Publications

probing for drug-induced multiplex signal transduction pathways using high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: application to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in the rat c6 glioma cell.	whole-cell [(32)p]-protein phosphorylation assays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-dge) were applied to the analysis of the beta-adrenoceptor (betaar)-linked signal transduction pathway. rat c6 glioma cells were stimulated with isoproterenol and the protein lysates were resolved by 2-dge. two dimensional [(32)p]-phosphoprotein 'maps' were generated depicting the modulation of intracellular proteins after isoproterenol stimulation versus unstimulated cells. a total of 274 distinct phosp ...	1999	10407186
kinase suppressor of ras forms a multiprotein signaling complex and modulates mek localization.	genetic screens for modifiers of activated ras phenotypes have identified a novel protein, kinase suppressor of ras (ksr), which shares significant sequence homology with raf family protein kinases. studies using drosophila melanogaster and caenorhabditis elegans predict that ksr positively regulates ras signaling; however, the function of mammalian ksr is not well understood. we show here that two predicted kinase-dead mutants of ksr retain the ability to complement ksr-1 loss-of-function allel ...	1999	10409742
the eag family of k+ channels in drosophila and mammals.	mutations of eag, first identified in drosophila on the basis of their leg-shaking phenotype, cause repetitive firing and enhanced transmitter release in motor neurons. the encoded eag polypeptide is related both to voltage-gated k+ channels and to cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels. homology screens identified a family of eag-related channel polypeptides, highly conserved from nematodes to humans, comprising three subfamilies: eag, elk, and erg. when expressed in frog oocytes, eag channels ...	1999	10414305
activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity attenuates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and inhibits c-fos and nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages infected with leishmania donovani.	intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania antagonize host defense mechanisms by interfering with cell signaling in macrophages. in this report, the impact of leishmania donovani on mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases and nitric oxide synthase (nos) expression in the macrophage cell line raw 264 was investigated. overnight infection of cells with leishmania led to a significant decrease in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma)-stimulated map kinase activity and inhibited pma-i ...	1999	10417174
ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to acth and yarding in unrestrained red deer (cervus elaphus) stags.	seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous acth or a standardised stressor during november (period of velvet growth), february (pre-rut), april (mid-rut) and july (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (dracpac). ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma c ...	1999	10425468
diaphorase activity in sebaceous glands and related structures of the male red deer.	the localisation of diaphorase was visualised by light microscopy using the dye nitro blue tetrazolium and nadph as substrates. under appropriate conditions, diaphorase reduces this dye to a dark blue insoluble formazan. the enzyme was located at very low activity in many tissue and glandular structures of the deer, but at very much higher activity in sebaceous glands in the dermal velvet of the antler and skin, and in additional sebaceous gland-related structures in the ear canal, prepuce and t ...	1999	10425709
improved immunofluorescence assay for detection of giardia and cryptosporidium from asymptomatic adult cervine animals.	we tested an improved immunofluorescence assay (ifa) in detecting giardia and cryptosporidium from feces of asymptomatic adult cervine animals. samples were concentrated by sucrose flotation before being stained by fluorescent monoclonal antibody and examined microscopically. the detection limit was determined as 500 g. intestinalis cysts or 200 c. parvum oocysts/g of sample. among the 82 samples collected from adult fallow deer, columbian black-tailed deer, and tule elk in northern california, ...	1999	10431741
antinarcotic effects of the velvet antler water extract on morphine in mice.	the present study was undertaken to investigate the antinarcotic effects of velvet antler water extract (vawe) from cervus elaphus on morphine. morphine-induced analgesic action was measured by tail-flick method. morphine-induced hyperactivity and reverse tolerance were evidenced by measuring the enhanced ambulatory activity using a tilting-type ambulometer. dopamine (da) receptor supersensitivity in mice displaying morphine-induced reverse tolerance was evidenced by the enhanced response in amb ...	1999	10432206
protein phosphatase 2a suppresses map kinase signalling and ectopic protein expression.	signalling by map kinase was examined in cos-7 cells by transiently expressing a transcription reporter system plus epitope-tagged protein phosphatase 2a catalytic subunit [(ha)3-pp2ac]. transactivation of a luciferase gene by gal4-elk-1 in serum-stimulated cells was reduced 20-fold by co-expression of wild type (ha)3-pp2ac. this reduction of map kinase signalling required specific type-2a phosphatase activity, because the effects were not mimicked by co-expression of either a mutated, inactive ...	1999	10433518
nitric oxide regulates shear stress-induced early growth response-1. expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in endothelial cells.	endothelial cells (ecs) subjected to shear stress constantly release nitric oxide (no). the effect of no on shear stress-induced endothelial responses was examined. ecs subjected to shear stress induced a transient and shear force-dependent increase in early growth response-1 (egr-1) mrna levels. treatment of ecs with an no donor, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (snap) or 3-morpholinosydnonimine (sin-1), inhibited this shear stress-induced egr-1 expression. conversely, an no synthase inhibitor t ...	1999	10436166
the involvement of phosphohydrolases in mineralization: studies on enzymatic activities extracted from red deer antler.	the process of growth of red deer antler "bone" is very similar to the endochondral growth of long bones. the growth zones of the antler are temporally organized from the tip, in a proximal direction, permitting sequential aspects of antler development to be followed in serial transverse sections from the tip to the base. the activities of alkaline phosphatase (alkpase, phosphodiesterase i, nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, and 5'-nucleotidase were measured in extracts of antler mine ...	1999	10441657
enhanced transcription factor dna binding and gene expression induced by arsenite or arsenate in renal slices.	although the kidney represents a target for the accumulation and toxicity of arsenic, little is known about the molecular targets of arsenic in this organ. therefore, these studies were designed to examine the molecular impact of arsenite [as(iii)] and arsenate [as(v)] at low (nanomolar) concentrations. precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices were challenged with as(iii) or as(v) for up to 8 h. neither form of the metal induced overt cytotoxicity as assessed by intracellular k+ levels over th ...	1999	10445758
ldl stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression, independent of ldl receptors, in vascular smooth muscle cells.	low density lipoprotein (ldl) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis, stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (smc) differentiation and proliferation, but the signal transduction pathways between ldl stimulation and cell proliferation are poorly understood. because mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) play a crucial role in mediating cell growth, we studied the effect of ldl on the induction of mapk phosphatase-1 (mkp-1) in human smcs and found that ldl stimulated induction o ...	1999	10446064
an upstream element containing an ets binding site is crucial for transcription of the human presenilin-1 gene.	deletion mapping of the human presenilin-1 (ps1) promoter delineated the most active fragment from -118 to +178 in relation to the transcription start site mapped in this study, in both human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh and hepatoma hepg2 cells. 5' deletions revealed that a crucial element controlling over 90% of the promoter activity in these cell lines is located between -22 and -6. a mutation altering only two nucleotides of the ets consensus sequence present at -12 (ggaa to ttaa) has a similar eff ...	1999	10446206
the conserved knox domain mediates specificity of tobacco knotted1-type homeodomain proteins.	overproduction of the tobacco knotted1-type homeodomain proteins nth1, nth15, and nth23 in transgenic tobacco plants causes mild, severe, and no morphological alterations, respectively. the deduced amino acid sequences of the homeodomains and adjacent elk domains are highly conserved, and the n-terminal knox domains also are moderately conserved. to investigate the contributions of both the conserved and divergent regions to the severity of morphological alterations, we generated chimeric protei ...	1999	10449577
new ether-à-go-go k(+) channel family members localized in human telencephalon.	a cdna encoding a novel voltage-gated k(+) channel protein was isolated from human brain. this protein, termed bec1, is 46% identical to rat elk in the ether-à-go-go k(+) channel family. the bec1 gene maps to the 12q13 region of the human genome. northern blot analysis indicates that bec1 is exclusively expressed in human brain, where the expression is concentrated in the telencephalic areas such as the cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. by in situ hybridization, bec1 is detec ...	1999	10455180
separation of m-like current and erg current in ng108-15 cells.	differentiated ng108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells were whole-cell voltage-clamped. hyperpolarizing pulses, superimposed on a depolarized holding potential (-30 or -20 mv), elicited deactivation currents which consisted of two components, distinguishable by fitting with two exponential functions. linopirdine [dup 996, 3,3-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-1-phenylindolin-2-one), a neurotransmitter-release enhancer known as potent and selective blocker of the m-current of rat sympathetic neurons, i ...	1999	10455268
bone turnover associated with antler growth in red deer (cervus elaphus).	although it is known that skeletal bone depletion occurs during antler growth in deer, it is not clear whether repletion of the skeleton takes place before or after completion of antler development. this study attempted to correlate repeated scanning electron microscopic measures of ilium and rib bone porosity from six approximately 2-monthly biopsy samples (using back-scattered imaging) and biochemical markers of bone turnover (serum hydroxyproline and osteocalcin concentrations) taken for 11 m ...	1999	10456981
epizootiologic background of dissimilar distribution of human cases of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a joint endemic area.	lyme borreliosis (lb) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are co-endemic in some parts of europe, however, their distribution differs despite a common tick vector and comparable animal hosts. a serosurvey of game and small mammals was made in a highly endemic area and compared with historical data in human cases; the epidemiologic risk and the population density of game were modelled using a geographic information system. while lb-risk corresponded with an overall population density of game (red d ...	1999	10465328
radionuclides in deer and elk from los alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone.	this paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (3h, 90sr, 137cs, 238pu, 239,240pu, 241am, and totu) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) collected from los alamos national laboratory (lanl), los alamos, new mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. also, the committed effective dose equivalent (cede) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (recf) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from lanl lands were e ...	1999	10466109
do morning report format changes affect educational content?	the goal of this prospective observational study was to determine if format changes in a paediatric morning report conference affected the educational content presented.	1999	10476015
activation of the erk/mapk pathway by an isoform of rap1gap associated with g alpha(i)	many receptors for neuropeptides and hormones are coupled with the heterotrimeric g(i) protein, which activates the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (erk/mapk) cascade through both the alpha- and betagamma-subunits of g(i). the betagamma-subunit activates the erk/mapk cascade through tyrosine kinase. constitutively active g(alpha)i2 (gip2) isolated from adrenal and ovarian tumours transforms rat-1 fibroblasts and also activates the erk/mapk cascade by an unknown mechanism. the erk/mapk pa ...	1999	10476970
interleukin-9-induced expression of m-ras/r-ras3 oncogene in t-helper clones.	in an attempt to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in interleukin-9 (il-9) activities, representational difference analysis (rda) was used to identify messages that are induced by il-9 in a murine t-helper-cell clone. one of the isolated genes encodes for the newly described m-ras or r-ras3, which is part of the ras gene superfamily. m-ras expression was found to be induced by il-9 but not il-2 or il-4 in various murine t-helper-cell clones, and this induction seems to be depen ...	1999	10477695
two theileria cervi ssu rrna gene sequence types found in isolates from white-tailed deer and elk in north america.	two theileria cervi ssu rrna gene sequence types, f and g, from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) isolates in north america were confirmed. previously, nucleotide sequencing through a single variable (v4) region showed the presence of ssu rrna gene types f and g in t. cervi isolates from white-tailed deer and an elk. in this study, both sequence types were found in four t. cervi isolates (two from deer and two from elk). microheterogeneity only appear ...	1999	10479079
bacillary hemoglobinuria in a free-ranging elk calf.	a dead elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) calf was diagnosed with bacillary hemoglobinuria, a toxemia caused by the bacterium clostridium haemolyticum. the mortality occurred in southwest washington, usa (46 degrees 13'n, 123 degrees 22'w), in an area in which several previous mortalities, suspected but not conclusively diagnosed to be either bacillary hemoglobinuria, enterotoxemia, or leptospirosis, occurred. this is the first reported incidence of mortality attributable to bacillary hemoglobinuri ...	1999	10484149
mapk superfamily activation in human airway smooth muscle: mitogenesis requires prolonged p42/p44 activation.	asthma is frequently associated with abnormal airway smooth muscle (asm) growth that may contribute to airway narrowing and hyperresponsiveness to contractile agents. although numerous hormones and cytokines have been shown to induce human asm (hasm) proliferation, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hasm hyperplasia are largely unknown. here we characterize the roles of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) superfamily [p42/p44 mapk, c-jun amino-terminal kinase/stress-activat ...	1999	10484455
use of capillary electrophoresis and fluorescent labeled peptides to detect the abnormal prion protein in the blood of animals that are infected with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans and in animals are fatal neuro-degenerative diseases with long incubation times. the putative cause of these diseases is a normal host protein, the prion protein, that becomes altered. this abnormal prion protein is found mostly in the brains of infected individuals in later stages of the disease, but also can be found in lymphoid and other tissues in lower amounts. in order to eradicate this disease in animals, it is important to develop a sys ...	1999	10486728
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human g-protein-coupled receptor, edg7, for lysophosphatidic acid.	lysophosphatidic acid (lpa), together with sphingosine 1-phosphate, is a bioactive lipid mediator that acts on g-protein-coupled receptors to evoke multiple cellular responses, including ca(2+) mobilization, modulation of adenylyl cyclase, and mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase activation. in this study, we isolated a human cdna encoding a novel g-protein-coupled receptor, designated edg7, and characterized it as a cellular receptor for lpa. the amino acid sequence of the edg7 protein is 53. ...	1999	10488122
beta 1 integrin- and proteoglycan-mediated stimulation of t lymphoma cell adhesion and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling by thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-1 peptides.	cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play important regulatory roles in lymphocyte homeostasis. thrombospondin-1 (tsp1) is a matricellular protein that differentially promotes the adhesion of resting and activated t cells. in this work, we show that adhesion of jurkat t cells on substrates coated with tsp1 or tsp1-derived peptides is mediated by beta 1 integrins, cd47, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. interactions with tsp1 or tsp1 peptides stimulated cd3-induced ras activation and tyrosine ...	1999	10490955
isolation, purification, and characterization of pregnancy-specific protein b from elk and moose placenta.	pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) was isolated, purified, and partially characterized from elk and moose placenta. the procedure, which was monitored by bovine pspb (bpspb) ria, included homogenization and extraction in aqueous solution, acidic and ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatographies. the estimated molecular sizes of moose pspb (mpspb) were 58 kda and 31 kda, and of elk pspb (epspb) were 57 kda, 45 kda, and 31 kda by sds-page. the iso ...	1999	10491644
ungulates from atapuerca td6.	the ungulates from unit 6 of gran dolina (td6) in the sierra de atapuerca (northern spain) are studied. they include stephanorhinus etruscus, equus cf. altidens, sus scrofa, dama nestii? vallonetensis, cervus elaphus, eucladoceros giulii, cervidae indet. and bovini cf. "bison voigtstedtensis." the taxonomy and stratigraphical distribution of most of these taxa are not universally accepted. s. etruscus, d. n.? vallonetensis, e. giulii and "b. voigtstedtensis" are late early and early middle pleis ...	1999	10496994
on the functional importance of thyrotropin receptor intramolecular cleavage.	we examined the relationship between tsh receptor (tshr) cleavage into two subunits and ligand-independent, constitutive activity characteristic of this receptor. because of homology to the thrombin receptor-tethered ligand, we focused initially on a region in the vicinity of the second, downstream cleavage site of the tshr ectodomain. we introduced into the wild-type tshr three mutations. one mutation, tshr(gqe(367-369)net) prevents cleavage at site 2. the other two mutations, elk(369-371)t-y ( ...	1999	10499506
rat trh receptor type 2 exhibits higher basal signaling activity than trh receptor type 1.	two types of rat trh receptor (trh-r1 and trh-r2) have been identified and shown previously to exhibit similar binding and stimulated signaling activity via the phosphoinositide-calcium transduction pathway. since mouse trh-r1 exhibits basal (or constitutive or ligand-independent) signaling activity, we compared basal signaling by trh-r1 and trh-r2. basal signaling was measured as receptor-mediated reporter gene induction via different transcription factors. we found that trh-r2 exhibited higher ...	1999	10499553
early determinants of lifetime reproductive success differ between the sexes in red deer.	in polygynous, sexually dimorphic species, sexual selection should be stronger in males than in females. although this prediction extends to the effects of early development on fitness, few studies have documented early determinants of lifetime reproductive success in a natural mammal population. in this paper, we describe factors affecting the reproductive success of male and female red deer (cervus elaphus) on the island of rum, scotland. birthweight was a significant determinant of total life ...	1999	10501037
power to detect qtl in a free-living polygynous population.	evolutionary biologists attempting to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) in natural populations have thus far had to carry out some kind of cross with their study organism. such techniques often increase the probability of detecting linkage, but are impossible or undesirable in many populations. a potential way of overcoming this problem is to carry out linkage studies in large complex pedigrees. in this paper we contrast the power to detect linkage in a complex pedigree of red deer (cervus el ...	1999	10504431
jnk activation is required for jb6 cell transformation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.	signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways plays a key role in a variety of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, tumor promotion, and cell death. c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) are identified as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and are known to phosphorylate and activate several transcription factors, including c-jun, atf, and elk-1. however, the role of jnk activation in tumor promotion is not yet defined. because previ ...	1999	10514437
crkl mediates ras-dependent activation of the raf/erk pathway through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor c3g in hematopoietic cells stimulated with erythropoietin or interleukin-3.	crkl is an sh2 and sh3 domain-containing adaptor protein implicated in pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. here, we demonstrate that overexpression of crkl enhances the erythropoietin (epo)- or interleukin (il)-3-induced activation of elk-1 and the c-fos gene promoter activity in 32d/epor-wt cells. moreover, the epo-induced activation of erk1 and erk2 was augmented and prolonged in cells inducibly overexpressing crkl. a moderate increase in epo-induced activation of jnk was also observ ...	1999	10514505
involvement of nh(2)-terminal sequences in the negative regulation of vav signaling and transforming activity.	deletion of the nh(2)-terminal 65 amino acids of proto-vav (to form onco-vav) activates its transforming activity, suggesting that these sequences serve a negative regulatory role in vav function. however, the precise role of these nh(2)-terminal sequences and whether additional nh(2)-terminal sequences are also involved in negative regulation have not been determined. therefore, we generated additional nh(2)-terminal deletion mutants of proto-vav that lack the nh(2)-terminal 127, 168, or 186 am ...	1999	10521418
identification of glucagon-like peptide-2 (glp-2)-activated signaling pathways in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing the rat glp-2 receptor.	glucagon-like peptide-2 (glp-2) promotes the expansion of the intestinal epithelium through stimulation of the glp-2 receptor, a recently identified member of the glucagon-secretin g protein-coupled receptor superfamily. although activation of g protein-coupled receptors may lead to stimulation of cell growth, the mechanisms transducing the glp-2 signal to mitogenic proliferation remain unknown. we now report studies of glp-2r signaling in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells expressing a transfected ...	1999	10521425
the mechanism of phosphorylation-inducible activation of the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1.	protein phosphorylation represents one of the major mechanisms for transcription factor activation. here we demonstrate a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases leads to changes in transcription factor activity. map kinases stimulate dna binding and transcriptional activation mediated by the mammalian ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. phosphorylation of the c-terminal transcriptional activation domain induces a conformational change in elk-1, ...	1999	10523309
dependence of dbl and dbs transformation on mek and nf-kappab activation.	dbs was identified initially as a transforming protein and is a member of the dbl family of proteins (>20 mammalian members). here we show that dbs, like its rat homolog ost and the closely related dbl, exhibited guanine nucleotide exchange activity for the rho family members rhoa and cdc42, but not rac1, in vitro. dbs transforming activity was blocked by specific inhibitors of rhoa and cdc42 function, demonstrating the importance of these small gtpases in dbs-mediated growth deregulation. altho ...	1999	10523665
inhibition of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induction of c-fos mrna by the protein kinase a inhibitor n-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide.	the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) can induce expression of many immediate-early genes, such as c-fos and c-jun. in this study, tpa increased c-fos mrna, cellular cyclic amp, and protein kinase a (pka) activity in the first 30 min with similar inductive time courses. treatment of nih 3t3 cells with n-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinoline sulfonamide (h-89), a pka specific inhibitor, suppressed tpa induction of pka activity and c-fos mrna in a concentration-dep ...	1999	10535756
involvement of phosphodiesterase i in mineralization: histochemical studies using antler from red deer (cervus elaphus) as a model.	the growing antler of 1-year-old red deer is an excellent system in which to study processes involved in "cartilage model" endochondral-type bone growth. antlers grow from the tip, permitting the developmental sequences of bone formation to be studied as distance-dependent phenomena, in which early processes can be observed at the distal end, and later events are sequentially more proximal. quantitative light microscope histochemical assays for alkaline phosphatase (alp) and phosphodiesterase i ...	1999	10541765
autonomously binding protein detected on ets box of c-fos serum response element in proliferating cells.	the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter contains an ets box whose integrity is required for full activation of this proto-oncogene by nerve growth factor (ngf) in pc12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. electrophoretic mobility shift assays (emsa) detect a protein in nuclear extracts that binds to the wild-type sre, but not to an sre containing a mutated ets box. competition studies using unlabeled probes, and supershift experiments using antibodies and in vitro translated core serum res ...	1999	10543729
selective activation in the mapk pathway by hg(ii) in precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices.	the kidneys are the primary organ for the accumulation and toxicity of inorganic mercury. in these studies the molecular response of precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices to low levels of inorganic mercury was examined. cortical slices (275 microm) were obtained from 1.0 kg nzw rabbits and exposed to mercuric chloride [hg(ii)] at concentrations of 0.01-10 microm for 2-8 h. overt cytotoxicity, as assessed by intracellular k(+) levels, was not observed following exposure to these concentratio ...	1999	10544060
the fluoride content of antlers as an indicator of fluoride exposure in red deer (cervus elaphus): a historical biomonitoring study.	bone fluoride concentrations were analyzed in 141 red deer antlers grown between the 17th/early 18th century and 1997, that originated from four study areas (arnsberg, bad berleburg, dämmerwald, schmidtheim) in the federal state of north rhine-westphalia, germany. fluoride concentrations in the specimens ranged between 27.7 and 1, 392.1 mg f(-)/kg ash and varied significantly both between samples collected during different time-spans in the same area and between samples taken from different stud ...	2000	10556379
pcr-rflp analysis of mitochondrial dna: a reliable method for species identification.	a method for identification of game species has been developed on the basis of the amplification of a specific part of the mitochondrial genome (trna(glu)/cytochrome b) using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). to distinguish between several game species, the obtained 464-bp-long pcr products were cut with different restriction endonucleases (re) resulting in species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). even closely related deer species could be distinguished by application ...	1999	10563979
activation of the egf receptor signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells exposed to metals.	we have previously shown that exposure to combustion-derived metals rapidly (within 20 min) activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), in the human bronchial epithelial cell line beas. to study the mechanisms responsible for metal-induced activation of erk, we examined the effect of noncytotoxic exposures to as, cu, v, or zn on the kinases upstream of erk in the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor signaling pathway. western blott ...	1999	10564177
effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of parentodinium africanum in domestic u.s. cattle (bos taurus).	consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. the present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. after emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. for those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. protozoal concentrations and number o ...	1999	10568037
inhibition of signaling through the b cell antigen receptor by the protooncogene product, c-cbl, requires syk tyrosine 317 and the c-cbl phosphotyrosine-binding domain.	the syk protein-tyrosine kinase couples the b cell ag receptor (bcr) to intracellular biochemical pathways. syk becomes phosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues upon receptor cross-linking. tyrosine 317 is a site of phosphorylation located within the linker region of syk that separates the amino-terminal, tandem pair of sh2 domains from the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain. the amino acid sequence surrounding phosphotyrosine 317 matches the consensus sequence for recognition by the phospho ...	1999	10570266
prp genotypes of captive and free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease.	the prp gene encodes the putative causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), a heterogeneous group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders including human creutzfeldt-jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ovine scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of north american deer and elk. polymorphisms in the prp gene are associated with variations in relative susceptibility, pathological lesion patterns, incubation times and clinical course of tses of humans, m ...	1999	10573173
viremia and virus shedding in elk infected with type 1 and virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus.	in order to determine whether elk (cervus elaphus) could be infected with and shed bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and to determine whether bvdv could cause disease in elk, two groups of five yearling elk each and two control cattle were experimentally inoculated intranasally with type 1 singer strain or a virulent type 2 isolate of bvdv, strain 24515. virulence of the type 2 isolate was confirmed by inoculation of a control bovine cow which developed diarrhea, dehydration, severe thrombocyto ...	1999	10574525
the potential for false-positive diagnosis of protostrongyliasis by extraction of larvae from feces.	the potential of protostrongylid first-stage larvae (l1) to survive passage through the alimentary canal of non-infected mammals was investigated. parelaphostrongylus tenuis l1 were collected from feces of an experimentally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). we utilized two red deer (cervus elaphus) and four laboratory rats (rattus norvegicus) which were each fed the l1 of p. tenuis. larvae were recovered, intact and alive, from the fecal samples of all six animals. larvae of p ...	1999	10574541
the mek pathway is required for stimulation of p21(waf1/cip1) by transforming growth factor-beta.	transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta)can induce the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15 in a variety of cell types. we have shown previously that smad3 is required for the growth inhibitory activity of tgf-beta, whereas overexpression of smads is not sufficient to activate the expression of p21 in hacat cells. these data suggest that an additional signaling pathway may be involved in stimulating p21 in hacat cells. given the recent finding that the mitogen-activated protein kinas ...	1999	10585406
qtl for live weight traits in père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids.	interspecies hybrids between père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) have proved to be a powerful resource in the search for quantitative trait loci (qtl) in deer. several regions of the genome with significant effects on live weight and growth rates in backcross hybrids were detected. these include putative qtl for 6-month live weight (lod 3.90) on linkage group 12, for 14-month live weight (lod 3.19) on linkage group 1, three putative qtl for growth rate from 3 t ...	1999	10589515
rapid signalling by androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells.	androgens are important growth regulators in prostate cancer. their known mode of action in target cells requires binding to a cytoplasmic androgen receptor followed by a nuclear translocation event and modulation of the expression of specific genes. here, we report another mode of action of this receptor. treatment of androgen responsive prostate cancer cells with dihydrotestosterone leads to a rapid and reversible activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases mapks (also called extracellular ...	1999	10597231
caveolin-1 interacts with the insulin receptor and can differentially modulate insulin signaling in transfected cos-7 cells and rat adipose cells.	caveolae may function as microdomains for signaling that help to determine specific biological actions mediated by the insulin receptor (ir). caveolin-1, a major component of caveolae, contains a scaffolding domain (sd) that binds to a caveolin-1 binding motif in the kinase domain of the ir in vitro. to investigate the potential role of caveolin-1 in insulin signaling we overexpressed wild-type (cav-wt) or mutant (cav-mut; f92a/v94a in sd) caveolin-1 in either cos-7 cells cotransfected with ir o ...	1999	10598578
the mechanism of complex formation between fli-1 and srf transcription factors.	the mechanisms of multicomponent transcription factor complex assembly are currently poorly defined. a paradigm for this type of complex is the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 and the mads-box transcription factor srf which form a ternary complex with the c- fos serum response element (sre). in this study we have analysed how a different ets-domain transcription factor fli-1 interacts with srf to form ternary complexes with this element. two regions of fli-1 that are required for ternary c ...	2000	10606656
age-sensitive and -insensitive pathways leading to jnk activation in mouse cd4(+) t-cells.	the c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) can be activated in t-cells either by the combination of tcr and cd28 costimulation or by a variety of stress-related stimuli including uv light, h(2)o(2), and hyperosmolar sorbitol solutions. in t-lymphocytes, tcr/cd28 stimulation of jnk leads to induction of new gene expression via c-jun, atf-2, and elk-1. phosphorylation of c-jun in cd4(+) t-cells stimulated by cd3/cd4/cd28 cross-linking declines with age, due to diminished activation of jnk. here we show tha ...	1999	10607425
artefactual gene induction during preparation of xenopus laevis animal cap explants.	the animal cap assay in xenopus laevis was used to study the induction and regulation of the mesoderm-specific gene xegr-1, a homolog of the mammalian egr-1 genes. egr-1 is an immediate-early gene whose growth factor-stimulated transcriptional induction displays a transient activity profile and occurs independent of protein synthesis. the xegr-1 promoter contains multiple serum response elements (sres). in this paper we show that xegr-1 is induced unspecifically during the process of animal cap ...	1999	10610029
atypical protein kinase c-zeta stimulates thyrotropin-independent proliferation in rat thyroid cells.	several reports have indicated that protein kinase c (pkc) is an important regulator of proliferation in thyroid cells. unlike tsh, the mitogenic effects of phorbol esters are accompanied by de-differentiation. the role of individual pkc isoforms in thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation has not been examined. recent studies have implicated the atypical pkczeta, a phorbol ester-unresponsive isozyme, in cell proliferation, death, and survival. we overexpressed pkczeta in wistar rat thyroi ...	2000	10614633
source and site of action of anti-luteolytic interferon in red deer (cervus elaphus): possible involvement of extra-ovarian oxytocin secretion in maternal recognition of pregnancy.	six conceptuses were collected from red deer hinds on day 22 after synchronization of oestrus with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices (removal of device = day 0). within 24 h of culture in vitro, the supernatant from five of six conceptuses showed detectable antiviral activity. interferon alpha (ifn-alpha) receptors were identified by immunohistochemistry on the luminal surface of the endometrium, in the neurohypophysis and paraventricular hypothalamus, but not in the ovaries of the hin ...	1999	10615255
delayed and sustained activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by proteasome inhibitors through p21(ras) in pc12 cells.	proteolysis by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway regulates the intracellular level of several proteins, some of which control cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. to determine what kinds of signaling cascades are activated or inhibited by proteasome inhibition, we treated pc12 cells with specific proteasome inhibitors and subsequently performed in-gel kinase assays. n-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal and lactacystin, which inhibit the activity of the proteasome, induced the activation of p42/ ...	2000	10617109
sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by g protein-coupled receptors edg3 and edg5.	sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and neurite retraction. contradictory reports propose that s1p acts as either an intracellular second messenger or an extracellular ligand for cell-surface receptors. hence, the precise signaling mechanisms mediating the diverse cellular effects of s1p remain to be determined. here, we investigate whether s1p stimulation of cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events can be mediated by the recently cl ...	2000	10617617
the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene as a tool in evolutionary studies of artiodactyles.	the complete coding region of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene was characterized in species belonging to the two families bovidae and cervidae; cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), muskox (ovibos moschatus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). this well conserved gene is a central regulator of mammalian coat colour. examination of the interspecies ...	1999	10628296
basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity.	analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (cervus dama), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (cervus unicolor), nine père david deer (elaphurus davidianus), 20 european bison (bison bonasus), seven nilgai (boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia). the following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemogl ...	1999	10629960
dimer formation by ternary complex factor elk-1.	ternary complex factors (tcfs), a subgroup of the ets protein family, bind with a dimer of serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element. both dna binding and transcriptional activation by tcfs are regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases. when activated, mitogen-activated protein kinases form homodimers that translocate to the nucleus, where they interact with tcfs via specific docking sites. here we show by three different criteria that elk-1 is capable of forming dimers in e ...	2000	10636872
janus kinase 2-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by growth hormone. resultant transcriptional activation of atf-2 and chop, cytoskeletal re-organization and mitogenesis.	we demonstrate here that p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase is activated in response to cellular stimulation by human gh (hgh) in chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with gh receptor cdna. this activation requires the proline-rich box 1 region of the gh receptor required for jak2 association and is prevented by pretreatment of cells with the jak2-specific inhibitor ag490. atf-2 is both phosphorylated and transcriptionally activated by hgh, and its transcriptional activation al ...	2000	10636915
serine/threonine phosphorylation in cytokine signal transduction.	over the past decade, the involvement of tyrosine kinases in signal transduction pathways evoked by cytokines has been intensively investigated. only relatively recently have the roles of serine/threonine kinases in cytokine-induced signal transduction and anti-apoptotic pathways been examined. cytokine receptors without intrinsic kinase activity such as interleukin-3 (il-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) and the interferons were thought to transmit their regulatory s ...	2000	10637471
erk activation induces phosphorylation of elk-1 at multiple s/t-p motifs to high stoichiometry.	elk-1, a member of the tcf family of ets domain proteins, contains a c-terminal transcriptional activation domain with multiple copies of the mapk core consensus sequence s/t-p. this region is phosphorylated by map kinases in vitro and in vivo, but the extent and kinetics of phosphorylation at the different sites have not been investigated in detail. we prepared antisera against the phosphorylated forms of residues t353, t363, t368, s383, s389 and t417. the antisera specifically recognize the ph ...	1999	10637505
molecular characterization of a zebrafish tcf ets-domain transcription factor.	the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-transcription factors represent key nuclear targets of the map kinase pathways. members of this subfamily are classified by the presence of several conserved domains for dna binding, interaction with srf, interaction with map kinases and transcriptional activation. in this study we have isolated a further member of this subfamily (tcf-1) from zebrafish. the protein product of zebrafish tcf-1 (ztcf-1), shares sequence similarity with the mammalian ...	1999	10637509
hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves: 30 cases (1988-1998).	to characterize hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves, including clinical signs, incidence, physical examination findings, and possible causes.	2000	10638323
heritability of fitness in a wild mammal population.	classical population genetics theory predicts that selection should deplete heritable genetic variance for fitness. we show here that, consistent with this prediction, there was a negative correlation between the heritability of a trait and its association with fitness in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) and there was no evidence of significant heritability of total fitness. however, the decline in heritability was caused, at least in part, by increased levels of residual variance ...	2000	10639142
lactation curves in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	this study examines milk production and the effect of milk production and sex of calf on body weights and gains of red deer calves and hinds of the iberian subspecies (cervus elaphus hispanicus). milk production was assessed in 14 hinds by weighing calves before and after suckling and by adjusting these values to the gamma function. gamma estimates of total milk production up to d 105 were similar to the amounts computed directly from double weighing. hinds showed two types of lactation curve: 1 ...	1999	10641857
rapid communication: nucleotide sequence of chamois, alpine ibex, and red deer trna(lys) and atpase8 mitochondrial genes.		1999	10641890
specificity determinants of substrate recognition by the protein kinase dyrk1a.	dyrk1a is a dual-specificity protein kinase that is thought to be involved in brain development. we identified a single phosphorylated amino acid residue in the dyrk substrate histone h3 (threonine 45) by mass spectrometry, phosphoamino acid analysis, and protein sequencing. exchange of threonine 45 for alanine abolished phosphorylation of histone h3 by dyrk1a and by the related kinases dyrk1b, dyrk2, and dyrk3 but not by clk3. in order to define the consensus sequence for the substrate specific ...	2000	10644696
methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions.	primary and clonal culture systems have been devised and refined for animal-derived satellite cells. satellite cell (sc) culture development includes efficient cell isolation techniques, establishment of effective plating and growth conditions, formulation of media requirements and thorough evaluation of experimental limitations. as the field of muscle cell culture has expanded, the number of animal species from which satellite cells have been isolated has increased. the focus of this paper is t ...	2000	10650335
evolution of cis-acting elements in 5' flanking regions of vertebrate actin genes.	regulation of the vertebrate actin multigene family involves the recognition of various regulatory sequences (cis-acting elements) that specify the distinct tissue type and developmental program of expression for each actin paralogue, which implies that the distribution of cis-acting elements may be unique for each paralogue gene. to elucidate the evolution of these unique distribution patterns, we improved a method to scan for cis-acting elements in the 5' flanking regulatory region of genes an ...	2000	10654256
smooth muscle alpha-actin carg elements coordinate formation of a smooth muscle cell-selective, serum response factor-containing activation complex.	previous studies have shown that multiple serum response factor (srf)-binding carg elements were required for smooth muscle cell (smc)-specific regulation of smooth muscle (sm) alpha-actin expression. however, a critical question remains as to the mechanisms whereby a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor such as srf might contribute to smc-specific expression. the goal of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that smc-selective expression of sm alpha-actin is due at least in ...	2000	10666419
genetic resistance to experimental infection with mycobacterium bovis in red deer (cervus elaphus).	tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a worldwide threat to livestock and humans. one control strategy is to breed livestock that are more resistant to mycobacterium bovis. in a 3-year heritability study 6 farmed red deer stags were selected from 39 on the basis of their differing responses to experimental challenge via the tonsillar sac with approximately 500 cfu of m. bovis. two stags remained uninfected, two were moderately affected, and two developed serious spreading tb. sevent ...	2000	10678981
characterization of a postreceptor signaling defect that impairs cfos expression in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with insulin resistance.	induction of cfos expression is a definite end point of signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases via mapk cascades. we have examined signal transduction to transcription factor cfos in isolated fibroblasts of a patient with an inherited syndrome of insulin resistance. mapk phosphorylation and activity were unaltered, but inducibility of cfos transcription was strongly impaired by insulin and reduced by pdgf. induction of the cfos promoter via mapk is mediated by activation of the ternary ...	2000	10679246
detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction.	the genus parapoxvirus includes four members, bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpox virus (pcpv), orf virus (orfv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). a set of primers for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed to detect viral dna from cells infected with each of the four parapoxviruses. the set of primers resulted in the amplification of appropriately sized products from cells infected with bpsv, pcpv, orfv and pvnz, respectively. the pcr method was applied ...	2000	10680970
seroepidemiology of chlamydial infections of wild ruminants in spain.	chlamydial infections were determined serologically among wild ruminants in the nature park of the sierras de cazorla, segura y las villas (cnp; spain). sampling was done during the period from 1990-95. there were 1,244 blood samples collected, consisting of 490 from fallow deer (dama dama), 343 from mouflon (ovis mussimon), 283 from red deer (cervus elaphus) and 128 from spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica). specific complement-fixing antibodies of chlamydia spp. were detected by means of microtechni ...	2000	10682742
[studies on cell signaling immunomodulated murine peritoneal suppressor macrophages: lps and pma mediate the activation of raf-1, mapk p44 and mapk p42 and p38 mapk].	monocytes-macrophages which serve as host immune cells to kill pathogens can often be "activated" after exposing to viruses, bacteria, cytokines as well as chemical substances, however, it is paradoxical that highly activated macrophages can be induced to become the suppressor ones by live microbes, microbial products, tumor, and autoimmune disease, although the mechanism remains unknown. our previous experimental studies have shown that immuno-suppressor activities of suppressor macrophages on ...	1997	10684111
comparative reproductive function in cervids: implications for management of farm and zoo populations.	the cervids represent a complex assemblage of taxa characterized by extreme diversity in morphology, physiology, ecology and geographical distribution. farmed species (for example red deer and fallow deer) are usually the common larger-bodied, gregarious and monotocous species that express marked reproductive seasonality in their temperate environment. their commercial importance has facilitated considerable research into reproductive physiology and the development of assisted reproductive techn ...	1999	10692851
structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study.	the structure and relative degree of mineralisation of antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags exposed either to low or high levels of environmental fluoride were determined by digital quantitative backscattered electron (bse) imaging. bone fluoride content (bfc) in antlers (845 +/- 86 mg f-/kg ash, arithmetic mean +/- s.e.m.) and pedicles (1448 +/- 154 mg f-/kg ash) of deer from a highly fluoride polluted area in north bohemia (czech republic) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) th ...	2000	10697290
pharyngeal bot flies in cervus elaphus in central spain: prevalence and population dynamics.	the prevalence and intensity of infestations by bot flies pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from quintos de mora (toledo, spain) were determined over a 1-yr period. bots were present all year. no clear correlations were found between age or sex of the host and parasitization levels (prevalence and intensity). considerable variation was found in prevalence and intensity, with larger values from december to march. cephenemyia auribarbis was restricted from ...	2000	10701560
recreation, consumption of wild game, risk, and the department of energy sites: perceptions of people attending the lewiston, id, "roundup".	several federal agencies are reclaiming land through remediation and restoration, and are considering potential future land uses that are compatible with current land uses and local needs. understanding potential recreational and wild game consumption patterns and risk perceptions are critical for determining cleanup levels and assessing potential risk associated with certain uses. in this article, recreational rates of people attending the lewiston "roundup" rodeo in northwestern idaho were exa ...	1999	10706241
enhanced expression of osteopontin in human diabetic artery and analysis of its functional role in accelerated atherogenesis.	we have previously reported that high glucose stimulates osteopontin (opn) expression through protein kinase c-dependent pathways as well as hexosamine pathways in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. the finding prompted us to study in vivo expression of opn in diabetes mellitus. in the present study, we found by immunohistochemistry that medial layers of the carotid arteries of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and the forearm arteries of diabetic patients stained positively for opn ant ...	2000	10712383
a model for study of lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and gastrointestinal nematode infection in young red deer (cervus elaphus).	a model of sub-clinical parasitism in young red deer, using concurrent trickle infections of lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and mixed gastro-intestinal (gi) nematodes of deer-origin was evaluated. 20 parasite-free deer calves were artificially reared indoors from 4 days of age. a further five calves were naturally reared on pasture with their dams, treated with anthelmintic and brought indoors at 3-4 months. at 4-4.5 months of age they were individually housed and allocated to five groups (n=5). gr ...	2000	10714458
culling plans put future of red deer study in jeopardy.		2000	10716413
ribosomal subunit kinase-2 is required for growth factor-stimulated transcription of the c-fos gene.	ribosomal subunit kinases (rsk) have been implicated in the regulation of transcription by phosphorylating and thereby activating numerous transcription factors, such as c-fos, camp responsive element binding protein (creb), and nuclear receptors. here we describe the generation and characterization of immortalized embryonic fibroblast cell lines from mice in which the rsk-2 gene was disrupted by homologous recombinant gene targeting. rsk-2-deficient (knockout or ko) cell lines have no detectabl ...	2000	10716983
seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive wapiti hinds (cervus elaphus canadensis).	captive wapiti hinds were observed during seven periods between june 1996 and november 1997. we investigated their activity and foraging behaviour on two pastures, heavily and lightly grazed, during four phases of the reproductive cycle (early gestation, late gestation, peak lactation, and late lactation). within season, differences in forage availability between pastures had little apparent effect on wapiti feeding behaviour (p0.05). however, within each pasture, hinds tended to select location ...	2000	10719196
effects of management at weaning on behaviour and weight gain of farmed red deer calves.	two studies were performed to determine whether there were behavioural or productive differences arising from two contrasting weaning practices for red deer; proximate vs. distant separation of dams and calves. in experiment 1, 80 calves across two replicates were used. for each replicate, calves were separated from their mothers, weighed and allocated to one of two treatments (n=20 calves), either confinement in an unfamiliar paddock 100 m from their mothers for 2 weeks following weaning (treat ...	2000	10719197
learning-associated activation of nuclear mapk, creb and elk-1, along with fos production, in the rat hippocampus after a one-trial avoidance learning: abolition by nmda receptor blockade.	it is widely accepted that the formation of long-term memory (ltm) requires neuronal gene expression, protein synthesis and the remodeling of synaptic contacts. from mollusk to mammals, the camp/pka/creb signaling pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role in the establishment of ltm. more recently, the mapk cascade has been also involved in memory processing. here, we provide evidence for the participation of hippocampal pka/creb and mapk/elk-1 pathways, via activation of nmda receptors, in ...	2000	10719213
the dominant negative ras mutant, n17ras, can inhibit signaling independently of blocking ras activation.	ras plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions, including growth, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. for instance, ras participates in the activation of raf, which phosphorylates and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek), which then phosphorylates and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase. activation of map kinase appears to be essential for propagating a wide variety of extracellular signals ...	2000	10722731
activation of the c-fos enhancer by the erk map kinase pathway through two sequence elements: the c-fos ap-1 and p62tcf sites.	the c-fos enhancer can be activated by many signaling pathways through distinct elements of the enhancer. the enhancer contains at its core the serum response element (sre) that binds serum response factor (srf). on the 5' side of the sre is a site for p62tcf which binds only when srf is bound as well. p62tcf is encoded by three ets-related genes, elk-1, sap1 and sap2. each of these factors contain a transcriptional activation domain that is activated by phosphorylation by map kinases. on the 3' ...	2000	10723128
successful in vitro fertilization of in vivo matured oocytes aspirated laparoscopically from red deer hinds (cervus elaphus).	most current protocols of in vitro fertilization in ruminants are based on in vitro maturation of oocytes derived from abattoir material. for application of ivf technology to captive endangered species, however, noninvasive techniques are required which allow repeated collection of oocytes from live females. the aim of this study was to develop a method for embryo production from mature oocytes collected laparoscopically from red deer hinds. follicular development was synchronized in red deer hi ...	1999	10729012
involvement of serotoninergic pathways in the control of luteinizing hormone secretion in red deer hinds.	two experiments were conducted to determine whether serotoninergic pathways, which are implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of luteininzing hormone (lh) secretion in domestic animals, have a similar action in red deer hinds. in the non-breeding season (august), ovariectomized (n = 5) and ovariectomized-thyroidectomized (n = 5) hinds received a vehicle solution followed 4 h later by either serotonin (66 microg kg(-1) i.v.) every 10 min for a further 4 h or the serotonin antagonist, cyprohe ...	1999	10735553
structure of the elk-1-dna complex reveals how dna-distal residues affect ets domain recognition of dna.	sap-1 and elk-1 are members of a large group of eukaryotic transcription factors that contain a conserved ets dna binding domain and that cooperate with the serum response factor (srf) to activate transcription of the c-fos protooncogene. despite the high degree of sequence similarity, which includes an identical amino acid sequence for the dna recognition helix within the ets domain of these proteins, they exhibit different dna binding properties. here we report the 2.1 ¿ crystal structure of t ...	2000	10742173