Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| structure of deformed wing virus, a major honey bee pathogen. | the worldwide population of western honey bees (apis mellifera) is under pressure from habitat loss, environmental stress, and pathogens, particularly viruses that cause lethal epidemics. deformed wing virus (dwv) from the family iflaviridae, together with its vector, the mite varroa destructor, is likely the major threat to the world's honey bees. however, lack of knowledge of the atomic structures of iflaviruses has hindered the development of effective treatments against them. here, we presen ... | 2017 | 28270616 |
| sequential social experiences interact to modulate aggression but not brain gene expression in the honey bee (apis mellifera). | in highly structured societies, individuals behave flexibly and cooperatively in order to achieve a particular group-level outcome. however, even in social species, environmental inputs can have long lasting effects on individual behavior, and variable experiences can even result in consistent individual differences and constrained behavioral flexibility. despite the fact that such constraints on behavior could have implications for behavioral optimization at the social group level, few studies ... | 2017 | 28270855 |
| the choosing of sleeping position in the overnight aggregation by the solitary bees amegilla florea urens in iriomote island of japan. | in addition to the process of joining the sleeping aggregation, the choice of sleeping position is an important night-time behaviour of small diurnal insects because of the increased risk for predator attacks as well as bad weather. the aggregation behaviour of the solitary bee amegilla florea urens was investigated to elucidate the choice of sleeping position on substrates. male and female constructed single-sex aggregations on hanging leaves during may and june, respectively. most individuals ... | 2017 | 28271178 |
| feeding preference and sub-chronic effects of zno nanomaterials in honey bees (apis mellifera carnica). | the extensive production of zinc oxide (zno) nanomaterials (nms) may result in high environmental zinc burdens. honeybees need to have special concern due to their crucial role in pollination. our previous study indicated that low concentrations of zno nms, corresponding to 0.8 mg zn/ml, have a neurotoxic potential for honeybees after a 10-day oral exposure. present study was designed to investigate the effect of a short, dietary exposure of honeybees to zno nms at concentrations 0.8-8 mg zn/ml ... | 2017 | 28271210 |
| possible correlation between levansucrase production and probiotic activity of bacillus sp. isolated from honey and honey bee. | five bacterial isolates from honey and bee gut were selected based on their high levansucrase activity and levan yield which were strongly positively correlated. all isolates showed good tolerance to temperature up to 70 °c, to nacl up to 3 m and to 0.1% h2o2. they maintained over 59 and 64% survival at ph 9.0 and 2.0 respectively, but showed varying tolerance to 0.1% bile salts and pancreatic enzymes. most isolates were susceptible to widely used antibiotics, but demonstrated diverse antimicrob ... | 2017 | 28271385 |
| cuticular hydrocarbon cues of immune-challenged workers elicit immune activation in honeybee queens. | recently, evidence has shown that variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons (chcs) profile allow healthy honeybees to identify diseased nestmates, eliciting agonistic responses in the former. here, we determined whether these 'immunologic cues' emitted by diseased nestmates were only detected by workers, who consequently took hygienic measures and excluded these individuals from the colony, or whether queens were also able to detect these cues and respond accordingly. healthy honeybee queens were ... | 2017 | 28271576 |
| a comparison of deformed wing virus in deformed and asymptomatic honey bees. | deformed wing virus (dwv) in association with varroa destructor is currently attributed to being responsible for colony collapse in the western honey bee (apis mellifera). the appearance of deformed individuals within an infested colony has long been associated with colony losses. however, it is unknown why only a fraction of dwv positive bees develop deformed wings. this study concerns two small studies comparing deformed and non-deformed bees. in brazil, asymptomatic bees (no wing deformity) t ... | 2017 | 28272333 |
| distribution and predictors of wing shape and size variability in three sister species of solitary bees. | morphological traits can be highly variable over time in a particular geographical area. different selective pressures shape those traits, which is crucial in evolutionary biology. among these traits, insect wing morphometry has already been widely used to describe phenotypic variability at the inter-specific level. on the contrary, fewer studies have focused on intra-specific wing morphometric variability. yet, such investigations are relevant to study potential convergences of variation that c ... | 2017 | 28273178 |
| questionable diagnostic benefit of the commercially available panel of bee venom components. | for many years, only the major allergen rapi m 1 has been available on the immunocap system for routine diagnosis of bee venom (bv) allergy. now, there are five components available, and we aimed to detect the sensitivity and specificity of rapi m 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 in bv-allergic patients. we further evaluated the sensitivity of rapi m 1 and 2 of an alternative platform and investigated possible differences in the sensitization profile between monosensitization and clinically relevant double se ... | 2017 | 28273336 |
| shuffling cross-validation-bee algorithm as a new descriptor selection method for retention studies of pesticides in biopartitioning micellar chromatography. | bee algorithm (ba) is an optimization algorithm inspired by the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees to find the optimal solution which can be proposed to feature selection. in this paper, shuffling cross-validation-ba (cv-ba) was applied to select the best descriptors that could describe the retention factor (log k) in the biopartitioning micellar chromatography (bmc) of 79 heterogeneous pesticides. six descriptors were obtained using ba and then the selected descriptors were applied for mo ... | 2017 | 28277080 |
| accelerated solvent extraction by using an 'in-line' clean-up approach for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in organic honey. | the worldwide loss of honeybee colonies may be due to their exposure to several contaminants (i.e., pesticides); such contamination may also have impacts on consumers' health. therefore, it is essential to develop quick and new methods to detect several pesticide residues in honey samples. in this study, the effectiveness of accelerated solvent extraction (ase) was compared with quechers methods for the analysis of 53 pesticides in organic honey by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spect ... | 2017 | 28277176 |
| a pan-european epidemiological study reveals honey bee colony survival depends on beekeeper education and disease control. | reports of honey bee population decline has spurred many national efforts to understand the extent of the problem and to identify causative or associated factors. however, our collective understanding of the factors has been hampered by a lack of joined up trans-national effort. moreover, the impacts of beekeeper knowledge and beekeeping management practices have often been overlooked, despite honey bees being a managed pollinator. here, we established a standardised active monitoring network fo ... | 2017 | 28278255 |
| pollination effects on antioxidant content of perilla frutescens seeds analysed by nmr spectroscopy. | the effects of perilla frutescens pollination on the content of seed antioxidants were analysed by agronomical and pollination trials, comparing seeds produced from bagged plants in 2013 (a) to prevent access to pollinating insects, and seeds from open-pollinated plants in 2013 (b) and 2015 (c). the seeds of open-pollinated plants were significantly more numerous and heavier than those of self-pollinated plants. (1)h nmr seed analysis showed a higher presence of phenolic compounds in open-pollin ... | 2017 | 28278651 |
| functional properties of honey supplemented with bee bread and propolis. | the aim of this work was characterisation of functional properties of honey enriched with propolis and beebread. in first step of experiment, soft propolis extract (spex) was obtained by extraction of propolis with ethanol. spex (0.25 to 1.0% w/w) as well as beebread (5 to 15% w/w) were implemented into natural honey. fortified honeys were investigated in terms of total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, also their effects on the micro-organisms ... | 2017 | 28278684 |
| risk assessment of pesticides and other stressors in bees: principles, data gaps and perspectives from the european food safety authority. | current approaches to risk assessment in bees do not take into account co-exposures from multiple stressors. the european food safety authority (efsa) is deploying resources and efforts to move towards a holistic risk assessment approach of multiple stressors in bees. this paper describes the general principles of pesticide risk assessment in bees, including recent developments at efsa dealing with risk assessment of single and multiple pesticide residues and biological hazards. the efsa guidanc ... | 2017 | 28279532 |
| agrochemical synergism imposes higher risk to neotropical bees than to honeybees. | bees are key pollinators whose population numbers are declining, in part, owing to the effects of different stressors such as insecticides and fungicides. we have analysed the susceptibility of the africanized honeybee, apis mellifera, and the stingless bee, partamona helleri, to commercial formulations of the insecticides deltamethrin and imidacloprid. the toxicity of fungicides based on thiophanate-methyl and chlorothalonil were investigated individually and in combination, and with the insect ... | 2017 | 28280585 |
| bee community of commercial potato fields in michigan and bombus impatiens visitation to neonicotinoid-treated potato plants. | we conducted a bee survey in neonicotinoid-treated commercial potato fields using bowl and vane traps in the 2016 growing season. traps were placed outside the fields, at the field edges, and 10 and 30 m into the fields. we collected 756 bees representing 58 species, with lasioglossum spp. comprising 73% of all captured bees. we found seven bombus spp., of which b. impatiens was the only known visitor of potato flowers in our region. the majority of the bees (68%) were collected at the field edg ... | 2017 | 28282931 |
| agricultural pesticides and veterinary substances in uruguayan beeswax. | over the last decade, uruguay has expanded and intensified its rainfed crop production. this process has affected beekeeping in several ways: for example, by reducing the space available. this has increased the density of apiaries, the risk of varroosis and acaricide use. additionally, the dominance of no-tillage crops has increased the frequencies of application and of loads of pesticides in regions where such crops share the land with beekeeping and honey production. therefore, the exposure of ... | 2017 | 28284118 |
| pharmacist use of the electronic medical record to identify adults at risk for anaphylaxis without epinephrine for self-administration. | to describe an innovative pharmacist-led approach, with the use of electronic medical record (emr) data, to identify patients at risk of anaphylaxis in need of epinephrine auto-injector (eai) for self-administration. | 2017 | 28285065 |
| effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. | propolis, a natural resinous substance made by bees from material extracted from plants, flowers and bee's wax, has shown great therapeutic effects and been widely used in food and drug industries. recently, some researchers have studied the effect of this substance in the treatment of diabetes. | 2017 | 28285617 |
| taxonomic and functional trait diversity of wild bees in different urban settings. | urbanization is one of the major anthropogenic processes contributing to local habitat loss and extirpation of numerous species, including wild bees, the most widespread pollinators. little is known about the mechanisms through which urbanization impacts wild bee communities, or the types of urban green spaces that best promote their conservation in cities. the main objective of this study was to describe and compare wild bee community diversity, structure, and dynamics in two canadian cities, m ... | 2017 | 28286711 |
| bee++: an object-oriented, agent-based simulator for honey bee colonies. | we present a model and associated simulation package (www.beeplusplus.ca) to capture the natural dynamics of a honey bee colony in a spatially-explicit landscape, with temporally-variable, weather-dependent parameters. the simulation tracks bees of different ages and castes, food stores within the colony, pollen and nectar sources and the spatial position of individual foragers outside the hive. we track explicitly the intake of pesticides in individual bees and their ability to metabolize these ... | 2017 | 28287445 |
| stress-mediated allee effects can cause the sudden collapse of honey bee colonies. | the recent rapid decline in global honey bee populations could have significant implications for ecological systems, economics and food security. no single cause of honey bee collapse has yet to be identified, although pesticides, mites and other pathogens have all been shown to have a sublethal effect. we present a model of a functioning bee hive and introduce external stress to investigate the impact on the regulatory processes of recruitment to the forager class, social inhibition and the lay ... | 2017 | 28288794 |
| animal venoms as a source of natural antimicrobials: an overview. | hospitals are breeding grounds for many life-threatening bacteria worldwide. clinically associated gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus/methicillin-resistant s. aureus and many others increase the risk of severe mortality and morbidity. the failure of antibiotics to kill various pathogens due to bacterial resistance highlights the urgent need to develop novel, potent, and less toxic agents from natural sources against various infectious agents. currently, several promising classe ... | 2017 | 28288817 |
| firewalls in bee nests-survival value of propolis walls of wild cape honeybee (apis mellifera capensis). | the cape bee is endemic to the winter rainfall region of south africa where fires are an integral part of the ecology of the fynbos (heathland) vegetation. of the 37 wild nests in pristine peninsula sandstone fynbos in the cape point section of table mountain national park that have been analyzed so far, only 22 could be accessed sufficiently to determine the existence of a propolis wall of which 68% had propolis walls which entirely enclosed their openings. the analysis of the 37 wild nests rev ... | 2017 | 28289772 |
| antibiotic exposure perturbs the gut microbiota and elevates mortality in honeybees. | gut microbiomes play crucial roles in animal health, and shifts in the gut microbial community structure can have detrimental impacts on hosts. studies with vertebrate models and human subjects suggest that antibiotic treatments greatly perturb the native gut community, thereby facilitating proliferation of pathogens. in fact, persistent infections following antibiotic treatment are a major medical issue. in apiculture, antibiotics are frequently used to prevent bacterial infections of larval be ... | 2017 | 28291793 |
| stingless bee honey, the natural wound healer: a review. | the stingless bee is a natural type of bee that exists in almost every continent. the honey produced by this bee has been widely used across time and space. the distinctive feature of this honey is that it is stored naturally in the pot (cerumen), thus contributing to its beneficial properties, especially in the wound healing process. | 2017 | 28291965 |
| resisting majesty: apis cerana, has lower antennal sensitivity and decreased attraction to queen mandibular pheromone than apis mellifera. | in highly social bees, queen mandibular pheromone (qmp) is vital for colony life. both apis cerana (ac) and apis mellifera (am) share an evolutionarily conserved set of qmp compounds: (e)-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid (9-oda), (e)-9-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid (9-hda), (e)-10-hydroxy-dec-2-enoic acid (10-hda), 10-hydroxy-decanoic acid (10-hdaa), and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (hob) found at similar levels. however, evidence suggests there may be species-specific sensitivity differences to qmp compounds becaus ... | 2017 | 28294146 |
| multifractality in individual honeybee behavior hints at colony-specific social cascades: reanalysis of radio-frequency identification data from five different colonies. | honeybees (apis mellifera) exhibit complex coordination and interaction across multiple behaviors such as swarming. this coordination among honeybees in the same colony is remarkably similar to the concept of informational cascades. the multifractal geometry of cascades suggests that multifractal measures of individual honeybee activity might carry signatures of these colony-wide coordinations. the present work reanalyzes time stamps of entrances to and exits from the hive captured by radio-freq ... | 2017 | 28297945 |
| nectar properties and the role of sunbirds as pollinators of the golden-flowered tea (camellia petelotii). | properties of floral nectar have been used to predict if a plant species is pollinated by birds. to see whether winter-flowering plants evolve nectar properties corresponding to bird pollinators, nectar properties of several camellia species (including the golden-flowered tea), as well as the role of floral visitors as effective pollinators, were examined. | 2017 | 28298377 |
| insights into the role of age and social interactions on the sexual attractiveness of queens in an eusocial bee, melipona flavolineata (apidae, meliponini). | the attraction of sexual partners is a vital necessity among insects, and it involves conflict of interests and complex communication systems among male and female. in this study, we investigated the developing of sexual attractiveness in virgin queens (i.e., gynes) of melipona flavolineata, an eusocial stingless bee. we followed the development of sexual attractiveness in 64 gynes, belonging to seven age classes (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 18 days post-emergence), and we also evaluated the effect of diffe ... | 2017 | 28299419 |
| [quantitative investigations on vitellogenic protein metabolism in the honey bee (apis mellifica)]. | the soluble proteins of the haemolymph, ovary and eggs of the honey bee were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate foils and on polyacrylamide gels. the predominant haemolymph fraction (60-80%) is a female-specific protein. corresponding fractions are found in the ovary and in uncleaved eggs. according to the results, it is highly probable that these fractions represent the yolk material or vitellogenin. inapis, this vitellogenin is represented by only one protein band which carries ... | 1972 | 28304578 |
| [age- and caste-dependent changes in the haemolymph protein patterns ofapis mellifica]. | it is only during the first days after hatching that similarities are found in the titer variations of haemolymph proteins in imagines of all castes of the honeybee. later on caste-specific features occur.the ontogenesis of titer variations of all protein fractions is described for queens, workers, and drones. in the case of adult queens and egg-laying workers as well vitellogenin is predominant. in normal workers vitellogenic material is only present during the nurse phase. generally the haemol ... | 1974 | 28304856 |
| [female-specific hemolymph proteins in gynandromorphs ofapis mellifica]. | in the honey bee vitellogenin is present not only in the hemolymph of fertile queens, but also of infertile nurse workers in colonies. drones lack this female-specific protein.vitellogenin was also found in gynandromorphs, especially in those with an anteriorposterior distribution of the male/female mosaics. the occurrence of vitellogenin in gynandromorphs is age-dependent and socially conditioned as in worker bees. the female-specific regulation of vitellogenin synthesis is probably based on se ... | 1975 | 28305068 |
| engrailed expression and body segmentation in the honeybee apis mellifera. | honeybee embryos were stained with a monoclonal antibody raised against the drosophila engrailed protein. the antibody was found to label rows of nuclei in the transverse grooves that form the earliest external sign of metameric germ band organization. these grooves demarcate metameric units about seven cell rows wide, of which about three rows with reduced apical cell surfaces account for the grooves. the en stripes appear in the grooves as soon as these form and grow from one to about four cel ... | 1990 | 28305674 |
| rates of juvenile hormone synthesis control caste differentiation in the stingless bee scaptotrigona postica depilis. | in social insects the expression of caste-specific characters is controlled by juvenile hormone (jh) during definite sensitive periods in preimaginal development. for a number of stingless bee species the existence of such a jh-sensitive period has already been demonstrated. queen development can be induced by topical jh applications during the cocoon spinning phase of the last larval instar. neither jh titers nor rates of jh synthesis were known so far for this subfamily of eusocial bees distin ... | 1987 | 28305709 |
| lessons from a queen's lost offspring -theodor boveri on honeybee gynanders and other genetic mosaics. | 1993 | 28305728 | |
| in situ localization of the transcripts of a homeobox gene in the honeybee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera). | we have isolated and characterized a homeoboxcontaining gene from the honeybee apis mellifera. its homeobox region shows a high degree of sequence similarity to the homeobox of the drosophila gene deformed (dfd). at the dna level 82% of the basepairs are the same, whereas the putative amino acid sequences are identical between the bee and the fruitfly genes. similarity is also present 5' and 3' to the homeobox. using this isolate as a probe we have performed in situ hybridization on sections fro ... | 1988 | 28305786 |
| stimulation of metamorphosis in hydractinia echinata involves generation of lysophosphatidylcholine. | whilst the significance of the phosphoinositide cycle in the activation of developmental events by extra-cellular signals is well established, the involvement of the phosphatidylcholine (pc) cycle is a matter just emerging. in the present study, the metabolism of phosphatidylcholine in early metamorphosis of hydractinia echinata (coelenterata; hydrozoa) was investigated by incubation of planula larvae with (3)h-choline, extraction of the metabolites and isolation of the metabolites by thin-layer ... | 1991 | 28305794 |
| development of the deformed protein pattern in the embryo of the honeybee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera). | we have raised antiserum against part of the deformed (dfd) protein of the honeybee and describe here the expression pattern of the dfd protein during honeybee embryogenesis. dfd protein is first stained in the prospective gnathal region of the cellular blastoderm. this circumferential band corresponds to the distribution of dfd mrna described earlier, and to the blastodermal dfd expression pattern in drosophila. using an antibody against the engrailed (en) protein of drosophila, we found that a ... | 1992 | 28305847 |
| true alternatives: boveri and morgan arguing about the origins of honeybee gynanders. | 1994 | 28305880 | |
| a comparison of transplantable bicoid activity and partial bicoid homeobox sequences in several drosophila and blowfly species (calliphoridae). | in order to test for bicoid-like activity in insects other than drosophila melanogaster, anterior egg cytoplasm from the following species was injected into cleavage stage embryos from mutant d. melanogaster lacking a functional bicoid (bcd) product: six other drosophila species, the housefly, three blowfly species, the primitive cyclorrhaphic dipteran megaselia, and the honeybee apis mellifera; preliminary tests were made with four lower dipterans (nematocera). rescue effects were only observed ... | 1993 | 28305978 |
| sex-specific developmental profiles of juvenile hormone synthesis in honey bee larvae. | juvenile hormone synthesis in drone larvae of the honey bee was measured by an in vitro radiochemical assay. the developmental profile of corpora allata activity in male larvae showed considerable differences from queen larvae, the presumptive reproductive females, and was comparable to workers, the sterile female morph. drone and worker larvae, however, differed drastically in the regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis, as revealed by the addition of farnesoic acid to the culture medium. t ... | 1993 | 28305995 |
| oogenesis in the honeybee apis mellifera: cytological observations on the formation and differentiation of previtellogenic ovarian follicles. | oogenesis is known to be important for embryonic pattern formation. for this reason we have studied the early differentiation of the honeybee ovariole histologically, ultrastructurally, and by staining f-actin with rhodaminyl-phalloidin. at the anterior tip of the ovariole, stem cells are lined up in a single file; they are organelle-poor but contain characteristic electrondense bodies with lysosomal properties. the presence of these bodies in cystocytes as well as prefollicle cells indicates th ... | 1993 | 28305996 |
| ecdysteroid-dependent protein synthesis in caste-specific development of the larval honey bee ovary. | in the honey bee, apis mellifera, the fifth larval instar is a critical period for caste differentiation. during this premetamorphic phase the hormonal milieu shows pronounced caste differences and several organs, particularly the ovaries, enter different developmental pathways leading to highly fertile queens and nearly sterile workers. developmental profiles of total protein synthesis in larval ovaries showed marked caste differences starting with the early fifth instar. by two-dimensional ele ... | 1995 | 28306067 |
| flower choice by honey bees (apis mellifera l.): sex-phase of flowers and preferences among nectar and pollen foragers. | bees foraging for nectar should choose different inflorescences from those foraging for both pollen and nectar, if inflorescences consist of differing proportions of male and female flowers, particularly if the sex phases of the flowers differ in nectar content as well as the occurrence of pollen. this study tested this prediction using worker honey bees (apis mellifera l.) foraging on inflorescences of lavandula stoechas. female flowers contained about twice the volume of nectar of male flowers ... | 1995 | 28306799 |
| the effect of petal-size manipulation on pollen removal, seed set, and insect-visitor behavior in campanula americana. | we investigated the effect of petal-size variation in tall bellflower, campanula americana, on pollen removal rates, seed set, and pollinator behavior. pollen removal, seed set, and the behavior of two bee visitors (bombus and halictus) were assessed in flowers that had 0%, 50%, or 100% of their petal lobes removed. pollen removal rates did not differ significantly among the three treatment groups, probably due to the presence of an ineffective ("ugly") pollinator (halictus), which quickly remov ... | 1995 | 28306872 |
| dispersal of eucalyptus torelliana seeds by the resin-collecting stingless bee, trigona carbonaria. | ants are the only group of invertebrates currently identified as significant dispersers of seeds, but we report here the dispersal of eucalyptus torelliana seeds by bees. fruits of e. torelliana produce resin which is collected by workers of the stingless bee trigona carbonaria. seeds adhere to resin in the workers' corbiculate and are transported to the nest. workers transported seeds distances of more than 300 m from the parent tree and seeds at the nest were viable and capable of germination. ... | 1995 | 28306907 |
| first approximation to a phenology of the honeybees (apis mellifera) and flora of africa. | peak flowering by the total flora of africa coincides with or immediately follows peak rainfall. flowering intensity of the total flora decreases with distance from the equator, but that of the honeybee plant resource base (±2% of total flora) does not. flowering in the latter is highly synchronous (months 1-5 north of and 9-11 south of the equator). both total and honeybee flora are completely incongruent with either the biomes or phytochoria of africa. there is no significant correspondence be ... | 1995 | 28307046 |
| mobility of impatiens capensis flowers: effect on pollen deposition and hummingbird foraging. | flexible pedicels are characteristic of birdpollinated plants, yet have received little attention in studies of hummingbird-flower interactions. a major implication of flexible pedicels is that flowers may move during pollination. we examined whether such motion affected interactions between ruby-throated hummingbirds (archilochus colubris) and jewelweed (impatiens capensis) by increasing pollen deposition and by altering the effectiveness of nectar removal. for i. capensis, flower mobility enha ... | 1996 | 28307089 |
| effects of flower size and number on pollinator visitation to wild radish, raphanus raphanistrum. | plant traits that increase pollinator visitation should be under strong selection. however, few studies have demonstrated a causal link between natural variation in attractive traits and natural variation in visitation to whole plants. here we examine the effects of flower number and size on visitation to wild radish by two taxa of pollinators over 3 years, using a combination of multiple regression and experimental reductions in both traits. we found strong, consistent evidence that increases i ... | 1996 | 28307144 |
| aggressive foraging of social bees as a mechanism of floral resource partitioning in an asian tropical rainforest. | interference competition by aggressive foraging often explains resource partitioning, but mechanisms contributing to partitioning have rarely been studied in asian social bee guilds. foraging of social bees at canopy flowers of santiria laevigata (burseraceae) and honey-water feeders was studied in a lowland mixed-dipterocarp forest in sarawak, malaysia. four stingless bee species (apidae, meliponinae), trigona canifrons, t.␣fimbriata, t. apicalis and t. melina, aggressively defended flower patc ... | 1997 | 28307233 |
| components of pollination effectiveness in psychotria suerrensis, a tropical distylous shrub. | in this paper i report components of effectiveness for pollinators of a tropical distylous shrub, psychotria suerrensis (rubiaceae), which is visited by a variety of bees, wasps, and butterflies, and by two species of hummingbirds. in the field, i measured the following components of effectiveness: frequency of visits, evenness of visits across plants, and diurnal pattern of visits. i also used flight-cage experiments to compare pollentransfer abilities of euglossine bees and heliconiid butterfl ... | 1996 | 28307394 |
| habitat structure and animal movement: the behaviour of bumble bees in uniform and random spatial resource distributions. | foraging organisms (like bumble bees) move between resource points (like flowers) whose natural distributions vary enormously: from hyperdispersed to random to clumped. these differences in habitat structure may significantly influence the fitness of both plant and pollinator. to examine the effect of habitat structure on pollinator movement and fitness, we observed captive worker bumble bees collecting nectar from artificial flowers containing equal volumes of reward and arranged in two spatial ... | 1997 | 28307493 |
| status of self-pollen in bee pollination efficiency of white clover (trifolium repens l.). | flowers of white clover (trifolium repens l.) are hermaphrodite and self-incompatible; their cross-pollination depends entirely on insect visitors, mainly bees (apoidea). because self-pollination of white clover occurs before flower anthesis, we determined whether selfing affected the pollination efficiency of a honeybee visit. we compared pollen deposition in emasculated and intact flowers following (1) a single honeybee visit, (2) open-pollination for a day and (3) enclosure in a cloth bag to ... | 1998 | 28307562 |
| pollination effectiveness and pollinator importance in a population of heterotheca subaxillaris (asteraceae). | assessing the relative contributions to seed set for each of a plant species' floral visitors provides an indication of the relative influence of these visitors on the plant's reproductive success. this study examined pollinator activity and seed set in a population of heterotheca subaxillaris, a species that exhibits a floret dimorphism (heads bearing disk and ray florets), and that is visited by both generalist foragers and specialist bees. visits by nine bee genera and one genus of skipper we ... | 1996 | 28307601 |
| anti-bacterial function in the sexually dimorphic pollinator rewards of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae). | many species of the dioecious, neo-tropical plant genus clusia secrete a viscous, hydrophobic resin from glandular tissues in both male and female flowers. this substance is readily gathered by meliponine and euglossine bees for whom it most often serves as the sole pollinator reward. bees use clusia resin as a nest-building material. as such, resin clearly serves an indispensable mechanical function. however, resins with antimicrobial properties may also serve to reduce the risk of pathogenesis ... | 1999 | 28307711 |
| floral display size in comfrey, symphytum officinale l. (boraginaceae): relationships with visitation by three bumblebee species and subsequent seed set. | the fecundity of insect-pollinated plants may not be linearly related to the number of flowers produced, since floral display will influence pollinator foraging patterns. we may expect more visits to plants with more flowers, but do these large plants receive more or fewer visits per flower than small plants? do all pollinator species respond in the same way? we would also expect foragers to move less between plants when the number of flowers per plant are large, which may reduce cross-pollinati ... | 1998 | 28308029 |
| evidence of pollen transfer efficiency as the natural selection factor favoring a large corolla of campanula punctata pollinated by bombus diversus. | flowers exhibiting a large corolla encompassing a wide inner space, characteristic of bee-pollinated plant species, are postulated to be maintained by a natural selection mechanism related to their pollinators. to confirm the existence and to elucidate the mechanism of such selection, we investigated the effect of floral traits on male reproductive success (rs) and its components in experimental populations of campanula punctata and c. microdonta (campanulaceae) under pollination by bombus diver ... | 1997 | 28308115 |
| population demography of australian feral bees (apis mellifera). | honey-bees are widespread as feral animals in australia. their impact on australian ecosystems is difficult to assess, but may include competition with native fauna for floral resources or nesting sites, or inadequate or inappropriate pollination of native flora. in this 3-year study we examined the demography of the feral bee population in the riparian woodland of wyperfeld national park in north-west victoria. the population is very large but varied considerably in size (50-150 colonies/km(2)) ... | 1997 | 28308133 |
| leaf damage by herbivores affects attractiveness to pollinators in wild radish, raphanus raphanistrum. | we carried out two experiments to determine the effect of leaf damage on plant attractiveness to pollinators using wild radish, raphanus raphanistrum (brassicaceae), a self-incompatible annual herb. pairs of plants from 36 full-sib families were grown in pots in the greenhouse. one member of each pair was damaged by pieris rapae larvae that were allowed to remove half of the leaf area of each of the first four rosette leaves. the plants were subsequently taken out for pollinator observations onc ... | 1997 | 28308135 |
| effects of habitat isolation on pollinator communities and seed set. | destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats is the major reason for the decreasing biodiversity in the agricultural landscape. loss of populations may negatively affect biotic interactions and ecosystem stability. here we tested the hypothesis that habitat fragmentation affects bee populations and thereby disrupts plant-pollinator interactions. we experimentally established small "habitat islands" of two self-incompatible, annual crucifers on eight calcareous grasslands and in the intensiv ... | 1999 | 28308334 |
| resource overlap and possible competition between honey bees and wild bees in central europe. | evidence for interspecific competition between honey bees and wild bees was studied on 15 calcareous grasslands with respect to: (1) foraging radius of honey bees, (2) overlap in resource use, and (3) possible honey bee effects on species richness and abundance of flower-visiting, ground-nesting and trap-nesting wild bees. the grasslands greatly differed in the number of honey bee colonies within a radius of 2 km and were surrounded by agricultural habitats. the number of flower-visiting honey b ... | 2000 | 28308384 |
| life history strategy of the honey bee, apis mellifera. | the feral honey bee queens (colonies) of central new york state (usa) show a k-type life history strategy. their demographic characteristics include low early life mortality, low reproductive rate, long lifespan, high population stability and repeated reproductions. identifying the life history strategy of these bees reveals the general pattern of selection for competitive ability, rather than productivity, which has shaped their societies. selection for competitive power explains the adaptivene ... | 1978 | 28308672 |
| factors affecting body size and fat content in a digger wasp. | body size is one of the most important life history traits. in mass-provisioning solitary hymenoptera, the maximum attainable adult size is not under the control of the larva but is limited by the amount of resources provided by the mother. i investigated the effect of the amount of different maternal resources and potentially interfering abiotic (temperature) and biotic (fungus infestation) factors on offspring body size and fat reserves in a solitary digger wasp, the european beewolf, philanth ... | 2000 | 28308722 |
| growth, energy and nitrogen budgets and efficiencies of the growing larvae of megachile pacifica (panzer) (hymenoptera: megachilidae). | the larvae of megachile pacifica, the leafcutter bee, develop within a cell constructed of pieces of leaf by the adult female which also provides a plug of nectar and pollen, the sole source of nutrient for the larvae. in this study, eggs (1 per cell) hatched in 2-3 days and larvae were fully grown after a further 9 days at 28° c.the mean larval dry weight (dw) when fully grown (p l ) was 18.89 mg. larvae ate 45.99 mg (dw) (c) of their food leaving 0.90 mg (dw) unconsumed. the faeces (fu) weighe ... | 1978 | 28309132 |
| energy budgets do balance-a comment on a paper by wightman and rogers. | in a recently published energy budget for the larvae of the leafcutter bee (wightman and rogers, oecologia (berl.) 36 (1978) 245-257) respiration as estimated by respirometry amounted to only 67% of the respiration as estimated from the difference between assimilation and production. in this note it is shown that this discrepancy seems to result from an incorrect value of the oxycalorific equivalent and that a more reasonable value makes the two estimates of respiration agree. | 1979 | 28309509 |
| flower-feeding specialization in wild bee and wasp communities in seasonal neotropical habitats. | flower visitation records were obtained for 192 species of bees and 138 species of wasps in three neotropical habitats. four indices of feeding specialization were calculated for common species, and similar patterns were observed using each index. variation in specialization could be attributed to several factors: the habitat and season in which species were found, the degree of sociality of species, and whether species were bees or wasps. important differences among habitats and seasons were th ... | 1979 | 28309659 |
| demography and life history characteristics of two honey bee races (apis mellifera). | intra-colony demography and life history characteristics of neotropical africanized and temperate european honey bearaces were compared under simulated feral conditions. major differences in colony demography were found which nevertheless resulted in some similar reproductive characteristics. european colonies were larger than africanized colonies, had more rapid initral growth rates of worker populations, showed better survivorship of brood and adult workers, and differed in patterns of worker ... | 1981 | 28309760 |
| behavior of bumble bee pollinators of aralia hispida vent. (araliaceae). | the andromonoecious plant aralia hispida has a complicated blooming schedule involving alternations between male and female phases.nectar and pollen are released gradually through the day. plants vary considerably in number of flowers per umbel and number of umbels per plant. the major pollinators, bumble bees, show several characteristic behaviors in response to the plant's presentation. 1. foraging bees preferentially visit umbels that bear large numbers of open, male-phase flowers. they also ... | 1982 | 28309956 |
| community patterns of nectivorous adult parasitoids (diptera, bombyliidae) on their resources. | highly diverse assemblages of nectivorous bee flies (diptera: bombyliidae) occur at desert sites in california presenting an opportunity to investigate the ecology of this little-known group. this study compared communities of adult bee flies visiting flowers at two sites, one in the mojave desert (darwin plateau) and one in the great basin (mono basin), during periods of higher and lower resource abundance. the range of resources used by single species varied inversely with the number of specie ... | 1983 | 28310177 |
| flower handling efficiency of bumble bees: morphological aspects of probing time. | the time required for a bumble bee to visit a flower is affected by the length of the bee's glossa and its body weight, and by the depth of the flower and the volume of nectar it contains. probing time is comprised of two components: access time and ingestion time. access time increases linearly with flower depth, but ingestion time varies with flower depth only in flowers deeper than the length of the bee's glossa, due to a decline in the rate of ingestion of nectar. probing time therefore incr ... | 1983 | 28310186 |
| reproduction of erythronium umbilicatum (liliaceae): pollination success and pollinator effectiveness. | erythronium umbilicatum (liliaceae) is a common vernal herb of deciduous forests in the southeastern united states whose seed set depends on outcrossing by insects. although only 40-60% of the ovules mature into seeds, hand-pollination experiments conducted in several populations over four years provided little evidence that reproductive success in this species was limited by pollination. both honeybeess (apis mellifera) and two small species of native andrenid bees effectively pollinate e. umbi ... | 1983 | 28310257 |
| temporal and microclimatic partitioning of the floral resources of justicia aurea amongst a concourse of pollen vectors and nectar robbers. | the flowers of justicia aurea, morphologically characteristic of ornithophily, attracted a diverse array of foragers where they occurred as a dense stand in the tropical forests at la selva, costa rica, and so provided an arena for this study of competition and coexistence. two hummingbird species (phaethornis superciliosus and campylopterus hemileucurus) visited the flowers legally early in the morning, and defended the nectar resource; a third smaller bird (p. longuemareus) foraged for nectar ... | 1981 | 28310312 |
| bumble bee behavior and selection on flower size in the sky pilot, polemonium viscosum. | in alpine polemonium viscosum, plants having sweet-scented flowers are primarily pollinated by queens of the bumble bee species, bombus kirbyellus. in this paper we ask whether two aspects of the pollination effectiveness of bumble bees, visitation rate and pollination efficiency, vary significantly with flower size in sweet-flowered p. viscosum.(i) bumble bees visited plants with large flowers on 80-90% of encounters, but visited those with smaller flowers on only 49% of encounters. (ii) howeve ... | 1987 | 28310409 |
| the exploitation of floral nectar in eucalyptus incrassata by honeyeaters and honeybees. | during october and november, 1977, a study of nectar production and nectarivore foraging in eucalyptus incrassata was conducted at wyperfeld national park in south-eastern australia in order to evaluate the extent to which introduced honeybees (apis mellifera) compete with native honeyeaters for floral nectar. data on nectar production, nectar availability, ambient air temperature and the numbers of visiting honeyeaters and honeybees were collected. most of the daily nectar production in e. incr ... | 1979 | 28310473 |
| flight patterns of foraging bees relative to density of artificial flowers and distribution of nectar. | flight patterns of honeybees (apis mellifera ligustica) were quantified as the bees foraged among artificial 'flowers' for sugar solution ('nectar'). bees exhibited considerable directionality on successive flights which minimized repeat visits to flowers and they usually made short flights to nearby flowers, thus minimizing flight time. the change in direction on successive flights between flowers were independent of the number of immediately preceding consecutive rewarding visits but decreased ... | 1980 | 28310557 |
| calculating nectar production rates: residual nectar and optimal foraging. | bumblebees, when foraging for nectar in flowers of aconitum columbianum, do not consistently drain them of reward. the amount of residual nectar varies among sites, times and species of bee. at times, residual nectar can be a significant percentage of total 24 h production strongly suggesting that, if nectar secretion rates are to be studied, flowers must have their standing crop of nectar drained by hand; assuming that a recently visited blossom is empty can lead to erroneous nectar production ... | 1983 | 28310588 |
| pollen carryover, nectar rewards, and pollinator behavior with special reference to diervilla lonicera. | pollen carryover was measured in three species of bumble bee pollinated plants by counting the numbers of foreign grains applied to the stigmas of a series of flowers by bumble bees. deposition declined with the number of flowers visited in a roughly exponential fashion; most grains were deposited on the first few flowers, but some grains went much farther, the maximum carryover being 54 flowers. variation in deposition was very high. in diervilla lonicera, bees desposited significantly more gra ... | 1980 | 28310628 |
| competition between hummingbirds and bumble bees for nectar in flowers of impatiens biflora. | using removal experiments and concurrent measurement of resource levels, evidence was obtained for exploitation competition between ruby-throated hummingbirds and two bumble bee species (bombus fervidus and b. vagans) foraging for nectar on impatiens biflora.when all three species were active, flower visitors showed a complex pattern of resource partitioning involving both diel and spatial changes. hummingbirds foraged almost exclusively from the outermost exposed flowers on plants from which th ... | 1985 | 28310808 |
| behavioral responses by bumble bees to variation in pollen availability. | pollen-collecting bumble bees (bombus spp.) detect differences between individual flowers in pollen availability and alter their behavior to capitalize on rewarding flowers. specific responses by bees to increased pollen availability included: longer visits to flowers; visits to more flowers within an inflorescence, including an increased frequency of revisits; an increased likelihood of grooming while the bee flow between flowers within the inflorescence; and more protracted inter-flower flight ... | 1990 | 28310953 |
| the turnover of milkweed pollinia on bumble bees, and implications for outcrossing. | bumble bees (bombus spp.) picked up a pollen packet (pollinium) of milkweed (asclepias syriaca l.) every 2-5 h, usually more rapidly on their feet than on their mouthparts. pollinia were retained an average of slightly over one day on the mouthparts and one-quarter day on the feet. this long retention period enhances the possibility of outcrossing in this largely or completely self-incompatible species. although many more pollinia were carried on the feet, the longer retention of those on the mo ... | 1982 | 28311108 |
| bees assess pollen returns while sonicating solanum flowers. | can bees accurately gauge accumulating bodily pollen as they harvest pollen from flowers? several recent reports conclude that bees fail to assess pollen harvest rates when foraging for nectar and pollen. a native nightshade (solanum elaeagnifolium cavanilles) that is visited exclusively for pollen by both solitary and social bees (eg. ptiloglossa and bombus) was studied in se arizona and sw new mexico. the flowers have no nectaries. two experiments were deployed that eliminated "pollen feedback ... | 1989 | 28311178 |
| nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera (hymenoptera: apidae) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest. | colony foraging activity of four melipona species (apidae: meliponinae, tribe meliponini) was studied during the dry season, when many plants flower in central panama. the efficiency of sucrose solution uptake by melipona was compared to that of domesticated european apis mellifera. dynamics of nectar foraging were also recorded for 3 of the melipona visiting the forest shrub, hybanthus prunifolius (violaceae). 1. sugar concentration in nectar brought to nests averaged from 21 to 60% sugar for 1 ... | 1984 | 28311379 |
| chick growth and prey quality in the european bee-eater (merops apiaster). | 1. in each of four replicate experiments we fed three groups of bee-eater chicks for 24 h on different diets: bees, dragonflies, and a mixture of the two. 2. dry weight assimilation efficiency did not differ between treatments and was in the region of 40-50%. caloric assimilation efficiency was about 60% and did not differ significantly between diets. 3. mean growth efficiency (wt. gain/intake) was highest in all four replicates in chicks fed on the mixed diet. 4. when metabolic requirements are ... | 1984 | 28311452 |
| long-term ecology of euglossine orchid-bees (apidae: euglossini) in panama. | abundance patterns during 6-7 years and orchid visitation were determined for 51 species of the 57 local euglossine bees. male bees were counted at 3 chemical attractants presented in the same manner each month. sites were separated by 75 km but included wet atlantic forest at 500 m elevation, moist forest at 180 m near barro colorado island, and cloud forest at 900 m near the pacific ocean. 1. from 15 to 30 euglossine species of 4 genera were active in each month and site; monthly species numbe ... | 1987 | 28311512 |
| movement patterns of a clear-wing hawkmoth, hemaris fuciformis, foraging at red catchfly, viscaria vulgaris. | the bee hawkmoth, hemaris fuciformis, tended to fly in the same direction between successive visits to inflorescences of viscaria vulgaris. upon leaving an inflorescence it did not fly to the first inflorescence in its path, but to the second. at inflorescences, the number of animals that started probing decreased from the bottom to the top. these movement patterns probably serve to reduce the risk of revisiting flowers. the movements of the moths at inflorescences with 2 flowers per tier were i ... | 1985 | 28311569 |
| influence of nectar-supply rate on the number of flowers visited by a honeybee on each collecting flight. | the behavior of nectar-collecting honeybees (apis mellifica) at a glass sugar-water contained and at various plants was observed, and these food sources were compared with regard to duration of the bee's sojourn in the collecting area and the number of single visits per sojourn. meagre - but continuous - nectar secretion by the flowers of bee-pollinated plants, when combined with a small distance between the individual flowers, results in a high number of flowers visited during a sojourn in the ... | 1985 | 28311591 |
| floral biology of the saguaro (cereus giganteus) : i. pollen harvest by apis mellifera. | a saguaro cactus (cereus giganteus) produces an average of 295 flowers per season, each of which produces 286 mg fresh weight of pollen and 543 mg of nectar containing 24% sugar. at 7600 pollen grains/mg pollen, the yearly output per saguaro plant is 6.4×10(8) grains. based on the measured saguaro density of 6.56 plants/ha, 553 g/ha of pollen is produced yearly. the enormous variation among individual plants in terms of flower numbers and floral bloom patterns is documented.honey bees (apis mell ... | 1986 | 28311606 |
| comparative studies of pollen and fluorescent dye transport by bumble bees visiting erythronium grandiflorum. | in the colorado rocky mountains the glacier lily erythronium grandiflorum exhibits a striking dimorphism in pollen color and is commonly pollinated by the bumble bee bombus occidentalis. we induced bees to visit sequences of flowers in a flight cage, and compared dispersal of distinctively-colored pollen and fluorescent pigment ("dye") that the bee had picked up at a single donor flower. nonparametric and parametric analyses showed that dispersal properties of pollen and dye differed; consistent ... | 1986 | 28311616 |
| why do honeybees reject certain flowers? | honeybees often approach flowers of lotus corniculatus and then fly away without attempting to extract nectar. these rejected flowers contained 41% less nectar than my random sample. the accepted flowers contained 24% more nectar than my random sample. the differences among these three flower-groups were due to differences in the percent of empty flowers in each group rather than the differences in the absolute amount of nectar. honeybees increased their foraging efficiency by accepting less emp ... | 1986 | 28311617 |
| patch dynamics of a foraging assemblage of bees. | the composition and dynamics of foraging assemblages of bees were examined from the standpoint of species-level arrival and departure processes in patches of flowers. experiments with bees visiting 4 different species of flowers in subalpine meadows in colorado gave the following results: 1) in enriched patches the rates of departure of bees were reduced, resulting in increases in both the number of bees per species and the average number of species present. 2) the reduction in bee departure rat ... | 1985 | 28311866 |
| plant interactions for pollinator visits: a test of the magnet species effect. | from 1985-1987, patterns of fruit and seed set were studied in a population of mayapple (podophyllum peltatum), a clonal, self-incompatible herb found in deciduous woods in eastern north america. mayapple flowers do not produce nectar, but depend on infrequent visits by nectar-seeking queen bumble bees for pollination. in all years female reproductive success in mayapple colonies was influenced by colony size (number of flowers), by the distance to neighbouring colonies and by proximity to louse ... | 1992 | 28311880 |
| foraging behavior of three bee species in a natural mimicry system: female flowers which mimic male flowers in ecballium elaterium (cucurbitaceae). | the behavior of apis mellifera and two species of solitary bees which forage in the flowers of monoecious ecballium elaterium (l.) a. rich (cucurbitaceae) were compared. the female flowers of e. elaterium resemble male flowers visually but are nectarless, and their number is relatively smaller. apis mellifera was found to discriminate between the two genders and to pay relatively fewer visits to female flowers (mean of 30% relative to male flowers) from the beginning of their activity in the mor ... | 1987 | 28311999 |
| the role of insect water balance in pollination ecology: xylocopa and calotropis. | two carpenter bees (xylocopa spp.) in southern israel both use the asclepiad calotropis procera as a primary nectar source. this plant genus is coevolved with carpenter bees, and aspects of the insect-flower interaction in israel suggest that the smaller bee, x. sulcatipes, is the natural co-adapted pollinator, a view borne out by the geographical distributions of the species concerned. there are significant mismatches between the plant and the larger x. pubescens, involving physical fit and beh ... | 1988 | 28312024 |
| resource use, energetic profitability, and behavioral decisions in migrant rufous hummingbirds. | migrant rufous hummingbirds (selasphorus rufus) defend nectar resources at stopover sites while replenishing fat reserves needed for migratory flights. during late summer in the sandia mountains, central new mexico, they defend the wasp- and bee-pollinated scrophularia montana from other hummingbirds. both hummingbirds and hymenopterans exploit scrophularia nectar during the early part of its flowering period. as summer colony growth increases the densities of the eusocial hymenopterans by 100-1 ... | 1992 | 28312281 |
| thermal effects on activity patterns and behavioural switching in a concourse of foragers on stachytarpheta mutabilis (verbenaceae) in papua new guinea. | 1. the foraging activities of the papilionid butterflies ornithoptera priamus poseidon and papilio ulysses, and the solitary bee amegilla sapiens (apoidea, anthophoridae) on the shrub stachytarpheta mutabilis were studied in highland papua new guinea. 2. the insects' activity patterns were analysed at three sites with differing diurnal microclimate variation. o. priamus and a. sapiens foraged in the morning (after a period of basking and wing-whirring) and late afternoon when temperatures were w ... | 1988 | 28312315 |
| pollinator foraging behavior and pollen collection on the floral morphs of tristylous pontederia cordata l. | the foraging behavior of the pollinators of tristylous pontederia cordata was studied to determine if differences in floral morphology would lead to preferential visitation of the floral morphs. although nectar production is not different in the three floral morphs, differences in the production and size of pollen grains produced by the three anther levels results in the morphs offering variable amounts of resources to pollen-collecting insects. bumblebees (bombus spp.) and the solitary bee meli ... | 1987 | 28312471 |
| role of flower and pollen aromas in host-plant recognition by solitary bees. | the means by which newly emerged pollen-specific (oligolectic) solitary bees locate their appropriate pollen host plant is not clearly understood. to evaluate the role of flower and pollen odors in this recognition process, preference tests were performed on foraging-inexperienced and, for comparison, field-experienced individuals of the solitary bee colletes fulgidus longiplumosus. the bees were presented with a choice of four plant species, offered in the form of aromas from flowers, whole pol ... | 1987 | 28312527 |
| bee visitation rates to trees of prockia crucis differing in flower number. | annual flower production ranged over four orders of magnitude among individuals of the tropical tree prockia crucis (flacourtiaceae), but the number of visits per flower by bees did not increase with flower number. in a population in jalisco, méxico, the trees flower for about one week each year, offering only pollen to the bees (mostly solitary species). in a small group of trees, the number of visits per flower was less on trees with greater flower production but in a large group visitation di ... | 1989 | 28312586 |