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ectoparasites and anti-leishmania antibodies: association in an observational case-control study of dogs from a brazilian endemic area.it has been proposed that the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis might involve the participation of mechanical vectors, including ticks of the family ixodidae, in particular the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, and the cat flea ctenocephalides felis felis. here, the association between the infestation by r. sanguineus and c. felis felis and the occurrence of anti-leishmania antibodies was evaluated in an observational case-control study of dogs living in a brazilian endemic ar ...201323932895
comparative evaluation of infected and noninfected amblyomma triste ticks with rickettsia parkeri, the agent of an emerging rickettsiosis in the new world.the distribution of rickettsia parkeri in south america has been associated with amblyomma triste ticks. the present study evaluated under laboratory conditions two colonies of a. triste: one started from engorged females that were naturally infected by r. parkeri (designated as infected group); the other started from noninfected females (designated as control group). both colonies were reared in parallel for five consecutive generations. tick-naïve domestic rabbits were used for feeding of each ...201323936795
molecular detection of anaplasma platys and babesia gibsoni in dogs in malaysia.this study reports for the first time molecular detection of anaplasma platys infection in 4 (13.3%) of 30 malaysian dogs investigated. a low occurrence (3.3%) of babesia gibsoni was also noted, being detected in one of the 30 dogs. rickettsia, bartonella, orientia tsutsugamushi, and ehrlichia dna were not detected in the dog blood samples. the role of a. platys as an agent of canine anaplasmosis and its transmission through rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks merits further investigation.201323959500
blood parasites of livestock in certain regions in saudi arabia.blood samples from camels, sheep, goats and cattle from six regions in saudi arabia were examined for blood parasites. asir region camels were disinfected while those of the eastern, jazan, northern frontiers, riyadh and tabouk regions were infected with trypanosoma evansi (5-40%), those of riyadh and the eastern regions were infected with dipetalonema evansi (1-6%) and those of the eastern, jazan and riyadh regions were infected with eperythrozoon species (8-20%). sheep and goats of all tested ...023961044
transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks feeding on dogs and on artificial membranes.a south african strain of ehrlichia canis was isolated and used to infect a laboratory-bred beagle dog. rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs, which fed on this dog, moulted to adult ticks which carried infection rates of e. canis between 12% and 19% and were used in a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments. five groups of 6 dogs were challenged with the infected r. sanguineus ticks, which were removed 24h, 12h, 6h or 3h after the ticks had been released onto the dogs. the animals were monitored f ...201323962826
tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission.ticks require blood meal to complete development and reproduction. multifunctional tick salivary glands play a pivotal role in tick feeding and transmission of pathogens. tick salivary molecules injected into the host modulate host defence responses to the benefit of the feeding ticks. to colonize tick organs, tick-borne microorganisms must overcome several barriers, i.e., tick gut membrane, tick immunity, and moulting. tick-borne pathogens co-evolved with their vectors and hosts and developed m ...201323971008
efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar against fleas, ticks and tick-borne pathogens in dogs.tick-borne diseases comprise a group of maladies that are of substantial medical and veterinary significance. a range of tick-borne pathogens, including diverse species of bacteria and protozoa, can infect both dogs and humans. hence, the control of tick infestations is pivotal to decrease or prevent tick-borne pathogen transmission. therefore, different commercial products with insecticidal, repellent or both properties have been developed for use on dogs. recently, a collar containing a combin ...201323972013
the occurrence of autophagic cell death in the tegument of rabbits pre-infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide pfizer revolution®).ticks of rhipicephalus sanguineus species have great medical and veterinary importance for being a vector of various diseases. in an attempt to minimize their action on the host, people have resorted to chemical control by using various acaricides, such as selamectin. although previous studies have demonstrated its toxic action in domestic animals, no studies focused on the detection of cell death when exposed to selamectin. for this reason, the technique for detecting autophagic cell death was ...201323983162
action of the insect growth regulator fluazuron, the active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®, in rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the present study evaluated the efficacy of fluazuron (active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®) and its effects on rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits exposed to different doses of this insect growth regulator. three different doses of fluazuron (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) were applied on the back of hosts (via "pour on"), while distilled water was applied to the control group. on the first day of treatment with fluazuron (24 h), hosts were artificially infested with r. sang ...201324000046
mediterranean spotted fever in southeastern romania.although cases of mediterranean spotted fever (msf) have been reported for decades in southeastern romania, there are few published data. we retrospectively studied 339 patients, diagnosed with msf at the national institute of infectious diseases "prof. dr. matei bals" between 2000 and 2011, in order to raise awareness about msf in certain regions of romania. according to the raoult diagnostic criteria 171 (50.4%) had a score >25 points. mean age was 52.5 years. one hundred and fifty-five (90.6% ...201324024190
proteome of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva induced by the secretagogues pilocarpine and dopamine.one dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to separate proteins from the saliva of rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks fed on rabbits. gel slices were subjected to tryptic digestion and analyzed by reversed-phase hplc followed by ms/ms analysis. the data were compared to a database of salivary proteins of the same tick and to the predicted proteins of the host. saliva was obtained by either pilocarpine or dopamine stimulation of partially fed ticks. electrophoretic separations of both yielde ...201324029695
in vitro isolation and molecular characterization of an ehrlichia canis strain from são paulo, brazil.an ehrlichia canis isolate was obtained from an naturally infected dog exhibiting clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in são paulo municipality, state of são paulo, brazil. the isolate was characterized by pcr and dna sequencing of portions of the ehrlichial genes dsb, 16srrna, and p28. partial dsb and 16s rrna sequences were identical to three and five other e. canis strains, respectively, from different countries and continents (including north america, africa, asia and europe). conversely, the p28 ...200824031251
molecular analysis of the rrna genes of babesia spp and ehrlichia canis detected in dogs from ribeirão preto, brazil.the partial dna sequences of the 18s rrna gene of babesia canis and the 16s rrna gene of ehrlichia canis detected in dogs from ribeirão preto, brazil, were compared to sequences from other strains deposited in genbank. the e. canis strain circulating in ribeirão preto is identical to other strains previously detected in the region, whereas the subspecies babesia canis vogeli is the main babesia strain circulating in dogs from ribeirão preto.200924031351
molecular detection of anaplasma platys in a naturally-infected cat in brazil.following the accidental finding of inclusion bodies similar to anaplasma platys in a stained blood smear from a cat, dna analysis of the 16s rrna gene was performed and 100% identity was found with different strains of a. platys. these data confirm that cats are susceptible to parasitism by a. platys.201024031508
detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) in croatia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a growing public health concern in central and northern european countries. even though tbe is a notifiable disease in croatia, there is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick identification, distribution as well as tbe virus prevalence in ticks or animals. the aim of our study was to identify and to investigate the viral prevalence of tbe virus in ticks removed from red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses hunted in endemic areas in northern croatia ...201424035586
serological survey of ehrlichia species in dogs, horses and humans: zoonotic scenery in a rural settlement from southern brazil.the aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of ehrlichia spp. and risk factors for exposure in a restricted population of dogs, horses, and humans highly exposed to tick bites in a brazilian rural settlement using a commercial elisa rapid test and two indirect immunofluorescent assays (ifa) with e. canis and e. chaffeensis crude antigens. serum samples from 132 dogs, 16 horses and 100 humans were used. fifty-six out of 132 (42.4%) dogs were seropositive for e. canis. dogs > one y ...024037288
infection of domestic dogs in peru by zoonotic bartonella species: a cross-sectional prevalence study of 219 asymptomatic dogs.bartonella species are emerging infectious organisms transmitted by arthropods capable of causing long-lasting infection in mammalian hosts. among over 30 species described from four continents to date, 15 are known to infect humans, with eight of these capable of infecting dogs as well. b. bacilliformis is the only species described infecting humans in peru; however, several other bartonella species were detected in small mammals, bats, ticks, and fleas in that country. the objective of this st ...201324040427
asymptomatic petechial eruption on the lower legs.the authors report an unusual case of rocky mountain spotted fever that presented as an asymptomatic petechial eruption on the lower legs. rocky mountain spotted fever is rare in new england and, as such, is typically not on the differential diagnosis when presented with such patients. what began as an asymptomatic eruption progressed to more classic signs of the disease, including a positive rocky mountain spotted fever titer. the patient was successfully treated with doxycydine and within a sh ...024062875
effect of attractant sex pheromone on immature larval stages of ixodid tick species.attractant sex pheromone (asp) 2,6-dichloro phenol was used in the current study to evaluate the percentage attraction and the behavioural responses of the five ixodid tick species namely rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus microplus (boophilus microplus), haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and hyalomma marginatum using petridish bioassay. two concentrations of 2,6-dcp (0.1 m and 0.05 m) was used for the larval stages of all five ixodid tick species of which 0.1 m concen ...201224082519
an occurrence of clinical eperythrozoonosis in a german shepherd dog and its therapeutic management.eperythrozoon spp.-a rickettsial (mycoplasma) pathogen of the mammalian erythrocytic cell membrane, has been recognised to cause non specific, sporadic, febrile and haemolytic clinical disease in a variety of livestock, especially food animals. however, clinical eperythrozoonosis in companion animals seems not documented so far. an adult male german shepherd dog, aged 10.5 years and weighing 45 kg with clinical history of persistent mild fever in morning hours, depression and anorexia for the pa ...201224082524
comparative analysis of mitochondrial markers from four species of rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae).mitochondrial sequences of four mitochondrial markers: 12s rrna, 16s rrna, cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) from four rhipicephalus species were analyzed to establish genetic relationships and enable molecular identification. field-collected samples from the species rhipicephalus annulatus, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus turanicus were amplified by pcr and compared with genbank™ annotated sequences. pcr products were obtained using pr ...201324091196
update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach.tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus rickettsia. these zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. however, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that wer ...024092850
comparative analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers for the molecular identification of rhipicephalus spp.the genus rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae) comprises a large number of vectors of pathogens of substantial medical and veterinary concern; however, species identification based solely on morphological features is often challenging. in the present study, genetic distance within selected rhipicephalus species (i.e., rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus guilhoni, rhipicephalus muhsamae, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and rhipicephalus turanicus), were investigated based on molecular and phylogene ...201324103336
the efficacy of advantix® to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis to dogs by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.the capacity of a topical combination of imidacloprid and permethrin (advantix(®)) to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis was studied in two groups of six dogs. one group served as controls, whereas the other group was treated. all dogs were exposed to e. canis-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on days 7, 14, 21 and day 28 post acaricidal treatment. the adult r. sanguineus ticks were released into the individual kennels of the dogs to simulate natural tick exposure. in situ tick counts ...201324135158
isolation, in vitro propagation, genetic analysis, and immunogenic characterization of an ehrlichia canis strain from southeastern brazil.amplification of the 16s rrna gene from a blood sample obtained from a dog in southeastern brazil was used to confirm a naturally acquired ehrlichia (e.) canis infection. following isolation and culturing of the new bacterial strain called uberlandia, partial sequences of the dsb and p28 genes were obtained. the dsb partial sequence of the novel strain was 100% similar to dsb gene sequences of e. canis obtained from different geographic areas around the world. conversely, the p28 partial sequenc ...201324136211
rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-transmitted human pathogen.rickettsia felis was first recognised two decades ago and has now been described as endemic to all continents except antarctica. the rickettsiosis caused by r. felis is known as flea-borne spotted fever or cat-flea typhus. the large number of arthropod species found to harbour r. felis and that may act as potential vectors support the view that it is a pan-global microbe. the main arthropod reservoir and vector is the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, yet more than 20 other species of fleas, tick ...201124149035
a nod to disease vectors: mitigation of pathogen sensing by arthropod saliva.arthropod saliva possesses anti-hemostatic, anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory properties that facilitate feeding and, inadvertently, dissemination of pathogens. vector-borne diseases caused by these pathogens affect millions of people each year. many studies address the impact of arthropod salivary proteins on various immunological components. however, whether and how arthropod saliva counters nod-like (nlr) sensing remains elusive. nlrs are innate immune pattern recognition molecules involved i ...201324155744
tick pests and vectors (acari: ixodoidea) in european towns: introduction, persistence and management.ticks have always been a part of fauna in and around human settlements, and their significance changed concurrently with the enlargement of settlements and their transformation into towns. the increased rate of urbanization during the last decades has created a new reality for tick existence. two groups of ticks are of major concern for modern towns: those living under natural conditions of urban surroundings and those well-adapted to urban conditions. during the process of urbanization, encroac ...201424183576
ectoparasites in urban stray cats in jerusalem, israel: differences in infestation patterns of fleas, ticks and permanent ectoparasites.in a period cross-sectional study performed to examine ectoparasites on 340 stray cats in jerusalem, israel, 186 (54.7%) were infested with the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae), 49 (14.4%) with the cat louse, felicola subrostratus (phthiraptera: trichodectidae), 41 (12.0%) with the ear mite, otodectes cynotis (astigmata: psoroptidae), three (0.9%) with the fur mite, cheyletiella blakei (trobidiformes: cheyletidae), two (0.6%) with the itch mite notoedres cati (astigmata: ...201424191942
effects of homologous and heterologous immunization on the reservoir competence of domestic dogs for rickettsia conorii (israelensis).a number of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae cause serious infections in humans. several antigenically related rickettsial agents may coexist within the same geographical area, and humans or vertebrate hosts may be sequentially exposed to multiple sfg agents. we assessed whether exposure of a vertebrate reservoir to one sfg rickettsia will affect the host's immune response to a related pathogen and the efficiency of transmission to uninfected ticks. two pairs of dogs were each infected with ...201424201056
investigation of tick vectors of hepatozoon canis in brazil.hepatozoon canis is a common apicomplexan parasite of dogs. in brazil, in addition to rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma cajennense, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus have been suggested to act as vectors. the present study aimed to evaluate, under controlled conditions, the acquisition of h. canis by a. ovale, r. sanguineus, and a. cajennense after feeding on naturally infected dogs. cytological and histophatological examinations were performed to recover oocysts and oth ...201324209494
international union of basic and clinical pharmacology. [corrected]. lxxxix. update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors.sixteen years ago, the nomenclature committee of the international union of pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7tm) g protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. this was announced in pharmacological reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [murphy pm, baggiolini m, charo if, hé ...201324218476
detection of rickettsia in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and ctenocephalides felis fleas from southeastern tunisia by reverse line blot assay.ticks (n = 663) and fleas (n = 470) collected from domestic animals from southeastern tunisia were screened for rickettsia infection using reverse line blot assay. evidence of spotted fever group rickettsia was obtained. we detected rickettsia felis in fleas, rickettsia massiliae bar 29 and the rickettsia conorii israeli spotted fever strain in ticks, and rickettsia conorii subsp. conorii and rickettsia spp. in both arthropods. the sensitivity of the adopted technique allowed the identification ...201324226919
effects of aedes aegypti salivary components on dendritic cell and lymphocyte biology.saliva is a key element of interaction between hematophagous mosquitoes and their vertebrate hosts. in addition to allowing a successful blood meal by neutralizing or delaying hemostatic responses, the salivary cocktail is also able to modulate the effector mechanisms of host immune responses facilitating, in turn, the transmission of several types of microorganisms. understanding how the mosquito uses its salivary components to circumvent host immunity might help to clarify the mechanisms of tr ...201324238038
disease control through fertility control: secondary benefits of animal birth control in indian street dogs.we sought to (1) survey sexually intact street dogs for a wide range of diseases in three cities in rajasthan, india and (2) evaluate links between the health of non-treated dogs and both the presence and duration of animal birth control (abc) programs. abc regimes sterilize and vaccinate stray dogs in an attempt to control their population and the spread of rabies. they are commonly suggested to improve the health of those dogs they serve, but here we provide evidence that these benefits also e ...201424239212
[detection of rickettsia andeanae in two regions of chile].candidatus 'rickettsia andeanae' is recently recognized specie, with no attributed pathogenic role so far. it has been reported in amblyomma ticks from peru, usa and argentina, and recently in chile, in one specimen of amblyomma triste from a rural locality in arica.201324248107
acaricidal efficacy of topical formulation of fipronil in naturally infested dogs in amazonic region, brazil.this study was conducted to show the effectiveness of a novel formulation of fipronil in a spot-on formulation for the therapeutic and preventive control of rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs. ticks on all dogs were counted at the moment of treatment and weekly after treatment (therapeutic efficacy) or infestation (preventive efficacy). the profile of the therapeutic efficacy for rhipicephalus sanguineus suggested that the formulation was able to control the ixodid species for a ...201324252969
first assessment for the presence of phlebotomine vectors in bavaria, southern germany, by combined distribution modeling and field surveys.leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania and transmitted by sand flies from mammalian reservoirs to humans. in recent years, a northward spread of l. infantum from highly endemic mediterranean countries into previously non-endemic central european areas has been suspected based on presumed sporadic cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis. here, we investigated whether sand flies are prevalent in bavaria in southern germany, a federal state in which autochthonous cases have previo ...201324260539
cercopithifilaria spp. in dogs in sardinia island (italy).a survey on cercopithifilaria spp. was carried out on owned and kennelled dogs in sardinia, italy. a total of 180 dogs were sampled and tested by microscopic detection or pcr of dermal microfilariae in skin snip sediments. the overall prevalence for cercopithifilaria spp. at both microscopy and molecular tests was 9.4 % (17/180), while 8.3 % (15/180) of dogs scored positive at microscopic detection of sediments only. of the 225 microfilariae measured, 212 were identified as cercopithifilaria bai ...201424271152
acaricidal activity of extract of artemisia absinthium against rhipicephalus sanguineus of dogs.the objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of chloroform extract obtained from the aerial parts of artemisia absinthium in comparison to amitraz on adults, eggs and larvae of the dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus using the adult immersion test (ait), egg hatchability test (eht) and larval packet test (lpt), respectively. five concentrations of the extract (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %) with three replications for each concentration were used in all ...201424288053
functional characterisation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α subunit from the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.ticks and tick-borne diseases have a major impact on human and animal health worldwide. current control strategies rely heavily on the use of chemical acaricides, most of which target the cns and with increasing resistance, new drugs are urgently needed. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are targets of highly successful insecticides. we isolated a full-length nachr α subunit from a normalised cdna library from the synganglion (brain) of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. phyl ...201324291321
ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment.ticks are unique among hematophagous arthropods by continuous attachment to host skin and blood feeding for days; complexity and diversity of biologically active molecules differentially expressed in saliva of tick species; their ability to modulate the host defenses of pain and itch, hemostasis, inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and wound healing; and, the diverse array of infectious agents they transmit. all of these interactions occur at the cutaneous interface in a complex sequence ...201324312085
next generation sequencing uncovers unexpected bacterial pathogens in ticks in western europe.ticks are highly susceptible to global environmental and socio-economical changes. several tick-borne pathogens have been reported in new geographical regions while new species, strains or genetic variants of tick-borne microorganisms are continually being detected. however, tick-borne pathogens are still poorly understood, and it is estimated that half of all human tick-borne disease has an unknown origin. therefore in order to prevent these diseases, more effort is required to identify unknown ...201324312301
vector-borne pathogens in dogs from costa rica: first molecular description of babesia vogeli and hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection.infection with canine vector-borne pathogens was evaluated in dogs from four different regions of costa rica by pcr. demographic data, clinical signs, packed cell volume values, and the presence of tick infestation were recorded for each dog. forty seven percent (69/146) of the dogs were infected with at least one pathogen and 12% were co-infected with two pathogens. ehrlichia canis was detected in 34%, anaplasma platys in 10%, babesia vogeli in 8%, and hepatozoon canis in 7.5% of the blood samp ...201424315693
the ovarian transcriptome of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, feeding upon a bovine host infected with babesia bovis.cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle with the most severe form of the disease caused by the apicomplexan, babesia bovis. babesiosis is transmitted to cattle through the bite of infected cattle ticks of the genus rhipicephalus. the most prevalent species is rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, which is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. the transmission of b. bovis is transovarian and a previous study of the r. microplus ovarian proteome ide ...201324330595
molecular epidemiology of the emerging zoonosis agent anaplasma phagocytophilum (foggie, 1949) in dogs and ixodid ticks in brazil.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, dogs and other animals, and it is transmitted by ixodid ticks. the objective of the current study was a) detect a. phagocytophilum in dogs and ixodid ticks using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr); and b) determine important variables associated to host, environment and potential tick vectors that are related to the presence of a. phagocytophilum in dogs domiciled in rio de janeiro, brazil.201324330631
acaricidal activity of essential oil from lippia sidoides on unengorged larvae and nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) and amblyomma cajennense (acari: ixodidae).the aims of this work were to identify the compounds and to investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil of lippia sidoides for unengorged larvae and nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma cajennense. the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in total, 22 compounds comprising 98.5% of the total peak area were identified. the major constituent of the essential oil was thymol (69.9%). the acaricidal activity against larvae and nymphs ...201424333789
the novel isoxazoline ectoparasiticide fluralaner: selective inhibition of arthropod γ-aminobutyric acid- and l-glutamate-gated chloride channels and insecticidal/acaricidal activity.isoxazolines are a novel class of parasiticides that are potent inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-gated chloride channels (gabacls) and l-glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls). in this study, the effects of the isoxazoline drug fluralaner on insect and acarid gabacl (rdl) and glucl and its parasiticidal potency were investigated. we report the identification and cdna cloning of rhipicephalus (r.) microplus rdl and glucl genes, and their functional expression in xenopus laevis oocytes ...201424365472
morphological alterations of epidermis of rabbits infested by r. sanguineus ticks and exposed to selamectin (active principle of pfizer revolution(®) acaricide): a confocal microscopy study.the present study analyzed, by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, the epidermis of rabbits infested by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to concentrations of 50%, 80% and 100% of a selamectin-based commercial acaricide (pfizer's revolution(®)). the results demonstrated that rabbits exposed to concentrations of 80% and 100% of the revolution acaricide, which contains 12% selamectin, showed thinning of epithelial tissue of the epidermis with associated cellular diso ...201424369880
control of brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus using assembly pheromone encapsulated in natural polymer, chitosan.in the current study, an attempt was made to encapsulate assembly pheromone using natural polymer, chitosan. chitosan beads were prepared by incorporating assembly pheromone in conjunction with an acaricide, namely, deltamethrin. in the in vitro bioassay, the test beads attracted and killed 79 % of unfed larvae, 88 % of unfed nymphs and 61 % of unfed adults of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, in 24 h of exposure. field trials were carried out to attract and kill the pre-parasitic en ...201424375150
multispacer typing of rickettsia isolates from humans and ticks in tunisia revealing new genotypes.rickettsioses are important remerging vector born infections. in tunisia, many species have been described in humans and vectors. genotyping is important for tracking pathogen movement between hosts and vectors. in this study, we characterized rickettsia species detected in patients and vectors using multispacer typing (mst), proposed by founier et al. and based on three intergenic spacers (dksa-xerc, rmpe- trna(fmet), mppa-pruc) sequencing.201324380581
insecticide/acaricide resistance in fleas and ticks infesting dogs and cats.this review defines insecticide/acaricide resistance and describes the history, evolution, types, mechanisms, and detection of resistance as it applies to chemicals currently used against fleas and ticks of dogs and cats and summarizes resistance reported to date. we introduce the concept of refugia as it applies to flea and tick resistance and discuss strategies to minimize the impact and inevitable onset of resistance to newer classes of insecticides. our purpose is to provide the veterinary p ...201424393426
laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites.the collection, handling, identification, and reporting of ectoparasitic arthropods in clinical and reference diagnostic laboratories are discussed in this review. included are data on ticks, mites, lice, fleas, myiasis-causing flies, and bed bugs. the public health importance of these organisms is briefly discussed. the focus is on the morphological identification and proper handling and reporting of cases involving arthropod ectoparasites, particularly those encountered in the united states. o ...201424396136
control of tick infestations and pathogen prevalence in cattle and sheep farms vaccinated with the recombinant subolesin-major surface protein 1a chimeric antigen.despite the use of chemical acaricides, tick infestations continue to affect animal health and production worldwide. tick vaccines have been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for tick control. vaccination with the candidate tick protective antigen, subolesin (sub), has been shown experimentally to be effective in controlling vector infestations and pathogen infection. furthermore, escherichia coli membranes containing the chimeric antigen composed of sub fused ...201424398155
climate and environmental change drives ixodes ricinus geographical expansion at the northern range margin.global environmental change is causing spatial and temporal shifts in the distribution of species and the associated diseases of humans, domesticated animals and wildlife. in the on-going debate on the influence of climate change on vectors and vector-borne diseases, there is a lack of a comprehensive interdisciplinary multi-factorial approach utilizing high quality spatial and temporal data.201424401487
sensitivity to permethrin in a dermacentor reticulatus population from eastern poland in laboratory study.the action of chemical compounds on the palaearctic tick d. reticulatus (fabricius) (acari: amblyomminae) has been poorly investigated so far. therefore, the effects of application of permethrin on engorged d. reticulatus females have been assessed, and the survival rate for the different developmental stages of the tick species in its non-parasitic phase of the life cycle was determined upon application of the pyrethroid.201424405550
pcr-based detection of babesia spp. infection in collected ticks from cattle in west and north-west of iran.babesiosis is a haemoparasitic disease of domestic and wild animals caused by species of the genus babesia. babesia bigemina, b. bovis and b. divergens are known to be pathogenic in cattle. the disease is transmitted during blood feeding by infected ticks and is the most economically important tick-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. ixodid ticks are vectors in the transmission of babesiosis. the classic presentation is a febrile syndrome with apparent anemia and hemoglobinuria. thi ...201324409438
dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in brazil: opening the black box.dogs and cats in brazil serve as primary hosts for a considerable number of parasites, which may affect their health and wellbeing. these may include endoparasites (e.g., protozoa, cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes) and ectoparasites (i.e., fleas, lice, mites, and ticks). while some dog and cat parasites are highly host-specific (e.g., aelurostrongylus abstrusus and felicola subrostratus for cats, and angiostrongylus vasorum and trichodectes canis for dogs), others may easily switch to other h ...201424423244
a survey of ixodid tick species and molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens.this study was undertaken in two different climatic areas of turkey to determine the presence of tick-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. the ticks were removed from humans, pooled according to species and developmental stages, and analyzed by pcr, reverse line blot (rlb) and sequencing. of the 2333 removed ticks from 10 species, 1238 (53.06%) were obtained from the arid cold zone, and the remaining 1095 (46.93%) were obtained from the humid zone. the removed ticks were identif ...201424424312
field trials to attract questing stages of brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus using tick pheromone-acaricide complex.evaluations were made to assess the efficacy of assembly pheromone, attractant sex pheromone and the kairomone carbon dioxide in attracting the questing larval nymphal and adult stages of the brown ear dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. ticks attracted to one location were killed using the acaricide deltamethrin. initially, simulated field trials were conducted to observe the percentage of attraction of ticks from different distances. tick lure comprising of carbon dioxide as kairomone and 2,6- ...201224431546
morphometric variations in gametocytes of hepatozoon canis from naturally infected dogs.this study presents the morphometric characteristic of canine haemoprotozoan, hepatozoon canis, using software dp2-bsw (olympus). the gametocytes of h. canis found inside the neutrophils were characteristic in shape and size and varied from 9.50 to 11.80 μm × 5.10-6.00 μm. parasitaemia ranged from 1.00 to 39.00 %. few gametocytes without nuclei and of abnormal shapes were also observed. the results were compared with the measurements done by using ocular micrometer.201224431557
the enigma of the dog mummy from ancient egypt and the origin of 'rhipicephalus sanguineus'.ticks belonging to the rhipicephalus sanguineus group are amongst the most important vectors of pathogenic microorganisms to dogs and humans. however, the taxonomy of this species group is still the subject of debate, especially because there is no type specimen or reliable morphological description for rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto. recently, a comprehensive morphological and genetic study on representative tick specimens from europe, africa, americas, and oceania, revealed the existen ...201424438558
failure of imidocarb dipropionate and toltrazuril/emodepside plus clindamycin in treating hepatozoon canis infection.hepatozoonosis caused by hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida, hepatozoidae) is among the most widespread vector-borne infections of dogs, primarily transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks. based on the absence of a consensus on the treatment regimes for canine hepatozoonosis, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate (5-6 mg/kg subcutaneously once a week for 6 weeks), and of toltrazuril/emodepside (procox(®), 15 mg/kg once a day for 6 days) in assoc ...201424439769
first detection of leishmania infantum (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae).culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) species are known to be the vectors of bluetongue virus and african horses sickness virus (ahsv) in different areas of the world. nevertheless, other researchers have hypothesized that these arthropods could be involved in the transmission of other pathogens such as schmallenberg virus, plasmodium and leishmania parasites. identification of the culicoides' potential vector competence is crucial in understanding the worldwide culicoides/leishmania life cycle.201424460752
a seventeen-year epidemiological surveillance study of borrelia burgdorferi infections in two provinces of northern spain.this paper reports a 17-year seroepidemiological surveillance study of borrelia burgdorferi infection, performed with the aim of improving our knowledge of the epidemiology of this pathogen. serum samples (1,179) from patients (623, stratified with respect to age, sex, season, area of residence and occupation) bitten by ticks in two regions of northern spain were ifa-tested for b. burgdorferi antibodies. positive results were confirmed by western blotting. antibodies specific for b. burgdorferi ...201424487455
tick-borne lymphadenopathy-like condition in an african woman in kenya.a 30-year-old african woman in kenya succumbed to severe swollen regional lymph nodes, development of painful boils and ulcer formation and rashes at specific tick-biting sites together with an intermittent fever and headache following repeated tick bites of rhipicephalus pulchellus. she later developed nuchal lymphadenopathy-like condition and an eschar with edematous margins at bitten sites. a sustained high fever and fatigue then followed. she became well after treatment with antibiotics and ...024497868
incidence of cercopithifilaria bainae in dogs and probability of co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens.cercopithifilaria bainae is a filarioid parasite that infects dogs, being transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks in many countries of the mediterranean basin. this study assessed the incidence density rate (idr) of infection by c. bainae in dogs and the probability of co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens (i.e., anaplasma platys, babesia vogeli and hepatozoon canis), in an area of high endemicity in southern italy.201424498437
hard tick factors implicated in pathogen transmission.ticks are the most common arthropod vector, after mosquitoes, and are capable of transmitting the greatest variety of pathogens. for both humans and animals, the worldwide emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne disease is becoming increasingly problematic. despite being such an important issue, our knowledge of pathogen transmission by ticks is incomplete. several recent studies, reviewed here, have reported that the expression of some tick factors can be modulated in response to pathogen infec ...201424498444
fluazuron-induced morphological changes in rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806 (acari: ixodidae) nymphs: an ultra-structural evaluation of the cuticle formation and digestive processes.rhipicephalus sanguineus is a species of tick which is widely distributed in america, africa and australia and is probably the most prevalent among all the other ixodid tick species. the present study demonstrated the effects of the arthropod growth regulator fluazuron (acatak(®)), in the formation of the integument and the digestive processes of r. sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits treated with different doses of this chemical acaricide. for this, three different doses of fluazuron (20mg/kg, 40m ...201424508101
survey of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum, haemotropic mycoplasmas and other arthropod-borne pathogens in cats from albania.albania is a country on the western part of the balkan peninsula. the mediterranean climate is favourable for the stable development of many arthropod species, which are incriminated as vectors for various agents. recently, several papers have reported on epidemiological aspects of parasitic diseases including vector-borne disease agents of dogs with zoonotic characteristics in albania. however, data on the epidemiology of feline parasitic and bacterial agents in albania is scarce.201424517118
tick infestation patterns in free ranging african buffalo (syncercus caffer): effects of host innate immunity and niche segregation among tick species.ticks are of vast importance to livestock health, and contribute to conflicts between wildlife conservation and agricultural interests; but factors driving tick infestation patterns on wild hosts are not well understood. we studied tick infestation patterns on free-ranging african buffalo (syncercus caffer), asking (i) is there evidence for niche segregation among tick species?; and (ii) how do host characteristics affect variation in tick abundance among hosts? we identified ticks and estimated ...201224533310
piroplasmosis in wildlife: babesia and theileria affecting free-ranging ungulates and carnivores in the italian alps.piroplasmosis are among the most relevant diseases of domestic animals. babesia is emerging as cause of tick-borne zoonosis worldwide and free-living animals are reservoir hosts of several zoonotic babesia species. we investigated the epidemiology of babesia spp. and theileria spp. in wild ungulates and carnivores from northern italy to determine which of these apicomplexan species circulate in wildlife and their prevalence of infection.201424533742
glutathione s-transferase affects permethrin detoxification in the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.control of ticks on dogs is often done by application of repellents that contain permethrin as the active ingredient. in this research, we studied the role of a glutathione s-transferase (gst) gene in detoxification of permethrin by ticks using a gene silencing method rna interference (rnai). the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, used in these studies, has a notable host preference for dogs, but also infests other mammals. in this research, r. sanguineus females were injected with gst do ...201424548526
rickettsia and vector biodiversity of spotted fever focus, atlantic rain forest biome, brazil. 024565262
a novel approach to control brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus using sustained release poly-ɛ-caprolactone-pheromone microspheres.control of brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus was attempted by utilizing sustained release preparations of synthetic analogues of assembly pheromones. the assembly pheromone, in defined ratio, was encapsulated using poly-ɛ-caprolactone by water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. in the in vitro bioassay, percent mortality with test microspheres was 95.6, 64 and 44 among the unfed larvae, unfed nymph and unfed adults respectively, 24 hours post-exposure. field tr ...201424570062
detection of microbial agents in ticks collected from migratory birds in central italy.tick species characterization and molecular studies were performed within ornithological surveys conducted during 2010 and 2011 in the lazio region of central italy. a total of 137 ticks were collected from 41 migratory birds belonging to 17 species (four partial migrants and 13 long-distance migrants). most ticks were nymphs, with a predominance of hyalomma marginatum marginatum and h. m. rufipes, and a small portion of ixodes and amblyomma species. all tick species analyzed were infected, and ...201424576218
assessment of four dna fragments (coi, 16s rdna, its2, 12s rdna) for species identification of the ixodida (acari: ixodida).the 5' region of cytochrome oxidase i (coi) is the standard marker for dna barcoding. however, coi has proved to be of limited use in identifying some species, and for some taxa, the coding sequence is not efficiently amplified by pcr. these deficiencies lead to uncertainty as to whether coi is the most suitable barcoding fragment for species identification of ticks.201424589289
a randomized, blinded, controlled and multi-centered field study comparing the efficacy and safety of bravecto (fluralaner) against frontline (fipronil) in flea- and tick-infested dogs.fluralaner, a new molecular entity of the isoxazoline class, has potent insecticidal and acaricidal activity and can be safely administered orally to dogs.201424593931
occurrence of hepatozoon canis and cercopithifilaria bainae in an off-host population of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks.hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida, hepatozoidae) and the filarioid cercopithifilaria bainae (spirurida, onchocercidae) are tick-transmitted infectious agents of dogs, highly prevalent in the mediterranean basin in association with rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. ticks were collected from the environment every 25±2 days in a confined location in southern italy where a community of dogs lives, from august 2012 to july 2013. in order to study the occurrence of h. canis and c. bainae, 1091 tick ...201424594107
seasonal dynamics of rhipicephalus rossicus attacking domestic dogs from the steppic region of southeastern romania.danube delta biosphere reserve is one of the most interesting regions in europe from an epidemiological point of view due to its great biodiversity, local climatic conditions and various types of habitats. moreover, there is no data regarding the ectoparasite communities of dogs from this area. in this frame, the aims of our study were to establish the tick communities parasitizing dogs and to provide new data regarding seasonal dynamics of a neglected tick species, rhipicephalus rossicus.201424612483
rickettsia africae and candidatus rickettsia barbariae in ticks in israel.dna of several spotted fever group rickettsiae was found in ticks in israel. the findings include evidence for the existence of rickettsia africae and candidatus rickettsia barbariae in ticks in israel. the dna of r. africae was detected in a hyalomma detritum tick from a wild boar and dna of c. rickettsia barbariae was detected in rhipicephalus turanicus and rhipicephalus sanguineus collected from vegetation. the dna of rickettsia massiliae was found in rh. sanguineus and haemaphysalis erinacei ...201424615133
an efficient strategy of screening for pathogens in wild-caught ticks and mosquitoes by reusing small rna deep sequencing data.this paper explored our hypothesis that srna (18 ∼ 30 bp) deep sequencing technique can be used as an efficient strategy to identify microorganisms other than viruses, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. in the study, the clean reads derived from the srna deep sequencing data of wild-caught ticks and mosquitoes were compared against the ncbi nucleotide collection (non-redundant nt database) using blastn. the blast results were then analyzed with in-house python scripts. an empirical fo ...201424618575
anaplasma platys in bone marrow megakaryocytes of young dogs.anaplasma platys is an obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen that infects platelets of dogs, forming basophilic intracellular morulae. in the present report, cellular inclusions were documented in bone marrow thrombocyte precursors of two young naturally infected dogs, indicating that a. platys can infect megakaryocytes and promegakaryocytes.201424622106
gene cloning, expression and immunogenicity of the protective antigen subolesin in dermacentor silvarum.subolesin (4d8), the ortholog of insect akirins, is a highly conserved protective antigen and thus has the potential for development of a broad-spectrum vaccine against ticks and mosquitoes. to date, no protective antigens have been characterized nor tested as candidate vaccines against dermacentor silvarum bites and transmission of associated pathogens. in this study, we cloned the open reading frame (orf) of d. silvarum 4d8 cdna (ds4d8), which consisted of 498 bp encoding 165 amino acid residu ...201424623890
questionnaire-based survey on the distribution and incidence of canine babesiosis in countries of western europe.the incidence of canine babesiosis may vary considerably from one country to another depending on the distribution of the causative parasite species and their specific vectors. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical occurrence of canine babesiosis diagnosed in european veterinary clinics and propose an updated map of the disease distribution in western europe. questionnaires were sent to companion animal veterinary clinics in spain, france, benelux, germany and austria. the an ...201424626325
assessment of the efficacy of orally administered afoxolaner against rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato.two studies were conducted to confirm that a single oral dose of the novel insecticide/acaricide afoxolaner is efficacious against existing infestations of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in dogs and can control re-infestation for up to 35 days. each study utilized 16 purpose bred adult dogs using a controlled randomized block design. one or two days prior to treatment, all dogs were infested with 50 unfed adult ticks. on day 0 one group was treated with an oral chewable formulation of afoxo ...201424629425
tick infestation and prophylaxis of dogs in northeastern germany: a prospective study.ticks transmit various important pathogens to humans and animals, and dogs are frequently exposed to tick infestation. the objective of this study was to examine tick infestation and the characteristics of tick prophylaxis of dogs in the berlin/brandenburg area. a total of 441 dogs (392 owners) was examined from march 2010 to april 2011. the dog owners participated in the study for a period of 1-13 months (10.33±2.85; median 11.00). the prevalences of a total of 1728 ticks collected from 251 (57 ...201424629616
tissue tropism and vertical transmission of coxiella in rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus turanicus ticks.arthropod symbionts present tissue tropism that corresponds to the nature of the association and the mode of transmission between host generations. in ticks, however, our knowledge of symbiont tissue tropism and function is limited. here, we quantified and localized previously described coxiella-like symbionts in several organs of the tick rhipicephalus turanicus. quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed high densities of coxiella in the female gonads, and both male and female malpighian ...201424650112
current status of l. infantum infection in stray cats in the madrid region (spain): implications for the recent outbreak of human leishmaniosis?since 2009, the incidence of human leishmaniosis in the sw of the madrid region has been unusually high. although dogs are the main reservoir for this disease, a role played by dogs in this outbreak has been ruled out and investigators are now considering other hosts (eg. cats, rabbits, hares) as possible alternative reservoirs.this study was designed to examine the leishmania infantum status of stray cats in madrid to assess its possible implications in the human leishmaniosis outbreak.201424655361
molecular and histopathological detection of hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from portugal.hepatozoon canis is a protozoan tick-borne pathogen of dogs and wild canids. hepatozoon spp. have been reported to infect foxes in different continents and recent studies have mostly used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection and characterization of the infecting species. surveying red foxes (vulpes vulpes) may contribute to better understanding the epidemiology of canine vector-borne diseases, including hepatozoonosis caused by h. canis in domestic dogs. the present study invest ...201424655375
bacterial and protozoal agents of feline vector-borne diseases in domestic and stray cats from southern portugal.feline vector-borne diseases (fvbd) have emerged in recent years, showing a wider geographic distribution and increased global prevalence. in addition to their veterinary importance, domestic cats play a central role in the transmission cycles of some fvbd agents by acting as reservoirs and sentinels, a circumstance that requires a one health approach. the aim of the present work was to molecularly detect feline vector-borne bacteria and protozoa with veterinary and zoonotic importance, and to a ...201424655431
serological and molecular prevalence of selected canine vector borne pathogens in blood donor candidates, clinically healthy volunteers, and stray dogs in north carolina.canine vector borne diseases (cvbds) comprise illnesses caused by a spectrum of pathogens that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. some dogs have persistent infections without apparent clinical, hematological or biochemical abnormalities, whereas other dogs develop acute illnesses, persistent subclinical infections, or chronic debilitating diseases. the primary objective of this study was to screen healthy dogs for serological and molecular evidence of regionally important cvbds.201424655461
new method using quantitative pcr to follow the tick blood meal and to assess the anti-feeding effect of topical acaricide against rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs.a 28-day study was conducted to assess the dynamic of blood feeding by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on dogs treated or not with a novel topical combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene. dogs were infested weekly through exposure to ticks in crates for 4h. ticks were then counted in the crates at 2h and 4h post dog exposure. ticks were also counted and removed from the dogs at 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h and 24h post tick exposure. the inhibition of blood feeding was assessed by both tick quanti ...201424656063
prospects of using dna barcoding for species identification and evaluation of the accuracy of sequence databases for ticks (acari: ixodida).ticks are important vectors of disease and parasites of livestock. species identification of ticks has been traditionally based on morphological characters, which is usually limited by the condition of samples and little variation among specimens, so a rapid and reliable identification method is needed. dna barcoding uses a standard fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase c subunit i (coi) to identify species and has been successfully used in many taxa. in this study, we applied dn ...201424656809
efficacy of chemical repellents against otobius megnini (acari: argasidae) and three species of ixodid ticks.otobius megnini (dugès), often referred to as the ear tick or spinose ear tick, is a one-host tick native to the southwestern united states and mexico. infestations of this species can cause severe irritation and may affect breeding behavior in the host. although chemical repellents are commonly used as an alternative approach to conventional arthropod vector control, information on repellency against o. megnini is lacking. this study compared repellency of ammonia, bioud(®), 98.25% deet, garlic ...201424659519
occurrence of tick-transmitted pathogens in dogs in jos, plateau state, nigeria.canine babesiosis caused by babesia rossi, transmitted by haemaphysalis elliptica in south africa, has also been reported from nigeria. although h. leachi (sensu lato) is widespread in sub-saharan africa, published literature on the occurrence of canine babesiosis is meagre. it has been postulated that the genotype of babesia rossi erythrocyte membrane antigen 1 (brema1) may be linked to virulence of the specific isolate. the primary objective of this study was to detect and characterise tick-bo ...201424661795
first report of babesia gibsoni in central america and survey for vector-borne infections in dogs from nicaragua.although many vector-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs in tropical areas and potential zoonoses, there is little information on these conditions in central america.201424667065
the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner used as a monthly chewable antiparasitic for dogs.the pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner in dogs was evaluated following either intravenous or after oral administration of nexgard(®), a soft chewable formulation. afoxolaner is a member of one of the newest classes of antiparasitic agents, known as antiparasitic isoxazolines. the soft chewable formulation underwent rapid dissolution, and afoxolaner was absorbed quickly following oral administration of the minimum effective dose of 2.5mg/kg, with maximum plasma concentrations (cmax) of 1,655 ± 332 ng ...201424685320
reprolysin metalloproteases from ixodes persulcatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus microplus ticks.metalloproteases (mps) have been considered essential for blood feeding and other physiological functions in several hematophagous animals, including ticks. we report the characterization of mp sequences of three important ticks from asia, africa and america: ixodes persulcatus (ip-mps), rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs-mps) and r. microplus (brrm-mps). amino acid sequence identity between r. microplus and r. sanguineus mps ranged from 76 to 100 %, and identities among i. persulcatus, i. ricinus and ...201424687173
seroprevalence of some vector-borne infections of dogs in hungary.the first comprehensive study on the prevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens (anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis) was carried in hungary because, except for babesiosis and dirofilariosis caused by dirofilaria repens, there were no data on their regional distribution and prevalence. in 2011 and 2012, 1305 blood samples were collected from randomly selected, apparently healthy pet dogs in 167 localities of 19 counties of hungary. all sera ...201424689833
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