Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| cow-level evaluation of a kinetics elisa with multiple cutoff values to detect fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in new york state dairy cows. | in control programs for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the infection status of the cows in a herd is often obtained by testing (a sample of) the herd with an elisa that may lack some sensitivity and specificity but that is fast and inexpensive. in new york state (nys), an unabsorbed kinetics elisa (kela) has been used extensively for map control. the objective of this study was to determine the relative sensitivity and specificity of the kela for detection of fecal shedding o ... | 2005 | 16169619 |
| expression library immunization confers protection against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. | currently, paratuberculosis vaccines are comprised of crude whole-cell preparations of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. although effective in reducing clinical disease and fecal shedding, these vaccines have severe disadvantages as well, including seroconversion of vaccinated animals and granulomatous lesions at the site of vaccination. dna vaccines can offer an alternative approach that may be safer and elicit more protective responses. in an effort to identify protective m. avium s ... | 2005 | 16177367 |
| improved detection of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. | at present there is no rapid microbiological method for the detection of viable mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. by combining an extensive milk sample pretreatment with solid phase cytometry as the detection technique we were able to demonstrate viable mycobacterial cells in 50 ml of artificially contaminated pasteurized milk in less than one working day. | 2005 | 16180731 |
| immunization with dna vaccines encoding different mycobacterial antigens elicits a th1 type immune response in lambs and protects against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. | paratuberculosis, or johne's disease, is a disease of domestic and wild ruminants that culminate with a chronic enteritis caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the aim of this work was to evaluate the type of immune response, th1 or th2, induced by dna vaccinations in lambs of sarda breed. twenty-five lambs, serum negative for m. paratuberculosis, were selected at birth from equally serum negative mothers. the lambs were inoculated at 5 months of age with three different mycobac ... | 2006 | 16183174 |
| identification and characterization of an immunogenic 22 kda exported protein of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. | an exported 22 kda putative lipoprotein was identified in an alkaline phosphatase gene fusion library of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and expressed in mycobacterium smegmatis. the full nucleic acid sequence of the gene encoding p22 was determined and the orf was cloned into a mycobacterial expression vector, enabling full-length p22 to be produced as a c-terminal polyhistidine-tagged protein in m. smegmatis. n-terminal sequencing of the recombinant protein confirmed cleavage of a ... | 2005 | 16192441 |
| development of an f57 sequence-based real-time pcr assay for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. | a light cycler-based real-time pcr (lc-pcr) assay that amplifies the f57 sequence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was developed. this assay also includes an internal amplification control template to monitor the amplification conditions in each reaction. the targeted f57 sequence element is unique for m.avium subsp. paratuberculosis and is not known to exist in any other bacterial species. the assay specificity was demonstrated by evaluation of 10 known m. avium subsp. paratubercu ... | 2005 | 16204510 |
| clustering of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in rabbits and the environment: how hot is a hot spot? | clustering of pathogens in the environment leads to hot spots of diseases at local, regional, national, and international levels. scotland contains regional hot spots of johne's disease (caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis) in rabbits, and there is increasing evidence of a link between paratuberculosis infections in rabbits and cattle. the spatial and temporal dynamics of paratuberculosis in rabbits within a hot spot region were studied with the overall aim of determining envir ... | 2005 | 16204518 |
| [from farm to fork--mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) as zoonotic agent?]. | mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of the paratuberculosis (para tb) in ruminants. in addition, this pathogen has been suspected to be implicated in the pathogenesis of morbus crohn disease (mc), causing chronic inflammatory intestine changes of humans. the participation of map in this illness is discussed intensively and has very contradictory opinions. on the one hand several times succeeded in proving map dna in changed human tissues as well as, in recent t ... | 2005 | 16206925 |
| mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, genetic susceptibility to crohn's disease, and sardinians: the way ahead. | the present study was performed to determine what proportion of people in sardinia with or without crohn's disease were infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and had a preponderance of allelic variants of nod 2, an intracellular protein involved in crohn's disease susceptibility. genetic analysis of the alleles of the nod 2/card 15 gene (ins c 3020, g 908 r, and r 702 w alleles), linked to susceptibility or genetic predisposition to crohn's disease in humans, was carried ... | 2005 | 16207995 |
| [observations on the control and eradication of paratuberculosis in dairy herds]. | johne's disease is widely seen in dairy herds in germany. estimates based primarily on epidemiological surveys in neighbouring states assume that 5 to 15 % of german herds are infected. in the past three years several authors have reported that the causative agent of johne's disease, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), is found ubiquitously in the environment and can be isolated from a number of different animals, including non ruminants. these results imply that map should be ... | 2005 | 16218184 |
| deletion of an mmpl gene and multiple associated genes from the genome of the s strain of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis identified by representational difference analysis and in silico analysis. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. a. paratuberculosis) can be divided into two major strains, sheep (s) and cattle (c), based on cultural requirements, host specificity, degree of clumping of cells in suspension and minor genomic differences including copy number of insertion elements and point mutations. representational difference analysis (rda) with s strain as driver and c strain as tester was used to identify unique genomic regions. three sequences (rda1, rda3 and rda4) were i ... | 2005 | 16226868 |
| continuous-data diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis as a multistage disease. | we devised a general method for interpretation of multistage diseases using continuous-data diagnostic tests. as an example, we used paratuberculosis as a multistage infection with 2 stages of infection as well as a noninfected state. using data from a danish research project, a fecal culture testing scheme was linked to an indirect elisa and adjusted for covariates (parity, age at first calving, and days in milk). we used the log-transformed optical densities in a bayesian network to obtain the ... | 2005 | 16230698 |
| disinfection of dairy and animal farm wastewater with radiofrequency power. | radiofrequency (rf) power was investigated as a new, physical (nonchemical), thermal process to disinfect wastewater from dairy and animal facilities. samples (n = 38) from 8 dairy, 2 calf, and 3 swine facilities in california were collected over a 3-yr period and characterized for their dielectric properties, chemical composition, and suitability for thermal processing using rf power. to establish efficacy for disinfection, selected samples were inoculated with high levels (10(6) to 10(9) cfu/m ... | 2005 | 16230716 |
| isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) from feral cats on a dairy farm with map-infected cattle. | paratuberculosis is an economically important disease of dairy cattle caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). the role of nonruminant, nondomestic animals in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in cattle is unclear. to examine nonruminant, nondomestic animals for the presence of map, 25 feral cats, nine mice (species unknown), eight rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus), six raccoons (procyon lotor), and three opossums (didelphis virginiana) were collected from a mid-western dair ... | 2005 | 16244077 |
| epitope shared by functional variant of organic cation/carnitine transporter, octn1, campylobacter jejuni and mycobacterium paratuberculosis may underlie susceptibility to crohn's disease at 5q31. | campylobacter jejuni and mycobacterium paratuberculosis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of crohn's disease. the presence of bacterial metabolites in the colonic lumen causing a specific breakdown of fatty acid oxidation in colonic epithelial cells has been suggested as an initiating event in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). l-carnitine is a small highly polar zwitterion that plays an essential role in fatty acid oxidation and atp generation in intestinal bioenergetic metabolism. the or ... | 2005 | 16246312 |
| crohn's and johne's disease. | 2005 | 16255278 | |
| determining the sensitivity of abattoir surveillance for ovine johne's disease. | the objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of abattoir surveillance of intestinal tract lesions for detecting ovine johne's disease (ojd) under normal meatwork conditions. | 2005 | 16255288 |
| preliminary observations on the prevalence of sheep shedding mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis after 3 years of a vaccination program for ovine johne's disease. | 2005 | 16255289 | |
| bovine monocytes and a macrophage cell line differ in their ability to phagocytose and support the intracellular survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | bovine monocytes exhibited a greater ability to phagocytose mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (i.e. greater percentage of infected cells, and more bacilli per infected cell), than did a bovine macrophage cell line (bomac). phagocytosis of m. paratuberculosis by monocytes, but not the cell line, was significantly enhanced by the addition of autologous serum. following ingestion, the numbers of viable m. paratuberculosis cells in monocytes increased during the first 4 days and then decli ... | 2006 | 16256206 |
| effect of paratuberculosis on culling, milk production, and milk quality in dairy herds. | to determine the effect of paratuberculosis on culling, milk production, and milk quality in infected dairy herds. | 2005 | 16266021 |
| isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging birds and mammals on livestock premises. | surveys for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in free-ranging mammals and birds were conducted on nine dairy and beef cattle farms in wisconsin and georgia. specimens were collected from 774 animals representing 25 mammalian and 22 avian species. specimens of ileum, liver, intestinal lymph nodes, and feces were harvested from the larger mammals; a liver specimen and the gastrointestinal tract were harvested from birds and small mammals. cultures were performed by using radiom ... | 2005 | 16269731 |
| occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in untreated water in northern ireland. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the known cause of johne's disease of both domestic and wild ruminants and has been implicated as a possible cause of crohn's disease in humans. the organism is shed in the feces of infected animals and can survive for protracted periods in the environment and hence could be present in catchment areas receiving agricultural runoff. a limited survey was undertaken in northern ireland to test for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in untreated water ent ... | 2005 | 16269747 |
| protothecal enteritis as a cause of protein-losing enteropathy in a bull. | prototheca spp are achlorophyllic saprophytic algae found in wastewater, sewage, agricultural waste, and possibly elsewhere in the environment. infections with these organisms have been reported in cattle, humans, and dogs; affected cattle commonly develop mastitis. a 5-year-old brahman-cross bull was evaluated because of a history of diarrhea and weight loss. the history and physical examination and clinicopathologic findings were similar to those associated with granulomatous enteritis caused ... | 2005 | 16279394 |
| perinatal exposure to low doses of pcb 153 and pcb 126 affects maternal and neonatal immunity in goat kids. | pregnant does (10 goats/group) were dosed orally either with polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) 153 (98 microg/kg body weight/d) or pcb 126 (ng/kg body weight/d) dissolved in corn oil or with corn oil only (control group) from gestation day (gd) 60 until delivery. an additional group (n = 5) of pregnant does received the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (des; 0.4 microg/kg body weight/d) by intramuscular injection using the same treatment schedule as for the pcb groups. blood samples for immune ... | 2006 | 16291567 |
| is900-pcr-based detection and characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from buffy coat of cattle and sheep. | johne's disease is one of the main causes of economic losses in ruminants and a major health hazard in the developing and developed world. up till now, many microbiological, serological and molecular methods have been tried for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). in this study, we attempt a pcr-based detection of is900, distinct insertion sequences of map from the buffy coat of cattle (n=262) and sheep (n=78), and direct genotyping by single strand conformational ... | 2006 | 16300910 |
| debate on the lack of evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in crohn's disease. | 2005 | 16306778 | |
| a long-term study in angora goats experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: clinical disease, faecal culture and immunological studies. | two longitudinal experiments involving angora goats challenged with either bovine or ovine strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) have been conducted over a period of 54 and 35 months, respectively. blood samples for the interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) test and the absorbed elisa and faecal samples for bacteriological culture were taken pre-challenge and monthly post-challenge. persistent shedding, ifn-gamma production, seroconversion and clinical disease occurred earlier ... | 2006 | 16310981 |
| survey of zoonoses recorded in scotland between 1993 and 2002. | all the human and animal laboratory reports of zoonoses sent to health protection scotland between 1993 and 2002 were identified. there were 24,946 reports from veterinary laboratories, and 94,718 (20 per cent) of the 468,214 reports from medical laboratories were considered to be zoonotic. the most common reports of zoonoses from people were campylobacter, salmonella, cryptosporidium and giardia species and escherichia coli o157. the most common reports of zoonoses from animals were salmonella, ... | 2005 | 16311383 |
| comparison of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are used in johne's disease (jd) control programs as a first screening for presence of the disease in a herd. a high sensitivity of the elisa is therefore important, yet the commonly used elisas have relatively low sensitivity. the inclusion of an absorption phase, although improving specificity, potentially decreases sensitivity. sera and feces of 383 adult dairy cows in 8 herds were used to compare the test characteristics of an absorbed and a nonabs ... | 2005 | 16312239 |
| detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail cheeses from greece and the czech republic. | we investigated the presence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail cheeses from greece and the czech republic. we found that 31.7% and 3.6% of our samples reacted positive by pcr and culture, respectively. consumption of these cheeses is likely to result in human exposure to m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, albeit at a low level for viable cells. | 2005 | 16332893 |
| potential risk of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis spread by syrphid flies in infected cattle farms. | the syrphid eristalis tenax linnaeus (diptera: syrphidae) may be found in and around dung storage pits at cattle farms at various developmental stages of their life cycle. the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in 1044 e. tenax samples at various developmental stages, as well as fresh and stored dung originating from nine cattle farms. mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from one (1.5%) larva from the vicinity of three paratuberc ... | 2005 | 16336300 |
| images of interest. gastrointestinal: mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and crohn's disease. | 2005 | 16336460 | |
| design and development of an internal control plasmid for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using real-time pcr. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease in ruminants. the hspx gene and insertion sequence is900 can be used to diagnose johne's with pcr. generally, a single pcr tube containing the dna sequence of interest is run as a positive control with each set of reactions. single reactions within a pcr run can fail while the positive control does not. thus, a single positive control tube does not determine if all pcr reactions worked properly. our ... | 2006 | 16337359 |
| risk of transmission of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis by embryo transfer of in vivo and in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. | over a 5-year interval, experiments were conducted to determine if mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is associated with in vivo and in vitro fertilized (ivf) embryos and whether it can be transmitted by embryo transfer. the present studies included: collection of embryos from five asymptomatic, naturally infected donors and transfer to uninfected recipients; collection of oocytes from two naturally infected donors with overt clinical signs; exposure of in vivo and ivf embryos to ma ... | 2006 | 16337678 |
| immunogenicity and cytoadherence of recombinant heparin binding haemagglutinin (hbha) of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: functional promiscuity or a role in virulence? | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants. recently, an association of map bacilli with crohn's disease in humans has been proposed. due to genetic similarities and serological cross-reactivity of the m. avium complex with other mycobacteria, functional analysis of species-specific proteins may allow new insights into the pathogenesis of mycobacterial diseases. we report production and molecular cha ... | 2006 | 16337720 |
| immunoglobulin g1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of johne's disease in red deer (cervus elaphus). | this study was designed to develop a customized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of johne's disease (jd) in farmed deer. two antigens were selected on the basis of their superior diagnostic readouts: denatured purified protein derivative (ppdj) and undenatured protoplasmic antigen (ppag). elisa development was based on the antigen reactivity of the immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) isotype, which is a highly specific marker for mycobacterial disease seroreactivity in deer. ... | 2005 | 16339063 |
| a major cell wall lipopeptide of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne disease in cattle and other ruminants, is proposed to be at least one of the causes of crohn disease in humans. map and mycobacterium avium subspecies avium, a closely related opportunistic environmental bacterium, share 95% of their genes and exhibit homologies of more than 99% between these genes. the identification of molecules specific for map is essential for understanding its pathogenicity and for developme ... | 2006 | 16339155 |
| factors associated with elisa scores for paratuberculosis in an angus-brahman multibreed herd of beef cattle. | cow and calf genetic and environmental factors were evaluated for their association with elisa scores for paratuberculosis in a multibreed population of beef cattle. the elisa scores are a measure of the presence or absence of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine serum. the linear mixed-model analysis used 352 elisa scores from 238 cows: 51 angus (a); 34 brahman (b); 41 (3/4 a 1/4 b); 45 (1/2 a 1/2 b); 34 (1/4 a 3/4 b); and 33 brangus (5/8 a 3/8 b). cows were ... | 2006 | 16361490 |
| members of the 30- to 32-kilodalton mycolyl transferase family (ag85) from culture filtrate of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are immunodominant th1-type antigens recognized early upon infection in mice and cattle. | the characterization of protective antigens is essential for the development of an effective, subunit-based vaccine against paratuberculosis. surface-exposed and secreted antigens, present abundantly in mycobacterial culture filtrate (cf), are among the well-known protective antigens of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis. culture filtrate, prepared from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis atcc 19698 grown as a surface pellicle on synthetic sauton medium, was strongly and ... | 2006 | 16368974 |
| specific antibodies against recombinant protein of insertion element 900 of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in japanese patients with crohn's disease. | mycobacterial avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection has been hypothesized as an etiological factor of crohn's disease (cd). however, the involvement of map in the pathophysiology of cd is controversial. the aim of this study is to investigate whether map is involved in the pathogenesis of cd with the glutathione s-transferase fusion recombinant protein encoding a portion of insertion element (is) 900 (is900-gst), which is specific for map. | 2006 | 16374261 |
| risk of removal and effects on milk production associated with paratuberculosis status in dairy cows. | to determine effects on production and risk of removal related to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) infection at the individual animal level in dairy cattle. | 2005 | 16379637 |
| whole-genome plasticity among mycobacterium avium subspecies: insights from comparative genomic hybridizations. | infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease in cattle and is also implicated in cases of crohn's disease in humans. another closely related strain, m. avium subsp. avium, is a health problem for immunocompromised patients. to understand the molecular pathogenesis of m. avium subspecies, we analyzed the genome contents of isolates collected from humans and domesticated or wildlife animals. comparative genomic hybridizations indicated distinct lineages for eac ... | 2006 | 16385061 |
| routes of intraspecies transmission of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus): a field study. | rabbits have been increasingly linked to the persistence of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in domestic ruminants in the united kingdom. the aims of this study were to determine the routes of intraspecies transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in rabbits and to estimate the probability of transmission via each route, in order to gain understanding of the dynamics of map in this host. rabbits were sampled from two sites where map had previously been isolated from ... | 2006 | 16391070 |
| persistence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and other zoonotic pathogens during simulated composting, manure packing, and liquid storage of dairy manure. | livestock manures contain numerous microorganisms which can infect humans and/or animals, such as escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella spp., and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mycobacterium paratuberculosis). the effects of commonly used manure treatments on the persistence of these pathogens have rarely been compared. the objective of this study was to compare the persistence of artificially inoculated m. paratuberculosis, as well as other naturally occurri ... | 2006 | 16391093 |
| fluorescence in situ hybridization using peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in potable-water biofilms. | here, we present for the first time a high-affinity peptide nucleic acid (pna) oligonucleotide sequence for detecting mycobacterium avium bacteria, including the opportunistically pathogenic subspecies m. avium subsp. avium, m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and m. avium subsp. silvaticum, by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) method. there is evidence that m. avium subsp. avium especially is able to survive and grow in drinking-water biofilms and possibly transmit via drinking water. ... | 2006 | 16391126 |
| replication and long-term persistence of bovine and human strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis within acanthamoeba polyphaga. | free-living protists are ubiquitous in the environment and form a potential reservoir for the persistence of animal and human pathogens. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the cause of johne's disease, a systemic infection accompanied by chronic inflammation of the intestine that affects many animals, including primates. most humans with crohn's disease are infected with this chronic enteric pathogen. subclinical infection with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is widespread in domest ... | 2006 | 16391127 |
| the association of sub-clinical paratuberculosis with the fertility of greek dairy ewes and goats varies with parity. | our cross-sectional study investigated the association of sub-clinical mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection with failing to produce a live offspring the season of lambing/kidding (november 2001 to january 2002) before testing (in april-may 2002), in four dairy-sheep and/or goat flocks in greece (369 animals >or=1.5-year-old). from each selected animal 10 ml of blood and 10 g of feces from the rectum were obtained. the harvested sera were tested for antibodies to map with a ... | 2006 | 16406563 |
| crohn's disease in people exposed to clinical cases of bovine paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the cause of ruminant paratuberculosis, has been proposed as the causative agent of crohn's disease. the objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to clinical cases of bovine paratuberculosis was a risk factor for crohn's disease. a questionnaire was sent to dairy farmers living on premises where the occurrence or absence of clinical cases of bovine paratuberculosis had previously been determined. the prevalence of crohn's di ... | 2006 | 16409650 |
| secreted antigens of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as prominent immune targets. | we here describe the identification and characterization of three novel secreted mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens of 9, 15 and 34 kda (map2609, map2942c and map0210c, respectively) by screening a genomic expression library with a serum of a naturally infected clinical cow. the 9, 15 and 34 kda antigens display strong homology to previously described m. tuberculosis antigens, tb8.4, mpt53 and erp, respectively. furthermore, these antigens were shown to be recognized by antibod ... | 2006 | 16413703 |
| mycobacterium paratuberculosis, mycobacterium smegmatis, and lipopolysaccharide induce different transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the irg1 gene in murine macrophages. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) causes a chronic enteritis in ruminants. in addition, map is presently the most favored pathogen linked to crohn's disease. in this study, we were interested in dissecting the molecular mechanisms of macrophage activation or deactivation after infection with map. by subtractive hybridization of cdnas, we identified the immune-responsive gene 1 (irg1), which was expressed substantially higher in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated than in map- ... | 2006 | 16415166 |
| mycobacterial 70 kd heat-shock protein is an effective subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. | paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the small intestine of cattle and other ruminants, caused by infection with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map). the disease can be found in ruminant herds worldwide, causing substantial economic losses at farm level due to premature culling and production losses. in previous studies, it has been shown that immune responses to recombinant map hsp70 proteins were predominantly cell mediated. as protective immunity to the intr ... | 2006 | 16417949 |
| the prevalence of milk and serum antibodies to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy herds in ontario. | this study randomly surveyed 50 dairy herds in ontario; 18% and 30% of herds had 2 or more milk or serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-positive cows, respectively. the apparent cow level prevalence was 1.7% and 2.6% on the milk and serum elisa, respectively. the serum and milk assays agreed moderately. | 2005 | 16422065 |
| age-specific characteristics of elisa and fecal culture for purpose-specific testing for paratuberculosis. | paratuberculosis is a chronic infection, and animals are not equally affected by it. therefore, diagnostic tests that are able to detect different stages of the infection are needed for objective decision making. a longitudinal study was carried out to describe the ability of 2 tests to predict 2 conditions in dairy cattle: "infection" and "infectious," exemplifying 2 different purposes of testing. "infection" is the term of choice for certification and eradication purposes, and "infectious" is ... | 2006 | 16428626 |
| agreement between three elisas for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. | during a 10-month period in 1999, 994 serum and tissue samples were collected from dairy cows at slaughter in eastern canada. the sources of these cattle were from all four atlantic canadian provinces along with some cows from the state of maine. the sera were used to assess the agreement of three commercially available elisas for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. two elisas were indirect absorbed elisas licensed for use in north america, the third was an indirect non-absorbed elisa l ... | 2006 | 16442752 |
| integrating theories of the etiology of crohn's disease. on the etiology of crohn's disease: questioning the hypotheses. | the most prominent theory describes the crohn's syndrome as a dysregulated, inappropriate immune response to otherwise innocuous bowel flora in a genetically susceptible host. the autoimmune theory assumes that a specific infectious agent does not exist. data from mouse models, impairment of the mucosal epithelial barrier and the influence of gut flora are used to support the autoimmune theory. critics claim that the dysregulated immune responses are not the primary disorder but secondary to an ... | 2006 | 16449960 |
| efficacy of a killed vaccine for the control of paratuberculosis in australian sheep flocks. | a field trial was undertaken from 1999 until 2004 to determine the efficacy of a killed m. a. paratuberculosis vaccine, gudair, for the control of ovine johne's disease (ojd) in merino sheep run under australian pastoral conditions. on each of three farms experiencing significant ojd losses (5-15% per annum), 200 merino lambs (age 1-4 months) were vaccinated, and 200 lambs were left unvaccinated. animal assessments and sample collections were conducted twice yearly until 4 or 5 years of age. the ... | 2006 | 16459030 |
| lpp34, a novel putative lipoprotein from mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | a mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis expression library in lambda zap was screened with immunized mice sera. one clone was selected, sequenced and further characterized. the sequence analysis of the hypothetical open-reading frame (orf) predicts a protein of 20.8 kda with a probable signal sequence compatible with cys-acylation at cys24, characteristic of lipoproteins. in consequence, the protein was termed lpp34. recombinant expression of lpp34 was achieved by cloning the lpp34 gene in ... | 2006 | 16460354 |
| induction of humoral immunity in response to immunization with recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg expressing the s1 subunit of bordetella pertussis toxin. | two recombinant mycobacterium bovis bcg (rbcg) vaccine strains were developed for the expression of cytoplasmically located s1 subunit of pertussis toxin, with expression driven by the hsp60 promoter of m. bovis (rbcg/ppb10) or the pan promoter of mycobacterium paratuberculosis (rbcg/ppb12). both strains showed stable expression of equivalent levels of recombinant s1 in vitro and induced long-term (up to 8 months) humoral immune responses in balb/c mice, although these responses differed quantit ... | 2005 | 16462859 |
| evaluation of a pourquier elisa kit in relation to agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test for assessment of the humoral immune response in sheep and goats with and without mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection. | the present study was designed to evaluate a commercial elisa kit (institut pourquier) for the diagnosis of ovine and caprine paratuberculosis under australian conditions and to compare its accuracy with the existing agid test. the sensitivity of the elisa in sheep and goats was 34.9% and 56.4%, with a specificity of 98.8% and 100.0%, respectively. sensitivity of agid was 13.8% for sheep and 39.5% for goats, with specificity of 100.0% for both species. the sensitivity of the elisa in sheep depen ... | 2006 | 16464541 |
| effect of egg yolk on the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using the esp ii liquid culture system. | rapid diagnosis of paratuberculosis in infected cattle is important for the successful control of johne disease within herds. thus, improving culture methods for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) will aid in the identification of asymptomatic animals. egg yolk is a component of the media used for growing m. paratuberculosis, but its requirement as a supplement has not been reported. using the esp ii liquid culture system, 2 different sources and 5 concentrations ( ... | 2005 | 16475513 |
| sees additional factors affecting milk production. | 2006 | 16478418 | |
| cytokine responses of bovine macrophages to diverse clinical mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) persistently infects and survives within the host macrophages. while it is established that substantial genotypic variation exists among map, evidence for the correlates that associate specific map genotypes with clinical or sub-clinical disease phenotypes is presently unknown. thus we studied strain differences in intracellular map survival and host responses in a bovine monocyte derived macrophage (m ... | 2006 | 16478544 |
| molecular epidemiology of types i/iii strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolated from goats and cattle. | molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (m. a. paratuberculosis) isolates classifies them into three groups: cattle or type ii, sheep or type i, and intermediate or type iii. to avoid problems associated with characterization of extremely slow growth strains, pcr-based techniques that divide the m. a. paratuberculosis strains in two main groups (cattle or type ii, and sheep or types i/iii) can be performed. the objectives of this study were to characterize the m ... | 2006 | 16500045 |
| cellular immune responses to 35 kda recombinant antigen of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne disease, a chronic ulcerative intestinal condition in ruminant animals. owing to the predominance of cellular response in subclinical forms of the infection, identification of m. a. paratuberculosis antigens eliciting host cell-mediated immune (cmi) reaction is crucial for early control of the disease. a 35 kda protein of m. a. paratuberculosis was studied for its ability to elicit cmi responses using a mouse model. lymphoproli ... | 2006 | 16502104 |
| characterization of minnesota dairy herds participating in a johne's disease control program and evaluation of the program risk assessment tool. | the objectives of this study were to: (1) characterize minnesota dairy herds participating in a johne's disease control program (jdcp) based on herd size, milk production, and clinical johne's disease (jd) history, (2) evaluate if change in farm management practices, expressed in risk assessment (ra) total score, is associated with the change between the first and most recent elisa test herd seroprevalence or change in clinical jd culling rate, and (3) identify farm factors associated with elisa ... | 2006 | 16504319 |
| environmental sampling for detection of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on large california dairies. | environmental samples collected from each of 3 locations on 23 large california dairies were cultured to evaluate the utility of this approach for identifying herds infected with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. results were compared with concurrent elisa testing of > or = 60 animals in each herd, and with previously performed individual and pooled fecal cultures of 60 animals. the estimated proportions of infected herds did not differ significantly among the testing methods (environme ... | 2006 | 16507690 |
| a comparison of ovine monocyte-derived macrophage function following infection with mycobacterium avium ssp. avium and mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease in ruminants, whereas the antigenically and genetically similar subspecies mycobacterium avium ssp. avium is less virulent. in this study, we compared one strain of each subspecies for its ability to survive, induce cytokines, suppress mhc class i and ii expression and induce apoptosis or necrosis in ovine monocyte-derived macrophages. both subspecies survived intracellularly and induced the secretion of il-10. low levels of tnf-al ... | 2006 | 16509826 |
| genomic comparison of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis sheep and cattle strains by microarray hybridization. | microarray-based comparisons of three mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates, including one sheep strain and two cattle strains, identified three large genomic deletions in the sheep strain, totaling 29,208 bp and involving 24 open reading frames. these deletions may help explain some of the differences in pathogenicity and host specificity observed between the cattle and sheep strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | 2006 | 16513760 |
| insertion sequence is900 revisited. | many studies investigating mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in crohn's disease have used molecular detection of is900 in clinical samples, but some have described polymorphisms in is900 as variants of this organism. analysis of 23 m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates revealed that is900 is highly conserved, with only two sequevars distinguishing sheep and cattle lineages. amplification of is900-like sequences is not sufficient as a proxy for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | 2006 | 16517898 |
| mapping the effects of genetic susceptibility and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection on crohn's disease: strong but independent. | 2006 | 16517933 | |
| intra-uterine transmission of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in farmed red deer. | to determine whether intra-uterine transmission of paratuberculosis (johne's disease) occurs in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. | 2006 | 16528389 |
| mucosal immune response in cattle with subclinical johne's disease. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis of wild and domestic ruminants. during a long subclinical period, the organism persists in the intestine despite systemic cellular and humoral immune responses. to explore the mucosal immune response in johne's disease, we isolated mononuclear leukocytes from the ileum of cows naturally infected with m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and from cows that were not infected. we eva ... | 2006 | 16537930 |
| detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genetic components in retail cheese curds purchased in wisconsin and minnesota by pcr. | research has been focused on the detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in pasteurized milk; however, pasteurized milk is a key ingredient in a variety of food products. therefore, map contamination in milk-derived products must be investigated. we undertook a six-month study to investigate the presence of viable map and map genetic components in cheese curds purchased from retail outlets in the northern and southern regions of wisconsin and minnesota. a total of 98 r ... | 2006 | 16545540 |
| immunization with heat-killed mycobacterium paratuberculosis in mineral oil. | 1949 | 16561783 | |
| longitudinal study of elisa seroreactivity to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in infected cattle and culture-negative herd mates. | two thousand nine hundred fifty-two serum samples, collected once or twice annually from 545 cows of known fecal culture status were tested for antibodies to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test. overall, 13.5% of the samples from 282 infected cows had positive elisa results, but when tested multiple times, 38.3% of the cows had at least 1 serum sample with positive results. among 263 fecal culture-negative cows ... | 2006 | 16566252 |
| inhibition of phagosome maturation and survival of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from crohn's disease patients. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular pathogen that is known to parasitize macrophages. map is the known etiological agent of johne's disease and implicated in the etiology of crohn's disease. | 2006 | 16572045 |
| comparative evaluation of two decontamination methods for the isolation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from faecal slurry and sewage. | faecal slurry of animal origin from sale yards and raw sewage from a sewage treatment plant were sampled for the radiometric culture over 5 months at approximately weekly intervals. before the radiometric culture, samples were decontaminated using the double incubation method. one set of triplicate samples of slurry and sewage was decontaminated at 37 degrees c and the other set was decontaminated at 42 degrees c. m. a. paratuberculosis or its dna was detected in seven of 45 cultures (15.6%) of ... | 2006 | 16580796 |
| mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and its potential survival tactics. | mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is an important animal pathogen with a potential, but as yet unproven, role in human disease. this review briefly describes the characteristics of map that distinguish it from other mycobacterium spp., presenting new information arising from completion of the sequencing of the map genome. it then focuses on the potential mechanisms map might employ to survive and disseminate in the environment, including interaction with protozoa and insects, dorma ... | 2006 | 16599979 |
| genetic variation of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in us holsteins. | the objective of this study was to estimate genetic variability of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in us holsteins. blood and fecal samples were collected primarily from daughters of 12 bulls in their second or third lactation. routine disease testing of the sires documented that they were not infected. herds without a "suspect" or positive elisa (sample/positive ratio > or = 0.10) or positive fecal culture test were deleted from the data set. the remaining 4,603 cows from 23 ... | 2006 | 16606752 |
| current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? | the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is only partially understood. various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. it is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. some genes are associated with ibd itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (uc) or crohn's disease (cd) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. this review addresses recent advances in the geneti ... | 2006 | 16609988 |
| evaluation of the gamma interferon elisa in sheep subclinically infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using a whole-cell sonicate or a johnin purified-protein derivative. | the aim of the study reported here was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) elisa for paratuberculosis in sheep using receiver-operating characteristic analysis. bacteriologic culture of tissues was used to define the reference positive population (n = 33). two reference negative populations were used: culture-negative sheep from infected flocks (n = 77), and sheep from noninfected flocks (n = 358). we also evaluated the accuracy of 2 mycobacterium aviu ... | 2006 | 16617700 |
| detection of mycobacteria in crohn's disease by a broad spectrum polymerase chain reaction. | the role of mycobacterial infection, particularly related to mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map), in crohn's disease has long been debated. we developed primer pairs capable of detecting a broad spectrum of mycobacterium and employed them to investigate surgical specimens from patients with crohn's disease. | 2006 | 16618609 |
| differential expression of genes encoding cd30l and p-selectin in cattle with johne's disease: progress toward a diagnostic gene expression signature. | mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (mycobacterium paratuberculosis), the causative agent of paratuberculosis (paratb) or johne's disease in ruminants, is a health problem for the global cattle industry with significant economic losses related to decreased milk production and reduced fertility. commonly paratb in cattle is diagnosed by antibody detection by serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), by detection of the pathogen by cultivation of individual faecal samples, or by ... | 2006 | 16621022 |
| the ability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to enter bovine epithelial cells is influenced by preexposure to a hyperosmolar environment and intracellular passage in bovine mammary epithelial cells. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the cause of johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants. m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of the bovine host is not well understood; however, it is assumed that crossing the bovine intestinal mucosa is important in order for m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to establish infection. to examine the ability of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to infect bovine epithelial cells in vitro, madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) epithelial cells were ... | 2006 | 16622223 |
| growth of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the presence of hexadecylpyridinium chloride, natamycin, and vancomycin. | a design-of-experiments approach was used to examine the effect of hexadecylpyridinium chloride (hpc), alone or in combination with the antibiotics vancomycin and natamycin, on the growth of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). at concentrations above 74.4 microg/ml, hpc had a highly significant detrimental effect on the growth of map, whereas natamycin at 10.8 and 21.6 microg/ml and vancomycin at 5.2 and 10.4 microg/ml did not have such an effect. titration of the amount of hpc to ... | 2006 | 16629033 |
| sensitive detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine semen by real-time pcr. | to develop a fast and sensitive protocol for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in bovine semen and to make a critical evaluation of the analytical sensitivity. | 2006 | 16630010 |
| efficacy of monensin sodium for the reduction of fecal shedding of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in infected dairy cattle. | reducing the quantity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) being shed by cows with johne's disease should decrease the risk of spread of this disease to young stock. previous work has suggested that monensin sodium decreases the pathologic lesions associated with johne's disease, but the impact on shedding of viable map remains unknown. after serologic screening of 32 dairy herds in southwestern ontario, 228 cows from 13 of these herds were enrolled into a randomized clinical tri ... | 2006 | 16631972 |
| molecular typing of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains from different hosts and regions. | the is1311 polymerase chain reaction-restriction endonuclease analysis was used to detect genetic differences among 38 mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) isolates from cattle, sheep, goats and bison from distinct regions of spain, india and the united states of america (usa). in spain, all eight bovine isolates, three out of six caprine isolates and one of ten ovine isolates were of the c type, while the other nine ovine isolates and three caprine isolates were of the s type. in i ... | 2005 | 16642774 |
| evaluation of cost-effectiveness of targeted sampling methods for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds. | to investigate the epidemiologic and financial impacts of targeted sampling of subpopulations of cows, compared with random sampling of all cows, for classification of dairy herd infection status for paratuberculosis. | 2006 | 16649916 |
| no evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in in vitro produced cryopreserved embryos derived from subclinically infected cows. | the aim of the project was to ascertain if mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) could be cultured from frozen-thawed in vitro produced (ivp) embryos derived from cows with subclinical johne's disease (jd). straws of 109 ivp embryos were obtained from 267 cumulus-oocyte-complexes (cocs) collected from 12 clinically normal cows in which antibodies against map were detected in blood by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). these embryos were processed, washed using the standard ... | 2006 | 16672160 |
| contribution of respiratory burst activity to innate immune function and the effects of disease status and agent on chemiluminescence responses by ruminant phagocytes in vitro. | the mechanisms of interaction between phagocytes and different bacteria that help resolve lung infections or contribute to lung pathology are poorly defined. alveolar phagocytes (resident macrophages and recruited neutrophils) make a major contribution to innate immunity by mounting a respiratory burst that helps kill internalised bacteria. however, this ability may be altered during or after exposure to infection. this review considers the application and limitations of a variety of analytical ... | 2006 | 16678912 |
| a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections (johne's disease) in cattle. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the diagnosis of johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, were developed using whole bacilli treated with formaldehyde (called welisa) or surface antigens obtained by treatment of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli with formaldehyde and then brief sonication (called selisa). elisa plates were coated with either whole bacilli or sonicated antigens and tested for reactivity against serum obtained from jd-posi ... | 2006 | 16682472 |
| mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: a human pathogen causing most cases of crohn's disease. | 2006 | 16696794 | |
| current understanding of the genetic diversity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease (or paratuberculosis). paratuberculosis is a chronic gastroenteritis mainly affecting cattle, sheep and other ruminants. map is also of concern due to the heretofore unresolved issue of its possible role in crohn's disease in humans. we present here a review of map (i) mobile genetic elements; (ii) repetitive elements; (iii) single nucleotide polymorphisms; and (iv) whole-genome comparisons to study the ... | 2006 | 16697677 |
| immunological and molecular characterization of susceptibility in relationship to bacterial strain differences in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the red deer (cervus elaphus). | johne's disease (jd) infection, caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, represents a major disease problem in farmed ruminants. although jd has been well characterized in cattle and sheep, little is known of the infection dynamics or immunological response in deer. in this study, typing of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from intestinal lymphatic tissues from 74 jd-infected animals showed that clinical isolates of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from new zealand farmed ... | 2006 | 16714585 |
| development of luminescent mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for rapid screening of vaccine candidates in mice. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a slowly growing mycobacterial species, requiring 6 to 8 weeks of culture before colonies can be counted visually. here, we describe the development of luminescent m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis expressing luxab genes of vibrio harveyi and its use for vaccine testing in an experimental mouse model, replacing fastidious cfu counting by rapid luminometry. | 2006 | 16714604 |
| mitogen activated protein kinase p38 pathway is an important component of the anti-inflammatory response in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected bovine monocytes. | we investigated the role of cell signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase-p38 (mapk p38) pathway on the antimicrobial functions and cytokine expression by bovine monocytes after ingestion of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. we evaluated the dynamic secretion of interleukin (il)-10, il-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) as well as phagosome acidification and organism killing at several time points after in vitro infection of bovine monocytes with m. avium sub ... | 2006 | 16716561 |
| time delay, temperature effects and assessment of positive controls on whole blood for the gamma interferon elisa to detect paratuberculosis. | our objective was to evaluate the effects of time and temperature on whole blood used in the gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ifn-gamma elisa) for paratuberculosis along with evaluating four potential positive controls, and four different mycobacterial antigens for the elisa. nine adult holstein cattle naturally infected with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis were used in a randomized complete block design. forty-nine blood tubes were collected from each animal and hel ... | 2006 | 16732878 |
| isolation and structure of mycobactin t, a growth factor from mycobacterium tuberculosis. | 1. a growth factor for mycobacterium johnei has been isolated from mycobacterium tuberculosis as an iron complex; it has been named ferric mycobactin t. 2. ferric mycobactin t as isolated is a mixture of at least four closely related components differing only in their fatty acid side chains. 3. mycobactin t resembles mycobactin p in structure but differs in the following respects: (a) the aromatic acid residue is salicylic acid in place of 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid; (b) the hydroxy acid res ... | 1965 | 16749098 |
| mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lake catchments, in river water abstracted for domestic use, and in effluent from domestic sewage treatment works: diverse opportunities for environmental cycling and human exposure. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from infected animals enters surface waters and rivers in runoff from contaminated pastures. we studied the river tywi in south wales, united kingdom, whose catchment comprises 1,100 km2 containing more than a million dairy and beef cattle and more than 1.3 million sheep. the river tywi is abstracted for the domestic water supply. between august 2002 and april 2003, 48 of 70 (68.8%) twice-weekly river water samples tested positive by is900 pcr. in rive ... | 2006 | 16751517 |