Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the transmembrane isoform of plasmodium falciparum maebl is essential for the invasion of anopheles salivary glands. | malaria transmission depends on infective stages in the mosquito salivary glands. plasmodium sporozoites that mature in midgut oocysts must traverse the hemocoel and invade the mosquito salivary glands in a process thought to be mediated by parasite ligands. maebl, a homologue of the transmembrane ebp ligands essential in merozoite invasion, is expressed abundantly in midgut sporozoites. alternative splicing generates different maebl isoforms and so it is unclear what form is functionally essent ... | 2008 | 18509478 |
| gene silencing in phlebotomine sand flies: xanthine dehydrogenase knock down by dsrna microinjections. | lutzomyia longipalpis are vectors of medically important visceral leishmaniasis in south america. blood-fed adult females digest large amounts of protein, and xanthine dehydrogenase is thought to be a key enzyme involved in protein catabolism through the production of urate. large amounts of heme are also released during digestion with potentially damaging consequences, as heme can generate oxygen radicals that damage lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. however, urate is an antioxidant that may ... | 2008 | 18510977 |
| studies on effect of acalypha indica l. (euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts on the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera:culicidae). | the leaf extract of acalypha indica with different solvents viz, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested for larvicidal, ovicidal activity and oviposition attractancy against anopheles stephensi. the larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. the lc(50) values are 19.25, 27.76, 23.26 and 15.03 ppm, respectively. mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 120 h after treatment. the percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentratio ... | 2008 | 18528709 |
| comparison of male reproductive success in malaria-refractory and susceptible strains of anopheles gambiae. | in female mosquitoes that transmit malaria, the benefits of being refractory to the plasmodium parasite are balanced by the immunity costs in the absence of infection. male mosquitoes, however, gain no advantage from being refractory to blood-transmitted parasites, so that any costs associated with an enhanced immune system in the males limit the evolution of female refractoriness and has practical implications for the release of transgenic males. | 2008 | 18534029 |
| a sporozoite asparagine-rich protein controls initiation of plasmodium liver stage development. | plasmodium sporozoites invade host hepatocytes and develop as liver stages (ls) before the onset of erythrocytic infection and malaria symptoms. ls are clinically silent, and constitute ideal targets for causal prophylactic drugs and vaccines. the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ls development remain poorly characterized. here we describe a conserved plasmodium asparagine-rich protein that is specifically expressed in sporozoites and liver stages. gene disruption in plasmodium bergh ... | 2008 | 18551171 |
| laboratory evaluation of 3 repellents against anopheles stephensi in the islamic republic of iran. | this study evaluated the repellency effect of 3 topical repellents (permethrin, deet and neem tree extract) against 3-5 day old females of laboratory and field strains of anopheles stephensi. probing/biting rates on the shaved belly of white rabbits were counted. effective dose (ed) 50 and ed95 values were calculated by probit statistic software. the results revealed ed50 values of 0.007, 0.005 and 0.191 mg/cm2 for permethrin, deet and neem, respectively, against the field strain. the figures fo ... | 2008 | 18561716 |
| proteomic analysis of zygote and ookinete stages of the avian malaria parasite plasmodium gallinaceum delineates the homologous proteomes of the lethal human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. | delineation of the complement of proteins comprising the zygote and ookinete, the early developmental stages of plasmodium within the mosquito midgut, is fundamental to understand initial molecular parasite-vector interactions. the published proteome of plasmodium falciparum does not include analysis of the zygote/ookinete stages, nor does that of p. berghei include the zygote stage or secreted proteins. p. gallinaceum zygote, ookinete, and ookinete-secreted/released protein samples were prepare ... | 2008 | 18563747 |
| novel peptide marker corresponding to salivary protein gsg6 potentially identifies exposure to anopheles bites. | in order to improve malaria control, and under the aegis of who recommendations, many efforts are being devoted to developing new tools for identifying geographic areas with high risk of parasite transmission. evaluation of the human antibody response to arthropod salivary proteins could be an epidemiological indicator of exposure to vector bites, and therefore to risk of pathogen transmission. in the case of malaria, which is transmitted only by anopheline mosquitoes, maximal specificity could ... | 2008 | 18575604 |
| depletion of plasmodium berghei plasmoredoxin reveals a non-essential role for life cycle progression of the malaria parasite. | proliferation of the pathogenic plasmodium asexual blood stages in host erythrocytes requires an exquisite capacity to protect the malaria parasite against oxidative stress. this function is achieved by a complex antioxidant defence system composed of redox-active proteins and low mw antioxidants. here, we disrupted the p. berghei plasmoredoxin gene that encodes a parasite-specific 22 kda member of the thioredoxin superfamily. the successful generation of plasmoredoxin knockout mutants in the ro ... | 2008 | 18575607 |
| rodent plasmodium: population dynamics of early sporogony within anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | early sporogony of plasmodium parasites involves 2 major developmental transitions within the insect vector, i.e., gametocyte-to-ookinete and ookinete-to-oocyst. this study compared the population dynamics of early sporogony among murine rodent plasmodium (plasmodium berghei, plasmodium chabaudi, plasmodium vinckei, and plasmodium yoelii) developing within anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. estimates of absolute densities were determined for gametocytes, ookinetes, and oocysts for 108 experimental ... | 2008 | 18576764 |
| metabolic pathways in anopheles stephensi mitochondria. | no studies have been performed on the mitochondria of malaria vector mosquitoes. this information would be valuable in understanding mosquito aging and detoxification of insecticides, two parameters that have a significant impact on malaria parasite transmission in endemic regions. in the present study, we report the analyses of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of cultured cells [ase (anopheles stephensi mos. 43) cell line] from a. stephensi, a major vector of malaria in ... | 2008 | 18588503 |
| effect of washing on the bioefficacy of insecticide-treated nets (itns) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) against main malaria vector anopheles stephensi by three bioassay methods. | the use of pyrethoid impregnated bednets is one of the main malaria vector control strategies worldwide. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the bioefficacy of bednets impregnated with various pyrethroids after repeated washings. | 2008 | 18592843 |
| chloroquine mediated modulation of anopheles gambiae gene expression. | plasmodium development in the mosquito is crucial for malaria transmission and depends on the parasite's interaction with a variety of cell types and specific mosquito factors that have both positive and negative effects on infection. whereas the defensive response of the mosquito contributes to a decrease in parasite numbers during these stages, some components of the blood meal are known to favor infection, potentiating the risk of increased transmission. the presence of the antimalarial drug ... | 2008 | 18596975 |
| flipping the paradigm on malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. | the idea of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) surfaced more than two decades ago. since then, the research paradigm focused on developing tbvs that target surface antigens of parasite sexual stages. only recently has an effort emerged that flipped this paradigm, targeting antigens of the parasite's obligate invertebrate vector, the anopheles mosquito. here, we review the current state of knowledge of mosquito-based tbvs and discuss the utility of this approach for future vaccine deve ... | 2008 | 18599352 |
| plasmodium development in the mosquito: biology bottlenecks and opportunities for mathematical modeling. | quantitative analyses of malaria parasite development are necessary to assess the efficacy of control measures. such analyses in the mammalian host have been difficult to implement, lagging behind the use of antiparasitic drugs, vaccine development and transmission-blocking strategies. even less is known about the genetic, environmental and other factors that impact sporogony in the mosquito host. here, we summarize current knowledge and review a first attempt to model sporogonic development qua ... | 2008 | 18603475 |
| the aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. | aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue viruses, utilizes its innate immune system to ward off a variety of pathogens, some of which can cause disease in humans. to date, the features of insects' innate immune defenses against viruses have mainly been studied in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, which appears to utilize different immune pathways against different types of viruses, in addition to an rna interference-based defense system. we have used the recently released whole-genome s ... | 2008 | 18604274 |
| phase 1 trial of malaria transmission blocking vaccine candidates pfs25 and pvs25 formulated with montanide isa 51. | pfs25 and pvs25, surface proteins of mosquito stage of the malaria parasites p. falciparum and p. vivax, respectively, are leading candidates for vaccines preventing malaria transmission by mosquitoes. this single blinded, dose escalating, controlled phase 1 study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant pfs25 and pvs25 formulated with montanide isa 51, a water-in-oil emulsion. | 2008 | 18612426 |
| evaluation of the function of a type i peritrophic matrix as a physical barrier for midgut epithelium invasion by mosquito-borne pathogens in aedes aegypti. | in addition to modulating blood meal digestion and protecting the midgut epithelial cells from mechanical and chemical damage, a biological function attributed to the mosquito type i peritrophic matrix (pm) is preventing or reducing pathogen invasion, especially from plasmodium spp. previously, we demonstrated that chitin is an essential component of the pm and is synthesized de novo in response to blood feeding in aedes aegypti. therefore, knocking down chitin synthase expression by rna interfe ... | 2008 | 18627241 |
| competency of anopheles stephensi mysorensis strain for plasmodium vivax and the role of inhibitory carbohydrates to block its sporogonic cycle. | despite the abundance of studies conducted on the role of mosquitoes in malaria transmission, the biology and interaction of plasmodium with its insect host still holds many mysteries. this paper provides the first study to follow the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium vivax in a wild insecticide-resistant mysorensis strain of anopheles stephensi, a major vector of vivax malaria in south-eastern iran. the study subsequently demonstrates that host-parasite sugar binding interactions are critical to t ... | 2008 | 18627630 |
| genistein-supplemented diet decreases malaria liver infection in mice and constitutes a potential prophylactic strategy. | in tropical regions millions of people still live at risk of malaria infection. indeed the emergence of resistance to chloroquine and other drugs in use in these areas reinforces the need to implement alternative prophylactic strategies. genistein is a naturally occurring compound that is widely used as a food supplement and is thought to be effective in countering several pathologies. results presented here show that genistein inhibits liver infection by the plasmodium parasite, the causative a ... | 2008 | 18628947 |
| imc1b is a putative membrane skeleton protein involved in cell shape, mechanical strength, motility, and infectivity of malaria ookinetes. | membrane skeletons are cytoskeletal elements that have important roles in cell development, shape, and structural integrity. malaria parasites encode a conserved family of putative membrane skeleton proteins related to articulins. one member, imc1a, is expressed in sporozoites and localizes to the pellicle, a unique membrane complex believed to form a scaffold onto which the ligands and glideosome are arranged to mediate parasite motility and invasion. imc1b is a closely related structural paral ... | 2008 | 18650444 |
| plasmodium yoelii sporozoites modulate cytokine profile and induce apoptosis in murine kupffer cells. | plasmodium sporozoites traverse kupffer cells on their way into the liver. sporozoite contact does not elicit a respiratory burst in these hepatic macrophages and blocks the formation of reactive oxygen species in response to secondary stimuli via elevation of the intracellular camp concentration. here we show that increasing the camp level with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-camp) or isobutylmethylxanthine (ibmx) also modulates cytokine secretion in murine kupffer cells towards an ... | 2008 | 18656478 |
| morphological sexual dimorphism in three species of anopheline mosquito larvae. | sexual separation at the larval stage in anopheline mosquitoes with the naked eye is difficult. we have identified distinguishing spots visible to the naked eye on the 6th abdominal segment of 3rd and 4th instars of anopheles stephensi, an. culicifacies, and an. subpictus. based on this feature, male and female larvae can be differentiated morphologically at 3rd and 4th instars of these species. this is the first report on these characteristic spots that may have a wide application for larval se ... | 2008 | 18666540 |
| insecticidal activity of valeriana jatamansi (valerianaceae) against mosquitoes. | a root extract of valeriana jatamansi (code bal-o) exhibited larvicidal and adulticidal activity against different mosquito species. the median lethal concentration (lc50) of bal-o against larvae of anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and culex quinquefasciatus were 68.1, 42.8, 51.2, 53.8, and 80.6 mg/liter, respectively. the lc50 and the 90% lethal concentration against adult an. stephensi, an. culicifacies, ae. aegypti, ae. albopictus, and cx. quinquef ... | 2008 | 18666542 |
| light-emitting diode technology improves insect trapping. | in a climate of increased funding for vaccines, chemotherapy, and prevention of vector-borne diseases, fewer resources have been directed toward improving disease and vector surveillance. recently developed light-emitting diode (led) technology was applied to standard insect-vector traps to produce a more effective lighting system. this approach improved phlebotomine sand fly capture rates by 50%, and simultaneously reduced the energy consumption by 50-60%. the leds were incorporated into 2 ligh ... | 0 | 18666546 |
| characterization of the multicopper oxidase gene family in anopheles gambiae. | the multicopper oxidase (mco) family of enzymes includes laccases, which oxidize a broad range of substrates including diphenols, and several oxidases with specific substrates such as iron, copper or ascorbic acid. we have identified five putative mco genes in the genome of anopheles gambiae and have cloned cdnas encompassing the full coding region for each gene. mco1 mrna was detected in all developmental stages and in all of the larval and adult tissues tested. we observed an increase in mco1 ... | 2008 | 18675911 |
| screening for antifeedant and larvicidal activity of plant extracts against helicoverpa armigera (hübner), sylepta derogata (f.) and anopheles stephensi (liston). | plant extracts, especially botanical insecticides, are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their use in plant protection. biological activity of five solvent plant extracts were studied using fourth instar larvae of gram pod borer helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae), cotton leaf roller sylepta derogata (lepidoptera: pyralidae) and malaria vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). antifeedant and larvicidal activity of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ... | 2008 | 18679716 |
| ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern tanzania. | the use of plant repellents against nuisance biting insects is common and its potential for malaria vector control requires evaluation in areas with different level of malaria endemicity. the essential oils of ocimum suave and ocimum kilimandscharicum were evaluated against malaria vectors in north-eastern tanzania. | 2008 | 18687119 |
| temperature shift and host cell contact up-regulate sporozoite expression of plasmodium falciparum genes involved in hepatocyte infection. | plasmodium sporozoites are deposited in the skin by anopheles mosquitoes. they then find their way to the liver, where they specifically invade hepatocytes in which they develop to yield merozoites infective to red blood cells. relatively little is known of the molecular interactions during these initial obligatory phases of the infection. recent data suggested that many of the inoculated sporozoites invade hepatocytes an hour or more after the infective bite. we hypothesised that this pre-invas ... | 2008 | 18688281 |
| mosquito larvicidal activity of oleic and linoleic acids isolated from citrullus colocynthis (linn.) schrad. | in mosquito control programs, botanical origin may have the potential to be used successfully as larvicides. the larvicidal activity of crude acetone, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of centella asiatica linn., datura metal linn., mukia scabrella arn., toddalia asiatica (linn.) lam, extracts of whole plant of citrullus colocynthis (linn.) schrad, and sphaeranthus indicus linn. were assayed for their toxicity against the early fourth instar larvae of cule ... | 2008 | 18688644 |
| analysis of the piggybac transposase reveals a functional nuclear targeting signal in the 94 c-terminal residues. | the piggybac transposable element is a popular tool for germ-line transgenesis of eukaryotes. despite this, little is known about the mechanism of transposition or the transposase (tpase) itself. a thorough understanding of just how piggybac works may lead to more effective use of this important mobile element. a psortii analysis of the tpase amino acid sequence predicts a bipartite nuclear localization signal (nls) near the c-terminus, just upstream of a putative znf (znf). | 2008 | 18694511 |
| mutational analysis of highly conserved aspartate residues essential to the catalytic core of the piggybac transposase. | the piggybac mobile element is quickly gaining popularity as a tool for the transgenesis of many eukaryotic organisms. by studying the transposase which catalyzes the movement of piggybac, we may be able to modify this vector system to make it a more effective transgenesis tool. in a previous publication, sarkar a, sim c, hong ys, hogan jr, fraser mj, robertson hm, and collins fh have proposed the presence of the widespread 'dde/ddd' motif for piggybac at amino acid positions d268, d346, and d44 ... | 2008 | 18694512 |
| responses of anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex pipiens mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to cool and humid refugium conditions. | like all terrestrial arthropods, mosquitoes must cope with the threat of desiccation. to gain insight into their survival strategies, we recorded the behavioral responses of anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex pipiens offered zones of different microclimatic conditions in laboratory cages. the cooled refugium was at 25.6 degrees c, 86% rh and the control was at 28.5 degrees c, 75% rh, i.e., a difference in saturation deficit of 3.9 mm hg between the two zones. we sho ... | 2008 | 18697317 |
| dark larva a new autosomal larval colour mutant in the malaria mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. | anopheles stephensi is an important urban malaria vector, which is widely distributed throughout the indian subcontinent. the said vector species has developed resistance to various insecticides and therefore, it is desirable to develop alternative strategies including genetic methods for its control. one of the requirements for such strategy is to establish morphological mutants and to establish the genetic basis of the same. such mutant markers could be used in the construction of genetically ... | 2007 | 18697577 |
| studies on mosquito larvicidal properties of eucalyptus citriodora hook (family-myrtaceae). | hexane extract obtained from leaves of eucalyptus citriodora hook was tested against larvae of anopheles stephensi liston, culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti linn to assess its toxicity and growth inhibiting activity. the results showed better activity of hexane extract against larvae of an. stephensi liston as compared to the larvae of cx. quinquefasciatus say and ae. aegypti linn. the lc50 values against ivth instar larvae of three species were 69.86, 81.12 & 91.76 ppm respectively a ... | 2007 | 18697593 |
| efficacy of culture filtrates of metarhizium anisopliae against larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. | efficacy of culture filtrates of five strains of metarhizium anisopliae isolated from insects were evaluated against anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. the culture filtrates released from the strains of m. anisopliae in the ypss and chitin broths were filtered and used for the bioassays after a growth of 7 days. among the culture filtrates of five strains, m. anisopliae 892 was found to be more effective against both the mosquitoes. the lc(50) values of culture filtrates of m. aniso ... | 2008 | 18709394 |
| distinct malaria parasite sporozoites reveal transcriptional changes that cause differential tissue infection competence in the mosquito vector and mammalian host. | the malaria parasite sporozoite transmission stage develops and differentiates within parasite oocysts on the anopheles mosquito midgut. successful inoculation of the parasite into a mammalian host is critically dependent on the sporozoite's ability to first infect the mosquito salivary glands. remarkable changes in tissue infection competence are observed as the sporozoites transit from the midgut oocysts to the salivary glands. our microarray analysis shows that compared to oocyst sporozoites, ... | 2008 | 18710954 |
| establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of african malaria vector ecology and control in tanzania. | medical entomologists increasingly recognize that the ability to make inferences between laboratory experiments of vector biology and epidemiological trends observed in the field is hindered by a conceptual and methodological gap occurring between these approaches which prevents hypothesis-driven empirical research from being conducted on relatively large and environmentally realistic scales. the development of semi-field systems (sfs) has been proposed as the best mechanism for bridging this ga ... | 2008 | 18715508 |
| an insight into the salivary transcriptome and proteome of the soft tick and vector of epizootic bovine abortion, ornithodoros coriaceus. | the salivary glands of blood-sucking arthropods contain a redundant 'magic potion' that counteracts their vertebrate host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. we here describe the salivary transcriptome and proteomics (sialome) of the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus. the resulting analysis helps to consolidate the classification of common proteins found in both soft and hard ticks, such as the lipocalins, kunitz, cystatin, basic tail, hebraein, defensin, til domain, metalloprotease, 5'-nuc ... | 2008 | 18725333 |
| viral paratransgenesis in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | paratransgenesis, the genetic manipulation of insect symbiotic microorganisms, is being considered as a potential method to control vector-borne diseases such as malaria. the feasibility of paratransgenic malaria control has been hampered by the lack of candidate symbiotic microorganisms for the major vector anopheles gambiae. in other systems, densonucleosis viruses (dnvs) are attractive agents for viral paratransgenesis because they infect important vector insects, can be genetically manipulat ... | 2008 | 18725926 |
| cyanobacterial toxins as allelochemicals with potential applications as algaecides, herbicides and insecticides. | cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") from marine and freshwater habitats are known to produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolites. however, the functional role of the vast majority of these compounds, particularly in terms of the physiology and ecology of the cyanobacteria that produce them, remains largely unknown. a limited number of studies have suggested that some of the compounds may have ecological roles as allelochemicals, specifically including compounds that may in ... | 2008 | 18728763 |
| attenuated plasmodium yoelii lacking purine nucleoside phosphorylase confer protective immunity. | malaria continues to devastate sub-saharan africa owing to the emergence of drug resistance to established antimalarials and to the lack of an efficacious vaccine. plasmodium species have a unique streamlined purine pathway in which the dual specificity enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pnp) functions in both purine recycling and purine salvage. to evaluate the importance of pnp in an in vivo model of malaria, we disrupted pypnp, the gene encoding pnp in the lethal plasmodium yoelii ym str ... | 2008 | 18758447 |
| reverse genetics screen identifies six proteins important for malaria development in the mosquito. | transmission from the vertebrate host to the mosquito vector represents a major population bottleneck in the malaria life cycle that can successfully be targeted by intervention strategies. however, to date only about 25 parasite proteins expressed during this critical phase have been functionally analysed by gene disruption. we describe the first systematic, larger scale generation and phenotypic analysis of plasmodium berghei knockout (ko) lines, characterizing 20 genes encoding putatively sec ... | 2008 | 18761621 |
| memory cd8 t cell responses exceeding a large but definable threshold provide long-term immunity to malaria. | infection of mice with sporozoites of plasmodium berghei or plasmodium yoelii has been used extensively to evaluate liver-stage protection by candidate preerythrocytic malaria vaccines. unfortunately, repeated success of such vaccines in mice has not translated readily to effective malaria vaccines in humans. thus, mice may be used better as models to dissect basic parameters required for immunity to plasmodium-infection than as preclinical vaccine models. in turn, this basic information may aid ... | 2008 | 18780790 |
| larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi (liston). | the present study was undertaken to test the efficacy of 11 commonly available medicinal plants and compare its efficacy in relation to larvicidal and mosquitocidal activities against larvae and adults of anopheles stephensi (liston). all the medicinal plants and the mixture were effective against larvae of a. stephensi as evidenced by low lethal concentration and lethal time. the lethality varied in adults and plant extracts of mixture; eucalyptus globulus, cymbopogan citratus, artemisia annua, ... | 2009 | 18787842 |
| transmission of different strains of plasmodium cynomolgi to aotus nancymaae monkeys and relapse. | forty-four splenectomized aotus nancymaae monkeys were infected with 6 different strains of plasmodium cynomolgi, 11 via trophozoites and 33 via sporozoites. sporozoites from anopheles dirus, anopheles freeborni, anopheles gambiae, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles stephensi resulted in prepatent periods ranging from 9 to 39 days (median of 15 days). importantly, relapse was demonstrated in 5 of 5 sporozoite-induced infections with the rossan strain following treatment with chloroquine. | 2009 | 18788885 |
| embryonic desiccation resistance in aedes aegypti: presumptive role of the chitinized serosal cuticle. | one of the major problems concerning dengue transmission is that embryos of its main vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti, resist desiccation, surviving several months under dry conditions. the serosal cuticle (sc) contributes to mosquito egg desiccation resistance, but the kinetics of sc secretion during embryogenesis is unknown. it has been argued that mosquito sc contains chitin as one of its components, however conclusive evidence is still missing. | 2008 | 18789161 |
| pcr-based detection of plasmodium in anopheles mosquitoes: a comparison of a new high-throughput assay with existing methods. | detection of the four malaria-causing plasmodium species (plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae) within their mosquito hosts is an essential component of vector control programmes. several pcr protocols have been developed for this purpose. many of these methods, while sensitive, require multiple pcr reactions to detect and discriminate all four plasmodium species. in this study a new high-throughput assay was developed and compared with three previous ... | 2008 | 18793416 |
| mediation of oviposition responses in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi liston by certain fatty acid esters. | the chemical factors involved in oviposition site selection by mosquitoes have become the focus of interest in recent years, and considerable attention is paid to the chemical cues influencing mosquito oviposition. studies on synthetic oviposition attractants/repellents of long-chain fatty acid esters against anopheles stephensi are limited. screening and identification of chemicals which potentially attract/repel the gravid females to/or from oviposition site could be exploited for eco-friendly ... | 2009 | 18795330 |
| comparative genomics of small rna regulatory pathway components in vector mosquitoes. | small rna regulatory pathways (srrps) control key aspects of development and anti-viral defense in metazoans. members of the argonaute family of catalytic enzymes degrade target rnas in each of these pathways. srrps include the microrna, small interfering rna (sirna) and piwi-type gene silencing pathways. mosquitoes generate viral sirnas when infected with rna arboviruses. however, in some mosquitoes, arboviruses survive antiviral rna interference (rnai) and are transmitted via mosquito bite to ... | 2008 | 18801182 |
| larval anopheline mosquito recta exhibit a dramatic change in localization patterns of ion transport proteins in response to shifting salinity: a comparison between anopheline and culicine larvae. | mosquito larvae live in dynamic aqueous environments, which can fluctuate drastically in salinity due to environmental events such as rainfall and evaporation. larval survival depends upon the ability to regulate hemolymph osmolarity by absorbing and excreting ions. a major organ involved in ion regulation is the rectum, the last region for modification of the primary urine before excretion. the ultrastructure and function of culicine larval recta have been studied extensively; however, very lit ... | 0 | 18805805 |
| transgenic rodent plasmodium berghei parasites as tools for assessment of functional immunogenicity and optimization of human malaria vaccines. | 2008 | 18806208 | |
| localisation of laminin within plasmodium berghei oocysts and the midgut epithelial cells of anopheles stephensi. | abstract: | 2008 | 18808667 |
| transformation of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi and generation of a stable fluorescent line pcgfpcon. | the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi has proven of great value in the analysis of fundamental aspects of host-parasite-vector interactions implicated in disease pathology and parasite evolutionary ecology. however, the lack of gene modification technologies for this model has precluded more direct functional studies. | 2008 | 18808685 |
| rapid identification of plasmodium-carrying mosquitoes using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | with an aim to develop a quick and simple method to survey pathogen-transmitting vectors, lamp (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) was applied to the identification of plasmodium-carrying mosquitoes, specifically a plasmodium-transmitting experimental model using rodent malaria parasite (plasmodium berghei) and anopheline mosquitoes (anopheles stephensi). the detection sensitivity limit of the lamp reaction amplifying the spect2 gene was determined to be 1 x 10(2) purified plasmodium parasi ... | 2008 | 18809384 |
| characterization and expression of the odorant-binding protein 7 gene in anopheles stephensi and comparative analysis among five mosquito species. | odorant-binding proteins (obps) are important molecular players in insect olfaction, which has a great influence on the host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes and other disease vectors. the mrna level of the anopheles gambiae obp7 gene (agam-obp7) is higher in the adult female antennae and is slightly reduced in the female heads after blood-feeding. here we report the cloning, sequencing, chromosomal mapping and transcript analysis of aste-obp7, the obp7 gene from the asian malaria mosquito anophe ... | 2008 | 18811600 |
| larvicidal and oviposition activity of cassia obtusifolia linn (family: leguminosae) leaf extract against malarial vector, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | the ethanolic leaf extract of cassia obtusifolia was investigated for their larvicidal and oviposition deterrence effects against anopheles stephensi. concentrations ranging from 25 to 125 mg/l were assessed at 24 h post-treatment against late third instar larvae. the leaf extract had significant larvicidal effect with lc(50) and lc(90) values were 52.2 and 108.7 mg/l, respectively. in oviposition behaviour study, four different concentrations ranging from 100 to 400 mg/l were studied against gr ... | 2009 | 18818950 |
| hyaluronidase of bloodsucking insects and its enhancing effect on leishmania infection in mice. | salivary hyaluronidases have been described in a few bloodsucking arthropods. however, very little is known about the presence of this enzyme in various bloodsucking insects and no data are available on its effect on transmitted microorganisms. here, we studied hyaluronidase activity in thirteen bloodsucking insects belonging to four different orders. in addition, we assessed the effect of hyaluronidase coinoculation on the outcome of leishmania major infection in balb/c mice. | 2008 | 18820742 |
| cloning and expression of bacillus thuringiensis cry11 crystal protein gene in escherichia coli. | the six most toxic pakistani isolates of bacillus thuringiensis (sbs bt-23, 29, 34, 37, 45 and 47), which were previously characterized for their toxicity against larvae of mosquito, anopheles stephensi, and the presence of cry4 gene, were used for cry11 (cry4d) gene amplification. a 1.9-kb dna fragment of cry11 gene was pcr-amplified, cloned in expression vector pt7-7, and then used for transformation of e. coli bl21c. the optimum expression was obtained with 1 mm iptg at 37 degrees c for 3 h. ... | 2009 | 18821029 |
| deforestation and vectorial capacity of anopheles gambiae giles mosquitoes in malaria transmission, kenya. | we investigated the effects of deforestation on microclimates and sporogonic development of plasmodium falciparum parasites in anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in an area of the western kenyan highland prone to malaria epidemics. an. gambiae mosquitoes were fed with p. falciparum-infected blood through membrane feeders. fed mosquitoes were placed in houses in forested and deforested areas in a highland area (1,500 m above sea level) and monitored for parasite development. deforested sites had higher ... | 2008 | 18826815 |
| gene structure and expression of nanos (nos) and oskar (osk) orthologues of the vector mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus. | the products of the maternal-effect genes, nanos (nos) and oskar (osk), are important for the development of germ cells in insects. furthermore, these genes have been proposed as candidates for donating functional dna regulatory sequences for use in gene drive systems to control transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. the nos and osk genes of the cosmopolitan vector mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus, encode proteins with domains common to orthologues found in other mosquitoes. expression analys ... | 0 | 18828840 |
| larvicidal activity of neem and karanja oil cakes against mosquito vectors, culex quinquefasciatus (say), aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi (l.). | larvicidal effect of neem (azadirachta indica) and karanja (pongamia glabra) oil cakes (individuals and combination) was studied against mosquito species. both the oil cakes showed larvicidal activity against the mosquito species tested. the combination of neem and karanja oil cakes in equal proportion proved to have better effect than the individual treatments. the combination of the two oil cakes recorded an lc95 of 0.93, 0.54 and 0.77% against the mosquitoes, culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aeg ... | 2008 | 18831329 |
| immunity in a variable world. | immune function is likely to be a critical determinant of an organism's fitness, yet most natural animal and plant populations exhibit tremendous genetic variation for immune traits. accumulating evidence suggests that environmental heterogeneity may retard the long-term efficiency of natural selection and even maintain polymorphism, provided alternative host genotypes are favoured under different environmental conditions. 'environment' in this context refers to abiotic factors such as ambient t ... | 0 | 18926975 |
| ddbj dealing with mass data produced by the second generation sequencer. | dna data bank of japan (ddbj) (http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) collected and released 2 368 110 entries or 1 415 106 598 bases in the period from july 2007 to june 2008. the releases in this period include genome scale data of bombyx mori, oryzas latipes, drosophila and lotus japonicus. in addition, from this year we collected and released trace archive data in collaboration with national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). the first release contains those of o. latipes and bacterial meta ge ... | 2009 | 18927114 |
| intra-specific variation of sperm length in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae: males with shorter sperm have higher reproductive success. | intra-specific variation in sperm length influences male reproductive success in several species of insects. in males of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae, sperm length is highly variable but the significance of this variation is unknown. understanding what determines the reproductive success of male mosquitoes is critical for controlling malaria, and in particular for replacing natural populations with transgenic, malaria-resistant mosquitoes. | 2008 | 18939985 |
| characterization of the 3-hkt gene in important malaria vectors in india, viz: anopheles culicifacies and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | the 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase (3-hkt) gene plays a vital role in the development of malaria parasites by participating in the synthesis of xanthurenic acid, which is involved in the exflagellation of microgametocytes in the midgut of malaria vector species. the 3-hkt enzyme is involved in the tryptophan metabolism of anophelines. the gene had been studied in the important global malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. in this report, we have conducted a preliminary investigation to characteriz ... | 2008 | 18949331 |
| effects of culture media on larvicidal property of secondary metabolites of mosquito pathogenic fungus chrysosporium lobatum (moniliales: moniliaceae). | in order to determine the potential role of secondary metabolites of chrysosporium lobatum as a biological control agent for mosquitoes, effects of culture media on the larvicidal property of secondary metabolites was evaluated. the secondary metabolites of c. lobatum released in the sabouraud's dextrose broth (sdb) and chitin broth (cb) were collected by filtering through whatman no. 3 chr filter after 7 days of growth. first, second and third instars of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefas ... | 2009 | 18951866 |
| gene disruption of plasmodium falciparum p52 results in attenuation of malaria liver stage development in cultured primary human hepatocytes. | difficulties with inducing sterile and long lasting protective immunity against malaria with subunit vaccines has renewed interest in vaccinations with attenuated plasmodium parasites. immunizations with sporozoites that are attenuated by radiation (ras) can induce strong protective immunity both in humans and rodent models of malaria. recently, in rodent parasites it has been shown that through the deletion of a single gene, sporozoites can also become attenuated in liver stage development and, ... | 2008 | 18958160 |
| reflections on early malaria vaccine studies, the first successful human malaria vaccination, and beyond. | advances towards protective vaccines against malaria were made feasible by the development of a rodent model of mammalian malaria that allowed production of all stages of the malaria parasite for study. investigations with sporozoites (the stage transmitted by mosquitoes in their saliva) demonstrated that immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites could produce a solid, sterile immunity, first shown in studies with mice and later with human volunteers. protective immune mechanisms involv ... | 2009 | 18973784 |
| a new method for forensic dna analysis of the blood meal in chagas disease vectors demonstrated using triatoma infestans from chuquisaca, bolivia. | feeding patterns of the vector are important in the epidemiology of chagas disease, the leading cause of heart disease in latin america. chagas disease is caused by the parasite, trypanasoma cruzi, which is transmitted by blood feeding insects. historically, feeding behaviours of haematophagous insects have been investigated using serological reactions, which have detection limits in terms of both taxonomic resolution, and quantity and quality of the blood meal. they are labor intensive, require ... | 2008 | 18974787 |
| proteomic profiling of plasmodium sporozoite maturation identifies new proteins essential for parasite development and infectivity. | plasmodium falciparum sporozoites that develop and mature inside an anopheles mosquito initiate a malaria infection in humans. here we report the first proteomic comparison of different parasite stages from the mosquito -- early and late oocysts containing midgut sporozoites, and the mature, infectious salivary gland sporozoites. despite the morphological similarity between midgut and salivary gland sporozoites, their proteomes are markedly different, in agreement with their increase in hepatocy ... | 2008 | 18974882 |
| injection of an. stephensi embryos to generate malaria-resistant mosquitoes. | the introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. this video protocol demonstrates a method used by the james laboratory to microinject dna constructs into anopheles stephensi embryos for the generation of transformed mosquitoes. techniques for preparing microinjection needles, collecting and preparing embryos and performing the microinjection are illustrated. | 2007 | 18979016 |
| full-malaria/parasites and full-arthropods: databases of full-length cdnas of parasites and arthropods, update 2009. | full-malaria/parasites is a database for transcriptome studies of apicomplexa and other parasites, which is based on our original full-length cdna sequences and physical cdna clone resources. in this update, the database has been expanded to contain the shogun sequencing for the entire sequences of 14,818 non-redundant full-length cdna clones from six apicomplexa parasites and 6.8 million of transcription start sites (tss), both of which had been produced by novel protocols using the oligo-cappi ... | 2009 | 18987005 |
| kinome-wide rnai screen implicates at least 5 host hepatocyte kinases in plasmodium sporozoite infection. | plasmodium sporozoites, the causative agent of malaria, are injected into their vertebrate host through the bite of an infected anopheles mosquito, homing to the liver where they invade hepatocytes to proliferate and develop into merozoites that, upon reaching the bloodstream, give rise to the clinical phase of infection. to investigate how host cell signal transduction pathways affect hepatocyte infection, we used rnai to systematically test the entire kinome and associated genes in human huh7 ... | 2008 | 18989463 |
| efficacy of bacillus sphaericus against larvae of malaria and filarial vectors: an analysis of early resistance detection. | we are reporting in this paper the control of anopheles stephensi liston and culex quinquefasciatus say using bacillus sphaericus. these have been now considered with a practical solution because of its specific and prolonged killing action against mosquito larvae. the efficacy of b. sphaericus were assessed against all instars of a. stephensi and c. quinquefasciatus separately. during the experiments, the mortalities were not found highly effective in dose concentration of lc(90) 0.01 mg/l. it ... | 2009 | 18989699 |
| molecular genetic manipulation of vector mosquitoes. | genetic strategies for reducing populations of vector mosquitoes or replacing them with those that are not able to transmit pathogens benefit greatly from molecular tools that allow gene manipulation and transgenesis. mosquito genome sequences and associated est (expressed sequence tags) databases enable large-scale investigations to provide new insights into evolutionary, biochemical, genetic, metabolic, and physiological pathways. additionally, comparative genomics reveals the bases for evolut ... | 0 | 18996342 |
| enhancing effect of a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph on recombinant protein production. | gene expression in animal cells allows large scale production of proteins used for either structure and function studies or therapeutic purposes. maximizing recombinant protein production is necessary to optimize cell growth and protein expression. some studies have demonstrated the presence of pharmacologically active substances in insect hemolymph. in this work, we have identified and purified a protein from lonomia obliqua hemolymph able to increase the production of the rabies virus glycopro ... | 2008 | 19003176 |
| observations on sporozoite detection in naturally infected sibling species of the anopheles culicifacies complex and variant of anopheles stephensi in india. | sporozoites were detected in naturally infected sibling species of the primary rural vector anopheles culicifacies complex in two primary health centres (phcs) and a variant of the urban vector anopheles stephensi in mangalore city, karnataka, south india while carrying out malaria outbreak investigations from 1998-2006. sibling species of an. culicifacies were identified based on the banding patterns on ovarian polytene chromosomes, and variants of an. stephensi were identified based on the num ... | 2008 | 19005232 |
| silencing of six hydrophobins in cladosporium fulvum: complexities of simultaneously targeting multiple genes. | in this study, we have constructed and expressed inverted repeat chimeras from the first exons of the six known hydrophobins of the fungus cladosporium fulvum, the causal agent of tomato leaf mold. we used quantitative pcr to measure specifically the expression levels of the hydrophobins. the targeted genes are silenced to different degrees, but we also detected clear changes in the expression levels of nontargeted genes. this work highlights the difficulties that are likely to be encountered wh ... | 2008 | 19011063 |
| expression of the cytochrome p450s, cyp6p3 and cyp6m2 are significantly elevated in multiple pyrethroid resistant populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from southern benin and nigeria. | insecticide resistance in anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. this is particularly true in benin where pyrethroid resistance has been linked to the failure of insecticide treated bed nets. the role of mutations in the insecticide target sites in conferring resistance has been clearly established. in this study, the contribution of other potential resistance mechanisms was investigated in anopheles gambiae s.s. from a number of localities in southern ben ... | 2008 | 19014539 |
| recombinant peptide replicates immunogenicity of synthetic linear peptide chimera for use as pre-erythrocytic stage malaria vaccine. | synthetic linear peptide chimeras (lpcs(cys+)) show promise as delivery platforms for malaria subunit vaccines. maximal immune response to lpcs(cys+) in rodent malaria models depends upon formation of cross-linkages to generate homopolymers, presenting challenges for vaccine production. to replicate the immunogenicity of lpcs(cys+) using a recombinant approach, we designed a recombinant lpc (rlpc) based on plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein-specific sequences of 208 amino acids consistin ... | 2009 | 19015042 |
| role for the plasmodium sporozoite-specific transmembrane protein s6 in parasite motility and efficient malaria transmission. | malaria transmission occurs by intradermal deposition of plasmodium sporozoites during the infectious bite of a female anopheles mosquito. after formation in midgut-associated oocysts sporozoites actively enter mosquito salivary glands and subsequently invade host hepatocytes where they transform into clinically silent liver stages. to date, two sporozoite-specific transmembrane proteins have been identified that perform vital functions in natural malaria transmission. the sporozoite invasin tra ... | 2009 | 19016774 |
| exploring the mialome of ticks: an annotated catalogue of midgut transcripts from the hard tick, dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae). | ticks are obligate blood feeders. the midgut is the first major region of the body where blood and microbes ingested with the blood meal come in contact with the tick's internal tissues. little is known about protein expression in the digestive tract of ticks. in this study, for analysis of global gene expression during tick attachment and feeding, we generated and sequenced 1,679 random transcripts (ests) from cdna libraries from the midguts of female ticks at varying stages of feeding. | 2008 | 19021911 |
| hiv protease inhibitors inhibit the development of preerythrocytic-stage plasmodium parasites. | recent studies have demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitors (pis) exert inhibitory effects on erythrocytic stages of the human-malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum in vitro and on erythrocytic stages of the rodent-malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi in vivo. although it remains unclear how hiv pis inhibit the parasite, the effect seen on parasite development in the erythrocytic stages is potent. the effect on preerythrocytic stages has not yet been investigate ... | 2009 | 19032102 |
| larvicidal activity of saraca indica, nyctanthes arbor-tristis, and clitoria ternatea extracts against three mosquito vector species. | screening of natural products for mosquito larvicidal activity against three major mosquito vectors aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus, and anopheles stephensi resulted in the identification of three potential plant extracts viz., saraca indica/asoca, nyctanthes arbor-tristis, and clitoria ternatea for mosquito larval control. in the case of s. indica/asoca, the petroleum ether extract of the leaves and the chloroform extract of the bark were effective against the larvae of c. quinquefasciatu ... | 2009 | 19039604 |
| enhanced immunogenicity of plasmodium falciparum peptide vaccines using a topical adjuvant containing a potent synthetic toll-like receptor 7 agonist, imiquimod. | plasmodium sporozoites injected into the skin by malaria-infected mosquitoes can be effectively targeted by antibodies that block parasite invasion of host hepatocytes and thus prevent the subsequent development of blood stage infections responsible for clinical disease. malaria subunit vaccines require potent adjuvants, as they lack known pathogen-associated molecular patterns found in attenuated viral or bacterial vaccines that function as toll-like receptor (tlr) agonists to stimulate dendrit ... | 2009 | 19047411 |
| strong alkalinization in the anterior midgut of larval yellow fever mosquitoes (aedes aegypti): involvement of luminal na+/k+-atpase. | recently, na(+)/k(+)-atpase has been detected in the luminal membrane of the anterior midgut of larval yellow fever mosquitoes (aedes aegypti) with immunohistochemical techniques. in this study, the possible involvement of this atpase in strong alkalinization was investigated on the level of whole larvae, isolated and perfused midgut preparations and on the molecular level of the na(+)/k(+)-atpase protein. ouabain (5 mm) did not inhibit the capability of intact larval mosquitoes to alkalinize th ... | 0 | 19048614 |
| evaluation and optimization of membrane feeding compared to direct feeding as an assay for infectivity. | malaria parasite infectivity to mosquitoes has been measured in a variety of ways and setting, includind direct feeds of and/or membrane feeding blood collected from randomly selected or gametocytemic volunteers. anopheles gambiae s.l is the main vector responsible of plasmodium falciparum transmission in bancoumana and represents about 90% of the laboratory findings, whereas plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale together represent only 10%. | 2008 | 19055715 |
| anopheles gambiae males produce and transfer the vitellogenic steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone to females during mating. | in female insects, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) plays a major role in activating vitellogenesis, a process required for egg development. by contrast with vertebrates, production of large amounts of hormonal steroids has not been reported in adult male insects. in the present study, we analyzed steroidogenesis in both male and female adult of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae and we found that a. gambiae male mosquitoes produce high amounts of the steroid hormone 20e. importa ... | 2008 | 19060216 |
| mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activity of protein of solanum villosum leaves. | mosquitoes are associated with the transmission of malaria, dengue, japanese encephalitis, filariasis and other viral diseases throughout the globe, apart from being a nuisance pest. biological control alone or as a part of integrated vector management stands to be a better alternative to the chemical controls aimed against pest mosquitoes. at the same time it is necessary to control bacteria by synthetic or natural means (plant products). hence the present study was designed to screen the effec ... | 2008 | 19061512 |
| the fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme fabi plays a key role in the development of liver-stage malarial parasites. | the fatty acid synthesis type ii pathway has received considerable interest as a candidate therapeutic target in plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage infections. this apicoplast-resident pathway, distinct from the mammalian type i process, includes fabi. here, we report synthetic chemistry and transfection studies concluding that plasmodium fabi is not the target of the antimalarial activity of triclosan, an inhibitor of bacterial fabi. disruption of fabi in p. falciparum or the rodent para ... | 2008 | 19064257 |
| type ii fatty acid synthesis is essential only for malaria parasite late liver stage development. | intracellular malaria parasites require lipids for growth and replication. they possess a prokaryotic type ii fatty acid synthesis (fas ii) pathway that localizes to the apicoplast plastid organelle and is assumed to be necessary for pathogenic blood stage replication. however, the importance of fas ii throughout the complex parasite life cycle remains unknown. we show in a rodent malaria model that fas ii enzymes localize to the sporozoite and liver stage apicoplast. targeted deletion of fabb/f ... | 2009 | 19068099 |
| laboratory evaluation of dimethyl phthalate against anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens. | two repellents includes iranian and merck dimethyl phthalate (dmp) were evaluated against anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens, using american society for testing and material (astm) standard ed 951-83 procedure, a free choice method based on the variable dose-fixed time. also a modified of astm method we used for determination of effective dosages of the repellents. in astm method there were no significant differences between the two repellents (iranian and merck's dmp) as indicated by the ed5 ... | 2007 | 19069857 |
| laboratory determination of protection time in four chemical repellents against anopheles stephensi. | in the present study we determined the protection time (pt) and failure time (ft) of the dmp lotion, which is synthesized and formulated in iran and it was compared with other products such as mip60 and dimp31.7 lotions (commercial and current formulations of dimethyl phthalate) and trench pomade (a popular local repellent in iran) against anopheles stephensi liston (main malaria vector in south of iran) in laboratory condition. in this research which is an interventional and experimental study, ... | 2007 | 19070088 |
| azithromycin-chloroquine and the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. | in the high malaria-transmission settings of sub-saharan africa, malaria in pregnancy is an important cause of maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity. intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (iptp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) reduces the incidence of low birth-weight, pre-term delivery, intrauterine growth-retardation and maternal anaemia. however, the public health benefits of iptp are declining due to sp resistance. the combination of azithromycin and chloroquine ... | 2008 | 19087267 |
| the role of anti-malarial drugs in eliminating malaria. | effective anti-malarial drug treatment reduces malaria transmission. this alone can reduce the incidence and prevalence of malaria, although the effects are greater in areas of low transmission where a greater proportion of the infectious reservoir is symptomatic and receives anti-malarial treatment. effective treatment has greater effects on the transmission of falciparum malaria, where gametocytogenesis is delayed, compared with the other human malarias in which peak gametocytaemia and transmi ... | 2008 | 19091042 |
| salivary gland transcriptome analysis during plasmodium infection in malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | understanding the tissue-specific molecular cross-talk mechanism during the mosquito-parasite interaction is of prime importance in the design of new strategies for malaria control. because mosquito salivary glands are the final destination for the parasite maturation and transmission of vector-borne diseases, identification and characterization of salivary genes and their products are equally important in order to access their effect on the infectivity of the parasite. during the last five year ... | 2009 | 19128996 |
| proteomic analysis of the mosquito aedes aegypti midgut brush border membrane vesicles. | we analyzed brush border membrane vesicle proteins from isolated midguts of the mosquito aedes aegypti, by two proteomic methods: two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing and sds-page) and a shotgun two-dimensional liquid chromatographic (ls/ls) approach based on multidimensional protein identification technology (mudpit). we were interested in the most abundant proteins of the apical brush border midgut membrane. about 400 spots were detected on 2d gels and 39 spots were cored ... | 2009 | 19133270 |
| plasmodium inui shortii: studies in old world and new world monkeys. | plasmodium inui shortti was studied in monkeys (66 macaca mulatta, 2 m. fascicularis, 12 saimiri boliviensis, 4 aotus lemurinus griseimembra, and 1 a. nancymaae). prepatent periods for 30 sporozoite transmissions by anopheles stephensi, an. dirus, and an. maculatus mosquitoes ranged from 10 to 48 days with a median of 15.5 days. in rhesus monkeys, mean maximum parasite counts for intact animals were 181,970/mul; for splenectomized animals, the mean maximum parasite count was 1,167,890/mul. | 2009 | 19141855 |
| distinct roles of plasmodium rhomboid 1 in parasite development and malaria pathogenesis. | invasion of host cells by the malaria parasite involves recognition and interaction with cell-surface receptors. a wide variety of parasite surface proteins participate in this process, most of which are specific to the parasite's particular invasive form. upon entry, the parasite has to dissociate itself from the host-cell receptors. one mechanism by which it does so is by shedding its surface ligands using specific enzymes. rhomboid belongs to a family of serine proteases that cleave cell-surf ... | 2009 | 19148267 |