Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| are nuclear particles specific for non-a, non-b hepatitis? | this study reports the findings of an electron microscopic search for so-called non-a, non-b nuclear particles in liver biopsies from patients with mainly chronic or prolonged liver disease and from chimpanzees. in patients without hepatitis b virus or acute hepatitis a virus serological markers, non-a, non-b-like nuclear particles were seen in hepatocytes in 28 of 31 cases of presumed non-a, non-b hepatitis, but also in 11 of 12 cases of liver disease not usually attributed to hepatitis viruses ... | 1983 | 6407955 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis in persistent carriers of hepatitis b virus. | there are reports in the literature that infection with hepatitis a virus in hepatitis b carriers can result in resolution of the carrier state. in an attempt to induce clearance of the carrier state of hepatitis b virus in two persistently infected chimpanzees, the chimpanzees were infused with documented non-a, non-b infectious material. biochemical and histopathological evidence of hepatitis was accompanied by the unique abnormalities of endoplasmic reticulum associated with non-a, non-b hepa ... | 1983 | 6408222 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis in chimpanzees: interference with acute hepatitis a virus and chronic hepatitis b virus infections. | two chimpanzees with persistent non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis were superinfected with marmoset-passaged ms-1 hav. two control chimpanzees were also infected with marmoset-passaged hav. neither animal with persistent nanb hepatitis developed elevated alanine aminotransferase (alt) activity, whereas both control chimpanzees exhibited alt elevations within 3 weeks after inoculation. in addition, both nanb-infected chimpanzees demonstrated a delayed anti-hav antibody response in which one animal fai ... | 1983 | 6408224 |
| evidence for a virus in non-a, non-b hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. | typical acute hepatitis was reproduced in a human volunteer immune to hepatitis a virus (hav) after oral administration of pooled stool extracts from presumed cases of epidemic non-a, non-b hepatitis. markers of hepatitis b infection, anti-hav igm, and increase in total anti-hav level were not detectable in the volunteer's sera during the course of infection. spherical 27- to 30-nm virus-like particles were visualized by immune electron microscopy (iem) in stool samples collected during preclini ... | 1983 | 6409836 |
| an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis in japan. | an epidemic of viral hepatitis was studied in the okitsu area of shimizu city in japan from april 1980 to november 1981. one hundred thirty-six serum samples from patients with viral hepatitis were tested for hepatitis b virus, hepatitis a virus, epstein-barr virus, and cytomegalovirus infection. immunoserological data showed the outbreak of viral hepatitis to be non-a, non-b hepatitis. epidemiological investigations revealed that the mode of the outbreak was from person to person by close conta ... | 1983 | 6414290 |
| [acute viral hepatitis in the florence area: i. epidemiologic study]. | the sera of 401 patients admitted to the department of infectious diseases [u.s.l. (unità sanitaria locale) 10 d] in florence in one year were screened for the presence of markers of hepatitis a and b viruses. on the basis of clinical and serological data, the diagnosis of viral hepatitis was confirmed for 302 patients. among the se, 73 (24.18%) were affected by hepatitis a, 182 (60.26%) by hepatitis b and 47 (15.56%) by nona nonb hepatitis. the prevalence of b nona nonb hepatitis in 133 drug ad ... | 1983 | 6416269 |
| prevalence and incidence of hepatitis a among male homosexuals. | in a study of 689 male homosexuals 290 (42%) were found to have antibodies to hepatitis a virus. the 399 men who did not have antibodies were followed up for up to 690 days, and 35 cases of hepatitis a were detected. the attack rate at the end of the study was 14%. the incidence climbed steadily, indicating that the cases of hepatitis a did not occur in clusters. statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus was significantly correlated with the duration of h ... | 1983 | 6416573 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis in palermo, western sicily. | aetiological studies were carried out on 407 cases of acute viral hepatitis during two consecutive years in two general hospitals in palermo, sicily. two hundred ninety-seven showed serological evidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and 73 of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection. of the remaining 37, two had a serologically diagnosed cytomegalovirus hepatitis, while 35 were classified as non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis. the frequency of the different major agents of acute viral hepatitis was n ... | 1983 | 6418855 |
| acute viral hepatitis in lebanon: evidence for a hav-like non-a non-b hepatitis. | ninety-three cases of acute viral hepatitis in adult lebanese patients were followed-up prospectively for a period ranging from 6 to 18 months. these included 33 hepatitis a (hav), 32 hepatitis b (hbv) and 21 non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb) cases. the clinical and seroepidemiologic characteristics of the three types were evaluated. hav was characterized by a short prodroma (less than 1 week) and a high igm level. hbv did not differ from similar cases reported in the western world except for a comp ... | 1984 | 6422181 |
| etiological spectrum of viral hepatitis and prevalence of markers of hepatitis a and b virus infection in north india. | the etiological spectrum of viral hepatitis and the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis a and b virus infection in healthy persons in north india were studied. hepatitis a virus was found to be the most common cause of acute hepatitis in children (67%). it was a less frequent cause of this disease in adults (14%). hepatitis a virus was only rarely the cause of acute (12%) and subacute (4%) liver failure. it was recorded as the etiological agent in an epidemic among schoolchildren. exp ... | 1984 | 6424958 |
| viral hepatitis and the anaesthetist. | viral hepatitis is a constant hazard to all operating room personnel. the anaesthetist should avoid contact with patients' blood and saliva as much as is possible. hepatitis a (hav) is spread mainly by faecal/oral contact. carriers are almost non-existent in this disease and the main importance to the anaesthetist is that he may contact a patient who is acutely infected or one who is incubating hav. diagnosis of postoperative hepatic dysfunction may then be a problem. prophylaxis with gamma glob ... | 1984 | 6426756 |
| present knowledge of viral hepatitis. | the term viral hepatitis refers to the diseases produced by at least three, and perhaps four or five aetiologic agents that differ in their virologic characteristics, ecologic mechanisms, epidemiologic patterns, and long term consequences. these divergences are now well-defined for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). hav is an rna virus dependent upon consecutive transmission in childhood, and is not associated with long term sequelae. in contrast, hbv is a dna virus capable of ... | 1984 | 6429053 |
| electron microscopic evidence of non-a, non-b hepatitis markers and virus-like particles in immunocompromised humans. | characteristic pathological alterations of the liver in chimpanzees inoculated with non-a, non-b hepatitis sera have been described, but no corresponding findings have been reported in humans. electron microscopic studies of the liver biopsy specimens of two homosexual patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, one without hepatitis (patient 1) and one with chronic active hepatitis in remission (patient 2), revealed the cytoplasmic tubular structures which are characteristic of chimpanze ... | 1984 | 6430774 |
| a sero-epidemiologic study of a water-borne epidemic of viral hepatitis in kolhapur city, india. | between february and march 1981 an epidemic of hepatitis occurred in kolhapur city, maharashtra state, india. approximately 1200 cases of jaundice were reported; more than 300 patients were hospitalized and three died. the epidemiological investigations showed a distinct concentration of cases in municipal ward e of the city. investigations of the ward e water supply system disclosed gross contamination of raw water with sewage at source. the serological studies revealed that the aetiological ag ... | 1984 | 6430994 |
| aspects of the ecology of viral hepatitis. | human viral hepatitis, a major public health problem throughout the world, is caused by several different viruses. hepatitis a virus is a member of the enterovirus genus. hepatitis b is as yet an unclassified dna virus. a number of unidentified viruses cause at least two different types of non-a, non-b hepatitis. the delta agent, which has been described more recently, is a transmissible agent which is dependent for its replication on a helper function provided by hepatitis b virus. aspects of t ... | 1983 | 6432521 |
| [epidemiology of non-a, non-b hepatitis]. | hepatitis non-a-non-b is a nosologically homogeneous group of diseases probably caused by different infectious agents. laboratory tests specific for these agents are not yet available. epidemiologically one has to distinguish occurence of the disease after transfusion and sporadically occuring disease. in addition, epidemics have been reported, which seem to be similar to hepatitis a virus infection in regard to epidemiological and clinical pattern. hepatitis non-a-non-b makes up for about 25% o ... | 1984 | 6436601 |
| [epidemiology of viral hepatitis in algeria]. | viral hepatitis is endemoepidemic in algeria. recent serologic and epidemiological surveys have specified the importance of a, b and non a non b viruses respectively and brought out some details. -- hepatitis a is very common: 96% of individuals have anti-hav antibodies. patients come into contact with the virus before the age of 10. no symptoms are found in 95% of cases. icteric hepatitis occurs in infants. -- hepatitis b infection includes 40 to 50% of icteric hepatitis in adults. clinical and ... | 1984 | 6438432 |
| [specific immunological profile of candidates for hepatitis a]. | blood samples were taken from 1,279 healthy adults for radioimmunological studies before their collective departure to an endemic area and received an administration of polyvalent immunoglobin for hepatitis a prophylaxis. on the 120th day, 1,220 subjects were in good health and their serum was studied again. hepatitis a was observed in 59 cases, confirmed either by the presence of virus in the stool or by the demonstration of anti-hav igm, when other causes of hepatitis had been excluded. the fo ... | 1984 | 6439093 |
| aetiology of acute sporadic hepatitis in adults in kenya. | markers for acute hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis non-a, non-b (hnanb) infections were examined in the sera of 94 patients presenting with acute hepatitis in kenya. hepatitis b virus was responsible for 70% of cases, hnanb for 18%, and hav for only 12%. the use of an igm anti-hbc assay increased the rate of diagnosis of acute hbv infection, thereby reducing the proportion of cases designated as nanb. | 1984 | 6439821 |
| [isolation of the influenza virus from ducks in the aral sea region]. | influenza a/duck/aralsk/1/78 virus was isolated from ducks in southwestern kazakhstan. typing of this virus neuraminidase indicated its appurtenance to the 2nd avian type. hemagglutinin of a/duck/aralsk/1/78 virus typed by the hi test showed no relationship with any one of the strains used in the test including h0, h1, h2, h3, hsw1, heq1, heq2, viruses and strains with all 10 avian hemagglutinins. this suggests that hemagglutinin of a/duck/aralsk/1/78 virus (hav?nav2) belongs to a new, hitherto ... | 1980 | 6449115 |
| glomerulonephritis associated with arteritis in marmosets infected with hepatitis a virus. | seven of 8 marmosets (saguinus oedipus and saguinus labiatus) injected i.v. with different inocula of hepatitis a virus isolated from patients in the acute phase of disease developed proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with arteritis. the glomerulonephritis was characterized by immunofluorescent and electron-dense deposits and hypercellularity. although no antigenic component of the glomerular immune complex was detected, this glomerulonephritis and arteritis may be diagnosed morphologic ... | 1981 | 6452891 |
| [studies on an outbreak of hepatitis a in an institution for the mentally retarded children]. | the outbreak of hepatitis a occurred in an institution for the mentally retarded children in bibai city. hepatitis a virus infection was observed in 50 of 144 children who were sensitive to hav (infection rate 34.7%). clinical findings and severe liver dysfunction were seen in 30 of 50 cases and the rate of apparent infection was 60.0%. the route of infection was thought to be water-borne in bathing or contact infection in each room. food-borne infection was excluded, as all children had eaten s ... | 1984 | 6479844 |
| wild malaysian cynomolgus monkeys are exposed to hepatitis a virus. | serum samples were obtained within 3 days of capture from 106 cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) in peninsular malaysia. fifty-two monkeys were trapped on the fringes of palm oil estates and 54 in dense primary jungle. sera were tested for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) with a commercial radioimmunoassay. twenty-four animals had detectable serum anti-hav activity (6 of 52 from palm oil estate sites and 18 of 54 from primary jungle sites). among monkeys at both sites, antibody preval ... | 1984 | 6486304 |
| patterns of childhood hepatitis in the nigerian african. | a total of 133 children aged between less than a month to 14 years presenting consecutively with hepatitis were prospectively studied over a 6-year period. most cases were acute and presented at the icteric phase. the peak incidence was in very young infants whose illness had to be differentiated from congenital biliary tract obstruction. the older children exhibited the usual manifestations of lethargy, anorexia and tenderness over the liver area to varying degrees. there were 2 cases of chroni ... | 1984 | 6536616 |
| viral hepatitis among parenteral drug addicts attending a danish addiction clinic. | 100 parenteral drug abusers attending an addiction clinic were studied for past or present infection with hepatitis a and b virus (hav and hbv) by sensitive serological assays for hepatitis b surface and e-antigen and antibodies to hbsag, hbeag, hbcag and hav. 44% of the individuals had past hav infection, which is 4 times as high compared to the general population in denmark. 83% had evidence of past or present hbv infection with no difference between men and women. this is 30 times higher than ... | 1983 | 6603653 |
| guillain-barré syndrome associated with acute hepatitis a. | a case of guillain-barré syndrome in a 49-year-old male is described. the syndrome presented as tetraplegia with sensory impairment and the pre-icteric phase of acute hepatitis a. both viral hepatitis and neurologic disturbances improved, although neurologic changes lasted for 3 months after the onset. ha igm antibody in cerebrospinal fluid was first manifest with onset of neurologic symptoms. on the basis of this finding and some reports in the literature it seems possible that the guillain-bar ... | 1983 | 6608463 |
| hepatitis, epidemiology and liver function in hemophiliacs in sweden. | the epidemiology of viral hepatitis and liver function were studied in a retrospective survey of 69 patients with moderate and severe hemophilia a and b, and with severe von willebrand's disease. forty-nine patients were on prophylactic self-therapy and 20 on episodic treatment by medical personnel. serologic markers of viral hepatitis (hbsag, anti-hbs, anti-hbc, anti-hav, and in some cases hbeag and anti-hbe) and liver function tests (asat, alat, igg) were followed for up to 12 years. there was ... | 1984 | 6610281 |
| serologic investigation of an outbreak of hepatitis a in a rural day-care center. | we studied an outbreak of hepatitis a in a day-care center in a rural community where less than 7 per cent of the population possessed anti-hav. serotesting for igm specific antibody to hepatitis a virus identified 78 cases in center attendees, staff, and families. thirty-five per cent of the center children were seropositive. in children under age three anicteric infection was at least 17 times more frequent than icteric infection, but in older children and adults icterus was a predominant mani ... | 1983 | 6614273 |
| increased occurrence of hepatitis a with cyclic outbreaks among drug addicts in a swedish community. | to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) among drug addicts, sera collected in a swedish city during a ten-year period from 234 drug addicts with acute hepatitis b were tested for anti-hav. the results were compared with the normal population, where only 3.8% of those born after 1950 were anti-hav-positive. in individuals born between 1941 and 1965, 8.2% in the normal population and 30.2% of the drug addicts were anti-hav-positive (p less than 0.001). the level o ... | 1983 | 6618674 |
| haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with hepatitis a virus infection. | 1983 | 6618848 | |
| hyperendemicity of viral hepatitis in the neapolitan area: an epidemiological study. | an epidemiological study was performed in order to evaluate the diffusion pattern and risk factors in an area of hyperendemicity of viral hepatitis in the neapolitan hinterland. eight hundred-fifty seven asymptomatic subjects, aged 10 to 65 years, who consecutively went to the public health office of the city of afragola to ask for a health certificate, were studied. they were interviewed with an epidemiological questionnaire and tested for a basic liver profile and serological markers of both h ... | 1983 | 6626321 |
| hepatitis a and hepatitis b virus infection in children and adolescents in north-east italy. | the sera of 722 children and adolescents without overt liver disease were tested for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antihbs and anti-hepatitis b core anti-hbc; 658 of the sera were also tested for anti-hepatitis a virus anti-hav. except for the "passive" antibody peak observed in babies, the anti-hav age-specific prevalence was negligible until the age of 3; it then increased, reaching 35% by the age of 15. serological evidence of hbv was present in 16% of the subjects: this prevalence was ... | 1983 | 6631426 |
| serologic markers of hepatitis b and a infections in the healthy population. | the prevalence of the serologic markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 200 healthy subjects. one hundred and seven persons (53.5%) were positive for at least one marker of hbv. the prevalence of each marker was: hbsag - 9.0%, anti-hbs alone - 2.0%, anti-hbc alone - 2.5%, anti-hbs and anti-hbc - 29.0%, hbsag and anti-hbc - 11.0%. evidence of a previous infection with hav was found in 155 persons (77.5%); three of them ... | 1983 | 6636535 |
| hepatitis a in swedish foreign travellers. | scandinavians present antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in low frequency or under 25% in ages up to 50 years. this means that scandinavians ought to be particularly vulnerable when travelling to hyperendemic hepatitis a areas. about one million swedes travel to the mediterranean area each year and about 75% of these travellers receive gammaglobulin before departure. since hepatitis a is a notifiable disease in sweden it is possible to compare the incidence of this disease in travellers ... | 1983 | 6653896 |
| the risk of hepatitis a virus infection for hospital staff. | the prevalence of antiha was assessed in 594 hospital employees and in control groups comprising 932 "healthy" adults not working in the hospital, selected from different socioeconomic classes. age specific antiha prevalence which was lower in doctors than in nurses and ancillary staff, was also found to be lower in each group than in the respective controls, matched according to socioeconomic criteria. it is concluded that in our population (i.e. high risk area) the hospital environment does no ... | 1983 | 6661287 |
| incidence of hepatitis a virus infection among japanese volunteers staying in developing countries. | incidence of hepatitis a virus infection was studied serologically in 260 adult males and females sent for volunteer service to developing countries from japan. among 225 initially seronegative subjects, 29 (12.9%) were seropositive to hepatitis a virus at their return from two year's overseas service. seroconversion occurred in none of 39 subjects who received two doses or more of prophylactic administration of human immunoglobulin. there were clinical records of acute non-b hepatitis in 10 sub ... | 1983 | 6663803 |
| hepatitis a virus antibody in chronic diffuse liver disease. | 175 patients with histological evidence of chronic diffuse liver disease, 67 patients with heart failure, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and 118 healthy adults under 30 years of age engaged in sports were studied for the prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody (anti-hav) by radioimmunoassay using a havab (abbott)-kit. infection with hepatitis-a virus is highly prevalent in hungary, anti-hav having been demonstrated in a very high proportion of controls as well as of patients. over the age of 40 ... | 1983 | 6669444 |
| antibodies directed against human liver specific membrane lipoprotein (lsp) in marmosets experimentally infected with the hepatitis a virus. | autoantibodies directed against liver plasma membrane antigens have recently been described in patients with acute viral hepatitis, type a (avh-a). to further investigate this phenomenon, the antibody against one such liver membrane antigen, liver specific membrane lipoprotein (lsp), was assayed in six marmosets orally inoculated with hepatitis a virus (hav). using a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique, anti-human lsp antibodies were detected in five of six animals. two peaks of 125i-hlsp bindi ... | 1984 | 6705267 |
| persistence of immunoglobulin m antibody to hepatitis a virus and relapse of hepatitis a infection. | 1984 | 6705773 | |
| delta infection among patients with chronic hepatitis b in the stockholm region. | the prevalence, epidemiology and consequences of delta infection were analysed in 60 patients attending the roslagstull hospital for infectious diseases, stockholm, sweden, between 1972 and 1982. all of the patients had biopsy-documented chronic hepatitis b. using radioimmunoassay techniques, sera from all patients were tested for antibodies to hepatitis a virus, for hepatitis b surface antigen and the corresponding antibody, for antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen, for hepatitis b e antigen ... | 1984 | 6706409 |
| pathology of hepatitis a infection in the owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus). | sequential liver biopsies of owl monkeys that had been experimentally infected with one of two strains of hepatitis a virus (hm-175 or pa-33) were examined for histopathologic alterations. preinoculation biopsies were normal with only occasional minimal mononuclear cell infiltrates in portal tracts and hepatic lobular parenchyma. histopathologic features that were present in biopsies taken during the period of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity (16-43 days after the intravenous ino ... | 1984 | 6711675 |
| serological markers of hepatitis a and b virus infection in overseas students. | serological markers of hepatitis a and b virus infection were determined by radioimmunoassay in 83 overseas university students. hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was detected in 8 students (9.6%), antibody to hbsag and/or antibody to hepatitis b core antigen in 38 (46%), and antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in 74 (89%). these prevalences of hepatitis a and b markers were significantly higher than those in japanese students. liver function tests were abnormal in 7 overseas students (8% ... | 1984 | 6719439 |
| acute hepatitis a infection in hepatitis b chimpanzee carriers. | two hepatitis b virus carrier chimpanzees which were superinfected with hepatitis a virus developed acute hepatitis followed by the production of antibodies to hepatitis a virus. the southern blot technique employed to monitor liver hepatitis b virus dna revealed that the amount of viral dna in both animals was significantly reduced during the acute phase of hepatitis a infection. the levels of plasma hepatitis b dna polymerase activity were also reduced in one chimpanzee. the high titers of hbs ... | 1984 | 6724518 |
| acquisition of antibodies to various coxsackie and echo viruses and hepatitis a virus in agricultural communal settlements in israel. | a seroepidemiological study was conducted to measure the antibody prevalence for eight different enteric viruses. these include seven "classical" enteroviruses, ie, coxsackie virus types a9, b1, b3, b4 and three echo virus types 4, 7, and 9, as well as hepatitis a virus (hav), recently classified as enterovirus 72. sera samples were obtained from 791 residents living in 29 agricultural settlements (kibbutzim) with a total population of 15,950. the results indicated that the acquisition of antibo ... | 1984 | 6747611 |
| [igm class antibodies against hepatitis a viruses in the differentiation of viral hepatitis]. | the sera of 64 patients with acute viral hepatitis which were previously hbsag negative by rpha were tested by ria methods for the presence of hbsag and anti-hbc, by eia method for hbc and anti-hbc and also by ria method for the presence of igm antibodies against hepatitis a virus. the pairs of sera were tested also for the presence of antibodies against cytomegalovirus and eb viruses. of the total of 64 patients, markers of fresh hb viral infection were proved in 5 patients, sera positive to ig ... | 1982 | 6765185 |
| multiple hepatitis attacks in drug addicts. | radioimmunoassays for detection of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody to hbsag (anti-hbs), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc), antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), and anti-hav of igm class were used to verify hepatitis a and hepatitis b infection in 33 drug addicts with multiple attacks of hepatitis. hepatitis a was confirmed serologically in 23 (32%) of 71 total hepatitis episodes, while hepatitis b was confirmed in 30 episodes (42%). the remaining 18 hepatitis epi ... | 1980 | 6766507 |
| hepatitis type a, b, and non-a non-b in fulminant hepatitis. | serological investigations for hepatitis b surface and e antigen, antibody to hepatitis b surface, core and e antigen and antibody to hepatitis a virus were carried out in 22 patients with fulminant hepatitis admitted to medical department a, rigshospitalet, copenhagen, in 1970-77. nine patients had hepatitis type b and four type a. one patient had evidence of both type a and b infection, whereas the remaining eight patients showed no evidence of type a or b infection. two of these had been trea ... | 1980 | 6767643 |
| etiological characterization of hepatitis b surface antigen-negative hepatitis among adult patients in athens, greece. | in a 4-month period, 216 cases of acute viral hepatitis were diagnosed in adults at the infectious diseases hospital, athens, greece. twenty-six percent of these were hepatitis b surface antigen negative. a full set of clinical specimens was obtained from 19 of these patients, who were studied in depth for the etiology of their hepatitis. a total of 7 of the 19 patients had serological evidence of hepatitis a virus infection, and 2 had evidence of recent hepatitis b virus infection. the remainin ... | 1980 | 6769949 |
| [prevalence of serological hepatitis a and b markers in bavarian blood donors (author's transl)]. | sera from 1966 bavarian blood donors were investigated by radioimmunoassay for serological markers of past hepatitis a and b infections. the prevalence of hepatitis a antibody increased with age and was higher in the urban than in rural populations. more than 80% of persons above 40 years of age had antibody whereas only few young adults showed previous exposure to hepatitis a virus. 20 of 1093 random persons (1.8%) were hbsag positive at first blood donation. in all age groups anti-hbc was the ... | 1980 | 6771630 |
| prevalence of type b and non-a, non-b hepatitis in hemophilia: relationship to chronic liver disease. | to assess the relationship of liver dysfunction and hepatitis markers in hemophilic patients treated with factor viii or ix concentrates, we studied 103 patients with hemophilia a and b for 6-36 mo. elevated serum alanine aminotransferase was noted in 79% of the patients, with 51% of the patients showing persistent elevation for longer than 6 mo. thirteen patients (12%) were hbsag-positive, with 8 patients showing persistence of hbsag and abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase for more than 6 m ... | 1980 | 6777232 |
| [acute non-a non-b viral hepatitis]. | thirty-one patients hbs ag negative seen between january 1978 and june 1980 were studied. twenty-four of them were males and seven females. their age ranged between 13 and 58 years. all of them were anti-hav igm negative. six patients presented simultaneously anti hbc and anti hbs in the two first weeks of the illness. this fact could be imputed to an acquired immunity due to a previous infection with virus b. none of the patients studied had evidence of infectious mononucleosis or cytomegalovir ... | 1980 | 6784431 |
| a non-a non-b hepatitis epidemic in a hb antigen-free haemodialysis unit. demonstration of serological markers of non-a non-b virus. | one hundred and thirty six patients receiving haemodialysis in a hb antigen-free unit were prospectively studied over a period of 29 months for evidence of hepatitis. twelve/one hundred and eleven patients who were dialysed in this unit for at least one month developed elevation of alt which proved to be related to neither toxic hepatitis nor hepatitis due to any of the following viruses: hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis a virus (hav), cytomegalovirus (cmv) or epstein-barr virus (ebv). therefo ... | 1980 | 6787582 |
| jaundice due to hepatitis a virus. | 1981 | 6788183 | |
| isolation of avian influenza virus in texas. | an avian influenza virus with surface antigens similar to those of fowl plague virus (hav 1 nav 2) was isolated in 1979 from 2 commercial turkey flocks in central texas. two flocks in contact with these infected flocks developed clinical signs, gross lesions, and seroconversion but yielded no virus. this was the first recorded incidence of clinical avian influenza in texas turkeys and only the second time that an agent with these surface antigens was isolated from turkeys in u.s. | 1981 | 6789814 |
| virological and serological study in children hospitalized for acute hepatitis (detection of hbsag, haag, anti-hav and specific igm-anti-hav). | serological methods were used to detect different markers of hepatitis a and b infection in a series of 36 children aged 3.5-13 years with acute viral hepatitis, hospitalized from august 1978 to october 1978. hepatitis a was verified serologically in 30 patients (83.3%) with the demonstration of specific igm-anti-hav. hepatitis b infection was serologically confirmed in only 2 patients (5.5%). after exclusion of hepatitis a and b as well as of hepatitis due to cytomegalovirus, leptospira and eps ... | 1981 | 6796547 |
| changing epidemiological characteristics of acute viral hepatitis in greece. | we have studied the epidemiological characteristics of acute viral hepatitis (avh) in adult patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital of athens in 1980. commercially available radioimmunoassays were used for the detection of the hepatitis b surface antigen, its antibody, the antibody to the core of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) and the igg and igm antibody to the hepatitis a virus (hav). hbv was responsible for 59.9%, hav for 20.4% and hepatitis non-a, non-b virus for the remaining 19. ... | 1982 | 6802765 |
| acute b viral hepatitis becomes fulminant after infection with hepatitis a virus. | 1982 | 6805759 | |
| [prevalence of non a - non b hepatitis in childhood (author's transl)]. | little is known from the literature about the epidemiology of non a - non b hepatitis (nanb/h) in childhood. aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of nanb/h in a consecutive series of children with acute viral hepatitis hospitalized over an one year's period. thirty children, 9 females, aged 3-12 years, were studied. serial blood samples were tested for hbsag, anti-hbs, anti-hbc, anti-hav (abbott ria), anti-hav-igm (absorption staph. aureus protein a), anti-ebv (immunofluorescence), ant ... | 1981 | 6806782 |
| simultaneous acute infections with hepatitis non-a, non-b, and b viruses. | a case of overt acute hepatitis acquired through accidental needle stick was reported. the episode of hepatitis was classified as non-a, non-b because no hepatitis b marker or igm-anti-hav was detected during the peak of hepatitis. concurrent with non-a, non-b hepatitis, subclinical acute hepatitis b virus infection might have developed as evidence by de novo hepatitis b seroconversion 6 weeks later. it was concluded that hepatitis b and non-a, non-b viruses can be transmitted simultaneous by th ... | 1982 | 6807662 |
| hepatitis a and non-a, non-b viral hepatitis in são paulo, brazil: epidemiological, clinical and laboratory comparisons in hospitalized patients. | during a 33-month period, 295 patients with acute viral hepatitis were admitted to a state hospital for civil servants and their dependents in são paulo, brazil. seventy-nine per cent (232) were hbsag negative. to define the contribution of non-a, non-b viral hepatitis to hepatitis morbidity in this population, further serological studies were performed in 147 confirmed hbsag-negative patients. one hundred and twelve (76%) were serologically classified as hepatitis a based on identification of i ... | 1982 | 6807794 |
| acute non-a, non-b hepatitis in norway. clinical, epidemiological, and immunological characteristics in comparsion with hepatitis a. | serological analysis by radioimunoassay of sera from 297 patients hospitalized with acute non-toxic hepatitis was used for classification according to virus etiology. radioimmunoassays included tests for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody to hbsag (anti-hbs), antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), anti-hav of igm class, and antibody against cytomegalovirus (gmv) and epstein-barr virus. one patient with a significant rise in anti-cmv antibodies was classified as having cmv hepatitis ... | 1982 | 6817410 |
| viral hepatitis. | three forms of viral hepatitis can be recognized: hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis non-a, non-b. hepatitis a is caused by a picornavirus, is transmitted by the faceal-oral route, does not become chronic, and no chronic virus carriers exist. the virus can be grown in cell cultures, and killed as well as live attenuated virus vaccines are under development. hepatitis b is caused by an enveloped virus containing a circular, double-stranded form of dna. the disease is transmitted parenterally ... | 1982 | 6817933 |
| hepatitis a virus infection. summary of discussion and statement of opinions on selected issues at an international workshop. | 1983 | 6840058 | |
| experimental infection of the new world owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus) with hepatitis a virus. | epidemiological studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of the owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus) to hepatitis a virus, but have not shown an association between infection and histopathological or chemical evidence of liver disease. therefore, 12 seronegative, colony-bred monkeys were inoculated intravenously with a fecal suspension containing either pa33 strain hepatitis a virus (a strain recovered from a naturally infected aotus sp.) or hm-175 virus (recovered from a human). viral antigen was ... | 1983 | 6840861 |
| hepatitis a infection in chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus. | by routine screening for serologic markers of hepatitis a and b in patients with acute hepatitis, 30 chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus with serologic evidence of acute hepatitis a and two patients with simultaneous acute infection with hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus were detected. for evaluation of clinical data, two major risk groups were distinguished. nine patients were drug addicts and 17 were children and young adults from mediterranean countries or southeast asia. during the a ... | 1983 | 6862364 |
| viral hepatitis and the drug cult: a brief socio-epidemiological study in sydney. | study of 141 individuals attending a sydney drug referral centre revealed considerable psychosocial maladjustment in the group. seventy-five per cent showed serological evidence of hepatitis b virus infection, past or present, as compared with 13% of control subjects. antibody to hepatitis b core antigen was found to be twice as frequent as a serological marker of hbv infection, as antibody to hepatitis b surface antigen. prevalence rates of antibody to hepatitis a virus were similar in the drug ... | 1980 | 6930205 |
| hepatitis a virus infection in taiwan. | 1980 | 6934257 | |
| viral hepatitis in dentists in norway. | exceptions have occurred to the generally reported high prevalence of viral hepatitis in dentists. thus a recent questionnaire survey (1) indicated a low risk of hepatitis in dental professionals in norway. the present supplementary study was based on frequencies of serological markers of viral hepatitis and disclosed an exposure rate to hepatitis b insignificantly higher than that of the general population. the frequency of antibody to hepatitis a virus was equal to that of the general populati ... | 1980 | 6937101 |
| a longitudinal study of hepatitis infection in an institution for the mentally retarded. | the natural history of hepatitis a and b infections in a large institution for the mentally retarded were studied over an eight year period. serum samples were obtained from most subjects on three occasions and tested for anti-hav, hbsag, anti-hbs and occasionally anti-hbc, by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. hepatitis a was found to have been a common infection was 74.8% of subjects having detectable levels of antibody. the virus does not appear to be endemic, as the prevalence of antibody in chil ... | 1982 | 6952837 |
| acute type b hepatitis among hbsag negative patients detected by anti-hbc igm. | a consecutive group of 169 patients with acute hepatitis found negative for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and negative for igm antibody against hepatitis a (anti-hav igm) was studied for presence of igm antibody against hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc igm) by elisa. anti-hbc igm was found in a total of 34 of 60 patients with detectable total anti-hbc. one hundred and nine patients had no detectable anti-hbc igm and no total anti-hbc and were thus considered as having acute non-a, non-b ... | 1982 | 6976301 |
| radioimmunoassay detection of igm antibodies to the hepatitis b core antigen in hbsag liver disease. | a radioimmunoassay is described for detection of igm antibody to the hepatitis b core antigen. the assay is based on the selective absorption of igm immunoglobulins from test serum by anti-igm fixed on a solid phase, followed by incubation with hbcag and radiolabeled anti-hbc of igg type. igm anti-hbc was found in high titers in all the patients with acute hepatitis b; in two of four patients whose acute hepatitis progressed to chronicity, igm anti- hbc disappeared in 4-6 months despite continui ... | 1982 | 6985422 |
| [sero-epidemiological studies on diffusion of viral hepatitis "a" and "b" in turin (italy) (author's transl)]. | the age-prevalence of antibodies directed against the hepatitis viruses a (anti-hav) and b (anti-hbs and anti-hbc) has been studied in an open sample of population of turin (italy), made up by 680 persons. is has been shown that all three types of antibodies are present at birth, thast they progressively decrease and than again raise, from 6-10 years of age, up to 70-75%, 35% and about 40% in adults, respectively for anti-hav, anti-hbs and anti-hbc. a further peak over 97% after 40 years for ant ... | 1981 | 7027979 |
| fulminant type a viral hepatitis in a chimpanzee. | a case of a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis caused by spontaneous hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was reported. the liver at autopsy revealed massive liver cell necrosis with mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. aggregation of hav-like particles (22-25 nm in diameter) were found within the vesicles of hepatocytes under the electron microscope. immunofluorescent examination of the liver showed positive staining for hav antigen, c1q, c3, c4, immunoglobulin m (igm), and immuno ... | 1982 | 7041511 |
| [infections caused by hepatitis virus a and b in hospital personnel. prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis virus a, hbsag, anti-hbs and anti-hbc]. | in order to evaluate the risk of hepatitis a and b virus infection among hospital staff in our area, 584 medical and paramedical employees of the hospital of ferrara (italy) were studied for the presence of anti-hav, hbsag, anti-hbs and anti-hbc serum. hav infection was found to be less frequent among medical and nursing staff than the general population, matched for age (78.6% vs 72.2%) indicating that hav spread within the hospital is irrelevant. however, the evidence of hbv infection is highe ... | 1981 | 7041833 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in a normal population and some selected groups of patients in norway. | the prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies was tested by radioimmunoassay in norway in healthy blood donors, in patients without clinical signs of liver diseases and in two selected groups of patients. the presence of hepatitis a antibodies was highly age-dependent in 625 normal persons. a major reduction occurred from 50 per cent or more in those born before 1938 to 10 per cent or less among those born after 1943. the decline of hepatitis a antibody prevalence was correlated to the history ... | 1982 | 7058777 |
| hepatitis a virus infection in households. | the behavior of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among 980 members of 230 families in two rural districts of costa rica was studied prospectively from the recognition of the index case. the initial prevalence of detectable antibody (anti-hav) ranged from 26.2% in children to 71.4% in adults. the ratio of index to household-associated infections was significantly higher among children than among adolescents and adults, indicating that children were most often responsible for the hav introduction ... | 1982 | 7072704 |
| cryoglobulinemia in acute type-a hepatitis. | serum cryoglobulins were detected in 18 of 19 patients with type-a, and six of eight with type-b hepatitis. the predominant immunoglobulin in the cryoprecipitates was polyclonal igm. patients with type-a hepatitis had a significantly higher mean serum level of cryoglobulins when compared to those with type-b (106.9 vs. 20.5 micrograms/ml). igm anti-hepatitis-a virus activity was detected in all cryoprecipitates obtained from hepatitis-a patients. cryoglobulinemia in these patients was transient, ... | 1982 | 7083634 |
| clinical characteristics and response to therapy in egyptian children heavily infected with schistosoma mansoni. | forty-one egyptian schoolchildren (36 boys and five girls; age, 12-16 years) who were heavily infected with schistosoma mansoni were studied. symptomatic subjects had swimmer's itch and hematochezia. hepatomegaly was found in 39 and splenomegaly in 31 children. all subjects had eosinophilia, 13 had anemia, 31 had elevated levels of serum globulins, and nine had elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. all but one subject had antibody to hepatitis a virus, and 26 had antibody to hepatitis b core ... | 1982 | 7086203 |
| [role of the water factor in the transmission of the hepatitis a virus]. | 1982 | 7101795 | |
| guillain-barré syndrome associated with hepatitis a in a male homosexual. | 1982 | 7104658 | |
| antibody to hepatitis a virus in young inmates. | 1982 | 7108284 | |
| nosocomial hepatitis a transmission by an adult patient with diarrhea. | hepatitis a occurred in five registered nurses, a licensed practical nurse, and a recently discharged patient at a community hospital; one of these seven was asymptomatic. all had been exposed to a woman with confirmed hepatitis a who had undergone elective cholecystectomy and who had had vomiting, diarrhea, and fecal incontinence during the eight days before onset of jaundice. of the 107 hospital workers identified as having at least some exposure to the source patient, 58 (54.2 percent) had no ... | 1982 | 7114079 |
| hepatitis virus infection in flying airline personnel. | sera of 1126 flying personnel of an airline were tested for signs of ongoing or past infections with hepatitis b virus (hbv) or with hepatitis a virus (hav). the prevalence of anti-ha antibodies was similar in all professional categories of flying personnel and the same or slightly lower than in swiss blood donors. the frequency of immune markers identifying hbv immunity was similar in pilots, flight-engineers, and female flight attendants compared to swiss blood donors. however, hbv immunity wa ... | 1982 | 7115245 |
| [results from the hepatitis a-virus diagnostic of the hygiene-institut in tübingen]. | the age-specific and seasonal distribution of serologically confirmed hepatitis a-cases in the area of tübingen in southern germany is reported. during 1978-1980 most of the hepatitis a-cases diagnosed by high anti-hav-igm titers occurred from september to december. the age distribution of patients with german names showed two age-related peaks, the first one in young children 5-10 years of age and a second one in young adults between 20-30 years. in patients with names suggesting mediterranean ... | 1982 | 7124159 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a in iceland in relation to age, sex, and number of notified cases of hepatitis. | the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was investigated in 623 outpatients in iceland. no difference in anti-hav prevalence according to sex or rural vs. urban residence was found. the prevalence rates in different age groups were found to be comparable to those in the scandinavian countries, increasing from 1.6% (1/63) in persons below 20 years of age to 66% (51/77) in persons above 60 years of age. the numbers of notified cases of hepatitis (epidemic jaundice) in iceland du ... | 1982 | 7124712 |
| virus antibodies in the serum of patients with liver disease. | two hundred and twenty-six patients suspected of having liver disease were examined clinically, by a liver biopsy and laboratory test, according to a prospective scheme. blood samples obtained just before the liver biopsy were coded and subsequently examined blindly, using the complement fixation test (cft). the antigens were influenza a and b viruses, parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial viruses, varicella, morbilli, cytomegalo and herpes simplex viruses. the sera were also examined ... | 1982 | 7134837 |
| an epidemic outbreak of hepatitis a among homosexual men in stockholm. hepatitis a, a special hazard for the male homosexual subpopulation in sweden. | in 1979-1980, a distinct outbreak of hepatitis a occurred among homosexual men in stockholm, sweden, city and county area. the epidemic comprised 145 known cases. it began in december 1979 and progressed in waves during the following 10 months, with three distinct peaks separated by about six-week intervals. actually, the incidence of hepatitis a in the stockholm area showed a fivefold increase during 1980 as compared to the previous year. clinical serologic, and social characteristics were stud ... | 1982 | 7137147 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus in a canadian inuit community. | to determine the prevalence of hepatitis a in a canadian inuit population, serum from 85% of the 850 inhabitants of baker lake, northwest territories, was tested by radioimmunoassay for antibody to the hepatitis a virus (anti-hav). the overall prevalence of anti-hav in the community was 71%. exposure to the virus occurred early in life, such that by the age of 6 years 53% of the children had anti-hav in their serum. the rate approached 100% by the age of 50 years. these findings document the ubi ... | 1982 | 7139503 |
| serodiagnosis of acute hepatitis b virus infection by a modified competitive binding radioimmunoassay. | using the staphylococcus aureus absorption method, we have modified a commercial radioimmunoassay kit for the determination of total antibody to hepatitis b core antigen so that we can now determine the predominant globulin species of that antibody. one-hundred percent of acute hepatitis b sera had a predominance of immunoglobulin m antibody to hepatitis b core antigen, whereas immunoglobulin g antibody to hepatitis b core antigen was predominant in 98.2% of chronic hepatitis b surface antigen c ... | 1982 | 7153350 |
| hepatitis virus infection in an isolated canadian inuit (eskimo) population. | the epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection was studied in a northern canadian inuit (eskimo) settlement. sera from 720 of the 850 inhabitants of baker lake, canada, were tested for markers of hav and hbv infection. anti-hav was present in 71% of the residents and its prevalence increased with age. serologic evidence of hbv infections was found in 27% of residents. the prevalence increased with age, being uncommon under the age of 20 (6%) and almost universa ... | 1982 | 7161596 |
| antibody to hepatitis b virus surface and core antigens in gambia pouched rats (cricetomys gambianus). | sera from 108 cricetomys gambianus (gambia pouched rat) were investigated for hbv and hav serum markers. 42.6% of them evidenced anti-hbs and 12.0% anti-hbc. hbs ag was never detected. the most probable hypothesis is that these animals were infected with a new virus related to hbv. | 1982 | 7184516 |
| [neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies to avian influenza virus subtypes in human sera (author's transl)]. | 400 human sera were tested both in hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and neuraminidase inhibition (ni) tests for antibodies to avian and animal influenza virus subtypes. in the h1 test we only found antibodies to the avian subtype hav 7 and the animal subtypes hsw 1 and heq 2 whereby the latter was mainly demonstrated in elderly persons 60 to 100 years old. the findings of hav 7 are due to h 3 antibodies and reflect the relationship between both antigens. in the ni test we obtained positive resul ... | 1981 | 7198360 |
| [incidence of hav and hbc antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis]. | 156 patients with chronic hepatitis were studied in rosario, argentina. 98 patients were hbsag positive (group i) and 58 patients were negative (group ii). 209 normal volunteer blood donors served as controls (group iii). in all cases the presence of anti-hav was sought by ria and was found in 92% of cases in group i, 91% in group ii and 82% in group ii patients. in groups ii and iii we also determined the presence of anti-hbcag by ria being positive in 65% and 15% respectively (p less than 0.01 ... | 1980 | 7211130 |
| antibody to hepatitis b core antigen in blood donors with a history of hepatitis. | sera and questionnaires from 3,230 prospective u.s. volunteer blood donors were obtained in an earlier study to determine the prevalence of serologic markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) among prospective blood donors with or without a history of either hepatitis or blood transfusion. these sera were reevaluated using a radioimmunoassay for antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc). anti-hbc in the absence of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) or its antibody (an ... | 1981 | 7233523 |
| antibodies to hepatitis a virus in immune serum globulin. | two hundred one immune serum globulin (isg) lots manufactured in the us between 1967 and 1977 were tested for antibodies to the hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) by a competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay (ria); a lesser number were also tested by immune adherence hemagglutination (iaha). the percentage of isg lots that contained anti-hav with a titer of 1:100 or greater by ria was 50% for those manufactured in 1967, 69% for those manufactured in 1972, and 100% for those manufactured in 1977. the p ... | 1981 | 7241098 |
| hbv and hav infection in chronic hepatitis in argentina. | sera of 155 chronic hepatitis (ch) patients in argentina were tested for the presence of hbsag, anti-hbs, anti-hbc, and anti-hav. our purpose was to define the role that both virus a and b might play in the etiology and pathogenesis of this condition. the patients were divided into two groups: group i (57) hbsag-negative; group ii (98) hbsag-positive. the control group consisted of 1,209 healthy blood donors from banco central de sangre de rosario; 286/1,209 (24%) had viral markers for hbv. in g ... | 1981 | 7241099 |
| infectious liver diseases in three groups of copenhagen workers: correlation of hepatitis a infection to sewage exposure. | three groups of copenhagen municipality male employees-77 sewer workers, 81 gardeners, and 79 clerks-matched for age and duration of employment, were studied for clinical and serological evidence of infection with viral hepatitis types a and b and pathogenic leptospires. "antibody against hepatitis a virus" (anti-hav) was found significantly more often among sewer workers (80.5%), than among gardeners (60.5%) or clerks (48.1%). the anti-hav prevalence rates correlated with age rather than durati ... | 1981 | 7247461 |
| study of 90 hepatitis b surface antigen carriers in israel. | a study of 90 asymptomatic hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) carriers in jerusalem showed a predominance of males over females (4:1) and of north african jews over jews of european or american origin. the predominance of males remained apparent, but was not significant, when origin was controlled. possible sources of infection were contact with jaundiced patients (29%), dental treatment (58%) and drug addiction (8%). fifty-one percent had hepatitis b core antibody (anti-hbc) of the igm class, ... | 1981 | 7263200 |
| [hepatitis a antibody: placental transmission and disappearance in the first year of life (author's transl)]. | sera of 114 mothers and their newborn (cord blood) were tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) by a competitive solid phase radioimmunoassay. antibodies were detectable in 80 pairs of sera but not in another 31 pairs. 3 newborns proved to be anti-hav positive, while their mothers had not detectable antibodies. 72 infants could be followed up for about one year. the disappearance of antibodies occurred between the first and 14th month of life. 50% of the tested infa ... | 1981 | 7289448 |
| a virologically studied epidemic of type a hepatitis in a school for the mentally retarded. | the occurrence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a small boarding school for mildly to moderately mentally retarded children in umka, yugoslavia, in the spring of 1979, six years after the last recognized occurrence, provided an opportunity to study the spread of the agent among 79 classroom and dormitory contacts. only 51% of those who had entered subsequent to the prior outbreak had detectable antibody (anti-hav) with immunoglobulin g predominance, and the proportion within the first six ... | 1981 | 7304561 |