Publications

[the antigenic structure of the toxins of clostridium botulinum, type c strains, isolated in the ussr].		1965	5334428
a study on the pearly layer formation of clostridium botulinum.		1965	5334858
use of the anaerobic pouch in isolating clostridium botulinum spores from fresh meats.	the anaerobic film pouch was demonstrated to be an effective device for the primary isolation of clostridium botulinum types a and b spores from raw pork, beef, and chicken. optimal pasteurization of these meats (for reduction of nonspore microflora without affecting indigenous putrefactive anaerobic spore levels) was 50 min at 60 c. c. botulinum spores were recovered with good precision from meat samples inoculated with mixtures of c. botulinum and putrefactive anaerobe 3679 at 1:1 and at 1:99 ...	1966	5335387
isolation of clostridium botulinum type e from cayuga lake fish.		1966	5335389
study of the toxin of clostridium botulinum. effects of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide on the biological activity of botulinum toxin.		1966	5335812
studies on the active region of botulinus toxins. i. involvement and characterisation of a peptide in the region of the single cysteine residue in botulinus toxins types a, b and e.		1966	5335814
serological studies of clostridium botulinum type e and related organisms.	clostridium botulinum type e antigens prepared from washed cells by either formalin treatment or heating at 100 c were used for immunizing rabbits. agglutination tests showed that high levels of antibody were produced by both types of preparations. flagellar antigens were highly strain-specific, whereas the somatic antigens were sufficiently similar to produce complete cross-agglutination. one toxigenic strain produced toxigenic and nontoxigenic progeny which were physiologically and antigenical ...	1967	5335894
arginine and ornithine catabolism by clostridium botulinum.	clostridium botulinum 62-a was shown to catabolize l-arginine via citrulline to ornithine, nh(3), and co(2). the individual enzymes of the dihydrolase system were all demonstrated in extracts of cells, spores, and germinated spores. there was no liberation of urea from l-arginine, so no functional arginase enzyme is present, but there was some transamidinase activity in cell extracts. l-ornithine was degraded at a significant rate by cells grown in an l-ornithine-supplemented medium; it was part ...	1967	5335895
poisoning of sheep in new south wales by the blue-green alga anacystis cyanea (kuetz.) dr. and dail.		1966	5336172
spore germination and vegetative growth of clostridium botulinum type e in synthetic media.		1966	5336410
the comparative morphology of the spores of clostridium botulinum type e and the spores of the "os mutant".		1966	5336412
the botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: a review.		1967	5336563
egg yolk reaction of clostridium botulinum type e in different basal media.		1967	5337832
effect of choline on cell division of clostridium botulinum type e.		1967	5337853
incidence of clostridium botulinum type e in fish products in the united kingdom.		1966	5337904
amino acid composition of crystalline botulinum toxin, type a.		1967	5338972
presence of clostridium botulinum in the gult of venezuela and the gulf of darién.		1966	5339305
effect of botulinum toxin on autonomic nerves in a dually innervated tissue.		1967	5339739
spore morphology with special reference to the identity of the "o.s." variants of clostridium botulinum type e.		1967	5339801
thermal inactivation of type e botulinum toxin.	the theoretical required cooking times for inactivation of type e clostridium botulinum toxin (5,000 ld(50) mouse units per 0.5 ml) in haddock fillets of various sizes were calculated by graphical integration of the toxin inactivation rate and heat penetration data. the results indicated that normal cooking procedures should suffice to inactivate this amount of toxin. this conclusion was substantiated by the following additional experimental observations which revealed that the original experime ...	1967	5339838
kinetics of the thermal inactivation of type e clostridium botulinum toxin.	rate of inactivation curves for the "free" toxin, prototoxin, or activated toxin in crude filtrates of clostridium botulinum type e were nonlinear, consisting of a fast inactivating rate followed by a slow inactivating rate. thermodynamic parameters were calculated over a temperature range of 125 to 145 f (51.7 to 62.8 c) for the two different inactivation rates. energy of activation was low at the lower temperature and high at the higher temperature. the thermal requirement for inactivating sim ...	1967	5339840
examination of prepared foods in plastic packages for clostridium botulinum.	the incidence of clostridium botulinum organisms was determined in a variety of plastic-packaged "vulnerable" foods (food requiring little or no heating prior to consumption). a total of 113 foods were examined by use of an enrichment recovery procedure followed by toxin testing in animals. results of the survey indicate that the incidence of c. botulinum organisms in these vulnerable foods is extremely low. the ability of inoculated food products to support growth and toxigenesis of c. botulinu ...	1967	5339843
radiation sterilization of prototype military foods. ii. cured ham.	ten lots of diced cured ham, packed in cans, were inoculated with approximately 10(6)clostridium botulinum spores per can. each lot was seeded with a different strain (five type a and five type b strains). all cans were irradiated to various dose levels with co(60). evidence provided by swelling, toxicity, and recoverable c. botulinum with 6,350 cans demonstrated that: (i) 4.5 mrad was more than adequate as a sterilization dose; (ii) the minimal experimental sterilizing dose (esd) based on nonsw ...	1967	5340164
motor responses of the urinary bladder and skeletal muscle in botulinum intoxicated rats.	1. type a or type d botulinum toxin administered to rats did not produce a generalized paralysis of skeletal muscles at the time of ventilatory arrest. however, if survival was extended by artificial ventilation complete blockade of neuromuscular transmission developed 6.5 hr after 100 mld of type d and 5 hr after 1000 mld of type a toxin. the onset of paralysis of a muscle was shortened by repetitive stimulation of the motor nerves.2. there was no consistent blockade of parasympathetically inne ...	1967	5340248
outgrowth and toxin production of nonproteolytic type b clostridium botulinum at 3.3 to 5.6 c.		1967	5340312
survey of the u.s. gulf coast for the presence of clostridium botulinum.	in sediments and animals collected during warm weather months between key west, fla., and brownsville, tex., clostridium botulinum, predominantly type e, was demonstrable. incidence was somewhat higher in the eastern gulf animals, but the organism was present to the southernmost limits of both texas and florida. types a and f were never detected in warm weather. no bottom type or any single species seemed exclusively vulnerable. in samples collected during colder weather, the east-west incidence ...	1967	5340653
effects of serotonin on the toxin of clostridium botulinum.		1967	5341951
[toxigenicity of clostridium botulinum. 2. correlation between toxigenicity and sporulating potency].		1966	5342036
clostridium botulinum in marine sediments and in the oyster (crassostrea virginica) from mobile bay.		1967	5342368
[effect of clostridium putrificum vital activity products on hemolytic and lethal properties of toxins of gas infection agents].		1968	5733644
food-borne bacterial toxins.	food poisoning caused by the ingestion of preformed bacterial toxins is considered in relation to comparative symptoms, procedures for extraction and purification of the causal toxins, their chemistry, serology, assay procedures and pharmacology, in so far as these are known.the bacteria discussed in this context are clostridium botulinum, c. perfringens, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, and vibrio parahemolyticus. the possible roles of the enterococci, proteus, e. coli and of unknown spe ...	1966	5905949
incidence of mesophilic clostridium spores in raw pork, beef, and chicken in processing plants in the united states and canada.	the anaerobic film pouch technique was used to quantitate and isolate clostridial spores in 2,358 samples of raw meat (1,078 of chicken, 624 of beef, 656 of pork). of 19,727 putrefactive anaerobic (pa) sporeformers isolated, 1 was confirmed by mouse protection testing to be clostridium botulinum type c. this isolate was obtained from a western canada chicken sample which contained 5.33 clostridia per gram. these data indicate a very low incidence of botulinal contamination in raw meats at the pa ...	1966	6008129
the action of batulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction.	botulism results from the action of a protein neurotoxin (mol. wt. congruent to 150,000) produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum, of which there are eight known strains. botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent biological toxin known, having a median lethal dose of 5--50 ng/kg body weight. the primary site of action of botulinum toxin is the cholinergic nerve terminal, where it blocks the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. death usually results from respiratory failure. nonlet ...	1981	6115105
the origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin.		1981	6119708
[improved work methods with anaerobic microbes].		1981	6164843
homogeneity and heterogeneity of toxins produced by clostridium botulinum type c and d strains.	five clostridium botulinum strains were used in the present work, two of type c, c-stockholm (c-st) and c-cb19, and three of type d, d-south african (d-sa), d-1873, and d-cb16. the toxins, except for those of c-cb19 and d-cb16, were purified, and antisera were prepared in rabbits. to clarify the antigenicity of the toxins, neutralization and agar gel double-diffusion tests were performed. anti-c-st toxin serum neutralized two kinds of type c(1) toxin to a similar extent. antisera against d-sa an ...	1981	6171518
electrophoretic study of clostridium species.	polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of soluble cellular proteins (without sodium dodecyl sulfate) of 70 clostridium species indicated that the procedure was readily applicable to the differentiation of species in the genus. the protein patterns correlated well with the available dna homology data and with most accepted differential tests. results indicated that several earlier names for species were synonyms of those of accepted species and that two accepted species may be synonymous.	1982	6175658
four different monoclonal antibodies against type c1 toxin of clostridium botulinum.	monoclonal antibodies against type c1 toxin produced by clostridium botulinum type c strain stockholm (c-st) were prepared by fusion of balb/c myeloma cells p3x63-ag8, with spleen cells from the mice immunized by c-st toxoid. about 5% of single-cell colonies in wells were found to produce antibodies against the toxin as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). four different hybridoma cell lines, no. 9, 12, 14, and 17, were established, cloned by limiting dilution, and intrape ...	1982	6183207
analysis of antigenicity of clostridium botulinum type c1 and d toxins by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.	clostridium botulinum type c1 toxin was purified from c-stockholm (c-st), and d toxin was purified from d-1873 and d-south african. polyclonal antibodies against these toxins were prepared in rabbits. twenty-eight monoclonal antibodies to these toxins were also prepared with balb/c myeloma cells. the antibodies were analyzed by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a toxin neutralization test. elisa was performed with the three purified toxins and heavy-chain (hc) and light-chain (l ...	1984	6198281
antigenic hemagglutination inhibition test in examining of the culture supernatants of clostridium botulinum types a, b, e, and f and some related bacterial species.	the hemagglutination inhibition test with using lyophilized preparations of the double botulinal indicator system (antigen sensitized erythrocytes and type-specific homologous antitoxic globulin) was used to the identification of the cl. botulinum types a, b, e and f culture supernatants and the supernatants of other related bacteria. in the examined indicator hemagglutination system, the type-specific results were obtained in spite of the existence of antigenic cross-reactivity known inside the ...	1983	6200089
comparison of antigenicity of toxins produced by clostridium botulinum type c and d strains.	c1 neurotoxin of clostridium botulinum strains c-stockholm (c-st), c beta-yoichi, c-468, cd6f, and c-cb19 and type d toxin of strains d-1873 and d-cb16 were purified by gel filtration, ion exchange, and affinity chromatographies. the purified toxins had di-chain structure made of heavy and light chains. the toxins of c beta-yoichi, c-468, cd6f, and c-cb19 reacted with anti-c-st heavy chain and anti-c-st light chain in immunodiffusion tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas d-cb16 to ...	1984	6204594
molecular basis for the pharmacological actions of clostridium botulinum type c2 toxin.	the light chain of type c2 toxin produced by clostridium botulinum was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography. the protein eluted as a single peak; as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, it had an apparent molecular weight of 51,000 daltons. the light chain was an enzyme that possessed adp-ribosylating activity. in experiments with synthetic substrates (homo-poly-l-amino acids; alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine ...	1984	6236295
clostridium botulinum neurotoxin.		1980	6252433
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 48-1980.		1980	6253784
characterization of two inducible bacteriophages, alpha 1 and alpha 2, isolated from clostridium botulinum type a 190l and their deoxyribonucleic acids.	two inducible bacteriophages, alpha 1 and alpha 2, isolated from clostridium botulinum type a strain 190l and their deoxyribonucleic acids (dnas) were purified and characterized. phage alpha 1, which is unable to form plaques on any strain of c. botulinum, was produced in large quantities after treatment with mitomycin c (mc), whereas phage alpha 2, which was induced in much lower quantities than phage alpha 1, propagated in cultures of type a strain hall. the phage dnas were exclusively synthes ...	1981	6273702
a comparison of the pharmacological properties of clostridium botulinum type c1 and c2 toxins.		1982	6292397
botulinum neurotoxin type e: studies on mechanism of action and on structure-activity relationships.	single chain type e botulinum neurotoxin was isolated from culture fluids of clostridium botulinum (strain alaska e-43). the neurotoxin, which migrated as a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulfate, had a molecular weight of approximately 147,000. single chain type e neurotoxin that was exposed to trypsin was converted to a dichain molecule. pretreatment of the single chain molecule with 1,2-cyclohexanedione, a reagent that selectively modifies arginine residu ...	1983	6294275
hypochlorite injury of clostridium botulinum spores alters germination responses.	clostridium botulinum spores were sublethally damaged by exposure to 12 or 28 micrograms of available chlorine per ml for 2 min at 25 degrees c and ph 7.0. the damaging dose was 2.7 x 10(-6) to 3.1 x 10(-6) micrograms of available chlorine per spore. damage was manifested by a consistent 1.6 to 2.4 log difference between the most probable number enumeration of spores (modified peptone colloid medium) and the colony count (modified peptone yeast extract glucose agar); this did not occur with cont ...	1983	6305267
proposed role of lactate in germination of hypochlorite-treated clostridium botulinum spores.	clostridium botulinum 12885a spores treated with hypochlorite required added dl-calcium lactate for l-alanine germination. lactate was the active component of calcium lactate. equimolar concentrations of l-malate, but not of dl-propionate, could replace lactate, suggesting that the alpha-hydroxy acid structure is important. neither lactate nor malate was an effective germinant for buffer-treated or hypochlorite-treated spores. if the l-alanine concentration was increased 100-fold (to 450 mm), th ...	1983	6305268
proposed mechanism for sensitization by hypochlorite treatment of clostridium botulinum spores.	hypochlorite-treated clostridium botulinum 12885a spores, but not buffer-treated spores, could be germinated with lysozyme, indicating that their coats are made permeable to lysozyme by hypochlorite treatment so that the cortex is accessible. hypochlorite-treated spores and spores extracted with 8 m urea-2-mercaptoethanol (ph 3.0) were sensitive to certain components of recovery media, but spores sensitized to lysozyme by other treatments were not. these data indicate that hypochlorite does more ...	1983	6305269
differing l-alanine germination requirements of hypochlorite-treated clostridium botulinum spores from two crops.	similar populations of hypochlorite-treated spores were enumerated from two crops of clostridium botulinum 12885a produced by the same procedure; however, germination required different l-alanine concentrations. lactate permitted the germination of spores from both crops with suboptimal l-alanine concentrations. the data suggest that the spores differ slightly in chemical or structural composition.	1983	6305270
nitrite inhibition of clostridium botulinum: electron spin resonance detection of iron-nitric oxide complexes.	vegetative cells of clostridium botulinum were shown to contain iron-sulfur proteins that react with added nitrite to form iron-nitric oxide complexes, with resultant destruction of the iron-sulfur cluster. inactivation of iron-sulfur enzymes (especially ferredoxin) by binding of nitric oxide would almost certainly inhibit growth, and thus is probably the mechanism of botulinal inhibition by nitrite in foods.	1983	6308761
demonstration of shared antigens in the genus clostridium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	antigens prepared from several strains of each of 10 clostridium species were used in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antisera raised against whole cells of a representative strain from each of the 10 species killed by ultra-violet irradiation. with the exception of c. cadaveris, the antisera gave similar results with antigens prepared from all strains of the homologous species. antigens prepared from 13 other clostridial species were then investigated in an elisa system with ...	1984	6323714
dual-substrate plate diffusion assay for proteases.	a plate diffusion assay for endopeptidases was developed. proteases applied to plates containing 1% casein, 1% gelatin, and 1.5% agar caused distinct zones reminiscent of immunoprecipitation bands. the diameter of the zones was linearly proportional to the log of the enzyme activity applied over a range from 0.01 to greater than 100 iu/ml.	1983	6337548
quantities of clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin in feces and presence of clostridium botulinum toxin in the serum of an infant with botulism.	a 7-week-old boy presented with symptoms and signs characteristic of infant botulism, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of clostridium botulinum type a organisms and toxin in the feces. the levels of organisms and toxin in the feces were measured throughout the 81-day period in hospital. the maximum levels detected were 2.46 x 10(8) c. botulinum type a colony-forming units and 64,000 mouse 100% lethal doses of type a toxin per g (wet weight) of feces. c. botulinum toxin was also d ...	1983	6338033
wound botulism: a life-threatening complication of hand injuries.	botulism is usually associated with the ingestion of food contaminated with clostridium botulinum, and these organisms occasionally contaminate traumatic injuries. it is unusual for them to result in clinical infection, but when this occurs, it is a catastrophe completely out of proportion to the degree of wound injury. a case is presented in which typical manifestations of descending cranial nerve and generalized motor paralysis were noted. prolonged respiratory and general supportive assistanc ...	1983	6338548
dependence of clostridium botulinum gas and protease production on culture conditions.	reports that clostridium botulinum toxin can sometimes be detected in the absence of indicators of overt spoilage led to a systematic study of this phenomenon in a model system. media with various combinations of ph (5.0 to 7.0) and glucose (0.0 to 1.0%) were inoculated with vegetative cells of c. botulinum 62a and incubated anaerobically at 35 degrees c. although growth and toxin production occurred at all ph and glucose combinations, accumulation of gas was delayed or absent in media with low ...	1983	6338828
radioiodination of botulinum neurotoxin type a with retention of biological activity and its binding to brain synaptosomes.		1983	6339240
[infant botulism].		1983	6340034
[morphological and histochemical reactions of an organism to the administration of clostridium botulinum toxin. ix. reactions of the neurons of the abducens nerve nucleus and of the darkshevich's nucleus to the administration of c. botulinum type b toxin].	pathomorphological and histochemical study carried out in guinea pigs at the stage of paralysis of the limbs after the oral administration of c. botulinum toxin has revealed the presence of morpho-metabolic changes pertaining to phase 2 of the development of dystrophic processes in the neurons of the nucleus of the abducent nerve and darkshevich's nucleus. at the myasthenic stage the development of dystrophic processes in the neurons of darkshevich's nucleus has been found to reach phase 3. the ...	1983	6340386
purification and characterization of a wall protein antigen from clostridium botulinum type a.	a wall surface protein, designated antigen s, was extracted from clostridium botulinum type a strain 190l with 0.1% brij 58-2 m licl and purified sequentially by acetone pecipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, chromatofocusing, and gel filtration. crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the purified antigen s preparation against homologous multispecific antiserum to whole cells revealed only a single precipitin line. antigen s had an apparent molecular weight of about ...	1983	6341236
response of mouse intestinal loop to botulinum c2 toxin: enterotoxic activity induced by cooperation of nonlinked protein components.	botulinum c2 toxin, which is composed of two nonlinked protein components, components i and ii, induced fluid accumulation in mouse intestinal loops. the secretory response to c2 toxin was initiated after a lag period of 1 to 2 h and increased gradually for at least 10 h. the activity of c2 toxin was enhanced by treatment with trypsin and abolished by neutralization with anti-component i or anti-component ii sera. neither component i nor component ii alone induced the fluid accumulation in intes ...	1983	6341246
[botulism].		1983	6341742
clostridium botulinum type a growth and toxin production in media and process cheese spread.	we found that clostridium botulinum type a grew well and produced toxin in media with a water activity (a(w)) of 0.972 or 0.965 and a ph of 5.7, but no growth or toxin production was observed at or below an a(w) of 0.949 during incubation at 30 degrees c for 52 to 59 days. a(w) and ph values of media were adjusted to those of cheese spreads commercially produced. solutes used to adjust a(w) included combinations of nacl, cheese whey powder, emulsifying salt, sodium tripolyphosphate, and glycerol ...	1983	6342535
c2 toxicity in extract of clostridium botulinum type c spores.	toxic protein(s) neutralized with anti-c2 toxic serum was extracted from clostridium botulinum type c spores treated with an alkaline mercaptoethanol solution. c2 toxicity in the spores was located in the spore coat fraction and was more heat stable than that found in culture fluid.	1983	6347900
taxonomic relationships among clostridium novyi types a and b, clostridium haemolyticum and clostridium botulinum type c.	the present study was undertaken to examine the genetic relationships among the closely related species, clostridium novyi types a and b, c. haemolyticum and c. botulinum type c. these species were tested for dna-dna homology and thermostability of dna duplexes and sorted into three genetically related groups: i, c. novyi type a; ii, c. novyi type b, c. haemolyticum and one c. botulinum type c strain (stockholm); iii, the remaining c. botulinum type c strains. a few biochemical criteria correspo ...	1983	6352856
diagnostic considerations and sample collection for anaerobic bacteria.	anaerobic bacteria are particularly frequent in infections following surgery and other trauma implanting bacteria of the normal mucosal flora. a few clinical clues of anerobic infections like smelling pus or discharge, preceeding aminoglycoside therapy or lack of anaerobic bacterial growth are important clues that anaerobes may be involved. successful recovery of anaerobic bacteria, however, requires special techniques carried out by the clinician. samples must be taken with a few basic rules in ...	1983	6353555
purification and amino acid composition of type e botulinum neurotoxin.	the procedure we have adopted to purify type e botulinum neurotoxin (mol. wt. approximately 147,000) from bacterial cultures consistently yields a pure protein (a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate). our procedure is a modification of one of the five published procedures. other procedures have failed to yield pure neurotoxin. to develop reliable data on the amino acid composition, three batches of the neurotoxin were analyzed, each batch is ...	1983	6353669
amino acid composition of clostridium botulinum type f neurotoxin.	to develop reliable data on the amino acid composition of type f botulinum neurotoxin, three batches of the neurotoxin were analyzed. each batch was isolated from a separate neurotoxin producing bacterial culture. two batches had inoculum from one source and the other batch one from a different source. two batches of the neurotoxin were purified by the same method and one was purified by a different method. the neurotoxin preparations were found comparable in purity and similar in amino acid com ...	1983	6353671
survey of infant foods for clostridium botulinum spores.	a total of 236 samples of infant foods, including honey, dry cereal, nonfat dry milk, evaporated milk, canned formula, and canned baby food, were collected in the new york city area and tested for the presence of clostridium botulinum spores. methods for recovery of spores were validated using foods spiked with 4 spores/ml or g. none of the products contained c. botulinum spores, indicating that their incidence in these commercial foods is not widespread. this limited study did not identify any ...	1983	6355058
effect of antibiotics on production of enzymes and toxins by microorganisms.	the synthesis of microbial products is mediated by either chromosomes, plasmids, or bacteriophages. the role of some of these products in the pathogenicity of the producing organisms is clearly understood, while the identity and role of others are still under investigation. this article reviews the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on the synthesis of various microbial products (virulence factors) by producing organisms. synthesis in many cases is enhanced, whereas in others ...	1983	6356270
interaction of ph and nacl on culture density of clostridium botulinum 62a.	clostridium botulinum 62a growth rates declined with decreasing ph and increasing salt levels. lysis rates, however, were affected only by ph. due to competition between growth and lysis rates, an accurate assessment of interactive effects was obtained only when optical density determinations were made at multiple intervals.	1983	6357084
prevalence of clostridium botulinum type c in substrates of phosphate-mine settling ponds and implications for epizootics of avian botulism.	prevalence and conditions for occurrence of clostridium botulinum type c were examined on phosphate-mine settling ponds and a natural wetland in northern florida between april 1981 and march 1982. substrate samples were collected monthly (winter) and semi-monthly (summer) from 16 locations on seven ponds. selected environmental parameters were measured at each location at the time of sampling. mouse inoculation tests and toxin neutralization tests using enrichment culture filtrates were conducte ...	1983	6358539
new interest in the use of irradiation in the food industry.		1983	6359444
predictive modelling of food safety with particular reference to clostridium botulinum in model cured meat systems.		1983	6359448
fluorescent-antibody reagents for the identification of clostridium botulinum.	fluorescent-antibody reagents were prepared against vegetative cells of representative strains of each physiological group and toxin type of clostridium botulinum known to have caused botulism in humans. a fluorescent-antibody reagent was also prepared for c. botulinum type g, which has been isolated from autopsy specimens but which has not clearly been implicated in botulism. these fluorescent-antibody reagents were evaluated against 200 strains of c. botulinum and 64 strains of other clostridi ...	1983	6361053
failure of nisin to inhibit outgrowth of clostridium botulinum in a model cured meat system.	up to 550 ppm (550 micrograms/ml) of nisin in combination with 60 ppm (60 micrograms/ml) of nitrite failed to prevent outgrowth of clostridium botulinum spores in pork slurries adjusted to ph 5.8. reducing the ph enhanced nisin activity. proteolytic and nonproteolytic type b spores were equally resistant to nisin.	1983	6362566
quantitation of ph- and salt-tolerant subpopulations from clostridium botulinum.	plating efficiencies of clostridium botulinum 62a spores on media with variable ph (7.0 to 5.5) and salt (0, 1, 2, and 3%) levels revealed that only a very small subpopulation could give rise to colonies. the relative size of this subpopulation decreased by orders of magnitude with decreasing ph and increasing salt concentrations. strong interactions of ph with salt were noted. for example, on a medium containing 2% salt at ph 5.5, colonies could be formed from only 1 in 100,000 spores. proper m ...	1984	6364971
type c botulism in young dogs.	a diffuse lower motor neurone paralysis developed in a 6-month-old male australian cattle dog pup 4 days after it had eaten the carcase of a rotting duck in centennial park, sydney. two other dogs which ate smaller portions of the same carcase were less severely affected. clostridium botulinum type c was isolated from and c. botulinum type c toxin was detected in faeces from the severely affected dog. the serum contained 25 ld50 of toxin/ml. the high c. botulinum count and toxin level in the fae ...	1983	6365067
infant botulism: report of a case.		1984	6368487
partial amino acid sequence of the heavy and light chains of botulinum neurotoxin type a.	the dichain (nicked) type a botulinum neurotoxin is a protein (mol. wt. 145,000) composed of a heavy and a light chain (mol. wt. 97,000 and 53,000, respectively) that are held together by disulfide bond(s). we report here the sequence of the first 17 amino acid residues of the light chain, and the first 10 residues of the heavy chain. the heavy chain was isolated from the neurotoxin by two different methods, while the light chain was isolated by the only available method. the identical amino aci ...	1984	6370252
anaerobic infections in childhood.	anaerobic bacteria are part of the normal flora of mucous membranes and outnumber aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. anaerobes can be isolated from pediatric patients with various infections when appropriate techniques for transportation and cultivation of samples are employed. frequently anaerobes are isolated in combination with other facultative or aerobic bacteria. the genera or groups of anaerobes most frequently isolated from pyogenic infections in children are ...	1984	6372028
breast feeding and toxigenic intestinal infections: missing links in crib death?	infant botulism results when clostridium botulinum spores germinate, colonize the gut, and there produce botulinal toxin, which after absorption causes flaccid muscle paralysis. the observed variation in the severity of the disease was linked to the infant's milk source, in that all sudden death cases indistinguishable from typical crib death occurred in infants who had been formula-fed, whereas the more gradual onset, hospitalized cases occurred in infants who were predominantly breast-fed. sec ...	1984	6372029
botulism and tetanus: selected epidemiologic and microbiologic aspects.	botulism is rare in both developing and developed countries. during 1980 only 89 cases (18 food borne, 68 infant, 2 wound, 1 unspecified) were reported in the united states. coproexamination is essential for laboratory confirmation of infant botulism. botulinal antitoxins of equine origin are used for treating food-borne and wound botulism but are usually not recommended for infant cases. tetanus is much more common in some developing countries than in developed countries. during 1980 only 95 ca ...	1984	6372030
[characterization of the subunits of botulinum neurotoxin type a].	a comparative amino acid analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type a and its subunits has been carried out. the heavy and light chains of neurotoxin have the same ratios of polar and non-polar amino acids (1.3:1), the amount of tryptophan residues in the heavy chain is 4 times as much as that in the light chain, and the number of sh-groups exceeds that in the light chains 2-fold. in neurotoxin, two n-terminal amino acid residues--alanine and leucine--were identified. alanine was found to be the n-te ...	1984	6372876
detection of clostridium botulinum type a toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antibodies produced in immunologically tolerant animals.	immunological tolerance is a state of unresponsiveness to foreign substances (antigens) which can develop in human and animal species as the result of continued exposure to antigens early in life. we utilized this principle for the preparation of antibodies against clostridium botulinum type a toxin. by selective suppression of the immunological response of rabbits to unwanted antigens and subsequent immunization with a toxoid, we were able to produce a specific type a antitoxin without the need ...	1984	6376538
demonstration of the common antigens of clostridium botulinum, c. sporogenes and c. novyi by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electroblot transfer.	edta extracts were prepared from whole cells of 16 strains of clostridium botulinum (types a-e), 6 strains of c. novyi (types a-d) and 3 strains of c. sporogenes. they were reacted in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with antisera raised against whole, uv-killed cells of c. sporogenes and c. novyi type a. results showed significant cross-reactions between c. sporogenes antiserum and the c. botulinum type a (three out of four strains), proteolytic type b (all strains) and one type e s ...	1984	6376703
botulism in infancy.		1984	6377258
[determination of small amounts of botulinum toxin protein by an immunoenzyme method with chemiluminescence reaction].		1984	6377391
[rare forms of botulism].		1984	6379900
clostridium botulinum subtype ba.	strain 657 has been described as a toxin variant of clostridium botulinum type b. neutralization tests performed with types a and b botulinal antitoxins of known potency and avidity at 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 2,000 and 20,000 mouse ld50 levels of testing, have shown that 657 toxin is a mixture of b (approximately 95% of the complex) and a antigenic fractions. the possibility of a cross-contamination between a and b serotypes has been practically ruled out through the serologic screening of the tox ...	1984	6380157
purification and amino acid composition of type a botulinum neurotoxin.	a method to purify type a botulinum neurotoxin from a 64 liter bacterial culture is reported. the procedure includes cation exchange chromatography at ph 7.0. the final product, essentially homogeneous (according to polyacrylamide gel-sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis), is a mixture of two forms of the neurotoxin (mol. wt 145,000); the dichain or nicked form (over 95%) and its precursor the single chain or unnicked form. two batches of the neurotoxin purified by the method described here and ...	1984	6382680
characterization of a halo-acid-tolerant variant of clostridium botulinum b-aphis.	clostridium botulinum b-aphis spores plated on medium containing 4% salt at ph 6.0 yielded colonies at a frequency of ca. 1 in 10(6). a subculture of one of these colonies, designated strain ba410, was compared with the parent strain, b-aphis, for a variety of traits. after 7 days of incubation at 37 degrees c, strain ba410 grew in medium containing 7% nacl, whereas strain b-aphis could not grow in salt concentrations greater than 5%. the strains also differed in cellular and colonial morphology ...	1984	6385847
[from the veterinary chief inspection of public health and the board of veterinary service botulism].		1984	6388021
botulism in metronidazole- treated conventional adult mice challenged orogastrically with spores of clostridium botulinum type a or b.	conventional adult mice were pretreated with metronidazole to make their intestinal tracts receptive to colonization by clostridium botulinum. these mice, in groups of 10, were fed 0 (controls), 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), or 10(5) c. botulinum type b spores and were placed for observation in filter-lid cages whose screen floors minimized the amounts of feces available for coprophagy. the opportunity to eat feces was made equal for all mouse groups by placing one mouse of every group in each of 10 cage ...	1984	6389360
botulism in the elderly.	two cases of type a botulism in elderly patients are presented, followed by an overview of the disease. typical features demonstrated by these patients included home food preservation, multiple cases, and early gi tract symptoms followed by diplopia, ptosis, generalized weakness, and respiratory impairment while sensation and deep tendon reflexes remained intact. fatal outcomes are more likely in the elderly. the cdc should be contacted early in cases of suspected botulism.	1984	6389654
use of monoclonal antibodies in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of botulinum type b toxins.	use of polyclonal antibodies failed to correlate mouse assay with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in titration of culture fluid of different strains of clostridium botulinum type b. if elisa is performed with such a monoclonal antibody that is capable of neutralizing the toxin, however, the lethal toxicity can be determined quantitatively.	1984	6389944
plasmids in clostridium botulinum and related clostridium species.	toxigenic clostridium botulinum and nontoxigenic c. sporogenes, c. subterminale, and c. botulinum-like organisms from a variety of sources were screened for plasmids. of the 68 toxigenic c. botulinum isolates, 56% carried one or more plasmids, ranging in mass from 2.1 to 81 megadaltons. within individual groups (based on the type of neurotoxin produced), many strains showed identical plasmid banding patterns on agarose gels. of the 15 nontoxigenic strains tested, 40% also carried one or more pla ...	1984	6391384
thirteen cases of botulism in horses fed big bale silage.	an outbreak of pharyngeal and limb paresis involving four horses and nine ponies in the south east of england is described. nine of the animals died or were destroyed on humane grounds. the clinical features suggested a diagnosis of botulism and mouse innoculation tests confirmed the presence of type b toxin in the serum of one case. all animals were fed big bale silage. it is describe how, in plastic wrapped silage manufacture, conditions of fermentation may be inadequate to prevent the growth ...	1984	6394315
outbreak of botulism in horses.	an outbreak of nervous disease in standardbred horses occurred near bendigo, in south-eastern australia, in october 1980. over a two week period 11 horses in four training stables were affected with gait abnormalities, depression and recumbency. eight of the 11 died. the results of an investigation implicated clostridium botulinum toxin as the cause. the toxin was food-borne as a contaminant of oaten chaff.	1984	6394316