Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| bioassays guided isolation of compounds from chaetomium globosum. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate different biological activities of the fungus chaetomium globosum (family chaetomiaceae). the evaluation was done through testing its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer effects. c. globosum was isolated from the cucumber soil (rhizosphere) and caused inhibition of the mycelial growth of fusarium solani, rhizoctonia solani and sclerotium rolfsii in the biculture test. petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the liquid culture of c. globosu ... | 2014 | 24361402 |
| splenectomy as an effective debulking therapy for disseminated mould infection in acute myeloid leukaemia following adjuvant therapy with interferon gamma and liposomal amphotericin. | invasive fungal infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia (aml). herein, we report a case of a 21 year old woman with an extremely resistant fusarium species that responded to the addition of interferon gamma to her medical therapy, subsequently allowing definitive debulking surgery of her invasive fusarium infection to be undertaken. | 2012 | 24371746 |
| estimation of flavoniods, antimicrobial, antitumor and anticancer activity of carissa opaca fruits. | carissa opaca stapf ex hanes fruits is traditionally used in the treatment of asthma, hepatitis and microbial infections. the present study was arranged to investigate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antitumor activity of various fractions of c. opaca extract and its bioactive metabolites responsible for that activity. | 2013 | 24373124 |
| a novel rat contact lens model for fusarium keratitis. | the aim of this study was to develop and characterize a new contact lens-associated fungal keratitis rat model and to assess the ability of non-invasive spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (sd-oct) to detect pathological changes in vivo in fungal keratitis. | 2013 | 24379647 |
| incidence of non-candidal fungal infections in severe burn injury: an australian perspective. | infection remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the burns patient population. while candidal infection in burns patients is well described, there is dearth of information regarding non-candidal fungal infections in this setting. | 2014 | 24380706 |
| successful use of locally applied polyhexamethylene biguanide as an adjunct to the treatment of fungal osteomyelitis. | fungal osteomyelitis is rare in immunocompetent patients and is often difficult to cure, even with optimal medical and surgical management. the authors present two cases of fungal osteomyelitis in which the common swimming pool cleaner, polyhexamethylene biguanide, was used successfully as an adjunct to standard surgical and medical treatment. also presented is a literature review on the use of polyhexamethylene biguanide for this indication. the authors recommend that this safe and well-tolerat ... | 2013 | 24421812 |
| effect of cultivars, fusarium strains and storage temperature on trichothecenes production in inoculated potato tubers. | four trichothecenes (fus-x, 3adon, das and t-2) were detected in potato tubers inoculated with fusarium spp. by uplc-ms/ms. the influence of cultivars, fusarium strains and storage temperature on trichothecenes production was evaluated. the concentration of trichothecenecs was much higher in susceptible cultivar (longshu no. 3) than in resistant one (longshu no. 6). the susceptible cultivar infected with fusarium sulphureum had the maximum concentration of fus-x, 3adon and das. among the three f ... | 2014 | 24423527 |
| fusarium subglutinans: a new eumycetoma agent. | eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis mainly caused by madurella spp. fusarium opportunistic infections in humans are often caused by fusarium solani and fusarium oxysporum. we report a case of eumycetoma by f. subglutinans, diagnosed by clinical aspect and culture, and confirmed by pcr sequencing. the patient was successfully treated with oral itraconazole. to our knowledge, this is the second report of human infection and the first case of mycetoma by fusarium subglutinans. | 2013 | 24432236 |
| [mycetomas diagnosed in senegal from 2008 to 2010]. | mycetomas are inflammatory pseudotumours of subcutaneous and possibly osseous soft fabrics, generally polyfistulas with chronic mode of evolution. | 2011 | 24451559 |
| [severe keratomycosis due to fusarium solani induced by a telluric foreign body: about a case in moroccan sahara]. | we report a case of severe keratitis due to fusarium solani in a young man in the sahara in morocco where the climate is arid. this patient reported had a grain of sand in his right eye for a week after a sandstorm. on admission he had a corneal abscess. despite rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment with available antifungal drugs: amphotericin b and natamycin eye drops, the prognosis worsened and led to the enucleation of the right eye. faced with a suspected eye infection after a microtr ... | 2011 | 24451564 |
| isolation of a trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor and its functional properties. | a novel trypsin inhibitor with thermal and ph stability, designated merrtine, was isolated from glycine max l. merr. the procedure involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex c-50, and affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel. the 20 n-terminal amino acid sequences were determined to be deyskpccdlcmctrrcppq, demonstrating high homology with the sequence of bowman-birk type trypsin inhibitors. the molecular mass and isoelectric point of the inhibitor we ... | 2014 | 24499360 |
| morphological and molecular characterization of fusarium. solani and f. oxysporum associated with crown disease of oil palm. | crown disease (cd) is infecting oil palm in the early stages of the crop development. previous studies showed that fusarium species were commonly associated with cd. however, the identity of the species has not been resolved. this study was carried out to identify and characterize through morphological approaches and to determine the genetic diversity of the fusarium species. 51 isolates (39%) of fusarium solani and 40 isolates (31%) of fusarium oxysporum were recovered from oil palm with typica ... | 2013 | 24516465 |
| adaptive expression of host cell wall degrading enzymes in fungal disease: an example from fusarium root rot of medicinal coleus. | quantity of extracellular proteins and activities two cell wall degrading enzymes pectinase and cellulase were determined in the culture filtrate of fusarium solani, the causal organism of root rot of coleus forskohlii. substitution of carbon source in the medium with either pectin or carboxymethyl cellulose led to the increased production of extracellular proteins by the fungus. pectinase and cellulase activity in the culture filtrate was detected only when the growth medium contained substitut ... | 2013 | 24517025 |
| molecular phylogenetic and pathogenetic characterization of fusarium solani species complex (fssc), the cause of dry rot on potato in iran. | members of fusarium solani species complex (fssc) are common pathogens of potato, causing dry rot in the west of iran which involved hamedan, kermanshah, eilam and kurdistan provinces. therefore, the objectives in this study were to isolate and identify disease-causing fssc from infected potato tubers based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. forty-five isolates of fusarium were obtained from potato tubers collected from the wet market in different regions of the west of iran and ... | 2014 | 24530481 |
| case of fusarium paronychia successfully treated with occlusive dressing of antifungal cream. | we report a case of refractory fusarium paronychia in a 42-year-old man with behçet's disease receiving oral cyclosporin and corticosteroid. symptoms resembling candidal paronychia of his little finger could not be cured by topical ketoconazole and oral terbinafine. the pathogen was identified as fusarium solani species complex by gene analysis, and was multiple drug resistant. the case eventually resolved by occlusive dressing therapy with 0.5% amorolfine cream for 3 months. | 2014 | 24533442 |
| metabolism and resistance of fusarium spp. to the manzamine alkaloids via a putative retro pictet-spengler reaction and utility of the rational design of antimalarial and antifungal agents. | as a part of our continuing investigation of the manzamine alkaloids we studied the in vitro activity of the β-carboline containing manzamine alkaloids against fusarium solani, fusarium oxysporium, and fusarium proliferatum by employing several bioassay techniques including one-dimensional direct bioautography, dilution, and plate susceptibility, and microtiter broth assays. in addition, we also studied the metabolism of the manzamine alkaloids by fusarium spp. in order to facilitate the redesig ... | 2014 | 24553735 |
| production and characterization of alpha-amylase from mango kernel by fusarium solani naimcc-f-02956 using submerged fermentation. | microbial production of enzymes using low valued agro industrial wastes is gaining importance globally. mango is one of the major fruit processed into a variety of products. during processing 40-50% of solid waste is generated in form of peel and stones. after decortications of mango stone, kernel is obtained which is a rich source of starch (upto 60%). it was utilized as a substrate for alpha-amylase production using fusarium soloni. maximum alpha-amylase production (0.889 u g(-1)) was recorded ... | 2013 | 24555336 |
| diversity of microfungi in sandy beach soil of teluk aling, pulau pinang. | a total of 82 isolates of microfungi were isolated from 6 sandy soil samples collected from teluk aling beach, pulau pinang. the soil microfungi were isolated by using direct isolation, debris isolation and soil dilution techniques. based on morphological characteristics, seven genera of microfungi were identified namely, fusarium (42%), aspergillus (24%), trichoderma (13%), curvularia (9%), colletotrichum (6%), helminthosporium (4%) and penicillium (2%). the most common species isolated was fus ... | 2011 | 24575210 |
| interactions between a sap beetle, sabal palm, scale insect, filamentous fungi and yeast, with discovery of potential antifungal compounds. | the multi-trophic relationship between insects, yeast, and filamentous fungi is reported on sabal palm (sabal palmetto (walter) lodd. ex schult. & schult. f.). gut content analyses and observations of adult and larval feeding of the sap beetle brachypeplus glaber leconte indicate that niche partitioning of fungal food substrata occurs between adults and larvae. this is the first report of specific mycophagous niche partitioning among beetle life stages based on gut content analyses. fungi isolat ... | 2014 | 24586669 |
| a phytopathogenic cysteine peptidase from latex of wild rubber vine cryptostegia grandiflora. | a 24,118 da (maldi-tof) cysteine peptidase (ec 3.4.22.16) was purified from the latex extract of cryptostegia grandiflora by two chromatographic steps involving ion exchange and reverse-phase hplc. the purified protein (cg24-i) exhibits a single band profile following reduced sds-page and a unique amino terminal sequence, 1vpasidwrekgtvl14, that is similar to other plant cysteine peptidases. cg24-i displayed optimal proteolytic activity at ph 8.0 with 25 mm phosphate buffer. the proteolytic acti ... | 2014 | 24596120 |
| black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) lysates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. | it is hypothesized that animals living in polluted environments possess antimicrobials to counter pathogenic microbes. the fact that snakes feed on germ-infested rodents suggests that they encounter pathogenic microbes and likely possess antimicrobials. the venom is used only to paralyze the rodent, but the ability of snakes to counter potential infections in the gut due to disease-ridden rodents requires robust action of the immune system against a broad range of pathogens. to test this hypothe ... | 2014 | 24625321 |
| antioxidant and antifungal activity of extracts of the aerial parts of thymus capitatus (l.) hoffmanns against four phytopathogenic fungi of citrus sinensis. | many medicinal plants from the lamiaceae family can be easily found in algeria. these plants have been used as traditional medicines by local ethnic groups. thymus capitatus is known in algeria as "zaatar" and has been commonly used as a spice, and reported to have many biological effects. | 2014 | 24644439 |
| evaluation of β-d-glucan biopolymer as a novel mycotoxin binder for fumonisin and deoxynivalenol in soybean feed. | the walls of yeast cells, which contain β-d-glucan biopolymers, have an active role in reducing mycotoxins in animal feed. this study aimed to evaluate the β-d-glucan biopolymers as a mycotoxin binder for fumonisin (fum) and deoxynivalenol (don) toxins as well as their effect on the nutritional value of soybean, which is considered one of the important feed row materials. the evaluation was carried out using some toxigenic fusarium isolates (fusarium solani, f. oxysporum, and f. verticillioides) ... | 2014 | 24660841 |
| bilateral endogenous fusarium solani endophthalmitis in a liver-transplanted patient: a case report. | endogenous fusarium endophthalmitis is a rare disease predominantly described in immunocompromised patients often due to leukemia. we report a case of bilateral endogenous fusarium solani endophthalmitis in a liver-transplanted patient. | 2014 | 24661421 |
| animal models to investigate fungal biofilm formation. | microbial biofilms play an essential role in several infectious diseases and are defined as extensive communities of sessile organisms irreversibly associated with a surface, encased within a polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrix (ecm), and exhibiting enhanced resistance to antimicrobial drugs. forming a biofilm provides the microbes protection from environmental stresses due to contaminants, nutritional depletion, or imbalances, but is dangerous to human health due to their inherent robustne ... | 2014 | 24664831 |
| fatal fusarium solani infection after stem cell transplant for aplastic anemia. | fusarium is a saprophytic and opportunistic pathogen that can cause local tissue infection and life-threatening systemic infection. systemic infection is rare and is observed primarily in immunocompromised patients. the early diagnosis is difficult, and the optimal treatment is unclear. however, the mortality is high. a 21-year-old man with aplastic anemia was treated with an allogeneic stem cell transplant. he developed fatal fusarium solani infection. fusarium species may be overlooked pathoge ... | 2014 | 24679137 |
| development of cycling probe-based real-time pcr system to detect fusarium species and fusarium solani species complex (fssc). | in the present study, we developed a new real-time pcr system based on the cycling probe technology (cpt), which is composed of two single tube real-time pcr assays: the fusarium genus-specific assay and the fusarium solani species complex (fssc)-specific assay with primers targeting the 28s ribosomal rna gene. the fusarium genus-specific assay was shown to be highly specific, detecting all reference fusarium strains with no cross-reaction with other reference fungal strains, such as aspergillus ... | 2014 | 24704188 |
| effect of voriconazole and ultraviolet-a combination therapy compared to voriconazole single treatment on fusarium solani fungal keratitis. | to demonstrate that ultraviolet-a (uv-a) and voriconazole combination therapy is more effective than voriconazole single treatment for fungal keratitis. | 2014 | 24724576 |
| structural elucidation and bioactivity of a novel exopolysaccharide from endophytic fusarium solani sd5. | a bioactive exopolysaccharide [eps (ps-i)], having mw∼1.87×10(5) da was produced by submerged culture of an endophytic fungus fusarium solani sd5. structural elucidation of the eps (ps-i) was carried out by a series of experiments. result indicates the presence of terminal α-l-rhamnopyranosyl, (1→2)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl, (1→4)-β-d-galactopyranosyl, (1→4,6)-β-d-galactopyranosyl moieties in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:3:1. tem image showed fibril structure of the eps with a diameter of approximatel ... | 2012 | 24751093 |
| nitric-oxide-mediated cell death is triggered by chitosan in fusarium eumartii spores. | the genus fusarium comprises a heterogeneous group of fungi important for agriculture. fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (f. eumartii), historically considered to be a fungal pathogen of potato, has also been associated with tomato disease. currently, chitosan and its derivatives have been receiving more attention as environmentally friendly antimicrobial compounds in sustainable practices. the aim of the present work was to characterize downstream events associated with the mode of action of chit ... | 2015 | 24764137 |
| evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial properties of ultraviolet a/riboflavin mediated crosslinking on candida albicans and fusarium solani. | to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of ultraviolet a (uva) (365 nm)/riboflavin against candida albicans and fusarium solani. | 2014 | 24790859 |
| assessment of rose bengal versus riboflavin photodynamic therapy for inhibition of fungal keratitis isolates. | to compare the in vitro effect of rose bengal and riboflavin as photosensitizing agents for photodynamic therapy (pdt) on fungal isolates that are common causes of fungal keratitis. | 2014 | 24792103 |
| [a case of mycotic keratitis due to fusarium solani in valdivia, chile]. | keratomycosis is one of the most prevalent ophthalmic infections, which needs a specific treatment depending on the nature of the infecting fungus. the prognosis is usually severe and depends on an early diagnosis and suitable therapy. | 2015 | 24794212 |
| occurrence of root rot and vascular wilt diseases in roselle (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) in upper egypt. | roselle (hibiscus sabdariffa l.) family malvaceae is an important crop used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutics industries. roselle is cultivated mainly in upper egypt (qena and aswan governorates) producing 94% of total production. root rot disease of roselle is one of the most important diseases that attack both seedlings and adult plants causing serious losses in crop productivity and quality. the main objective of the present study is to identify and characterize pathogens associated with r ... | 2014 | 24808737 |
| diversity of endophytic fungi from different verticillium-wilt-resistant gossypium hirsutum and evaluation of antifungal activity against verticillium dahliae in vitro. | cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to verticillium wilt. in total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. more endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. however, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among resistant cotton varieties. alternaria exhibited ... | 2014 | 24836187 |
| succession patterns of fungi associated to wound-induced agarwood in wild aquilaria malaccensis revealed from quantitative pcr assay. | aquilaria malaccensis produces agarwood in response to wounding and fungal attack. however, information is limited regarding aquilaria's interaction with its diverse fungal community. in this study, time-related changes of three natural fungal colonizers in two wounded wild a. malaccensis were tracked, beginning a few hours after wounding up to 12 months. using species-specific primers derived from their nrits sequences in quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr), we quantified the amount of cunningham ... | 2014 | 24840100 |
| analysis of phaseolus vulgaris response to its association with trichoderma harzianum (all-42) in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani. | the present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of trichoderma harzianum (all 42-isolated from brazilian cerrado soil) to promote common bean growth and to modulate its metabolism and defense response in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani using a proteomic approach. t. harzianum was able to promote common bean plants growth as shown by the increase in root/foliar areas and by size in comparison to plants grown in its absence. the ... | 2014 | 24878929 |
| airway complication contributing to disseminated fusariosis after lung transplantation. | fungal infections are common after lung transplantation. however, disseminated fusariosis is rare and we report the first case of airway complications associated with this infectious process. a 77-year-old caucasian woman, who was status post left single-lung transplant for emphysema, presented to clinic 8 months after lung transplantation with pleurisy, shortness of breath, and declining lung function. bronchoscopy showed narrowing of the left anastomotic site with dynamic compression during ex ... | 2014 | 24890670 |
| genetic architecture and evolution of the mating type locus in fusaria that cause soybean sudden death syndrome and bean root rot. | fusarium tucumaniae is the only known sexually reproducing species among the seven closely related fusaria that cause soybean sudden death syndrome (sds) or bean root rot (brr). in a previous study, laboratory mating of f. tucumaniae yielded recombinant ascospore progeny but required two mating-compatible strains, indicating that it is heterothallic. to assess the reproductive mode of the other sds and brr fusaria, and their potential for mating, whole-genome sequences of two sds and one brr pat ... | 2014 | 24891421 |
| studies on drug metabolism by fungi colonizing decomposing human cadavers. part ii: biotransformation of five model drugs by fungi isolated from post-mortem material. | the present study investigated the in vitro metabolic capacity of 28 fungal strains isolated from post-mortem material towards five model drugs: amitriptyline, metoprolol, mirtazapine, promethazine, and zolpidem. each fungal strain was incubated at 25 °c for up to 120 h with each of the five models drugs. cunninghamella elegans was used as positive control. aliquots of the incubation mixture were centrifuged and 50 μl of the supernatants were diluted and directly analyzed by liquid chromatograph ... | 2015 | 24898183 |
| safety and efficacy of intrastromal injection of 5% natamycin in experimental fusarium keratitis. | to compare the efficacy of combined intrastromal injection and topical natamycin 5% to standard topical therapy alone in an experimental rabbit model of fusarium keratitis. | 2014 | 24919100 |
| fusarium keratitis at a tertiary eye care centre in india. | the aim of the study was to report the clinical and microbiological profiles of fusarium keratitis. in this single-centre, retrospective, non-comparative case series, 47 laboratory-confirmed cases of keratitis caused by fusarium species treated at the l v prasad eye institute, bhubaneswar, india, between november 2006 and october 2009, were reviewed. the analysis included predisposing factors, clinical characteristics, microbiological findings, treatment and outcome. forty-seven samples of 47 pa ... | 2015 | 24929671 |
| enzymatic treatment of specimens before dna extraction directly influences molecular detection of infectious agents. | biological samples, pharmaceuticals or food contain proteins, lipids, polymers, ammoniums and macromolecules that alter the detection of infectious agents by dna amplification techniques (pcr). moreover the targeted dna has to be released from the complex cell walls and the compact nucleoprotein matrixes and cleared from potential inhibitors. the goal of the present work was to assess the efficiency of enzymatic pretreatments on infectious agents to make dna available for further extraction and ... | 2014 | 24936792 |
| fusarium solani species complex associated with carapace lesions and branchitis in captive american horseshoe crabs limulus polyphemus. | captive american horseshoe crabs limulus polyphemus housed at the national aquarium presented with a variety of shell and gill lesions over a 3 yr period. carapace lesions were located on both the dorsal and ventral prosoma and opisthosoma and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, ulcerations, and/or pitting lesions, extending from superficial to full thickness. gill lesions involved both the book gill cover (operculum) and individual book gill leaflets and included multifocal ... | 2014 | 24991848 |
| inhibition of agronomically relevant fungal phytopathogens by tyrocidines, cyclic antimicrobial peptides isolated from bacillus aneurinolyticus. | the tyrocidines, a complex of analogous cyclic decapeptides produced by bacillus aneurinolyticus, exhibited noteworthy activity against a range of phytopathogenic fungi, including fusarium verticillioides, fusarium solani and botrytis cinerea. the activity of the tyrocidine peptide complex (trc mixture) and purified tyrocidines exhibited minimum inhibition concentrations below 13 µg ml(-1) (~10 µm) and was significantly more potent than that of the commercial imidazole fungicide, bifonazole. alt ... | 2014 | 24996824 |
| isolation and evaluation of native cellulose degrading microorganisms for efficient bioconversion of weed biomass and rice straw. | cellulose decomposing microorganisms (cdms) are important for efficient bioconversion of plant biomasses. to this end, we isolated seven fungal isolates (aspergillus wentii, fusarium solani, mucor sp., penicillum sp., trichoderma harzaianum, trichoderma sp.1 and trichoderma sp.2) and three bacterial isolates (bacterial isolate i, ii and iii) from partially decomposed farm yard manure, rice straw and vermicompost, and evaluated them for decomposition of rice straw (oryza sativa), ipomoea camea an ... | 2014 | 25004759 |
| clinico-demographical profile of keratomycosis in delhi, north india. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the clinico-demographical profile of keratomycosis. (january 2004 to january 2012). the corneal scrapings were processed by direct microscopic methods and standard culture techniques. of 209 cases of keratitis studied, culture yielded growth in 80 cases (38.3%). out of these 80 cases of growth, fungi were isolated in 77.5% and bacteria in 22.5%. the spectrum of keratomycosis was aspergillus flavus (22.5%), fusarium solani (16.1%), a. fumigatus (11.3%), candi ... | 2014 | 25008827 |
| melanization reaction products of shrimp display antimicrobial properties against their major bacterial and fungal pathogens. | melanization is a rapid defense mechanism in invertebrates. the substrate specificity of phenoloxidases (pos) and the role of melanization reaction products were investigated in the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon. two pmpos (pmpropo1 and pmpropo2) were found to display a substrate specificity towards monophenols and diphenols, and exhibit relatively weak activity against 5,6-dihydroxyindole (dhi). systemic infection of the pmpropo1/2 co-silenced shrimp with the fungus, fusarium solani, led ... | 2014 | 25043262 |
| c-20 ketone reduction of hydrocortisone by fusarium solani and aspergillus ochraceus. | the biotransformation of hydrocortisone (1) by fusarium solani and aspergillus ochraceus was investigated for the first time. after 10 days at 30 °c, just one metabolite was produced by both fungi: 11β, 17α, 20β, 21-tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (2) established on the basis of spectroscopic data. the reaction was reduction of the 20-carbonyl group. time course study determined by hplc showed 60 and 45 % yield for the metabolite by f. solani and a. ochraceus, respectively. | 2014 | 25048228 |
| how often do they have sex? a comparative analysis of the population structure of seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens. | the model of predominant clonal evolution (pce) proposed for micropathogens does not state that genetic exchange is totally absent, but rather, that it is too rare to break the prevalent pce pattern. however, the actual impact of this "residual" genetic exchange should be evaluated. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is an excellent tool to explore the problem. here, we compared online available mlst datasets for seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens: trypanosoma cruzi, the fusarium solani complex ... | 2014 | 25054834 |
| expression profiling of bioactive genes from moringa oleifera. | plants are under constant assault by biotic and abiotic agents. when an elicitor is prologued, an immense reprogramming of plant gene expression and defense responses are initiated, which could be a natural source for potential drug development and insertional mutagenesis. in this regard, differential expression analysis of a medicinal plant moringa oleifera was performed for bioactive genes at seedling stage, using differential display-rt-pcr technique. infected seedlings with a fungus fusarium ... | 2014 | 25086925 |
| antimicrobial and allelopathic metabolites produced by penicillium brasilianum. | six known compounds, isoroquefortine c (1), griseofulvin (2), ergosterol peroxide (3), 3β-hydroxy-(22e,24r)-ergosta-5,8,22-trien-7-one (4), cerevisterol (5) and (22e,24r)-6β-methoxyergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α-diol (6), were produced by the fungus penicillium brasilianum, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. this is the first report on isoroquefortine c as naturally occurring compound. their bioactivities against five phytopathogenic fungi (gibeberalla saubinetti, fusarium ... | 2015 | 25103127 |
| optimization of culture conditions of fusarium solani for the production of neon-methylsansalvamide. | the aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions of fusarium solani kccm90040 on cereal grain for the production of neon-methylsansalvamide, a novel low-molecular-weight cyclic pentadepsipeptide exhibiting cytotoxic and multidrug resistance reversal effects. from the analysis of variance results using response surface methodology, temperature, initial moisture content, and growth time were shown to be important parameters for the production of neon-methylsansalvamide on cereal grain. ... | 2014 | 25130748 |
| effect of crude plant extracts from some oaxacan flora on two deleterious fungal phytopathogens and extract compatibility with a biofertilizer strain. | the antimicrobial activity of 12 plant extracts was tested against the phytopathogens alternaria alternata and fusarium solani. in addition, the compatibility of the extracts toward bacillus liqueniformis, a biofertilizer and a non-target microorganism, was assessed. plants tested belong to the euphorbiaceae, asteraceae, crassulaceae, rubiaceae, convolvulaceae, verbenaceae, orchidaceae, nyctaginaceae, boraginaceae, and tiliaceae families and were collected in the state of oaxaca. the antifungal ... | 2014 | 25147544 |
| bioactive dihydronaphthoquinone derivatives from fusarium solani. | new dihydronaphthoquinone derivatives, karuquinone a (1), karuquinone b (2), and karuquinone c (3), were isolated from a fungal culture broth of fusarium solani. the structures were determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data (1d/2d nmr, ms, and ir). three known compounds, javanicin (4), 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,4-dimethylnaphtho[1,2-b]furan-6,9-dione (5), and 5-hydroxydihydrofusarubin c (6), were also isolated. the six isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against thre ... | 2014 | 25163667 |
| biotransformation of testosterone and testosterone heptanoate by four filamentous fungi. | the microbial transformations of testosterone and testosterone heptanoate by four fungi: absidia griseolla var. igachii ptcc 5260, acremonium chrysogenu ptcc 5271, fusarium fujikuroi ptcc 5144, and fusarium solani complex ptcc 5285 were investigated for the first time. incubation of testosterone heptanoate with f. fujikuroi and f. solani yielded three metabolites, which were isolated and characterized as testosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, and 6β-hydroxy testosterone. 6β-hydroxy testosterone ... | 2014 | 25223562 |
| fatal disseminated infection with fusarium petroliphilum. | members of the fusarium solani species complex (fssc) are causing the majority of the fusariosis in humans. disseminated fusariosis has a high mortality and is predominantly observed in patients with leukemia. here, we present the case of a fatal infection by a fusarium strain with a degenerated phenotype, in a patient with acute lymphatic leukemia. multiple nasal and skin biopsies as well as blood cultures yielded fungal growth, while in direct and histopathological examination of biopsy materi ... | 2015 | 25234793 |
| morphological and phylogenetic analysis of fusarium solani species complex in malaysia. | members of fusarium solani species complex (fssc) have been known as plant, animal, and human pathogens. nevertheless, the taxonomic status of such an important group of fungi is still very confusing and many new species as well as lineages have been elucidated recently. unfortunately, most of the new taxa came from temperate and subtropical regions. therefore, the objectives of the present study were to identify strains of fssc recovered from different sources in malaysia. in the present study, ... | 2015 | 25238930 |
| fusarium solani infection in a kidney transplant recipient. | hyalo hypho mycosis due to fusarium species mainly occurs in immunocompromised hosts. the clinical presentation varies from localized to disseminated involvement. a case of localized cutaneous fusariosis caused by fusarium solani in a renal transplant patient is described and the skin manifestations of the disease are discussed. | 2014 | 25249722 |
| an unusual cause of an ankle mass. | we report the case of a patient who presented with a 7-year history of a mass over the medial aspect of his right ankle, which had been gradually increasing in size. he had given up his occupation as a bus driver due to decreased movement of his ankle. an initial diagnosis of endemic syphilis was made after treponemal antibody and treponema pallidum particle agglutination tests were positive. however, following surgical debulking, cultures grew fusarium solani and the diagnosis was changed to eu ... | 2014 | 25260425 |
| effects of contact lens solution disinfectants against filamentous fungi. | to assess and compare the antifungal activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide (phmb), thimerosal, cetylpyridinium chloride, and chlorhexidine, which are disinfectants used in multipurpose disinfectant solutions (mpdss) against ocular pathogenic fusarium solani and aspergillus flavus isolates in vitro. | 2014 | 25279782 |
| status of the effectiveness of contact lens solutions against keratitis-causing pathogens. | the aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial effects of marketed contact lens disinfecting solutions. | 2015 | 25280981 |
| psd1 binding affinity toward fungal membrane components as assessed by spr: the role of glucosylceramide in fungal recognition and entry. | psd1 is a plant defensin that has antifungal activity against several pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi. previous analysis of psd1 chemical shift perturbations by nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy demonstrated that this defensin interacts with phospholipids and the sphingolipid glucosylceramide isolated from fusarium solani (glccer(fusarium solani)). in this study, these interactions were evaluated by real-time surface plasmon resonance (spr) analysis. the data obtained demonstrated ... | 2014 | 25283273 |
| root rot of balloon flower (platycodon grandiflorum) caused by fusarium solani and fusarium oxysporum. | balloon flower (platycodon grandiflorum) is a kind of mountain herbs whose roots have restorative properties and the cultivating acreage of balloon flower has been steadily increasing in korea. more frequent rain and high amount of rainfalls as a result of climate changes predisposed balloon flower to the outbreaks of root rot at high-density cultivation area in recent years. root crowns were usually discolored into brown to blackish brown at first and the infected plants showed slight wilting s ... | 2013 | 25288973 |
| last generation triazoles for imported eumycetoma in eleven consecutive adults. | optimal management of eumycetoma, a severely debilitating chronic progressive fungal infection of skin, disseminating to bone and viscera, remains challenging. especially, optimal antifungal treatment and duration are ill defined. | 2014 | 25299610 |
| preferential promotion of lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) growth by plant growth promoting bacteria associated with tomato. | a total of 74 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were selected during isolation of bacteria from different parts of tomato plant (rhizoplane, phylloplane and rhizosphere) as well as nearby bulk soil. the isolates were screened for plant growth promoting (pgp) traits such as production of indole acetic acid, siderophore, chitinase and hydrogen cyanide as well as phosphate solubilization. seven isolates viz., nr4, nr6, rp3, pp1, rs4, rp6 and nr1 that exhibited multiple pgp traits were ide ... | 2014 | 25320438 |
| enhancement of biocontrol activities and cyclic lipopeptides production by chemical mutagenesis of bacillus subtilis xf-1, a biocontrol agent of plasmodiophora brassicae and fusarium solani. | bacillus subtilis xf-1 has been used as a biocontrol agent of clubroot disease of crucifers infected by plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate pathogen. in order to maximize the growth inhibition of the pathogen, random mutagenesis using n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine was applied to strain xf-1. the efficacy of 226 selected mutants was assessed against the growth of an indicator fungal pathogen: fusarium solani using agar plate assay and the disruptive effects on the resting spores of p. br ... | 2014 | 25320450 |
| new insights into the structure and mode of action of mo-cbp3, an antifungal chitin-binding protein of moringa oleifera seeds. | mo-cbp3 is a chitin-binding protein purified from moringa oleifera lam. seeds that displays inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi. this study investigated the structural properties and the antifungal mode of action of this protein. to this end, circular dichroism spectroscopy, antifungal assays, measurements of the production of reactive oxygen species and microscopic analyses were utilized. mo-cbp3 is composed of 30.3% α-helices, 16.3% β-sheets, 22.3% turns and 30.4% unordered forms ... | 2014 | 25347074 |
| an ammonium sulfate sensitive chitinase from streptomyces sp. cs501. | a chitinase from streptomyces sp. cs501 was isolated from the korean soil sample, purified by single-step chromatography, and biochemically characterized. the extracellular chitinase (ch501) was purified to 4.60 fold with yield of 28.74 % using sepharose cl-6b column. the molecular mass of ch501 was approximately 43 kda as estimated by sds-page and zymography. the enzyme (ch501) was found to be stable over a broad ph range (5.0-10.0) and temperature (up to 50 °c), and have an optimum temperature ... | 2014 | 25359199 |
| antifungal activity and computational study of constituents from piper divaricatum essential oil against fusarium infection in black pepper. | fusarium disease causes considerable losses in the cultivation of piper nigrum, the black pepper used in the culinary world. brazil was the largest producer of black pepper, but in recent years has lost this hegemony, with a significant reduction in its production, due to the ravages produced by the fusarium solani f. sp. piperis, the fungus which causes this disease. scientific research seeks new alternatives for the control and the existence of other piper species in the brazilian amazon, resi ... | 2014 | 25375334 |
| primary cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gattii vgii in a tsunami survivor from thailand. | skin and soft tissue fungal infections with apophysomyces elegans, fusarium solani, cladophialophora bantiana have been reported in survivors from 2004 indian ocean tsunami. we report the first case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gattii vgii in a tsunami survivor from thailand. | 2014 | 25379396 |
| epidemiological profile of fungal keratitis in sfax (tunisia). | fungal keratitis is responsible for a significant burden of blinding disease in the developing world. | 2014 | 25442924 |
| multidrug resistant fusarium keratitis. | we report a case of keratitis in a female contact lens wearer, who developed a deep corneal abscess. the culture of a corneal biopsy scraping was positive for multiresistant fusarium solani. the patient has a complicated clinical course and failed to respond to local and systemic antifungal treatment, requiring eye enucleation. | 2015 | 25443198 |
| role of activated macrophages in experimental fusarium solani keratitis. | macrophages under the conjunctival tissue are the first line defender cells of the corneas. elimination of these cells would lead to aggravation of fungal keratitis. to determine how the course of fungal keratitis would be altered after the activation of these macrophages, a murine model was achieved by intrastromal instillation of latex beads before the corneas were infected with fusarium solani. the keratitis was observed and clinically scored daily. infected corneas were homogenized for colon ... | 2014 | 25447809 |
| non-host disease resistance response in pea (pisum sativum) pods: biochemical function of drr206 and phytoalexin pathway localization. | continually exposed to potential pathogens, vascular plants have evolved intricate defense mechanisms to recognize encroaching threats and defend themselves. they do so by inducing a set of defense responses that can help defeat and/or limit effects of invading pathogens, of which the non-host disease resistance response is the most common. in this regard, pea (pisum sativum) pod tissue, when exposed to fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli spores, undergoes an inducible transcriptional activation of ... | 2015 | 25457488 |
| fusarium brain abscess: case report and literature review. | severely immunocompromised patients such as those with haematological malignancies and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at an increased risk of acquiring invasive mould infections. fusarium, a ubiquitous fungus, can cause potentially fatal infections in such hosts. it usually manifests as skin lesions, fevers and sino-pulmonary infections. brain abscesses have been reported, but are relatively uncommon. we report a case of a 50-year-old patient with acute lymphocytic leukaemia ... | 2015 | 25476184 |
| impact of water potential on growth and germination of fusarium solani soilborne pathogen of peanut. | studies were conducted to determine the effect of osmotic and matric stress on germination and growth of two fusarium solani strains, the etiological agent responsible of peanut brown root rot. both strains had similar osmotic and matric potential ranges that allowed growth, being the latter one narrower. f. solani showed the ability to grow down to -14 mpa at 25 °c in non-ionic modified osmotic medium, while under matric stress this was limited to -8.4 mpa at 25 °c. however, both strains were s ... | 2014 | 25477950 |
| responses of beneficial bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqr9 to different soilborne fungal pathogens through the alteration of antifungal compounds production. | bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqr9 exhibited predominantly antagonistic activities against a broad range of soilborne pathogens. the fungi-induced sqr9 extracts possess stronger antifungal activities compared with sqr9 monoculture extracts. to investigate how sqr9 fine-tunes lipopeptides (lps) and a siderophore bacillibactin production to control different fungal pathogens, lps and bacillibactin production and transcription of the respective encoding genes in sqr9 were measured and compared with si ... | 2014 | 25484880 |
| fungal isolation from disinfectant solutions of contact lens storage cases among asymptomatic users. | to investigate the incidence of fungal contamination of store disinfectant solutions contained in contact lens storage cases belonging to asymptomatic contact lens users. | 2015 | 25503912 |
| development of a selective medium for the fungal pathogen cylindrocarpon destructans using radicicol. | the soil-borne ascomycete fungus cylindrocarpon destructans causes ginseng root rot disease and produces various secondary metabolites such as brefeldin a and radicicol. the slow growth of this fungus compared with other plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi in soil disturbs isolation of this fungus from soil and infected ginseng. in this study, we developed a selective medium for c. destructans using radicicol produced by this fungus. supplementing 50 mg/l of radicicol to medium inhibited the ... | 2014 | 25506308 |
| the galactolipase activity of fusarium solani (phospho)lipase. | the purified (phospho)lipase of fusarium solani (fsl), was known to be active on both triglycerides and phospholipids. this study aimed at assessing the potential of this enzyme in hydrolyzing galactolipids. fsl was found to hydrolyze at high rates of synthetic medium chains monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (4658±146u/mg on dic8-mgdg) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (3785±83u/mg on dic8-dgdg) and natural long chain monogalactosyldiacylglycerol extracted from leek leaves (991±85u/mg). it is the microb ... | 2015 | 25529980 |
| spectrum of fusarium infections in tropical dermatology evidenced by multilocus sequencing typing diagnostics. | fusarium species are emerging causative agents of superficial, cutaneous and systemic human infections. in a study of the prevalence and genetic diversity of 464 fungal isolates from a dermatological ward in thailand, 44 strains (9.5%) proved to belong to the genus fusarium. species identification was based on sequencing a portion of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), rdna internal transcribed spacer and rna-dependent polymerase subunit ii (rpb2). our results revealed that 37 isolat ... | 2015 | 25530264 |
| a substrate fed-batch biphasic catalysis process for the production of natural crosslinking agent genipin with fusarium solani accc 36223. | the natural crosslinking agent genipin has been applied widely in biomedicines and foods nowadays. because of the special hemiacetal ring structure in its molecule, it can only be prepared by hydrolysis of geniposide according to biocatalysis. in this research, strategies including aqueous-organic biphasic catalysis and substrate fed-batch mode were adopted to improve the biocatalysis process of genipin. a 10 l ethyl acetate-aqueous biphasic system with geniposide fed-batch led to a satisfying g ... | 2015 | 25537719 |
| in silico analysis and prioritization of drug targets in fusarium solani. | mycotic keratitis has emerged as a major ophthalmic problem and a leading cause of blindness, since its recognition in 1879. filamentous fungi are major causative of mycotic keratitis. in india, the main etiological organism responsible for mycotic keratitis is aspergillus species followed by fusarium species. in south india, fusarium based keratitis scales up to 43%. nearly one-third of mycotic keratitis treatment results in failure, as fungal infections are highly resistant to antibiotic thera ... | 2015 | 25555413 |
| enhanced camptothecin production by ethanol addition in the suspension culture of the endophyte, fusarium solani. | ethanolic extract of a non-camptothecin producing plant, catharanthus roseus when added in the suspension culture of the endophyte fusarium solani known to produce camptothecin, resulted in enhanced production of camptothecin by 10.6-fold in comparison to that in control (2.8 μg/l). interestingly, addition of pure ethanol (up to 5% v/v) in the suspension culture of f. solani resulted in maximum enhancement in camptothecin production (up to 15.5-fold) from that obtained in control. in the presenc ... | 2015 | 25603728 |
| morphological and comparative genomic analyses of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fusarium solani isolated from dalbergia sissoo. | sissoo or shisham (dalbergia sissoo roxb.) is one of the finest wood of south asia. fusarium solani is a causal organism of sissoo wilt, decline, or dieback. it is also a potential causal organism associated with other valuable tree species. thirty-eight fusarium isolates including 24 f. solani and 14 fusarium sp., were obtained in 2005 from different geographical locations in india. all 38 (18 pathogenic and 20 non-pathogenic) isolates were characterized for genomic analysis, growth behaviour, ... | 2015 | 25605046 |
| fusarium diversity in soil using a specific molecular approach and a cultural approach. | fusarium species are ubiquitous in soil. they cause plant and human diseases and can produce mycotoxins. surveys of fusarium species diversity in environmental samples usually rely on laborious culture-based methods. in the present study, we have developed a molecular method to analyze fusarium diversity directly from soil dna. we designed primers targeting the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (ef-1α) gene and demonstrated their specificity toward fusarium using a large collection of fungi. ... | 2015 | 25655778 |
| isolation and characterization of two mitoviruses and a putative alphapartitivirus from fusarium spp. | the filamentous fungus fusarium spp. includes several important plant pathogens. we attempted to reveal presence of double-stranded (ds) rnas in the genus. thirty-seven fusarium spp. at the maff collection were analyzed. in the strains of fusarium coeruleum, fusarium globosum and fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, single dsrna bands were detected. the strains of f. coeruleum and f. solani f. sp. pisi cause potato dry rot and mulberry twig blight, respectively. sequence analyses revealed that dsrnas in ... | 2015 | 25687123 |
| coculnol, a new penicillic acid produced by a coculture of fusarium solani fki-6853 and talaromyces sp. fka-65. | 2015 | 25712393 | |
| design, synthesis and in vitro bactericidal/fungicidal screening of some vanadyl(iv)complexes with mono- and di-substituted ons donor triazoles. | a new series of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal mono- and di-substituted triazoles (l(1))-(l(6)) have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of their physical, spectral and analytical data. the ligands (l(1))-(l(6)) on reaction with vanadyl(iv) sulphate led to the formation of vanadyl(iv) metal complexes (1)-(4). the structure of the complexes has been established on the basis of their physical, spectral and elemental analyses data. the synthesized ligands and their vanadyl(iv) complexes ... | 2015 | 25716124 |
| candida and fusarium species known as opportunistic human pathogens from customer-accessible parts of residential washing machines. | energy constraints have altered consumer practice regarding the use of household washing machines. washing machines were developed that use lower washing temperatures, smaller amounts of water and biodegradable detergents. these conditions may favour the enrichment of opportunistic human pathogenic fungi. we focused on the isolation of fungi from two user-accessible parts of washing machines that often contain microbial biofilms: drawers for detergents and rubber door seals. out of 70 residentia ... | 2015 | 25749362 |
| isolation, purification, and characterization of a stable defensin-like antifungal peptide from trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds. | a novel defensin-like antifungal peptide (tf-afp) with molecular mass of 10.3 kda was isolated from seeds of trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange, gel-filtration, hydrophobic chromatography, and rp-hplc. mass spectroscopic analysis revealed the intact mass of the purified antifungal peptide as 10321.5 da and high similarity to plant defensins and other antifungal proteins in database search. 2d-page showed pi value to be 8.8 and absence of isof ... | 2015 | 25761687 |
| [tinea pedis due to fusarium solani in dakar]. | a patient presented with intertrigo at the second, third and fourth interdigitals spaces lasting for four years in which fusarium solani was highlighted. the search for contributing factors revealed a concept of foot washing with water at least five times a day for ablutions, associated with wearing closed shoes all day and the absence of immunosuppression and diabetes. the diagnosis of fusarium was made on the basis of direct examination and culture. combined treatment with griseofulvin oral an ... | 2015 | 25835156 |
| inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents against fusarium species. | we investigated the inhibitory effects of antibacterial, biocidal, and antifungal agents against fusarium spp. seven fusarium spp: four f. falciforme (fusarium solani species complex), one fusarium spp, one fusarium spp. (fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex), and one f. napiforme (gibberella fujikuroi species complex), isolated from eyes with fungal keratitis were used in this study. their susceptibility to antibacterial agents: flomoxef, imipenem, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxac ... | 2015 | 25841054 |
| antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal potentials of oxalis corniculata and its isolated compounds. | oxalis corniculata is a common medicinal plant widely used against numerous infectious diseases. the agrochemical potential of methanolic extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions were assessed to measure the antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities of the plant. the crude, chloroform, and n-butanol soluble fractions showed excellent activities against escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, salmonella typhi, and bacillus subtilis but have no activity ag ... | 2015 | 25873973 |
| filamentous fungal endophthalmitis: results of combination therapy with intravitreal amphotericin b and voriconazole. | to report outcomes of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis treated with combination of intravitreal antifungal agents. | 2015 | 25926714 |
| disseminated fusariosis and hematologic malignancies, a still devastating association. report of three new cases. | fungi of the genus fusarium are primarily plant pathogens and saprobes that produce disseminated infections in immunologically deficient humans. after aspergillosis, disseminated fusariosis is the second most common cause of invasive infection by filamentous fungi in patients with hematologic malignancies or those undergoing transplants of hematopoietic progenitors. | 2015 | 25936697 |
| [fungicidal properties of the nanosystems of silkworm (bombyx mor) chitosan with copper ions]. | the fungicidal activity of some chitosan samples and of its nanostructured systems with copper was studied. the samples of bombyx mori chitosan and its nanostructured systems with copper were found to inhibit growth and development of phytopathogenic fungi fusarium solani 169 and verticillium dahlie 57. the growth inhibition zone was of considerable size (22 to 60 mm). | 2015 | 25941714 |
| hexacyclopeptides secreted by an endophytic fungus fusarium solani n06 act as crosstalk molecules in narcissus tazetta. | the basis of chemical crosstalk in plants and associated endophytes lies in certain so-called communication molecules that are responsible for plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. consequently, elucidating the factors that affect the nature, distribution, and amount of these molecules and how they impact the interaction among endophytes and associated organisms is essential to understand the true potential of endophytes. in the present study, we report the discovery of nine hexacyclop ... | 2015 | 25958995 |
| the use of response surface methodology as a statistical tool for media optimization in lipase production from the dairy effluent isolate fusarium solani. | the optimization of extracellular lipase production by fusarium isolani strain skwf7 isolated from dairy wastewater was carried out in this study. initially, the physicochemical factors significantly influencing enzyme production were studied by varying one-factor-at-a-time (ofat). a mesophilic temperature of 40°c, alkaline ph of 8, and incubation period of 72 hours were found to be the optimal conditions for lipase production. among the media components, the disaccharide sucrose acted as the be ... | 2013 | 25969775 |