrate that the radioactively labeled aatp1 precursor protein, synthesized in vitro, is targeted to envelope membranes of isolated spinach chloroplasts. antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide of aatp1 recognized a single polypeptide of about 62 kda in chloroplast inner envelope preparations. the cdna coding for the aatp1 protein was functionally expre ...	1997	9025303
isozymes of superoxide dismutase from aloe vera.	extracts from the parenchymatous leaf gel and the rind of the aloe vera plant (aloe barbadensis miller) were shown to contain seven electrophoretically-identifiable superoxide dismutases (sods). the chromatographic elution profiles and the migration of these bands on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page), for both the gel and rind, are quite similar. two of these seven activities are insensitive to cyanide treatment, suggesting that they are mangano-sods. the other five activities are ...	1996	9030888
molecular cloning, characterization and expression of cdna encoding phosphoserine aminotransferase involved in phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis from spinach.	phosphoserine aminotransferase (psa) catalyzes the conversion of phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine in the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis. a cdna clone encoding psa was isolated from the cdna library of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) green leaves. determination of the nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of an open reading frame encoding 430 amino acids, exhibiting 38-50% homology with the amino acid sequences of bacterial, yeast and animal psa. it contains an n-terminal ...	1997	9037153
structural homology of spinach acyl carrier protein and escherichia coli acyl carrier protein based on nmr data.	acyl carrier proteins (acps) from spinach and from escherichia coli have been used to demonstrate the utility of proton nmr for comparison of homologous structures. the structure of e. coli acp had been previously determined and modeled as a rapid equilibrium among multiple conformational forms (kim and prestegard, biochemistry 28:8792-8797, 1989). spinach acp showed two slowly exchanging forms and could be manipulated into one form for structural study. here we compare this single form to postu ...	1997	9037718
side reactions catalyzed by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase in the presence and absence of small subunits.	the large subunit core of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase from synechococcus pcc 6301 expressed in escherichia coli in the absence of its small subunits retains a trace of carboxylase activity (about 1% of the kcat of the holoenzyme) (andrews, t. j (1988) j. biol. chem. 263, 12213-12219). during steady-state catalysis at substrate saturation, this residual activity diverted approximately 10% of the reaction flux to 1-deoxy-d-glycero-2,3-pentodiulose-5-phosphate as a result of beta elimination ...	1997	9038145
analysis of the native forms of the 90 kda heat shock protein (hsp90) in plant cytosolic extracts.	a polyclonal antibody, r2, was raised against a fusion protein consisting of a portion of plant hsp90 fused to the trpe protein of escherichia coli. this antibody was found to be specific towards plant hsp90, showing little or no cross-reactivity with mouse and human hsp90 proteins. the r2 antibody identified an 83 kda protein as the hsp90 homologue in cytosolic extracts of several dicot and monocot plants. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that at least two different isoforms of hsp ...	1997	9049266
two-dimensional electrophoresis of membrane proteins: a current challenge for immobilized ph gradients.	membrane proteins were separated by high resolution two-dimensional (2-d) electrophoresis. on isoelectric focusing (ief) with immobilized ph gradients severe protein losses in the resulting 2-d map were observed when compared with carrier ampholyte-based ief. this has been noticed for two different biological systems, namely the chloroplast envelope of spinach and the endocytic vesicles from dictyostelium discoideum. the possible mechanisms of these losses on immobilized ph gradients are discuss ...	1997	9059834
choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cdna cloning.	plants synthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine via the route choline --> betaine aldehyde --> glycine betaine. in spinach, the first step is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (cmo), a ferredoxin-dependent stromal enzyme that has been hypothesized to be an oligomer of identical subunits and to be an fe-s protein. analysis by hplc and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization ms confirmed that native cmo contains only one type of subunit (mr 42,864). determination of acid-labile sulfur an ...	1997	9096415
comparison of metabolic effects of vegetables and teas with colorectal proliferation and with tumour development in dmh-treated f344 rats.	the aim of this study was to screen potentially chemopreventive vegetables and teas for their effects as human dietary components for the colorectal epithelium and also to seek biomarkers of preventive efficacy. groups of f344 rats were adapted to a human basal diet supplemented with vegetables or teas, having known contents of glucosinolates, polyphenols and anti-oxidants. both inductions and suppressions were found for overall glutathione s-transferase (gst) and quinone reductase activities. t ...	1997	9103311
gibberellin biosynthesis from gibberellin a12-aldehyde in endosperm and embryos of marah macrocarpus.	soluble enzyme preparations from embryos and endosperm of marah macrocarpus (previously echinocystis macrocarpa) were incubated with [14c4]gibberellin(ga)12-aldehyde, [14c4]ga12, [14c1] ga9, 2,3-didehydro[14c1]ga9, [14c1]ga20, and [17-13c, 3h]ga5. embryo preparations converted ga12-aldehyde, ga12, and ga9 to ga4 and ga7; 2,3-didehydroga9 to ga7; ga5 to ga3; and ga20 (incompletely) to ga1 and ga60, but not to ga3. endosperm preparations converted ga12-aldehyde and ga12 to ga15, ga24, and ga9, but ...	1997	9112781
prh75, a new nucleus-localized member of the dead-box protein family from higher plants.	the putative rna helicases of the dead-box protein family are involved in pre-mrna splicing, rrna maturation, ribosome assembly, and translation. members of this protein family have been identified in organisms from escherichia coli to humans, but except for the translation initiation factor 4a, there have been no reports on the characterization of other dead-box proteins from plants. here we report on a novel member of the dead-box protein family, the plant rna helicase 75 (prh75). prh75 is loc ...	1997	9121476
the nitrate reductase gene isolated from dna of cultured spinach cells.	the gene encoding nitrate reductase was cloned from the dna isolated from cultured spinach (spinacia oleracea cv. hoyo) cells and sequenced. the clone contains 7612 nucleotides of the gene which consists of four exons interrupted by three introns. the transcription start site was determined by primer extension analysis and located 193 bp upstream of the atg translation initiation codon. the 5'-flanking region contains a tata box and caat box.	1997	9128133
organ-specific transcription of the rrn operon in spinach plastids.	the spinach rrn operon is used as a model system to study transcriptional regulation in higher plant photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastids. we performed capping experiments to determine whether p1, pc, or p2 promoters are employed for rrn transcription start sites in cotyledon and root tissues. by using a new method of analysis of capped rna we demonstrate for the first time that 1) in both organs the rrn operon is expressed in a constitutive manner by cotranscription with the preceding ...	1997	9153218
composition and primary structure of the f1f0 atp synthase from the obligately anaerobic bacterium clostridium thermoaceticum.	the subunit composition and primary structure of the proton-translocating f1f0 atp synthase have been determined in clostridium thermoaceticum. the isolated enzyme has a subunit composition identical to that of the f1f0 atp synthase purified from clostridium thermoautotrophicum (a. das, d. m. ivey, and l. g. ljungdahl, j. bacteriol. 179:1714-1720, 1997), both having six different polypeptides. the molecular masses of the six subunits were 60, 50, 32, 17, 19, and 8 kda, and they were identified a ...	1997	9171425
role of psii-l protein (psbl gene product) on the electron transfer in photosystem ii complex. 1. over-production of wild-type and mutant versions of psii-l protein and reconstitution into the psii core complex.	to establish a system for over-production of psii-l protein which is a component of photosystem ii (psii) complex, a plasmid designated as pmal-psbl was constructed and expressed in escherichia coli jm109. a fusion protein of psii-l and maltose-binding proteins (53 kda on sds-page) was accumulated in e. coli cells to a level of 10% of the total protein upon isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg) induction. the carboxyl-terminal part of 5.0 kda was cleaved from the fusion protein and purif ...	1997	9177321
stimulation of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase by mercuric ions.	chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase can exist in an active reduced form or a less active oxidised form. oxidised fructose bisphosphatase from spinach (spinacia oleracea) could be stimulated up to many hundred-fold by 0.1 mm hgcl2 whereas fructose bisphosphatases from rabbit, yeast, a non-chloroplast enzyme from spinach and the reduced chloroplast enzyme were only inhibited by hgcl2. stimulation of the enzyme was maximal at ph 8.0 and low magnesium concentrations where the oxidised enzyme nor ...	1997	9180262
purification and characterization of a fusion protein of plant acetohydroxy acid synthase and acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase.	the nucleotide sequence coding for the arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxy acid synthase was genetically fused in frame with the nucleotide sequence coding for the spinacia oleracea acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase and expressed in escherichia coli. this construction allowed the production of large amounts of soluble fusion protein. the pure chimeric enzyme exhibits high acetohydroxy acid synthase and acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase specific activities. fusion and native enzymes exhibit simil ...	1997	9187358
specificity for activase is changed by a pro-89 to arg substitution in the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	tobacco activase does not markedly facilitate the activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco, ec 4.1.1. 39) from non-solanaceae species, including the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. to examine the basis of this specificity, we focused on two exposed residues in the large subunit of rubisco that are unique to the solanaceae proteins. by employing in vitro mutagenesis and chloroplast transformation, p89r and k356q substitutions were separately made in the chlamyd ...	1997	9202018
antigenotoxic activity of natural chlorophylls.	chlorophyllin, a man-made water-soluble form of chlorophyll, is a focus of intensive studies from many laboratories for its antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. natural chlorophylls, in contrast, have been little studied in this regard. since yellow-green vegetables are implicated to be protective against human cancers by epidemiological studies, it is important to explore the antigenotoxic properties of natural chlorophylls. previously, we reported that a chlorophyll sample prepared f ...	1997	9202743
characterization of 26s proteasome alpha- and beta-type and atpase subunits from spinach and their expression during early stages of seedling development.	three kinds of cdnas encoding 26s proteasome subunits have been cloned from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). these genes, designated as sopsc8, sopsc1 and soprs7, encode an alpha-type and a beta-type subunit of the 20s catalytic core, and an atpase subunit of the 19/22s regulatory complex, respectively. the deduced protein sequences showed high sequence similarities to other proteasome alpha- and beta-type and atpase subunit proteins. southern blot analysis indicates that there are additional mem ...	1997	9207846
inhibition of the mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene by vitamins, porphyrins and related compounds, and vegetable and fruit juices and solvent extracts.	when 21 vitamins including related compounds haemin, chlorophyllin, chlorophyll, biliverdin and bilirubin, as well as juices from five fruits and 25 vegetables and solvent extracts from the residues of fruits and vegetables were tested for their antimutagenic potencies with respect to mutagenicity induced by 2-nitrofluorene (2-nf), 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-nfa) and 1-nitropyrene(1-np) in salmonella typhimurium ta98 the following results were obtained. the tetracyclic nitroarenes 3-nfa and 1-np wer ...	1997	9207899
diet and stomach cancer in korea.	stomach cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in korea. as of 1991-1992 in seoul, the cumulative rates reported for the age span 0-74 were 7.6% in males and 3.1% in females. a recent case-control study reported that several food items and cooking methods are associated with increased or decreased risk of stomach cancer among koreans. an increased risk of stomach cancer was noted among people who frequently consume broiled meats and fishes, salted side dishes (salted/fermented fish prod ...	1997	9209012
uptake and transformation of benzene and toluene by plant leaves.	the [1-6(14)c]benzene and [1-(14)c]toluene vapors penetrate into hypostomatous leaves of acer campestre, malus domestica, and vitis vinifera from both sides, whereas hydrocarbons are more intensively absorbed by the stomatiferous side and more actively taken up by young leaves. benzene and toluene conversion in leaves occurs with the aromatic ring cleavage and their carbon atoms are mainly incorporated into nonvolatile organic acids, while their incorporation into amino acids is less intensive. ...	1997	9212332
changes in proteasome levels in spinach (spinacia oleracea) seeds during imbibition and germination.	proteasomes are the major cytosolic protease complexes responsible for energy-dependent and extra-lysosomal proteolysis. ubiquitinated proteins are degraded by the 26s proteasome which is composed of a 20s proteasome and two regulatory complexes. changes in the 20s and 26s proteasome activity levels and protein abundance in spinach seeds during imbibition and germination were examined by using glycerol density gradient centrifugation. the 26s proteasome activity level decreased transiently durin ...	1997	9214761
cucumber chloroplast trnl(caa) gene: nucleotide sequence and in vivo expression analysis in etiolated cucumber seedlings treated with benzyladenine and light.	the nucleotide sequence of a 714 bp bamhi-ecori fragment of cucumber chloroplast dna was determined. the fragment contained a gene for trna(leu) together with its flanking regions. the trnl(caa) gene sequence is about 99% in similarity to broad bean, cauliflower, maize, spinach and tobacco corresponding genes. the relative expression level of the gene was determined by northern (trna) gel blot and northern (total cellular rna) slot-blot analyses using the trnl gene probe in 6-day old etiolated c ...	1996	9219428
analysis of the reaction coordinate of photosynthetic water oxidation by kinetic measurements of 355 nm absorption changes at different temperatures in photosystem ii preparations suspended in either h2o or d2o.	flash-induced absorption changes at 355 nm were measured at different temperatures within the range of 2 degrees c </= theta </= 25 degrees c in dark-adapted ps ii core complexes from spinach [o2 evolution rate: 1500 +/- 100 micromol of o2 (mg of chl)-1 h-1] that were dissolved either in h2o- or in d2o-containing buffer. comparative measurements were performed at 20 degrees c in h2o- or d2o-containing suspensions of ps ii membrane fragments [o2 evolution rate: 600 +/- 40 micromol of o2 (mg of ch ...	1997	9220978
characterization and expression of two members of the s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene family in carnation flower.	s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (samdc; ec 4.1.4.50) is one of the key enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis, and the product of its catalytic reaction, decarboxylated s-adenosylmethionine (dcsam), serves as an aminopropyl donor in the biosynthesis of spermidine and spermine. in order to provide information on the structure and regulation of samdc, we have isolated and sequenced two different samdc cdna clones from carnation petals. the nucleotide sequences of csdc9 and csdc16 show 78.3% identity ...	1997	9225849
footprinting of the spinach nitrite reductase gene promoter reveals the preservation of nitrate regulatory elements between fungi and higher plants.	nitrite reductase (nir) is the second enzyme in the nitrate assimilatory pathway reducing nitrite to ammonium. the expression of the nir gene is induced upon the addition of nitrate. in an earlier study, a 130 bp upstream region of the spinach nir gene promoter, located between -330 to - 200, was shown to be necessary for nitrate induction of beta-glucuronidase (gus) expression in tissue-specific manner in transgenic tobacco plant [28]. to further delineate the cis-acting elements involved in ni ...	1997	9225857
the complete sequence of the genomic rnas of spinach latent virus.	we describe the sequence for the complete genome of spinach latent virus (splv). comparisons of this genome with that of the only other complete genome described for a species within the genus ilarvirus (citrus leaf rugose virus-cilrv) indicate that while there are marked differences between the rna 3 of the two viruses, their respective rnas 1 and 2 share many similarities. however, the putative 2a protein of splv contains a c2h2 type "zinc finger"-like motif located towards the carboxy termina ...	1997	9229009
protein phosphorylation as a mechanism for osmotic-stress activation of sucrose-phosphate synthase in spinach leaves.	experiments were performed to investigated the mechanism of sucrose-phosphate synthase (sps) activation by osmotic stress in darkened spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves. the activation was stable through immunopurification and was not the result of an increased sps protein level. the previously described ca(2+)-independent peak iii kinase, obtained by ion-exchange chromatography, is confirmed to be the predominant enzyme catalyzing phosphorylation and inactivation of dephosphoserine-158-sps. ...	1997	9232876
the ferredoxin-binding site of ferredoxin: nitrite oxidoreductase. differential chemical modification of the free enzyme and its complex with ferredoxin.	spinach (spinacea oleracea) leaf ferredoxin (fd)-dependent nitrite reductase was treated with either the arginine-modifying reagent phenyl-glyoxal or the lysine-modifying reagent pyridoxal-5'-phosphate under conditions where only the fd-binding affinity of the enzyme was affected and where complex formation between fd and the enzyme prevented the inhibition by either reagent. modification with [14c]phenylglyoxal allowed the identification of two nitrite reductase arginines, r375 and r556, that a ...	1997	9232882
three spinach leaf nitrate reductase-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase kinases that are regulated by reversible phosphorylation and/or ca2+ ions.	in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaf extracts, three protein kinases (pki, pkii and pkiii) were identified each of which phosphorylated spinach nitrate reductase on serine-543, and inactivated the enzyme in the presence of nitrate reductase inhibitor, 14-3-3. pkiii was also very active in phosphorylating and inactivating arabidopsis (landsberg erecta) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase 1 (hmgr1). pki and pkii phosphorylated hmgr1 more slowly than pkiii, compared with their relativ ...	1997	9245257
structural analysis of photosystem ii: comparative study of cyanobacterial and higher plant photosystem ii complexes	oxygen evolving photosystem ii (psii-oec) complexes and psii core complexes were isolated from spinach and the thermophilic cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. od24 and characterized by gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and absorbance spectroscopy. the mass of the core complexes was determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (stem) and found to be 281 ± 65 kda for spinach and 313 ± 52 kda for synechococcus sp. od24. the mass of the spinach psii-oec complex was 327 &plu ...	1997	9245767
engineering pichia pastoris for biocatalysis: co-production of two active enzymes.	high levels of active glycolate oxidase from spinach (go) and active catalase t from saccharomyces cerevisiae (catt) have been co-produced in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris (pp). in sequential rounds of transformation using two selectable markers, multiple copies of the genes encoding go and catt were integrated into the pp chromosome under control of the methanol inducible alcohol oxidase i promoter, resulting in a strain designated msp8.6. msp8.6 is a second-generation biocatalyst us ...	1997	9272859
high-yield expression of pea thioredoxin m and assessment of its efficiency in chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activation.	a cdna clone encoding pea (pisum sativum l.) chloroplast thioredoxin (trx) m and its transit peptide were isolated from a pea cdna library. its deduced amino acid sequence showed 70% homology with spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) trx m and 25% homology with trx f from pea and spinach. after subcloning in the ndel-bamhi sites of pet-12a, the recombinant supplied 20 mg trx m/l. escherichia coli culture. this protein had 108 amino acids and was 12,000 d, which is identical to the pea leaf native prot ...	1997	9276945
s2f, a leaf-specific trans-acting factor, binds to a novel cis-acting element and differentially activates the rpl21 gene.	tissue-specific factors control the differential expression of nuclear genes encoding plastid proteins. to identify some of these factors, the light-independent spinach rpl21 gene encoding the plastid ribosomal protein l21 was chosen as a model. the rpl21 promoter organization was defined by transient and stable transfections of rpl21 promoter deletion mutants fused to a reporter gene. the following results were obtained. (1) we identified a strong core promoter, spanning the transcription start ...	1997	9286115
dietary modification of human macular pigment density.	the retinal carotenoids lutein (l) and zeaxanthin (z) that form the macular pigment (mp) may help to prevent neovascular age-related macular degeneration. the purpose of this study was to determine whether mp density in the retina could be raised by increasing dietary intake of l and z from foods.	1997	9286268
the regulatory functions of the gamma and epsilon subunits from chloroplast cf1 are transferred to the core complex, alpha3beta3, from thermophilic bacterial f1.	the expression plasmids for the subunit gamma (gamma(c)) and the subunit epsilon (epsilon(c)) of chloroplast coupling factor (cf1) from spinach were constructed, and the desired proteins were expressed in escherichia coli. both expressed subunits were obtained as inclusion bodies. when recombinant gamma(c) was mixed with recombinant alpha and beta subunits of f1 from thermophilic bacillus ps3 (tf1), a chimeric subunit complex (alpha3beta3gamma(c)) was reconstituted and it showed significant atp ...	1997	9288943
induction of genes encoding plastidic phosphorylase from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and potato (solanum tuberosum l.) by exogenously supplied carbohydrates in excised leaf discs.	a full-length cdna encoding plastidic phosphorylase (pho1, ec 2.4.1.1) from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) has been isolated. analysis of the deduced protein sequence revealed considerable homologies with the corresponding proteins from other plants, animals and prokaryotes. escherichia coli cells carrying the entire cdna for pho1 expressed an active phosphorylase, which resembled the properties of the plastidic isozyme of spinach with respect to its low affinity to glycogen. expression of pho1 ...	1997	9299793
molecular cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding putative phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase from spinach.	a cdna encoding spinach putative phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (phgpx) was cloned and sequenced. the cdna included an open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 171 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence showed about 77 and 50% similarity to plant putative phgpxs and mammalian phgpxs, respectively. pcr product with the same size as that of the spinach putative phgpx were obtained from maize, soybeans, and arabidopsis, suggesting the expression of putative ...	1997	9301122
specific interaction of the [2fe-2s] ferredoxin from clostridium pasteurianum with the nitrogenase mofe protein.	putative physiological partners of the [2fe-2s] ferredoxin from clostridium pasteurianum have been searched by running crude soluble extracts of this bacterium through an affinity column to which the [2fe-2s] ferredoxin had been covalently bound. subsequent washing of the column with buffers of increasing ionic strength revealed a strong and specific interaction of the ferredoxin with the mofe protein of nitrogenase. this interaction was further investigated by performing cross-linking experimen ...	1997	9305970
effects of codon usage and vector-host combinations on the expression of spinach plastocyanin in escherichia coli.	spinach plastocyanin has been expressed in escherichia coli and exported to the periplasmic space. the effects of codon usage, expression system, growth length, and temperature on expression levels in lb medium were investigated. a stretch of codons, rare in e. coli, was identified and replaced with highly expressed codons, increasing the yield by at least 20%. plastocyanin was more efficiently expressed under the t7 promoter than under the lac promoter. maximum yields were obtained at 37 degree ...	1997	9325134
consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods.	a human intervention study with vegetable products has been performed in twenty three healthy, non smoking males aged 27-40. it was the aim of the study to assess whether consumption of vegetables containing different carotenoids could protect against dna damage and oxidative dna damage. the subjects consumed their normal diets, but abstained from vegetables high in carotenoids throughout the study period. after a 2 week depletion period, they received daily 330 ml tomato juice with 40 mg lycope ...	1997	9328185
purification and characterization of thylakoid membrane-bound inorganic pyrophosphatase from spinacia oleracia l.	an inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppase) was purified from thylakoid membrane of spinach leaves to electrophoretic purity by methods including detergent solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and successive chromatographic techniques. current protocol yielded about 10% recovery of total activity with a 30-fold purification. the specific activity of the purified enzyme was approximately 400 micromol ppi consumed/mg protein x h. this enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 55 kda. severa ...	1997	9328290
recombinant two-iron rubredoxin of pseudomonas oleovorans: overexpression, purification and characterization by optical, cd and 113cd nmr spectroscopies.	the gene (alk g) encoding the two-iron rubredoxin of pseudomonas oleovorans was amplified from genomic dna by pcr and subcloned into the expression vector pkk223-3. the vector directed the high-level production of rubredoxin in escherichia coli. a simple three-step procedure was used to purify recombinant rubredoxin in the 1fe form. 1fe-rubredoxin was readily converted to the 2fe, apoprotein and cadmium forms after precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and resolubilization in the presence or a ...	1997	9359843
cross-linking of chloroplast f0f1-atpase subunit epsilon to gamma without effect on activity. epsilon and gamma are parts of the rotor.	cys residues were directed into positions 17, 28, 41 and 85 of a cys6-->ser mutant of subunit epsilon of spinach chloroplast f0f1 atp synthase. wild-type and engineered epsilon were expressed in escherichia coli, purified in the presence of urea, refolded and reassembled with spinach chloroplast f1 lacking the epsilon subunit [f1(-epsilon)]. cys-containing epsilon variants were modified with a sulfhydryl-reactive photolabile cross-linker. photocross-linking of epsilon to f1(-epsilon) yielded the ...	1997	9363764
transport of ctpa protein from the cyanobacterium synechocystis 6803 across the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts.	the ctpa protein in the cyanobacterium synechocystis 6803 is a c-terminal processing protease that is essential for the assembly of the manganese cluster of the photosystem ii complex. when fused to different chloroplast-targeting transit peptides, ctpa can be imported into isolated spinach chloroplasts and is subsequently translocated into the thylakoid lumen. thylakoid transport is mediated by the cyanobacterial signal peptide which demonstrates that the protein transport machinery in thylakoi ...	1997	9370359
alternative mrna splicing of 3'-terminal exons generates ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes in spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts.	we have isolated two cdna clones encoding spinach (spinacia oleracea) stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes [ishikawa, sakai, yoshimura, takeda and shigeoka (1996) febs lett. 384, 289-293]. the gene (apxii) encoding both chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes was isolated and the organization of the gene was determined. alignment between the cdnas and the gene for chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes indicates that both enzymes arise from a common pre-mrna b ...	1997	9396722
fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy of photosystem ii tyrosine d using site-directed mutagenesis and specific isotope labeling.	tyrosine d (tyrd), a side path electron carrier of photosystem ii (ps ii), has been studied by light-induced fourier transform infrared (ftir) difference spectroscopy in ps ii core complexes of synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 using the experimental conditions previously optimized to generate the pure tyrd./tyrd ftir difference spectrum in ps ii-enriched membranes of spinach [hienerwadel, r., boussac, a., breton, j., and berthomieu, c. (1996) biochemistry 35, 115447-115460]. ir modes of tyrd and tyrd. ...	1997	9398191
photoinactivation of the f1-atpase from spinach chloroplasts by dequalinium is accompanied by derivatization of methionine beta183.	in contrast to the f1-atpases from bovine mitochondria and the thermophilic bacillus ps3, which are reversibly inhibited by dequalinium in the absence of irradiation, the mg2+-atpase activity of heat- or dithiothreitol-activated chloroplast f1 (cf1) from spinach chloroplasts is slightly stimulated by dequalinium. conversely, dequalinium is a partial inhibitor (maximal inhibition is 85-90%) of the ca2+-atpase of cf1 activated by heat, dithiothreitol, or octylglucoside. the mg2+- and ca2+-atpase a ...	1997	9405435
[a survey of radioactive levels of agricultural products in saitama prefecture].	past atmospheric nuclear testing which have been conducted frequently, have caused environmental pollution due to the diffusion of radioactive substances into the atmosphere and from the radioactive fallout. the environmental pollution from nuclear testing into the atmosphere has resulted in the radioactive contamination in agricultural products and has continued for a long time. the radioactive contamination of agricultural products occurs through air, water and soil which were contaminated by ...	1997	9423326
expression of the spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) gene in transgenic tobacco plants.	plasmid pls9 contains a 1.5-kb of spinach cdna including its complete open reading frame. the 1.5-kb badh cdna was cut from pls9 using restriction enzyme and was inserted into the expression cassette of plasmid pyh between the camv 35s promoter and polya signal sequence. the 35s-badh cdna-polya fragment of pyh was cloned into a polylinker cloning site of the binary vector pbin19. the resulting plasmid pbinbadh-s was transferred to agrobacterium tumefacies lba4404. the tobacco plants were transfo ...	1997	9429776
identification and purification of a spinach chloroplast dna-binding protein that interacts specifically with the plastid psaa-psab-rps14 promoter region.	we have previously shown the presence in chloroplasts of sequence-specific dna-binding proteins that interact specifically with two regions located downstream and upstream from the 5'-transcription start site of the plastid psaa-psab-rps14 operon. as part of an effort to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of plastid transcription during plant development, we report here the purification and characterization of the chloroplast dna-binding protein from spinach (spinacia oleracea l. var. spinosa as ...	1997	9431684
salinity promotes accumulation of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate and its precursor s-methylmethionine in chloroplasts.	wollastonia biflora (l.) dc. plants accumulate the osmoprotectant 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp), particularly when salinized. dmsp is known to be synthesized in the chloroplast from s-methylmethionine (smm) imported from the cytosol, but the sizes of the chloroplastic and extrachloroplastic pools of these compounds are unknown. we therefore determined dmsp and smm in mesophyll protoplasts and chloroplasts. salinization with 30% (v/v) artificial seawater increased protoplast dmsp levels fro ...	1998	9449841
the involvement of the two acidic patches of spinach plastocyanin in the reaction with photosystem i.	six different spinach plastocyanin mutants have been constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in escherichia coli to probe the importance of the two acidic patches in the interaction with photosystem i. the mutants were: asp42lys, glu43asn, glu43lys, glu43gln/asp44asn, glu59lys/glu60gln and glu43asn/glu59lys/glu60gln and they have been characterised by optical absorption and epr spectroscopy, redox titrations and isoelectric focusing. the electron transfer to photosystem i was inve ...	1997	9452765
the nuclear rpl4 gene encodes a chloroplast protein that co-purifies with the t7-like transcription complex as well as plastid ribosomes.	we have cloned and sequenced the cdna and the gene coding for plastid ribosomal protein l4 (rpl4) from two higher plant species, spinach and arabidopsis thaliana. ribosomal protein l4 is one of the ribosomal proteins for which extraribosomal functions in transcriptional regulation has been demonstrated in prokaryotes. sequence comparison of the two plant cdnas and genes shows that the rpl4 gene has acquired a remarkable 3' extension during evolutionary transfer to the nuclear genome. this extens ...	1998	9461586
vascular movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in beta macrocarpa is probably dependent on an rna 3 sequence domain rather than a gene product.	rnas 1 and 2 of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) carry the functions enabling viral rna replication, cell-to-cell movement, virus assembly and vascular movement of the virus in the systemic host spinacea oleracea. in beta macrocarpa, on the other hand, bnyvv rna 3 is required for vascular movement. replication-competent rna 3 transcripts carrying various point mutations and deletions were coinnoculated with rnas 1 and 2 to young leaves of b. macrocarpa and the ability of the virus to mult ...	1998	9472625
immunization against rabies with plant-derived antigen.	we previously demonstrated that recombinant plant virus particles containing a chimeric peptide representing two rabies virus epitopes stimulate virus neutralizing antibody synthesis in immunized mice. we show here that mice immunized intraperitoneally or orally (by gastric intubation or by feeding on virus-infected spinach leaves) with engineered plant virus particles containing rabies antigen mount a local and systemic immune response. after the third dose of antigen, given intraperitoneally, ...	1998	9482911
a matrix-located processing peptidase of plant mitochondria.	nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins are proteolytically processed inside the mitochondrion after import. the general mitochondrial processing activity in plant mitochondria has been shown to be integrated into the cytochrome bc1 complex of the respiratory chain. here we investigate the occurrence of an additional, matrix-located processing activity by incubation of the precursors of the soybean mitochondrial proteins, alternative oxidase, the fad subunit of the atp synthetase and th ...	1998	9484472
identification of a novel isoform of the chloroplast-coupling factor alpha-subunit.	studies were conducted to identify a 64-kd thylakoid membrane protein of unknown function. the protein was extracted from chloroplast thylakoids under low ionic strength conditions and purified to homogeneity by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. four peptides generated from the proteolytic cleavage of the wheat 64-kd protein were sequenced and found to be identical to internal sequences of the chloroplast-coupling factor (cf1) alpha-subunit. antibodies for th ...	1998	9489017
osmotic stress induces expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet and amaranth.	choline monooxygenase (cmo) catalyzes the committing step in the synthesis of glycine betaine, an osmoprotectant accumulated by many plants in response to salinity and drought. to investigate how these stresses affect cmo expression, a spinach (spinacia oleracea l., chenopodiaceae) probe was used to isolate cmo cdnas from sugar beet (beta vulgaris l., chenopodiaceae), a salt- and drought-tolerant crop. the deduced beet cmo amino acid sequence comprised a transit peptide and a 381-residue mature ...	1998	9489025
nadh-monodehydroascorbate oxidoreductase is one of the redox enzymes in spinach leaf plasma membranes	amino acid analysis of internal sequences of purified nadh-hexacyanoferrate(iii) oxidoreductase (nforase), obtained from highly purified plasma membranes (pm) of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves, showed 90 to 100% homology to internal amino acid sequences of monodehydroascorbate (mda) reductases (ec 1.6.5.4) from three different plant species. specificity, kinetics, inhibitor sensitivity, and cross-reactivity with anti-mda reductase antibodies were all consistent with this identification. t ...	1998	9501135
heterogeneity and photoinhibition of photosystem ii studied with thermoluminescence	thermoluminescence (tl) signals were recorded from grana stacks, margins, and stroma lamellae from fractionated, dark-adapted thylakoid membranes of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) in the absence and in the presence of 2,6-dichlorphenylindophenol (dcmu). in the absence of dcmu, the tl signal from grana fractions consisted of a homogenous b-band, which originates from recombination of the semi-quinone qb- with the s2 state of the water-splitting complex and reflects active photosystem ii (psii). i ...	1998	9501138
the role of aromatic and acidic amino acids in the electron transfer reaction catalyzed by spinach ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase.	treatment of the ferredoxin-dependent, spinach glutamate synthase with n-bromosuccinimide (nbs) modifies 2 mol of tryptophan residues per mol of enzyme, without detectable modification of other amino acids, and inhibits enzyme activity by 85% with either reduced ferredoxin or reduced methyl viologen serving as the source of electrons. the inhibition of ferredoxin-dependent activity resulting from nbs treatment arises entirely from a decrease in the turnover number. complex formation of glutamate ...	1998	9507092
molecular characterization and physiological role of a glyoxysome-bound ascorbate peroxidase from spinach.	cdnas encoding two cytosolic and two chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase (asap) isozymes from spinach have been cloned recently [ishikawa et al. (1995) febs lett. 367: 28, (1996) febs lett. 384: 289]. we herein report the cloning of the fifth cdna of an asap isozyme which localizes in spinach glyoxysomes (gasap). the open reading frame of the 858-base pair cdna encoded 286 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 31,507 da. by determination of the latency of asap activity in intact ...	1998	9516999
purification, properties and in situ localization of the amphibolic enzymes d-ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase and transketolase from spinach chloroplasts.	the amphibolic enzymes d-ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase and transketolase have been purified from stroma extracts of spinach chloroplasts using ammonium sulfate fractionation and fplc. for the native enzymes, a molecular mass of 180 kda for epimerase and 160 kda for transketolase was found and the molecular masses of the subunits was determined to be 23 kda for epimerase and 74 kda for transketolase. protein sequencing of the purified chloroplast enzymes revealed the nh2-terminal amino acid se ...	1998	9523694