Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| infectious bronchitis virus: s1 gene characteristics of vaccines used in china and efficacy of vaccination against heterologous strains from china. | the entire s1 protein genes of eight infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccine strains used in china were compared with those of the ib virus isolates present in the field in china. the nucleotide and amino acid similarities between the eight ib vaccine strains and the field strain, tl/ch/ldt3/03, which was isolated from a teal (anas sp.), were not more than 81.1% and 79.2%, respectively. phylogenetic analysis based on the s1 genes showed that the vaccines and field strains belonged to different cluste ... | 2006 | 16990149 |
| transcriptional regulation of rna3 of infectious bronchitis virus. | 2006 | 17037515 | |
| expression and structural analysis of infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein. | 2006 | 17037519 | |
| the transmembrane domain of the infectious bronchitis virus e protein is required for efficient virus release. | 2006 | 17037529 | |
| fluorescence dequenching assays of coronavirus fusion. | 2006 | 17037536 | |
| avian infectious bronchitis virus enters cells via the endocytic pathway. | 2006 | 17037550 | |
| three-dimensional reconstruction of the nucleolus using meta-confocal microscopy in cells expressing the coronavirus nucleoprotein. | 2006 | 17037551 | |
| infectious bronchitis coronavirus induces cell-cycle perturbations. | 2006 | 17037559 | |
| genes 3 and 5 of infectious bronchitis virus are accessory protein genes. | 2006 | 17037560 | |
| phylogenetic analysis of partial s1 and n gene sequences of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from italy revealed genetic diversity and recombination. | a total of ten infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates collected from commercial chickens in italy in 1999 were characterized by rt-pcr and sequencing of the s1 and n genes. phylogenetic analysis based on partial s1 gene sequences showed that five field viruses clustered together with 793/b-type strains, having 91.3-98.5% nucleotide identity within the group, and one isolate had very close sequence relationship (94.6% identity) with 624/i strain. these two ibv types have been identified in it ... | 2007 | 17043759 |
| characterisation of the rna binding properties of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein amino-terminal region. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein binds viral rna to form the ribonucleocapsid and regulate rna synthesis. the interaction of n protein with viral rna was investigated using circular dichroism and surface plasmon resonance. n protein underwent a conformational change upon binding viral rna and the data indicated electrostatic interactions were involved in the binding of the protein to rna. kinetic analysis suggested the amino-terminal region facilitates long-range non-specific interaction ... | 2006 | 17052713 |
| capillary zone electrophoresis method for fingerprint of allantoic fluid in normal and infected spf embryonated chicken eggs. | a capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for fingerprint determination of allantoic fluid in specific pathogen free (spf) embryonated chicken eggs. the effects of some crucial parameters, such as buffer type, ph, wavelength and running voltage on the separation were studied systematically. the components of the allantoic fluid were well separated using a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an effective length of 50 cm and an internal diameter of 50 microm. one hundred millimolars s ... | 2007 | 17055591 |
| epidemiological and experimental evidence for immunodeficiency affecting avian infectious bronchitis. | we evaluated the effects of viral immunodeficiency on the outcome of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection in chickens as a hypothetical cause for failure of adequate protection in vaccinated chickens. initially, we investigated ibv isolations from cases of respiratory disease in association with the presence of thymic and/or bursal atrophy in 322 submissions during 1997 to 2002. arkansas (ark)-type ibv was most frequently isolated in spite of extensive arkdpi vaccination in the broiler in ... | 2006 | 17121734 |
| diseases of indigenous chickens in bokaa village, kgatleng district, botswana. | this study examined flock size and management, level of internal and external parasite burden and seroprevalence of antibodies to poultry pathogens in indigenous chickens in bokaa village, kgatleng district, botswana. the mean flock size was 22.6 +/- 6.85 with a range of 11-34. the mean body weights of cocks and hens were 2.28 +/- 0.56 kg and 1.70 +/- 0.38 kg, respectively. housing and commercial poultry feed were not provided. ascaridia galli, heterakis gallinarum and syngamus trachea were foun ... | 2006 | 17137053 |
| infectious bronchitis virus serotypes in poultry flocks in jordan. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory disease in chickens all over the world. ibv has many serotypes that do not confer cross protection against each other. hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test has been used to determine the serotypes of ibv as a substitute to the more laborious virus neutralization test and the more sophisticated restriction endonuclease digestion or sequencing of the s1 gene. in jordan, no previous studies have been carried out to determine the involvement of i ... | 2007 | 17161477 |
| comparative histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (t and n1/88) in laying hens and cockerels. | the comparative and sequential histopathology of different tissues of unvaccinated laying hens and cockerels were studied in chickens exposed to t and n1/88 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the harderian gland and trachea of hens and cockerels in both t- and n1/88-infected groups were damaged to a similar extent. the cecum was unaffected for both strains of ibv in both hens and cockerels. the sequential histopathological changes in hens revealed that ibv multiplies initially in the h ... | 2007 | 17179415 |
| histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in laying hens vaccinated in the rearing phase. | the comparative histopathology of 2 different strains of infectious bronchitis virus (t and n1/ 88) in vaccinated hens was studied at 110 wk of age. the harderian gland showed similar histopathology in t- and n1/88-infected hens. the trachea and kidney of challenged vaccinated hens were protected to a moderate extent, but the oviduct was protected to only a small extent. the severity and persistence of lesions were greater in tubular shell gland, shell gland pouch, and kidney of the t-infected h ... | 2007 | 17179416 |
| preliminary crystallographic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus main protease. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the prototype of the genus coronavirus. it causes a highly contagious disease which affects the respiratory, reproductive, neurological and renal systems of chickens, resulting great economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. the coronavirus (cov) main protease (m(pro)), which plays a pivotal role in viral gene expression and replication through a highly complex cascade involving the proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins, is an attractive t ... | 2007 | 17183167 |
| transcriptome of local innate and adaptive immunity during early phase of infectious bronchitis viral infection. | to understand the mechanistic basis of local innate and adaptive immunity against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) at the molecular level, we examined the gene transcription profile of tracheal epithelial layers 3 d after infection of chickens with an attenuated ibv-massachusetts strain. results suggested that the transcription levels of 365 genes were either upregulated or downregulated (2-fold and higher) after ibv infection. among the upregulated 250 genes, 25 were directly immune-related ge ... | 2006 | 17201672 |
| characterization of the nuclear export signal in the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleolus and contains an eight-amino-acid nucleolar retention motif. in this study, a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (nes) (291-lqldglhl-298) present in the c-terminal region of the ibv n protein was analyzed by using alanine substitution and deletion mutagenesis to investigate the relative contributions that leucine residues make to nuclear export and where these residues are located on the str ... | 2007 | 17202223 |
| ribonucleocapsid formation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus through molecular action of the n-terminal domain of n protein. | conserved among all coronaviruses are four structural proteins: the matrix (m), small envelope (e), and spike (s) proteins that are embedded in the viral membrane and the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (n), which exists in a ribonucleoprotein complex in the lumen. the n-terminal domain of coronaviral n proteins (n-ntd) provides a scaffold for rna binding, while the c-terminal domain (n-ctd) mainly acts as oligomerization modules during assembly. the c terminus of the n protein anchors it to the vir ... | 2007 | 17229691 |
| molecular analysis of brazilian infectious bronchitis field isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and partial sequencing of the n gene. | molecular analysis of 15 brazilian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates, obtained from clinical outbreaks of the disease in chickens (broilers or layers) in the state of minas gerais (brazil) between 1972 and 1989, is reported. using the n protein gene as target, ibvs were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (rt-pcr/rflp) with the restriction enzymes avaii, hphi, sau96i, and tsp509i and cdna sequencing. results obtained from ... | 2006 | 17274284 |
| epididymal stone formation and decreased sperm production in roosters vaccinated with a killed strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus. | our objective was to determine if vaccination with killed avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) causes epididymal calcium stones in the rooster as is seen following vaccination with live attenuated aibv. specific-pathogen-free roosters were divided into three groups: nonvaccinated (nonvac), live attenuated aibv-vaccinated (lvac), and killed aibv-vaccinated (kvac) groups. roosters were vaccinated at 2, 6, 10, and 14 wk of age and the epididymal region was observed at 27 wk of age. epididymal s ... | 2006 | 17274299 |
| isolation and identification of four infectious bronchitis virus strains in china and analyses of their s1 glycoprotein gene. | between 2003 and 2005, four strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from the vaccinated chicken flocks in china. the results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that all the four isolates were relative to strain a2 of ibv, which was isolated in 1996 in beijing and related to strain 4/91. the s1 gene of the spike protein was amplified and sequenced. the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the s1 gene had a similar degree of identity (88.98-99.28%) among the ... | 2007 | 17289305 |
| coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the coronavirus of the chicken (gallus gallus), is one of the foremost causes of economic loss within the poultry industry, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. the virus replicates not only in the epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, but also in many tissues along the alimentary tract and elsewhere e.g. kidney, oviduct and testes. it can be detected in both respiratory and faecal material. there is increasing ev ... | 2007 | 17296157 |
| health evaluation of free-ranging and captive blue-fronted amazon parrots (amazona aestiva) in the gran chaco, bolivia. | bolivia has a total of 47 species of psittacidae, seven of which have been identified in our study site, the semiarid gran chaco of the isoso. one species, the blue-fronted parrot (amazona aestiva), is frequently captured by local isoseño guaraní indians for exploitation on the national and international market. these birds are often temporarily housed in small villages under unhygienic conditions with poultry and other domestic species. on occasion, these parrots escape back to the wild. additi ... | 2005 | 17312715 |
| ultrastructural study of infectious bronchitis virus infection in infundibulum and magnum of commercial laying hens. | the infundibulum and magnum of the oviduct were examined in hens in full lay which were infected with two australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the ultramicroscopic changes in the infundibulum and magnum were compared with control hens which had eggs at different positions in the oviduct. the ciliated and granular cells of the surface epithelia and secretory epithelial cells of the tubular glands were the target cells of ibv. no pathological changes were recorded during 2-8 da ... | 2007 | 17321700 |
| feline aminopeptidase n is not a functional receptor for avian infectious bronchitis virus. | coronaviruses are an important cause of infectious diseases in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), and have the continued potential for emergence from animal species. a major factor in the host range of a coronavirus is its receptor utilization on host cells. in many cases, coronavirus-receptor interactions are well understood. however, a notable exception is the receptor utilization by group 3 coronaviruses, including avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). feline amino ... | 2007 | 17324273 |
| strong antiviral activity of heated and hydrated dolomite--preliminary investigation. | heated and hydrated naturally occurring dolomite showed very strong antiviral activity. infectivity of avian and human influenza, avian infectious bronchitis (coronavirus), newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) and avian laryngotracheitis (herpesvirus) viruses dropped at least 1,000 fold following contact with the dolomite for five minutes at 4 degrees c. dolomite is expected to be useful to inhibit the incidence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. | 2007 | 17339770 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to (poly100)s1 protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus. | fragments within s1 genes ((poly100)s1) of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains zj971, m41 and sc021202 (sc) were subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed in escherichia coli. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recombinant (poly100)s1 proteins were produced, characterized and used to analyse epitopes on the s1 subunit of ibv. nine mabs raising from the three (poly100)s1 proteins recognized five different epitopes of the s1 subunit, designated as s1-a, b, c, d and e ... | 2007 | 17348910 |
| characterisation of cyclin d1 down-regulation in coronavirus infected cells. | the positive strand rna coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), induces a g2/m phase arrest and reduction in the g1 and g1/s phase transition regulator cyclin d1. quantitative real-time rt-pcr and western blot analysis demonstrated that cyclin d1 was reduced post-transcriptionally within infected cells independently of the cell-cycle stage at the time of infection. confocal microscopy revealed that cyclin d1 decreased in ibv-infected cells as infection progressed and inhibition studies i ... | 2007 | 17359980 |
| sequence changes of infectious bronchitis virus isolates in the 3' 7.3 kb of the genome after attenuating passage in embryonated eggs. | attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines are available but the relationship between sequence and virulence is not clear. in this study, the sequences of the 3' 7.3 kb of the genome, amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction before and after attenuation, were compared to study the relationship between virulence and the sequences of three ibv strains. after attenuation, two to six amino acid substitutions were found in the spike 1 subunit, and two or three amino ... | 2007 | 17364511 |
| structure of the sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein rna-binding dimerization domain suggests a mechanism for helical packaging of viral rna. | coronavirus nucleocapsid proteins are basic proteins that encapsulate viral genomic rna to form part of the virus structure. the nucleocapsid protein of sars-cov is highly antigenic and associated with several host-cell interactions. our previous studies using nuclear magnetic resonance revealed the domain organization of the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein. rna has been shown to bind to the n-terminal domain (ntd), although recently the c-terminal half of the protein has also been implicated in r ... | 2007 | 17379242 |
| correlation between mechanical strength of messenger rna pseudoknots and ribosomal frameshifting. | programmed ribosomal frameshifting is often used by viral pathogens including hiv. slippery sequences present in some mrnas cause the ribosome to shift reading frame. the resulting protein is thus encoded by one reading frame upstream from the slippery sequence and by another reading frame downstream from the slippery sequence. although the mechanism is not well understood, frameshifting is known to be stimulated by an mrna structure such as a pseudoknot. here, we show that the efficiency of fra ... | 2007 | 17389398 |
| manipulation of the infectious bronchitis coronavirus genome for vaccine development and analysis of the accessory proteins. | infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) is the cause of the single most economically costly infectious disease of domestic fowl in the uk--and probably so in many countries that have a developed poultry industry. a major reason for its continued dominance is its existence as many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein (s), cross-protection being poor. although controlled to some degree by live and inactivated vaccines, a new generation of ib vaccines is called for. reverse genetic or ... | 2007 | 17416443 |
| the nephrosis-nephritis syndrome in chickens caused by a holte strain of infectious bronchitis virus. | 1969 | 17421918 | |
| different genotypes of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis viruses co-circulating in chicken population in china. | chicken nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (ib) was prevalent in the most chicken farms during recent years, although the ib vaccination program has been widely performed in china. to characterize the s1 protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from china, five representative nephropathogenic ib viruses isolated from chickens in different provinces were genetically and phylogenetically analyzed. the results showed that the length of the s1 genes of the isolates were quite different (1,61 ... | 2007 | 17431755 |
| heparan sulfate is a selective attachment factor for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus beaudette. | the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain beaudette is an embryo-adapted virus that has extended species tropism in cell culture. in order to understand the acquired tropism of the beaudette strain, we compared the s protein sequences of several ibv strains. the beaudette strain was found to contain a putative heparan sulfate (hs)-binding site, indicating that the beaudette virus may use hs as a selective receptor. to ascertain the requirements of cell-surface hs for beaudet ... | 2007 | 17461266 |
| lithium chloride inhibits the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in cell culture. | the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major economic pathogen of domestic poultry that, despite vaccination, causes mortality and significant losses in production. during replication of the rna genome there is a high frequency of mutation and recombination, which has given rise to many strains of ibv and results in the potential for new and emerging strains. currently the live-attenuated vaccine gives poor cross-strain immunity. effective antiviral agents may therefore be ... | 2007 | 17479370 |
| cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in the absence of p53. | manipulation of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis are two common strategies used by many viruses to regulate their infection cycles. in cells infected with coronaviruses, cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis were observed in several reports. however, little is known about how these effects are brought out, and how manipulation of the functions of host cells would influence the replication cycle of coronavirus. in this study, we demonstrate that infection with coronavirus infectious bron ... | 2007 | 17493653 |
| s1 gene sequence heterogeneity of a pathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain and its embryo-passaged, attenuated derivatives. | infectious bronchitis virus ck/ch/ldl/97i was attenuated by serial passage in chicken embryos. virus of passage 115 was attenuated as determined by clinical response to inoculation to 15-day-old specific pathogen free chickens. the vaccination-challenge test showed that the attenuated passage 115 virus could afford protection against the homologous pathogenic virus, passage 5, by the clinical response. based on the sequence analysis and comparison of the s1 gene, both the pathogenic and attenuat ... | 2007 | 17497337 |
| coronavirus associated with an enteric syndrome on a quail farm. | an enteric syndrome was observed in quail (coturnix coturnix) semi-intensively reared for restocking in apulia (southern italy). the birds showed depression, severe diarrhoea, dehydration and reduced growth. mortality occurred particularly in young birds. at necropsy the prominent lesion was enteritis. a coronavirus was detected by electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the faeces and in the intestinal content of the dead quails. the virus could not be cultiva ... | 2007 | 17497340 |
| [construction of recombinant bcg bearing s1 glycoprotein of nephropathogenic ibv and study on its immunogenicity on chickens]. | glycoprotein si was the major protein to determine infection and immunogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the s1 glycoprotein gene of ibv isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and proved to be s1 gene by sequencing. the e. coli-mycobacterium expression shuttle plasmid pr-alpha-s1 was constructed by inserting the s1 gene to the prr3 with human mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp70 promoter and a signal peptide. then the plasmid pr-alpha-s1 was ... | 2007 | 17552243 |
| antiviral activity of carbohydrate-binding agents against nidovirales in cell culture. | coronaviruses are important human and animal pathogens, the relevance of which increased due to the emergence of new human coronaviruses like sars-cov, hku1 and nl63. together with toroviruses, arteriviruses, and roniviruses the coronaviruses belong to the order nidovirales. so far antivirals are hardly available to combat infections with viruses of this order. therefore, various antiviral strategies to counter nidoviral infections are under evaluation. lectins, which bind to n-linked oligosacch ... | 2007 | 17560666 |
| detection and seroprevalence of infectious bronchitis virus strains in commercial poultry in pakistan. | this study was conducted to investigate the incidence of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in commercial broiler and layer flocks in pakistan. serum samples from 16 layers and 9 broiler flocks were screened against m-41, d-274, d-1466, and 4-91 strain antigens using hemagglutination inhibition assay. overall, 88% of the flocks were seropositive for m-41 antibodies, whereas 40, 52, and 8% of the flocks were positive for d-274, d-1466, and 4-91 ibv strains, respectively. the m-41 antigen was also ... | 2007 | 17575179 |
| infectious bronchitis virus replication in the chicken embryo related cell line. | the susceptibility of the chicken embryo related (cer) cell line to infectious bronchitis virus (ibv m41) was characterized after five consecutive passages in cer cells. virus replication was monitored by cytopathic effect observation, electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). at 96 h post-infection (p.i.), the cytopathic effect was graded 75% by cell fusion, rounding up of cells and monolayer detachment, and the electron micr ... | 2003 | 17585465 |
| infection of hela cells by avian infectious bronchitis virus is dependent on cell status. | to investigate the adaptation of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in a human cell line may be beneficial to understanding the potential mechanisms of coronavirus interspecies infection. the current study addressed the poor replication of ibv in the hela human cell line demonstrated in previous reports. we showed that ibv strains m41, h52, h120 and gray could be propagated in hela cells with distinct cytopathic effect. the virus titre in freshly dispersed hela cells was 1000-fold higher th ... | 2007 | 17620171 |
| molecular and serologic characterization, pathogenicity, and protection studies with infectious bronchitis virus field isolates from california. | in this study, we characterized three variant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains isolated in 2003 and 2004 from broiler chickens in california and compared them to previously isolated california variant viruses and to common vaccine serotypes used in the united states. we conducted genetic, serologic, and pathogenicity studies on all three isolates, then tested different vaccines against one of the viruses. genetically the three variant ibv strains, designated ca557/03, ca706/03, and ca17 ... | 2007 | 17626478 |
| evaluation of the effectiveness of two infectious bronchitis virus vaccine programs for preventing disease caused by a california ibv field isolate. | infectious bronchitis virus ca99 serotype was isolated from several broiler flocks in northern california. the virus caused late-onset respiratory disease and increased airsacculitis condemnation in affected flocks despite the use of an established infectious bronchitis virus vaccination program. an experimental study compared holland/arkansas and massachusetts/arkansas vaccination protocols to determine the efficacy of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines in reducing respiratory dise ... | 2007 | 17626488 |
| the efficacy of an avian metapneumovirus vaccine applied simultaneously with infectious bronchitis and newcastle disease virus vaccines to specific-pathogen-free chickens. | avian metapneumovirus (ampv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) are important respiratory pathogens of chickens. to achieve early posthatch protection against all three diseases it would be helpful to deliver live ampv, ibv, and ndv vaccines simultaneously at 1 day of age. however, previous work has indicated that the efficacy of ampv vaccines may be affected when codelivered with ibv or ndv vaccines. the efficacy of an ampv vaccine when codelivered to chickens ... | 2007 | 17626490 |
| intratracheally administered pathogen-associated molecular patterns affect antibody responses of poultry. | various potential immune-modulating microbially derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp), or so called homotopes, are present in high concentrations in the environment of food animals. in previous studies, intravenously administered pamp had variable effects on specific primary and secondary immune responses of poultry to systemically administered antigens. in the present study, we evaluated the effects of intratracheal (i.t.) challenge with the pamp lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic ... | 2007 | 17626812 |
| a massachusetts prototype like coronavirus isolated from wild peafowls is pathogenic to chickens. | coronavirus infection was investigated in apparently healthy wild peafowls in guangdong province of china in 2003, while severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) broke out there. no sars-like coronavirus had been isolated but a novel avian coronavirus strain, peafowl/gd/kq6/2003 (kq6), was identified. sequence analysis revealed that kq6 was an avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of coronavirus in group 3. the genome sequence of kq6 had extremely high degree of identity ... | 2007 | 17629993 |
| ultrastructural observations on effects of infectious bronchitis virus in eggshell-forming regions of the oviduct of the commercial laying hen. | the pathogenesis of 2 strains of infectious bronchitis virus (t and n1/88 strains) was studied in the eggshell-forming regions of the oviduct of commercial laying hens. there were no external shell deformities, except for paler shells. there was no decline in egg production in either of the infected groups. one hen from the n1/88-infected group and 2 hens from the t-infected group were out of lay. the light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic changes in infected shell-forming region ... | 2007 | 17704379 |
| a pseudoknot improves selection efficiency in ribosome display. | the size and diversity of ribosome display libraries depends upon stability of the complex formed between the ribosome, mrna and translated protein. to investigate if mrna secondary structure improves stability of the complex, we tested a pseudoknot, originating from the genomic rna of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of the positive-stranded coronavirus group. we used the previously-isolated anti-dna scfv, 3d8, as a target protein. during in vitro translation in rabbit reticulocyte l ... | 2007 | 17827535 |
| [genetic variations of membrane gene of infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004]. | membrane (m) protein genes of 20 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains isolated in china between 1995 and 2004 were sequenced and analyzed. the m genes of twenty isolates were composed of 672 to 681 nucleotides, encoding polypeptides of 223 to 226 amino acid residues. variations of the deduced amino acids of m gene mainly occurred at positions 2 to 17 and 221 to 233, comparing with that of the ibv strain lx4. there were deletions or insertions in the m gene of chinese isolates at amino acid ... | 2007 | 17894233 |
| [development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against h7 hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus]. | to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the hemagglutinin protein of h7 subtype of avian influenza virus (aiv). | 2007 | 17908508 |
| two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and group 1 animal covs is mediated through an antigenic site in the n-terminal region of the sars-cov nucleoprotein. | in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans, causing a global epidemic. by phylogenetic analysis, sars-cov is distinct from known covs and most closely related to group 2 covs. however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between sars-cov and known covs was conclusively and consistently demonstrated except for group 1 animal covs. we analyzed this cross-reactivity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis using specific ... | 2007 | 17913799 |
| interleukin-6 expression after infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens. | viral infections in chickens pose a major health threat to the poultry industry. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) usually causes respiratory disease; however, the disease severity is influenced by the genotype of the chicken and the ibv strain involved. nephropathogenic strains of ibv, such as the australian t strain, can cause high mortalities due to kidney failure characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and inflammation. in a previous study, a line of specific pathogen-free chickens, t ... | 2007 | 17931118 |
| role of phosphorylation clusters in the biology of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein. | the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nucleocapsid (n) protein is an rna binding protein which is phosphorylated at two conserved clusters. kinetic analysis of rna binding indicated that the c-terminal phosphorylation cluster was involved in the recognition of viral rna from non-viral rna. the ibv n protein has been found to be essential for the successful recovery of ibv using reverse genetics systems. rescue experiments indicated that phosphorylated n protein recovered infectious i ... | 2008 | 17931676 |
| evaluation of the protection conferred by commercial vaccines and attenuated heterologous isolates in china against the ck/ch/ldl/97i strain of infectious bronchitis coronavirus. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. different serotypes of this virus show little cross-protection. the present study investigated the genotypic relationship between ck/ch/ldl/97i-type strains and reference ibvs based on s1 gene comparisons and the protection provided by vaccination with commercial vaccines and attenuated homologous and heterologous strains. phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of s1 showed that ck/ch/l ... | 2009 | 17936045 |
| vaccination against the avian infectious bronchitis virus affects sperm concentration, sperm quality and blood testosterone concentrations in cockerels. | 1. it was previously found that cockerels vaccinated with live attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (aibv) have decreased serum testosterone concentrations, epididymal stones and reduced fertility. the objectives of this study were twofold: to determine if reduced fertility following vaccination with live attenuated virus was the result of reduced sperm concentration or reduced sperm quality and to determine if vaccination with a killed strain of virus caused a similar reduction in sperm ... | 2007 | 17952734 |
| molecular mechanisms of primary and secondary mucosal immunity using avian infectious bronchitis virus as a model system. | although mucosal immune responses are critical for protection of hosts from clinical illness and even mortality caused by mucosal pathogens, the molecular mechanism of mucosal immunity, which is independent of systemic immunity, remains elusive. to explore the mechanistic basis of mucosal protective immunity, gene transcriptional profiling in mucosal tissues was evaluated after the primary and secondary immunization of animals with an attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a prototy ... | 2008 | 17983666 |
| pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus in vaccinated chickens of two different major histocompatibility b complex genotypes. | infectious bronchitis (ib) disease progression in vaccinated chickens after challenge was evaluated in a single commercial line of layer chickens presenting two different major histocompatibility complex (mhc) b complex genotypes. mhc b genotypes were determined by dna sequence-based typing of bf2 alleles. in total, 33 b2/b15 and 47 b2/b21 chickens were vaccinated with an ark-type ib virus (ibv) attenuated vaccine and challenged with ark-type ibv field isolate al/4614/98 14 days later. additiona ... | 2007 | 17992938 |
| sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses: identification of a novel phylogenetic group in korea. | twelve korean infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated in the field from chickens suspected of being carriers of infectious bronchitis between 2001 and 2003. the s1 glycoprotein genes of these ibv isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. these korean ibv isolates were classified into three groups according to their rflp patterns obtained using the restriction enzyme haeii ... | 2007 | 17993755 |
| a recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing chicken interleukin-2 increases the protection provided by in ovo vaccination with infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis virus. | in ovo vaccination remains an attractive option for the mass application of vaccines to poultry, ensuring a uniform application of vaccine in a cost-effective manner. however, the number of vaccines that can be delivered safely by this method is limited. several infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccines can be given in ovo though most are delivered post-hatch and there are no currently licensed embryo-safe infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines. reduction in the dose of vaccines given ... | 2007 | 17996994 |
| characterization of the mechanical unfolding of rna pseudoknots. | the pseudoknot is an important rna structural element that provides an excellent model system for studying the contributions of tertiary interactions to rna stability and to folding kinetics. rna pseudoknots are also of interest because of their key role in the control of ribosomal frameshifting by viral rnas. their mechanical properties are directly relevant to their unfolding by ribosomes during translation. we have used optical tweezers to study the kinetics and thermodynamics of mechanical u ... | 2008 | 18021801 |
| biological response of chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) induced by corticosterone and a bacterial endotoxin. | experiments were conducted with chickens exposed to corticosterone and lipopolysaccharide (lps) from escherichia coli, with the aim of evaluating and differentiating their effects on endocrine, metabolic and immune response. both, corticosterone and lps significantly elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations and increased heterophil to lymphocyte (h/l) ratios 1 h, 3 h and 24 h post-treatments. repeated exposure to corticosterone caused a prolonged elevation of plasma corticosterone concentra ... | 2008 | 18024213 |
| immunopotentiating effects of four chinese herbal polysaccharides administered at vaccination in chickens. | this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 4 chinese herbal polysaccharides on the production of serum antibodies and the proliferation of peripheral t lymphocytes, including subpopulations in vaccinated chickens. a total of 450 chickens were randomly assigned to 9 groups at 14 d of age and vaccinated first with live newcastle disease (nd)-infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, and second with nd-infectious bronchitis oil adjuvant vaccine at 28 d of age. at the same time as the first vacc ... | 2007 | 18029798 |
| effects of several virucidal agents on inactivation of influenza, newcastle disease, and avian infectious bronchitis viruses in the allantoic fluid of chicken eggs. | general theories on the inactivation of viruses in the presence of a concentrated protein, such as the allantoic fluid of chicken eggs, are not useful. that is, although sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide are generally known as strong virucidal agents, they do not sufficiently inactivate viruses in allantoic fluid. we found that benzalkonium chloride (bc) is an effective virucidal agent against influenza, newcastle disease, and avian infectious bronchitis viruses even in the presence of a ... | 2007 | 18032831 |
| infectious bronchitis viruses with a novel genomic organization. | a number of novel infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were previously identified in commercial poultry in australia, where they caused significant economic losses. since there has been only limited characterization of these viruses, we investigated the genomic and phenotypic differences between these novel ibvs and other, classical ibvs. the 3' 7.5 kb of the genomes of 17 australian ibv strains were sequenced, and growth properties of 6 of the strains were compared. comparison of sequences of t ... | 2008 | 18045937 |
| construction and functional test of a chicken mhc-i (bf2*15)/peptide tetramer. | the major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc class i) peptide tetramer is a sensitive and valuable tool to evaluate antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) of many animal species. to date, no chicken mhc class i peptide tetramer has been reported. in this report, we describe construction and functional evaluation of a chicken mhc-i (bf2*15)/peptide tetramer. to construct the chicken mhc class i peptide tetramer, genes of the chicken mhc-i alpha chain (bf2*15) and beta2 microglobulin ... | 2008 | 18077001 |
| structures of two coronavirus main proteases: implications for substrate binding and antiviral drug design. | coronaviruses (covs) can infect humans and multiple species of animals, causing a wide spectrum of diseases. the coronavirus main protease (m(pro)), which plays a pivotal role in viral gene expression and replication through the proteolytic processing of replicase polyproteins, is an attractive target for anti-cov drug design. in this study, the crystal structures of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) m(pro) and a severe acute respiratory syndrome cov (sars-cov) m(pro) mutant (h41a), in complex w ... | 2008 | 18094151 |
| the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus is retained intracellularly by a tyrosine motif. | we have analyzed the intracellular transport of the spike (s) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus. surface expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy, by surface biotinylation, and by syncytium formation by s-expressing cells. by applying these methods, the s protein was found to be retained intracellularly. tyr1143 in the cytoplasmic tail was shown to be a crucial component of the retention signal. deletion of a dilysine motif that has previously bee ... | 2008 | 18094153 |
| demonstration of an interference phenomenon associated with infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. | 1949 | 18151933 | |
| mannan-binding lectin (mbl) serum concentration in relation to propagation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in chickens. | mannan-binding lectin (mbl) is a collectin that mediates activation of the complement system and is of importance for host defenses. in humans low concentrations of mbl in serum have been associated with susceptibility to several viral diseases. to understand the function of mbl in relation to infectious viral diseases two chicken lines were selected for high and low concentrations of mbl in serum for several generations. offspring from the two sub-lines were subjected to infection with infectio ... | 2007 | 18158730 |
| inhibition of gene expression directed by small interfering rnas in infectious bronchitis virus. | in this study, fourteen small interfering rnas (sirnas) were synthesized for targeting of coding gene sequences, specific 5'-leader sequence of mrna and 3'-end sequence of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genome. the expression of viral genes in vero-e6 cells was detected by real-time pcr. obtained results indicated that the majority of sirnas could effectively inhibit the expression of viral genes. the inhibition effect of sirnas significantly differed among various genes and sites on the ... | 2007 | 18197734 |
| genotyping of canadian isolates of fowl adenoviruses. | five hundred and seventy-three clinical submissions with fowl adenovirus (fadv) involvement were examined to investigate the association of different types of fadv with clinical problems related to fadv infection. samples were received from 2000 to 2006 and originated from seven canadian provinces. four hundred and eighty-seven submissions were inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) related, while 86 were not ibh related. viruses isolated from 287 samples were further analysed by hexon gene loop 1 seque ... | 2008 | 18202956 |
| chinese qx strain of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in the uk. | 2008 | 18204039 | |
| molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus in spain over a fourteen-year period. | an in-depth molecular study of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) with particular interest in evolutionary aspects of ibv in spain was carried out in the present study based on the s1 gene molecular characterization of twenty-six spanish strains isolated over a fourteen-year period. four genotypes were identified based on s1 gene sequence analyses and phylogenetic studies. a drastic virus population shift was demonstrated along time and the novel italy 02 serotype was shown to have displaced th ... | 2008 | 18215734 |
| coronavirus spike protein inhibits host cell translation by interaction with eif3f. | in response to viral infection, the expression of numerous host genes, including predominantly a number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, is usually up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. it was noted that in cells infected with coronavirus, transcription and translation of some of these genes were differentially induced. drastic induction of their expression at the transcriptional level was observed in cells infected with coronavirus. however, induction of the ... | 2008 | 18231581 |
| coinfection of avian influenza virus (h9n2 subtype) with infectious bronchitis live vaccine. | avian influenza virus of h9n2 subtype is pathotyped as a non-highly pathogenic virus. however, frequent incidences of avian influenza of high mortality that are caused by h9n2 viruses have been observed in broiler chicken farms in iran and some other asian countries. coinfections or environmental factors may be involved in such cases. infectious microorganisms have been implicating in taking part in the cases of coinfection. we studied the effect of experimental coinfection of h9n2 avian influen ... | 2008 | 18247102 |
| orchitis in roosters with reduced fertility associated with avian infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus infections. | the pathogenesis of infection involving both infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) causes reproductive damage in hens after viral replication in the epithelium of the oviduct, resulting in loss of cilia and degeneration and necrosis of the epithelial and glandular cells. although ibv has been indicated as a possible cause of the formation of calcium stones in the epididymus of roosters, a definitive association has not been confirmed. this report describes the detect ... | 2007 | 18251400 |
| evaluating viral interference between infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus vaccine strains using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | the potential for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) replication interference was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr). fourteen-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated via eyedrop with live commercial vaccine strains of ibv and ndv alone or in combination to directly evaluate ibv and ndv replication in the trachea at 1, 3, and 5 days after vaccination. commercial ndv vaccine strains used were b1, vg/ga, and c2. ... | 2007 | 18251404 |
| molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus strains isolated from the enteric contents of brazilian laying hens and broilers. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, which is characterized by respiratory, reproductive, and renal signs. however, the role of ibv as an enteric pathogen in still controversial. in brazil, antigenic groups of ibv divergent from the massachusetts serotype used for vaccination schedules in that country have already been demonstrated. the present study aimed to assess the different genotypes of ibv in brazilian commercial poultry flocks by partia ... | 2007 | 18251411 |
| avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis attenuated live vaccines undergo selection of subpopulations and mutations following vaccination. | in this study, we were interested in determining if high titered egg adapted modified live infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines contain spike gene related quasispecies that undergo selection in chickens, following vaccination. we sequenced the spike glycoprotein of 12 ibv vaccines (5 different serotypes from 3 different manufacturers) directly from the vaccine vial, then compared that sequence with reisolated viruses from vaccinated and contact-exposed birds over time. we found differences ... | 2008 | 18262691 |
| targeted protein accumulation promoted by autoassembly and its recovery from plant cells. | the expression of a fusion protein formed between the avian infectious bronchitis virus m protein and the bacterial enzyme beta-glucuronidase (gus) in plants promotes the formation of new organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in tobacco plants. this unusual organization of the membranes, never present in nontransformed plants, has been explained by the oligomerization of the gus domains of the ibvm-gus fusion proteins. these specific organized membranes could have broad implications for biot ... | 2008 | 18264977 |
| [potent immune responses elicited by a bicistronic ibv dna vaccine expressing s1 and il-2 gene]. | abstract: candidate ibv vaccines should elicit cellular responses as well as humoral responses. si gene of avian infectious bronchitis virus and interleukin-2 (il-2) gene from chicken were inserted into the bicistronic pires-egfp/ dsred plasmid. the pires-s1, pires-il2 and pires-s1/il-2 plasmid expressing or co-expressing s1 and il-2 gene were constructed. plasmids were transfected into the vero cells by lipofectamine, and the expressed products were detected by rt-pcr and indirect immunofluores ... | 2007 | 18271263 |
| molecular survey of avian respiratory pathogens in commercial broiler chicken flocks with respiratory diseases in jordan. | acute respiratory tract infections are of paramount importance in the poultry industry. avian influenza virus (aiv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian pneumovirus (apv), and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) have been recognized as the most important pathogens in poultry. in this study, trachea swabs from 115 commercial broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for aiv subtype h9n2, ibv, ndv, and apv by using reverse transcription ... | 2008 | 18281569 |
| identification of the avian infectious bronchitis coronaviruses with mutations in gene 3. | the sequence of a 6.0-kb fragment was compared in the 3'-encoding region of the genome in 27 infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains. all these strains have the same s-3-m-5-n gene order, as is the case for other ibvs. however, the sizes of the corresponding open reading frames (orfs) of some genes varied among the virus strains. phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignments demonstrated that recombination events had occurred in the origin and evolution of the strains ck/ch/lsd/03i and ck/ch/l ... | 2008 | 18295413 |
| enhancement of the immunogenicity of an infectious bronchitis virus dna vaccine by a bicistronic plasmid encoding nucleocapsid protein and interleukin-2. | a dna vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) can induce specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity. however, compared to conventional vaccines, dna vaccines usually induce poor antibody responses. to develop a more potent ibv dna vaccine formulations, a monocistronic vector encoding the nucleocapsid protein of ibv and a bicistronic vector separately encoding the nucleocapsid protein and immune-stimulatory interleukin-2 were constructed. when the dna vaccines were administered to the ... | 2008 | 18329109 |
| molecular subtype of infectious bronchitis virus in broiler flocks in jordan. | infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes respiratory disease in chickens all over the world. infectious bronchitis virus has many serotypes that do not confer cross protection against each other. the current study was designed to know which ibv types were circulating in jordanian broiler chickens. tracheal swabs from 175 broiler flocks at the acute phase of respiratory disease were collected. the swabs were subjected to rna extraction and tested by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr). specific-ne ... | 2008 | 18339986 |
| the role of phagocytic cells in enhanced susceptibility of broilers to colibacillosis after infectious bronchitis virus infection. | colibacillosis results from infection with avian pathogenic escherichia coli bacteria. healthy broilers are resistant to inhaled e. coli, but previous infection with vaccine or virulent strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) predisposes birds for severe colibacillosis. we investigated whether ibv affects recruitment and function of phagocytic cells and examined no production, phagocytic and bactericidal activity, and kinetics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and splenocytes. mo ... | 2008 | 18359518 |
| predicting ribosomal frameshifting efficiency. | many retroviruses use -1 ribosomal frameshifting as part of the mechanism in translational control of viral protein synthesis. quantitative prediction of the efficiency of -1 frameshifting is crucial for understanding the viral gene expression. here we investigate the free energy landscape for a minimal -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting machinery, including the codon-anticodon base pairs at the slippery site, the downstream messenger rna structure and the spacer between the slippery site and ... | 2008 | 18367782 |
| infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent. | avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus that infects chickens via the respiratory epithelium as primary target cells. the binding of coronaviruses to the cell surface is mediated by the viral surface protein s. recently we demonstrated that alpha2,3-linked sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for ibv on vero cells and primary chicken embryo kidney cells. here we analyze the importance of the sialic acid binding activity for the infection of tracheal organ cultures (tocs) ... | 2008 | 18396435 |
| pre-validation study for testing of avian viral vaccines for extraneous agents by pcr. | the biological nature of vaccines imposes a permanent risk for contamination with extraneous agents. therefore, testing of vaccines for freedom from extraneous agents is essential in the manufacturing process and quality control. relevant methods for testing for extraneous agents of avian viral vaccines are specified in the monographs of the european pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.). currently, most of these methods involve the use of embryonated eggs or chickens. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a wi ... | 2007 | 18413134 |
| isolation and characterization of chlamydophila psittaci isolated from laying hens with cystic oviducts. | the objective of this study was to isolate and identify a hypothetical chlamydiaceae pathogen from laying hens with an oviduct cyst, and to characterize its potential causal relation with decreased egg production. our clinical survey showed that cystic oviducts were prevalent at rates of 10% and 15.1% in breeder and commercial hen flocks, respectively. chlamydial antigens were detected in 20 of 50 pharyngeal swabs (40%) and in 17 of 20 oviduct tissues (85%) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ... | 2008 | 18459300 |
| health evaluation of free-ranging humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) in peru. | as part of ongoing ecological studies of humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti) at punta san juan, ica department, peru, health surveys were conducted in november 1992, 1993, and 1994. in the three surveys, 98 birds in total were handled for examination, and blood was collected for laboratory analysis from 90 of these birds. all birds seemed to be in good condition. body weights of females were significantly lower in 1994 than in the other years. fleas (parapsyllus humboldti) and ticks (ornith ... | 2008 | 18459309 |
| complete genomic sequence of turkey coronavirus. | turkey coronavirus (tcov), one of the least characterized of all known coronaviruses, was isolated from an outbreak of acute enteritis in young turkeys in ontario, canada, and the full-length genomic sequence was determined. the full-length genome was 27,632 nucleotides plus the 3' poly(a) tail. two open reading frames, orfs 1a and 1b, resided in the first two thirds of the genome, and nine additional downstream orfs were identified. a gene for hemagglutinin-esterase was absent in tcov. the regi ... | 2008 | 18468711 |
| sensitivity and specificity of serological tests for infectious bronchitis virus antibodies in broilers. | broilers with maternally-derived immunity (mdi) to infectious bronchitis (ib) were either spray-vaccinated with h120 at 1 day old, or not vaccinated, then challenged at 28 days with one of four different ibv serotypes. birds were bled frequently and the sera tested by agar gel precipitation (agp), haemagglutination inhibition (hi), 2 commercial elisas, and virus neutralization (vn) to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. the agp detected a transient response to challenge with a ... | 1997 | 18483894 |
| the expression of gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, in regenerating process of collecting ducts and ureters of the chicken kidney following infection with a nephrotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus. | gicerin is a novel cell adhesion molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin super-family. in this study, we examined the relationship between the expression of gicerin, and the regenerating process of collecting ducts and ureters of chickens with interstitial nephritis caused by a nephrotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). immunohistochemical analysis showed that gicerin expression was found on the epithelial cells of collecting ducts and ureters in the embryonic kidneys, but was un ... | 1997 | 18483905 |