Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| altered m6a modification of specific cellular transcripts affects flaviviridae infection. | the rna modification n6-methyladenosine (m6a) modulates mrna fate and thus affects many biological processes. we analyzed m6a across the transcriptome following infection by dengue virus (denv), zika virus (zikv), west nile virus (wnv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). we found that infection by these viruses in the flaviviridae family alters m6a modification of specific cellular transcripts, including riok3 and cirbp. during viral infection, the addition of m6a to riok3 promotes its translation, wh ... | 2019 | 31810760 |
| distinct effects of acute versus chronic corticosterone exposure on zebra finch responses to west nile virus. | wild animals are exposed to both short- (acute) and long-term (chronic) stressors. the glucocorticoid hormones, such as corticosterone (cort), facilitate coping with such stressors, but these hormones can have quite distinct effects contingent on the duration of their elevation. previously, we found that experimental elevation of cort for 2 days (via implantation) affected zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata) responses to west nile virus (wnv). cort-elevated birds had higher viremia for at least 2 ... | 2019 | 31824675 |
| west nile virus historical progression in europe. | 2019 | 31826847 | |
| different degrees of 5'-3' dar interactions modulate zika virus genome cyclization and host specific replication. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses, which include many important human pathogens such as west nile virus (wnv), dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv), had caused numerous emerging epidemics in recent years. knowledge on the viral genome functions necessary for effective viral replication in mosquito and vertebrate hosts remained obscure. here, using zikv as a model, we found that the conserved downstream of aug region (dar), which is known as an essential element for the genome cyclization, involve ... | 2019 | 31826997 |
| west nile virus activity in united states blood donors and optimizing detection strategies: 2014-2018. | rare transfusion-transmitted west nile virus (wnv) cases usually occur due to gaps in testing involving converting to more sensitive nucleic acid testing (nat) formats (referred to as triggering). using data from 2014 to 2018, we investigated a strategy used to increase detection early in the triggering period and reviewed its yield as the individual donation (id)-nat geographic area was decreased. | 2020 | 31829449 |
| serological evidence of arboviruses and coccidia infecting horses in the amazonian region of brazil. | arboviruses and protozoans can cause neurologic disorders in horses. in brazilian amazon, several horses presenting signs compatible with disorders caused by these infectious agents have been observed. | 2019 | 31830142 |
| detection of diflubenzuron and pyrethroid resistance mutations in culex pipiens from muğla, turkey. | chemical insecticides are the main tool for vector control worldwide with pyrethroids and the larvicide diflubenzuron (dfb) used extensively against the primary west nile virus vector culex pipiens. in this study we monitored the presence, frequency and geographical distribution of the chitin synthase 1 gene mutations i1043l, i1043m associated with striking diflubenzuron resistance and the knock down resistance mutation l1014f associated with pyrehtroid resistance, in cx. pipiens populations fro ... | 2019 | 31836282 |
| error associated with estimates of minimum infection rate for endemic west nile virus in areas of low mosquito trap density. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne infection that can cause serious illness in humans. surveillance for wnv primarily focuses on a measure of infection prevalence in the culex spp. mosquitos, its primary vectors, known as the minimum infection rate (mir). the calculation of mir for a given area considers the number of mosquitos tested, but not the relative effort to collect mosquitos, leading to a potential underestimation of the uncertainty around the estimate. we performed value of info ... | 2019 | 31836789 |
| recombination of b- and t-cell epitope-rich loci from aedes- and culex-borne flaviviruses shapes zika virus epidemiology. | sporadic human zika virus (zikv) infections have been recorded in africa and asia since the 1950s. major epidemics occurred only after zikv emerged in the pacific islands and spread to the americas. specific biological determinants of the explosive epidemic nature of zikv have not been identified. phylogenetic studies revealed incongruence in zikv placement in relation to aedes-borne dengue viruses (denv) and culex-borne flaviviruses. we hypothesized that this incongruence reflects interspecies ... | 2019 | 31837392 |
| [the occurrence of neuroinvasive symptoms caused by the west nile virus at an emergency center]. | introduction: according to the european centre for disease prevention and control, the prevalence of neuroinvasive symptoms caused by the west nile virus (wnv) has significantly increased in the past years throughout europe, including hungary. the rise may be attributed to changes in precipitation and climate. the wnv zoonosis is spread by mosquitoes. it is mostly asymptomatic, flu-like symptoms occur in 20% of the cases and in less than 1% a neuroinvasive disease with a lethal outcome may devel ... | 2019 | 31838862 |
| clinical spectrum of west nile virus neuroinvasive disease. | west nile virus (wnv) is the most common arbovirus infection in the united states. the diagnosis requires consideration of not only a broad spectrum of presenting symptoms, ranging from a mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis, but also public health risk factors and seasonality. there is no approved targeted therapy for wnv, so treatment relies on supportive care, management of neurologic sequelae and airway, treatment of other systems including the eye, and agg ... | 2020 | 31839864 |
| japanese encephalitis vaccine-specific envelope protein e138k mutation does not attenuate virulence of west nile virus. | west nile (wnv) and japanese encephalitis viruses (jev) are closely related, mosquito-borne neurotropic flaviviruses. although there are no licensed human vaccines for wnv, jev has multiple human vaccines, including the live, attenuated vaccine sa14-14-2. investigations into determinants of attenuation of je sa14-14-2 demonstrated that envelope (e) protein mutation e138k was crucial to the attenuation of mouse virulence. as wnv is closely related to jev, we investigated whether or not the e-e138 ... | 2019 | 31839996 |
| emergence of west nile virus lineage 2 in europe: characteristics of the first seven cases of west nile neuroinvasive disease in horses in austria. | we report details of the first seven equine cases of confirmed west nile neuroinvasive disease in austria. the cases presented during summer and autumn of 2016 (n = 2), 2017 (n = 3) and 2018 (n = 2). all horses showed gait abnormalities and 6 of 7 horses exhibited fasciculations and/or tremors, and we provide video recordings of these. three horses also showed cranial nerve involvement. following rapid improvement, three horses were discharged. four horses were euthanized due to the severity of ... | 2019 | 31840920 |
| ecology of west nile virus in the danube delta, romania: phylogeography, xenosurveillance and mosquito host-feeding patterns. | the ecology of west nile virus (wnv) in the danube delta biosphere reserve (romania) was investigated by combining studies on the virus genetics, phylogeography, xenosurveillance and host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes. between 2014 and 2016, 655,667 unfed and 3842 engorged mosquito females were collected from four sampling sites. blood-fed mosquitoes were negative for wnv-rna, but two pools of unfed culex pipiens s.l./torrentium collected in 2014 were tested positive. our results suggest that r ... | 2019 | 31847345 |
| the direct healthcare costs attributable to west nile virus illness in ontario, canada: a population-based cohort study using laboratory and health administrative data. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first detected in the western hemisphere in 1999 and spread across north america over the next decade. though endemic in the most populous areas of north america, few studies have estimated the healthcare costs associated with wnv. the objective of this study was to determine direct healthcare costs attributable to wnv illness in ontario, canada. | 2019 | 31847823 |
| surveillance of mosquito vectors in southern sweden for flaviviruses and sindbis virus. | there are three human pathogenic bird-viruses transmitted by culex mosquitoes in europe: the alphavirus sindbis and the flaviviruses west nile virus and usutu virus. cases of sindbis fever occur in the north while the flaviviruses are reported from southern europe. in this study, 7933 culex pipiens/torrentium mosquitoes from southern sweden were screened by rtqpcr for these viruses. none of the mosquitoes were positive for viral rna. the importance of mosquito species composition is discussed as ... | 2019 | 31853338 |
| usutu virus disease: a potential problem for north america? | usutu virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus initially identified in south africa in 1959 that is now circulating throughout parts of africa, europe, and the middle east. it is closely related to west nile virus, and has similar vectors, amplifying bird hosts, and epidemiology. usutu virus infection can occur in humans and may be asymptomatic or cause systemic (e.g., fever, rash, and hepatitis) or neuroinvasive (e.g., meningitis and encephalitis) disease. given few reported cases, the fu ... | 2019 | 31858483 |
| cellular microrna-155 regulates virus-induced inflammatory response and protects against lethal west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus that has disseminated globally as a significant cause of viral encephalitis in humans. mircorna-155 (mir-155) regulates various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. we previously reported that wnv infection induces upregulation of mir-155 in mice brains. in the current study, we demonstrate the critical role of mir-155 in restricting the pathogenesis of wnv infection in mice. compared to wild-type (wt) mice, mir-155 knockout mice exhibited signif ... | 2019 | 31861621 |
| exposure of wild ungulates to the usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in france in 2009-2014: evidence of undetected flavivirus circulation a decade ago. | abstract: flaviviruses have become increasingly important pathogens in europe over the past few decades. a better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of flaviviruses in france is needed to better define risk areas and to gain knowledge of the dynamics of virus transmission cycles. serum samples from 1014 wild boar and 758 roe deer from 16 departments (administrative units) in france collected from 2009 to 2014 were screened for flavivirus antibodies using a competitive elisa (celisa ... | 2019 | 31861683 |
| locally temperature - driven mathematical model of west nile virus spread in germany. | west nile virus (wnv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes. wnv can also infect horses and humans, where it may cause serious illness and can be fatal. birds are the natural reservoir, and humans, equines and probably other mammals are dead-end hosts. in 2018, wnv occurred for the first time in germany, affecting birds and horses. seroconversion of an exposed veterinarian has also been reported. it is therefore of importance to evaluate the circ ... | 2019 | 31866397 |
| emerging trends in the epidemiology of west nile and usutu virus infections in southern europe. | the epidemiology of west nile (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) has changed dramatically over the past two decades. since 1999, there have been regular reports of wnv outbreaks and the virus has expanded its area of circulation in many southern european countries. after emerging in italy in 1996, usuv has spread to other countries causing mortality in several bird species. in 2009, usuv seroconversion in horses was reported in italy. co-circulation of both viruses was detected in humans, horses and b ... | 2019 | 31867347 |
| viral equine encephalitis, a growing threat to the horse population in europe? | neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. the nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. however, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or ... | 2019 | 31878129 |
| status of resistant and knockdown of west nile vector, culex pipiens complex to different pesticides in iran. | west nile virus (wnv) can cause a fatal disease in humans and it is mainly transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes. vector control using insecticides is a very important goal. study of culex pipiens resistance towards several insecticides in the city of tehran, iran was evaluated. | 2019 | 31879668 |
| vector derived artificial mirna mediated inhibition of west nile virus replication and protein expression. | west nile virus (wnv) has been found to be a common cause of neuroinvasive arboviral disease worldwide in human and horses. the process of rna interference induced by small rna molecules, like small interfering rna (sirna) and microrna (mirna), proved to be a novel approach for preventing viral infections. so far there is no published data for inhibition of west nile virus by vector delivered artificial mirna which believed to have more inhibitory potential than small interfering (sirna). in the ... | 2020 | 31884102 |
| zika virus surveillance at the human-animal interface in west-central brazil, 2017-2018. | zika virus (zikv) was first discovered in 1947 in uganda but was not considered a public health threat until 2007 when it found to be the source of epidemic activity in asia. epidemic activity spread to brazil in 2014 and continued to spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the americas. despite zikv being zoonotic in origin, information about transmission, or even exposure of non-human vertebrates and mosquitoes to zikv in the americas, is lacking. accordingly, from february 2 ... | 2019 | 31888285 |
| a quantitative comparison of west nile virus incidence from 2013 to 2018 in emilia-romagna, italy. | west nile virus (wnv) transmission was much greater in 2018 than in previous seasons in europe. focusing on emilia-romagna region (northern italy), we analyzed detailed entomological and epidemiological data collected in 2013-2018 to quantitatively assess environmental drivers of transmission and explore hypotheses to better understand why the 2018 epidemiological season was substantially different than the previous seasons. in particular, in 2018 wnv was detected at least two weeks before the o ... | 2020 | 31895933 |
| behavioural response of the house mosquitoes culex quinquefasciatus and culex pipiens molestus to avian odours and its reliance on carbon dioxide. | how culex (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes select and discriminate between potential avian hosts is critical for understanding the epidemiology of west nile virus. therefore, the present authors studied the behavioural responses of culex quinquefasciatus (say) and culex pipiens molestus (forsskål) to headspace volatiles of three avian species [chicken and pigeon (sexes analysed separately), and magpie], presented either alone or in combination with 600 p.p.m. carbon dioxide (co2 ). the attraction ... | 2020 | 31912522 |
| west nile fever - autochthonous human cases in south moravia in 2018 from the epidemiological perspective. | to analyse repeated detection of west nile virus (wnv) in mosquitoes in south moravia in correlation with the first documented autochthonous human cases of west nile fever (wnf), focusing on epidemiological and environmental investigation. | 2019 | 31914772 |
| west nile virus (lineage 2) detected for the first time in mosquitoes in southern bohemia: new wnv endemic area? | here we report the first detection of lineage 2 of neuroinvasive west nile virus (wnv-2) in mosquitoes collected in a fishpond area of the trebon basin in southern bohemia during the 2018 mosquito season. a total of 6790 mosquito females belonging to the culex modestus, culex pipiens, and coquillettidia richiardii species were investigated in 136 pools, and wnv rna was detected in two of them. the wnv strain shares genetic homology with other wnv-2 strains isolated in southern moravia as well as ... | 2019 | 31914781 |
| the knowns and unknowns of west nile virus in europe: what did we learn from the 2018 outbreak? | introduction: west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne human and animal pathogen with nearly world-wide distribution. in europe, the virus is endemic with seasonal regional outbreaks that have increased in frequency over the last 10 years. a massive outbreak occurred across southern and central europe in 2018 with the number of confirmed human cases increasing up to 7.2-fold from the previous year, and expanding to include previously virus-free regions.areas covered: this review focuses on pote ... | 2020 | 31914833 |
| development of an internally controlled reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for the rapid and visual detection of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) causes west nile fever and west nile encephalitis. because infection by wnv creates serious public health problems, its simple, rapid, and visual detection is very important in clinical practice, especially in resource-limited laboratories. we have developed a rapid, specific, and highly sensitive internally controlled reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (rtraa) assay to detect wnv, using both real-time fluorescence and the lateral flow dipstick (lfd) at 3 ... | 2019 | 31918798 |
| emerging mechanisms of insulin-mediated antiviral immunity in drosophila melanogaster. | arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), such as zika (zikv), west nile (wnv), and dengue (denv) virus, include some of the most significant global health risks to human populations. the steady increase in the number of cases is of great concern due to the debilitating diseases associated with each viral infection. because these viruses all depend on the mosquito as a vector for disease transmission, current research has focused on identifying immune mechanisms used by insects to effectively harbo ... | 2019 | 31921210 |
| gravid culex pipiens exhibit a reduced susceptibility to ultra-low volume adult control treatments under field conditions. | in july and august of 2018, a field trial was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the north shore mosquito abatement district's operational ultra-low volume (ulv) adulticide program. two study sites were selected in skokie, il, and treated by truck-based ulv with d-phenothrin and prallethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide over the course of a month. natural mosquito populations were sampled via biogents (bg)-counter baited with co2 or alfalfa infusion. the results from this study demon ... | 2019 | 31922942 |
| antibody-free rapid diagnosis of malaria in whole blood with surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy using nanostructured gold substrate. | the aim of this study is to establish a rapid antibody-free diagnostic method of malaria infection with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in whole blood with surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy using nanostructured gold substrate. | 2020 | 31923771 |
| serological screening of west nile virus among blood donors in northern cyprus. | west nile virus (wnv) is a neurotropic arbovirus which can also be transmitted through blood transfusion. even though its geographic distribution has been expanding, there has not yet been any epidemiological data on wnv in northern cyprus. the aim of our study is to fill this gap by using donated blood samples. | 2020 | 31925797 |
| first serological evidence of west nile virus infection in wild birds in northern algeria. | while the epidemiology of flaviviruses has been extensively studied in most of the mediterranean basin, little is known about the current situation in algeria. in order to detect the circulation of west nile (wnv) and usutu viruses (usuv) in kabylia, 165 sera were collected from two wild birds species, namely the long distance migrant turdus philomelos (song thrush) (n = 92) and the resident passer domesticus (house sparrow) (n = 73). a total of 154 sera were first analyzed by commercial competi ... | 2020 | 31945717 |
| multi-approach investigation regarding the west nile virus situation in hungary, 2018. | the west nile virus is endemic in multiple european countries and responsible for several epidemics throughout the european region. its evolution into local or even widespread epidemics is driven by multiple factors from genetic diversification of the virus to environmental conditions. the year of 2018 was characterized by an extraordinary increase in human and animal cases in the central-eastern european region, including hungary. in a collaborative effort, we summarized and analyzed the geneti ... | 2020 | 31968613 |
| experimental usutu virus infection in domestic canaries serinus canaria. | usutu virus (usuv) is a neurotropic flavivirus closely related to west nile virus (wnv). its enzootic cycle mainly involves mosquitoes and birds. human infection can occur with occasional, but sometimes severe, neurological complications. since its emergence and spread in europe over the last two decades, usuv has been linked to significant avian outbreaks, especially among passeriformes, including european blackbirds (turdus merula). strikingly, no in vivo avian model exists so far to study thi ... | 2020 | 32023880 |
| serological evidence for japanese encephalitis and west nile virus infections in domestic birds in cambodia. | mosquito-borne flaviviruses with an enzootic transmission cycle like japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and west nile virus (wnv) are a major public health concern. the circulation of jev in southeast asia is well-documented, and the important role of pigs as amplification hosts for the virus is long known. the influence of other domestic animals especially poultry that lives in high abundance and close proximity to humans is not intensively analyzed. another understudied field in asia is the pre ... | 2020 | 32064271 |
| west nile virus and related flavivirus in european wild boar (sus scrofa), latium region, italy: a retrospective study. | a retrospective sero-survey for evidence of west nile virus (wnv) infection in european wild boar (sus scorfa) was conducted in the latium region, italy, on stored serum samples of the period november 2011 to january 2012. | 2020 | 32188017 |
| opossum cathelicidins exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens including west nile virus. | this study aimed to characterize cathelicidins from the gray short-tailed opossum in silico and experimentally validate their antimicrobial effects against various pathogenic bacteria and west nile virus (wnv). genome-wide in silico analysis against the current genome assembly of the gray short-tailed opossum yielded 56 classical antimicrobial peptides (amps) from eight different families, among which 19 cathelicidins, namely modocath1 - 19, were analyzed in silico to predict their antimicrobial ... | 2020 | 32194564 |
| serological evidence of west nile and usutu viruses circulation in domestic and wild birds in wetlands of mali and madagascar in 2008. | the geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both west nile and usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. both viruses circulate in europe and africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the culex genus. we retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the inner niger delta, mali, and the lake alaotra area, m ... | 2020 | 32197367 |
| west nile virus impacts in american crow populations are associated with human land use and climate. | west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in the western hemisphere during the summer of 1999, reawakening us public awareness of the potential severity of vector-borne pathogens. since its new world introduction, wnv has caused disease in human, avian, and mammalian communities across the continent. american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos) are a highly susceptible wnv host and when modeled appropriately, changes in crow abundances can serve as a proxy for the spatio-temporal presence of wnv. we us ... | 2011 | 32214652 |
| study of usutu virus neuropathogenicity in mice and human cellular models. | usutu virus (usuv), an african mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to west nile virus, was first isolated in south africa in 1959. usuv emerged in europe two decades ago, causing notably massive mortality in eurasian blackbirds. usuv is attracting increasing attention due to its potential for emergence and its rapid spread in europe in recent years. although mainly asymptomatic or responsible for mild clinical signs, usuv was recently described as being associated with neurological disorde ... | 2020 | 32324736 |
| emerging diseases of avian wildlife. | climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ... | 2020 | 32327043 |
| avian influenza, migratory birds and emerging zoonoses: unusual viral rna, enteropathogens and cryptosporidium in poultry litter. | the last decade has witnessed the emergence of several new viral infectious agents, most notably avian influenza h5n1, sars and west nile virus. the emergence of these agents is heavily associated with zonotic animal hosts, as well as migratory pathways of infected bird vectors. the environmental survival and persistence of nucleic acid associated with these viral agents may be important for both the detection as well as the occurrence of related diseases. our hypothesis suggests that nucleic ac ... | 2009 | 32362937 |
| usutu virus infection of embryonated chicken eggs and a chicken embryo-derived primary cell line. | usutu virus (usuv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, closely related to the west nile virus (wnv). similar to wnv, usuv may cause infections in humans, with occasional, but sometimes severe, neurological complications. further, usuv can be highly pathogenic in wild and captive birds and its circulation in europe has given rise to substantial avian death. adequate study models of this virus are still lacking but are critically needed to understand its pathogenesis and virulence spectrum. the chicke ... | 2020 | 32408481 |
| livestock challenge models of rift valley fever for agricultural vaccine testing. | since the discovery of rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in kenya in 1930, the virus has become widespread throughout most of africa and is characterized by sporadic outbreaks. a mosquito-borne pathogen, rvfv is poised to move beyond the african continent and the middle east and emerge in europe and asia. there is a risk that rvfv could also appear in the americas, similar to the west nile virus. in light of this potential threat, multiple studies have been undertaken to establish international sur ... | 2020 | 32528981 |
| feeding habits of vector mosquitoes in harris county, tx, 2018. | mosquito-borne pathogens contribute significantly to the global burden of infectious diseases and are a continuing public health concern in the united states. blood feeding by vector mosquitoes is a critical step in the transmission of human pathogens. continuous surveillance of mosquito feeding patterns, especially in major population centers, is necessary for sustainable, effective control strategies. to better understand female feeding habits in harris county, tx, we trapped mosquitoes from v ... | 2020 | 32574364 |
| bird species involved in west nile virus epidemiological cycle in southern québec. | despite many studies on west nile virus (wnv) in the us, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of canada where wnv is endemic. here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in wnv transmission in the greater montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from wnv surveillance in wild birds (2002-2015); (ii) blood meal a ... | 2020 | 32585999 |
| interactions between the imperiled west indian manatee, trichechus manatus, and mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in everglades national park, florida, usa. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), including those vectored by mosquitoes, have recently been cited as potential emerging health threats to marine mammals. despite the fully aquatic habits of cetaceans, immunologic exposure to arboviruses including west nile virus and eastern equine encephalitis virus has been detected in wild atlantic bottlenose dolphins, and captive orcas have been killed by west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus. currently, there is no evidence of direct interac ... | 2020 | 32737372 |
| clinical, pathological and virological aspects of fatal west nile virus infections in ten free-ranging goshawks (accipiter gentilis) in germany. | west nile virus (wnv), a zoonotic arbovirus, is a new epizootic disease in germany and caused increasing avian and equine mortality since its first detection in 2018. the northern goshawk (accipiter gentilis) is highly susceptible to fatal wnv disease and thus is considered as an indicator species for wnv emergence in european countries. therefore, information regarding clinical presentation and pathological findings is important for identifying suspect cases and initiating further virological d ... | 2020 | 32743905 |
| serological evidence of west nile virus infection in white-tailed deer in central texas. | white-tailed deer (wtd) are abundant mammals widely distributed across the united states. as a result, wtd are considered to be excellent sentinels for detecting arboviral activity in certain geographic areas. evidence of west nile virus (wnv) antibody in wtd has been reported previously in several states. however, wnv infection in wtd has not been reported from texas, where the incidence of human west nile (wn) cases is among the highest in the united states. therefore, the aim of this study wa ... | 2020 | 32746746 |
| the role of different culex mosquito species in the transmission of west nile virus and avian malaria parasites in mediterranean areas. | vector-borne diseases, especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, have severe impacts on public health and economy. west nile virus (wnv) and avian malaria parasites of the genus plasmodium are mosquito-borne pathogens that may produce severe disease and illness in humans and birds, respectively, and circulate in an endemic form in southern europe. here, we used field-collected data to identify the impact of culex pipiens, cx. perexiguus and cx. modestus, on the circulation of both wnv and plas ... | 2020 | 32748497 |
| evidence of exposure to zoonotic flaviviruses in zoo mammals in spain and their potential role as sentinel species. | a serosurvey was carried out to assess emerging flavivirus exposure in zoo mammals in spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in species that were longitudinally sampled during the study period. sera from 570 zoo animals belonging to 120 mammal species were collected at ten zoos (a-j) in spain between 2002 and 2019. twenty-one of these animals, belonging to ten different species, were sampled longitudinally at four of the zoos during the study period. antigenically-related flavivir ... | 2020 | 32768215 |
| development and characterization of specific anti-usutu virus chicken-derived single chain variable fragment antibodies. | usutu virus belongs to the japanese encephalitis serogroup within the flaviviridae family. mammals may become incidental hosts after the bite of an infected mosquito while birds act as the main reservoir. human cases have become more common recently and elicit various outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to severe illness including encephalitis. problematically, antisera against usutu virus cross-react with other flaviviruses such as the co-circulating west nile virus. as an approach to generate u ... | 2020 | 32829514 |
| serological evidence of west nile virus infection among birds and horses in some geographical locations of iran. | recent expansion of arboviruses such as west nile (wnv), usutu (usuv), and tick-borne encephalitis (tbev) over their natural range of distribution needs strengthening their surveillance. as common viral vertebrate hosts, birds and horses deserve special attention with routine serological surveillance. here, we estimated the seroprevalence of wnv, usuv and tbev in 160 migrating/resident birds and 60 horses sampled in mazandaran, golestan, north khorasan, kordestan provinces and golestan province ... | 2020 | 32858762 |
| pathogenicity of west nile virus lineage 1 to german poultry. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus that originates from africa and at present causes neurological disease in birds, horses, and humans all around the globe. as west nile fever is an important zoonosis, the role of free-ranging domestic poultry as a source of infection for humans should be evaluated. this study examined the pathogenicity of an italian wnv lineage 1 strain for domestic poultry (chickens, ducks, and geese) held in germany. all three species were subcutaneously injected ... | 2020 | 32899581 |
| seroprevalence of five zoonotic pathogens in wild ruminants in xinjiang, northwest china. | wild ruminants are at risk for zoonotic pathogen infection as a result of interactions with domestic animals and humans. one way to assess the level of a wild ruminant disease in a population is to determine the seroprevalence of the pathogen of interest. the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of five zoonotic pathogens in wild ruminants in xinjiang, northwest china. in 2009 and 2011-2015, 258 wild ruminant sera samples were collected from various species. samples were o ... | 2020 | 32936059 |
| a pilot serosurvey for selected pathogens in feral donkeys (equus asinus). | recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around death valley national park, california, usa. the aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (eh ... | 2020 | 33023217 |
| west nile virus neutralizing antibody prevalence in donkeys from northern nigeria. | this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anti-west nile virus (wnv) neutralizing antibodies in donkeys from two areas in northern nigeria. | 2020 | 33053581 |
| first serological evidence of west nile virus among equines and birds in kosovo, 2018-2019. | this study was conducted to assess the presence of west nile virus (wnv) in kosovo by serological testing of apparently healthy local horses and free-range chicken, and it attempted to detect viral nucleic acid in birds and mosquitoes. between january 2018 and june 2019, 260 equine serum samples were collected, additionally 580 adult mosquitoes (53 pools) were grouped in for genera, including culex spp. (226 individuals; 26 pools), aedes spp. (136 individuals; 16 pools), anopheles spp. (184 indi ... | 2020 | 33090084 |
| molecular characterization of the re-emerging west nile virus in avian species and equids in israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease. | in this report we describe the molecular and pathological characteristics of west nile virus (wnv) infection that occurred during the summer and fall of 2018 in avian species and equines. wnv is reported in israel since the 1950s, with occasional outbreaks leading to significant morbidity and mortality in birds, high infection in horses and humans, and sporadic fatalities in humans. | 2020 | 33092614 |
| serological evidence of west nile virus in wild birds in bangladesh. | west nile virus (wnv) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. to detect wnv and other flavivirus infections in wild resident and migratory birds, we tested 184 samples from 19 identified species within nine families collected during 2012-2016 from four districts in bangladesh. we tested serum samples for the immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody against wnv using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), whereas tracheal an ... | 2020 | 33126740 |
| west nile virus in california, 2003-2018: a persistent threat. | the california arbovirus surveillance program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include west nile virus (wnv) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. this comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the california department of public health (cdph), the university of california, and local vector control and public health agencies. this manuscript summarizes wnv surveillanc ... | 2020 | 33206634 |
| pre-existing microfilarial infections of american robins (passeriformes: turdidae) and common grackles (passeriformes: icteridae) have limited impact on enhancing dissemination of west nile virus in culex pipiens mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | microfilariae (mf) are the immature stages of filarial nematode parasites and inhabit the blood and dermis of all classes of vertebrates, except fish. concurrent ingestion of mf and arboviruses by mosquitoes can enhance mosquito transmission of virus compared to when virus is ingested alone. shortly after being ingested, mf penetrate the mosquito's midgut and may introduce virus into the mosquito's hemocoel, creating a disseminated viral infection much sooner than normal. this phenomenon is know ... | 2020 | 33257996 |
| evidence of exposure to usuv and wnv in zoo animals in france. | west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) are zoonotic arboviruses. these flaviviruses are mainly maintained in the environment through an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds. horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. nevertheless, there is little data regarding the involvement of other mammals in the epidemiology of these arboviruses. in this study, we performed a serosurvey to assess exposure to these viruses in captive birds ... | 2020 | 33266071 |
| evidence of west nile virus seropositivity in wild birds on the island of cyprus. | west nile virus (wnv)1 is an emerging pathogen in cyprus, with the first human case of infection reported in 2016, and another documented in 2018. a cluster of cases in humans was then reported in 2019. however, little is known regarding which avian species might bring wnv to cyprus. here, we investigated seroprevalence of wnv antibodies in migratory and resident birds, captured across cyprus to assess to what extent human populations might be exposed to wnv. we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent ... | 2020 | 33276289 |
| exposure to zoonotic west nile virus in long-tailed macaques and bats in peninsular malaysia. | the role of wildlife such as wild birds, macaques, and bats in the spreading and maintenance of deadly zoonotic pathogens in nature have been well documented in many parts of the world. one such pathogen is the mosquitoes borne virus, namely the west nile virus (wnv). previous research has shown that 1:7 and 1:6 malaysian wild birds are wnv antibody and rna positive, respectively, and bats in north america may not be susceptible to the wnv infection. this study was conducted to determine the sta ... | 2020 | 33321964 |
| serologic survey of mosquito-borne viruses in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), new york state. | sera from white-tailed deer (wtd, odocoileus virginianus) hunter-harvested throughout new york state (nys), 2007-2015, were tested by plaque reduction neutralization for antibodies against nine mosquito-borne viruses from the families peribunyaviridae, flaviviridae, and togaviridae. overall, 76.1% (373/490) of sampled wtd were seropositive against at least one virus, and 38.8% were exposed to multiple viruses. the seropositivity rate in adult wtd (78.0%) was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) th ... | 2020 | 33350367 |
| vertebrate-aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera)-arbovirus transmission networks: non-human feeding revealed by meta-barcoding and next-generation sequencing. | aedes aegypti mosquito-borne viruses including zika (zikv), dengue (denv), yellow fever (yfv), and chikungunya (chikv) have emerged and re-emerged globally, resulting in an elevated burden of human disease. aedes aegypti is found worldwide in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate areas. the characterization of mosquito blood meals is essential to understand the transmission dynamics of mosquito-vectored pathogens. | 2020 | 33382725 |
| west nile virus seroprevalence in an outdoor nonhuman primate breeding colony in south florida. | west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in florida in july 2001, with 404 human cases reported to the centers for disease control and prevention as of february 2020. the subtropical climate of florida is ideal for the mosquitoes that transmit wnv. we investigated the wnv seroprevalence in 3 nhp species housed outdoors at the mannheimer foundation in south florida. from january to december 2016, 520 3 to 30 y old nhp were sampled at our 2 closed sites in homestead and labelle: 200 rhesus macaque ... | 2021 | 33441221 |
| european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) as vectors and reservoirs of pathogens affecting humans and domestic livestock. | european starlings are an abundant, widespread avian species frequently found in close association with human development and agriculture. the ability of starlings to carry and disperse pathogens of humans and domesticated livestock has received considerable attention, including studies of enteric bacteria, viruses, and some fungi. to investigate the importance of european starlings as disease vectors, i reviewed and assessed the available literature, comprising several hundred published papers. ... | 2021 | 33578636 |
| pigeon rotavirus a genotype g18p17-associated disease outbreaks after fancy pigeon shows in germany - a case series. | pigeon rotavirus a (rva) isolates of genotype g18p[17] are causing disease outbreaks and fatalities in pigeon lofts in australia, germany, belgium, denmark and usa since 2016. most disease outbreaks have been reported from juvenile pigeons (columba livia forma domestica). however, reports on rva-associated disease outbreaks in fancy pigeons in connection with fancy pigeon shows in germany are rare. | 2021 | 33588462 |
| virus infection of the cns disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses. | treatment for many viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) remains only supportive. here we address a remaining gap in our knowledge regarding how the cns and immune systems interact during viral infection. by examining the regulation of the immune and nervous system processes in a nonhuman primate model of west nile virus neurological disease, we show that virus infection disrupts the homeostasis of the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic genes with distinct fu ... | 2021 | 33599611 |
| serologic survey for west nile virus in wild boars (sus scrofa) in poland. | serum samples obtained from 474 wild boars (sus scrofa) were collected from june 2017 to september 2018 from various areas of northern and southern poland. serum samples were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. however, west nile virus (wnv) antibodies were not detected. previous studies on wnv in poland have focused on experimental evidence and the presence of wnv antibodies in wild birds, horses, and humans, indicating a need for more surveys of domestic and wild mammals in poland. | 2021 | 33635970 |
| west nile virus infection in ruffed grouse (bonasa umbellus) in pennsylvania, usa: a multi-year comparison of statewide serosurveys and vector indices. | eastern populations of ruffed grouse (bonasa umbellus) have been in a decades-long decline across the mid-atlantic and southern appalachian mountains of the us. west nile virus (wnv), which first arrived in the us in 1999, is suspected to have contributed to these declines based on decreased population indices since the arrival of wnv in pennsylvania as well as on high, experimentally induced wnv-associated morbidity rates. a 3-yr statewide survey was conducted across pennsylvania to measure fla ... | 2021 | 33635996 |
| co-infections: simultaneous detections of west nile virus and usutu virus in birds from germany. | the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) in europe resulted in significant outbreaks leading to avifauna mortality and human infections. both viruses have overlapping geographical, host and vector ranges, and are often co-circulating in europe. in germany, a nationwide bird surveillance network was established to monitor these zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses in migratory and resident birds. in this framework, co-infections with wnv and usuv were detected in six dead birds c ... | 2021 | 33655706 |
| a bacterially-expressed recombinant envelope protein from usutu virus induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. | recently, an emerging flavivirus, usutu virus (usuv), has caused an epidemic among birds in europe, resulting in a massive die-off in eurasian blackbirds. currently found only in europe and africa, it can be envisioned that usutu virus will follow the path of other flaviviruses, like west nile virus and zika virus, and will spread via its mosquito vectors and bird hosts to other parts of the world. several cases of human infections by usutu virus have already been published. anticipating this sp ... | 2021 | 33669414 |
| west nile and usutu virus infections in wild birds admitted to rehabilitation centres in extremadura, western spain, 2017-2019. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted generally by mosquitoes of culex genus. it is maintained in an enzootic life cycle where birds act as reservoir hosts. humans and horses are also susceptible to infection, and occasionally, they suffer from neurological complications. however, they do not transmit the virus to other vectors, behaving as dead-end hosts. sporadic wnv outbreaks observed in horses and wild birds from extremadura (western spain) during 2016 and 2017 seasons ... | 2021 | 33677369 |
| diplotriaena obtusa infection in an eurasian blue tit (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany. pathology and phylogenetic analysis. | diplotriaena obtusa is a nematode found in air sacs of a wide number of birds, including passerine species. during a period of increased mortality of blue tits (cyanistes caeruleus) in germany, we collected adult nematode worms from the air sacs of a deceased male blue tit. the nematodes showed morphological features consistent with diplotriaena ssp. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the small subunit (ssu) 18s rrna gene identified the parasite species as diplotriaena obtusa. phy ... | 2020 | 33678381 |
| light pollution affects west nile virus exposure risk across florida. | emerging infectious diseases (eids) present global health threats, and their emergences are often linked to anthropogenic change. artificial light at night (alan) is one form of anthropogenic change that spans beyond urban boundaries and may be relevant to eids through its influence on the behaviour and physiology of hosts and/or vectors. although west nile virus (wnv) emergence has been described as peri-urban, we hypothesized that exposure risk could also be influenced by alan in particular, w ... | 2021 | 33757351 |
| pathogenesis and shedding of usutu virus in juvenile chickens. | usutu virus (usuv; family: flaviviridae, genus: flavivirus), is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus that causes severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and has been implicated in the loss of breeding bird populations in europe. usuv is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitos and wild birds. as a member of the japanese encephalitis serocomplex, usuv is closely related to west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), both neuroinvasive arboviruses endemic in wild ... | 2021 | 33769213 |
| an integrated molecular approach to untangling host-vector-pathogen interactions in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from sylvan communities in mexico. | there are ~240 species of culicidae in mexico, of which some are vectors of arthropod-borne viruses such as zika virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and west nile virus. thus, the identification of mosquito feeding preferences is paramount to understanding of vector-host-pathogen interactions that, in turn, can aid the control of disease outbreaks. typically, dna and rna are extracted separately for animal (insects and blood meal hosts) and viral identification, but this study demonstrates t ... | 2021 | 33778029 |
| pathogen presence in wild birds inhabiting landfills in central iran. | wild birds are important in the transmission of many zoonotic pathogens such as salmonella and avian influenza virus (aiv). the current study investigated the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in birds foraging at an open landfill located in central iran. we collected blood and intestinal samples from five abundant species, including rook (corvus frugilegus), european starling (sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow (passer domesticus), black-headed gull (chroicocephalus ridibundus) and slende ... | 2021 | 33783651 |
| sentinel coyote pathogen survey to assess declining black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) population in south dakota, usa. | as part of the national recovery effort, endangered black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes) were reintroduced to the cheyenne river sioux reservation in south dakota, us in 2000. despite an encouraging start, numbers of ferrets at the site have declined. in an effort to determine possible causes of the population decline, we undertook a pathogen survey in 2012 to detect exposure to west nile virus (wnv), canine distemper virus (cdv), plague (yersinia pestis), tularemia (francisella tularensis), ... | 2021 | 33822142 |
| west nile virus seroconversion in eastern loggerhead shrike (lanius ludovicianus migrans) after vaccination with a killed vaccine. | the loggerhead shrike (lanius ludovicianus migrans) is a migratory songbird that has undergone massive population declines in ontario since the 1950s. as part of a broad strategy of recovery, a captive breeding population was established in the late 1990s. this species appears to be extremely sensitive to west nile virus (wnv) infection, with prior outbreaks at ontario breeding facilities reaching a 100% mortality rate. this study aimed to investigate the humoral response to vaccination in juven ... | 2021 | 33827175 |
| exposure to select pathogens in an expanding moose (alces alces) population in north dakota, usa. | forty female moose (alces alces) captured in north dakota, us, in march 2014 were tested for antibodies to a variety of pathogens. antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) were detected in 39 (98%) moose following a year with a high number of human cases, suggesting the population accurately reflects wnv activity. fifteen percent of moose (6/40) had antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, implying expansion of the tick vector into the area. antibodies to anaplasma spp. were detected in 55% of moose (22/4 ... | 2021 | 33857323 |
| a sentinel serological study in selected zoo animals to assess early detection of west nile and usutu virus circulation in slovenia. | monitoring infectious diseases is a crucial part of preventive veterinary medicine in zoological collections. this zoo environment contains a great variety of animal species that are in contact with wildlife species as a potential source of infectious diseases. wild birds may be a source of west nile virus (wnv) and usutu (usuv) virus, which are both emerging pathogens of rising concern. the aim of this study was to use zoo animals as sentinels for the early detection of wnv and usuv in slovenia ... | 2021 | 33917545 |
| genetic characterization of a neurovirulent west nile virus variant associated with a fatal great grey owl infection. | this study reports on a fatal case of a captive great grey owl infected with the west nile virus (wnv) in the zoological garden košice, eastern slovakia (central europe). the tissue samples of the dead owl were used for virus isolation and genetic characterization. the novel isolate is genetically closer to hungarian, greek, and bulgarian strains from the central/southern european clade of lineage 2 than to the strains previously isolated in slovakia. interestingly, it carries ns3-249p, a molecu ... | 2021 | 33920598 |
| using data mining and network analysis to infer arboviral dynamics: the case of mosquito-borne flaviviruses reported in mexico. | given the significant impact of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (mbfvs) on both human and animal health, predicting their dynamics and understanding their transmission cycle is of the utmost importance. usually, predictions about the distribution of priority pathogens, such as dengue, yellow fever, west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis, relate abiotic elements to simple biotic components, such as a single causal agent. furthermore, focusing on single pathogens neglects the possibility of intera ... | 2021 | 33946977 |
| detection of tick-borne pathogens in red deer (cervus elaphus), united kingdom. | deer represent a major vertebrate host for all feeding stages of the hard tick ixodes ricinus in the united kingdom (uk), and could play a role in the persistence of tick-borne pathogens. however, there have been few studies reporting the presence of babesia spp. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in deer in the uk, and those that detected babesia were unable to confirm the species. to address this, we have investigated blood samples from red deer (cervus elaphus) for the presence of tick-borne patho ... | 2021 | 34070977 |
| evidence of west nile virus circulation in lebanon. | west nile virus (wnv) has never been reported from lebanon. yet, this country is located on the flyway of migratory birds in the middle east region. serological screening was conducted to assess the potential circulation of this virus. human, horse, and chicken sera were collected from the bekaa and north districts. specific igg and igy were first screened by elisa. then, positive samples were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt). besides this, adult mosquitoes were collected ... | 2021 | 34073485 |
| assessing the humoral response to and safety of a commercially available equine west nile virus vaccine in a zoo-based conservation breeding population of endangered greater sage-grouse (centrocercus urophasianus). | greater sage-grouse (centrocercus urophasianus) are an endangered species in canada and have been extirpated from five states in the united states. infectious diseases can pose a challenge to conservation efforts, and the greater sage-grouse is susceptible to west nile virus (wnv). this study measured the humoral response to a commercially available wnv vaccine in a zoo-based conservation breeding population of greater sage-grouse. since the initiation of the conservation program in 2014, all sa ... | 2021 | 34130419 |
| neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis: an underdiagnosed disease in south america? | we describe a case of neurotropic bovine astrovirus-associated encephalitis in a jersey dairy cow from the department of san josé, uruguay. this represents the second case of this condition reported in the southern hemisphere. the cow was the only one affected in a herd of 70 cows, showing neurological signs with a 2-day clinical course, before dying spontaneously. histopathological examination revealed lymphocytic, histiocytic, and plasmacytic meningoencephalitis with neuronal necrosis, without ... | 2021 | 34148730 |
| mosquito blood-feeding patterns and nesting behavior of american crows, an amplifying host of west nile virus. | although american crows are a key indicator species for west nile virus (wnv) and mount among the highest viremias reported for any host, the importance of crows in the wnv transmission cycle has been called into question because of their consistent underrepresentation in studies of culex blood meal sources. here, we test the hypothesis that this apparent underrepresentation could be due, in part, to underrepresentation of crow nesting habitat from mosquito sampling designs. specifically, we exa ... | 2021 | 34158103 |
| characterization and host-feeding patterns of culex pipiens s.l. taxa in a west nile virus-endemic area in southeastern romania. | culex pipiens sensu lato has been documented as west nile virus (wnv) vector in southeastern romania. bucharest, the densely populated capital city of romania, and the surrounding ilfov county are wnv hotspots. in this area, the morphologically indistinguishable biotypes of cx. pipiens, namely pipiens and molestus, are usually differentiated by their behavioral and physiological traits. their involvement in wnv transmission, as suggested by entomological investigations, was not previously docume ... | 2021 | 34160283 |
| a field test of the dilution effect hypothesis in four avian multi-host pathogens. | the dilution effect hypothesis (deh) argues that greater biodiversity lowers the risk of disease and reduces the rates of pathogen transmission since more diverse communities harbour fewer competent hosts for any given pathogen, thereby reducing host exposure to the pathogen. deh is expected to operate most intensely in vector-borne pathogens and when species-rich communities are not associated with increased host density. overall, dilution will occur if greater species diversity leads to a lowe ... | 2021 | 34161394 |
| pathogenesis of two western mediterranean west nile virus lineage 1 isolates in experimentally infected red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa). | west nile virus (wnv) is the most widespread flavivirus in the world with a wide vertebrate host range. its geographic expansion and activity continue to increase with important human and equine outbreaks and local bird mortality. in a previous experiment, we demonstrated the susceptibility of 7-week-old red-legged partridges (alectoris rufa) to mediterranean wnv isolates morocco/2003 and spain/2007, which varied in virulence for this gallinaceous species. here we study the pathogenesis of the i ... | 2021 | 34199167 |
| west nile virus seroprevalence in a selected donkey population of namibia. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne virus enzootically maintained in birds. however, it can incidentally infect other species, leading to sometimes severe clinical consequences like in horses and especially human beings. despite the topic relevance, the presence and distribution of wnv are currently unknown in namibia. several countries implement surveillance systems based on virus detection in birds, mosquitoes, and vertebrate species including horses. the present study aimed to fill this ... | 2021 | 34222404 |