Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| ochoterenella esslingeri n. sp. (nematoda: onchocercidae: waltonellinae) from bokermannohyla luctuosa (anura: hylidae) in minas gerais, brazil, with notes on paraochoterenella purnomo & bangs, 1999. | the waltonelline ochoterenella esslingeri n. sp., a filarial parasite of the anuran bokermannohyla luctuosa in minas gerais, brazil is described. several characters distinguish this new species from the 15 species presently included in the genus: the cuticular ornamentation of the female that is restricted to the posterior region of the body, the irregular arrangement of the small, rounded bosses, the postoesophageal vulva, the short glandular oesophagus, the size and shape of the microfilariae, ... | 2012 | 23193518 |
| cane toads lack physiological enhancements for dispersal at the invasive front in northern australia. | many invasive species have evolved behavioural and morphological characteristics that facilitate their dispersal into new areas, but it is unclear how selection on this level of the phenotype filters through to the underlying physiology. cane toads have been dispersing westward across northern tropical australia for more than 70 years. previous studies of cane toads at the invasive front have identified several behavioural, morphological and locomotory characteristics that have evolved to facili ... | 2011 | 23213366 |
| front acceleration by dynamic selection in fisher population waves. | we introduce a minimal model of population range expansion in which the phenotypes of individuals present no selective advantage and differ only in their diffusion rate. we show that such neutral phenotypic variability (i.e., that does not modify the growth rate) alone can yield phenotype segregation at the front edge, even in absence of genetic noise, and significantly impact the dynamical properties of the expansion wave. we present an exact asymptotic traveling wave solution and show analytic ... | 2012 | 23214616 |
| isolation breeds naivety: island living robs australian varanid lizards of toad-toxin immunity via four-base-pair mutation. | since their introduction to the toad-free australian continent cane toads (bufo marinus) have caused a dramatic increase in naïve varanid mortality when these large lizards attempt to feed on this toxic amphibian. in contrast asian-african varanids, which have coevolved with toads, are resistant to toad toxin. toad toxins, such as bufalin target the h1-h2 domain of the α(1) subunit of the sodium-potassium-atpase enzyme. sequencing of this domain revealed identical nucleotide sequences in four as ... | 2013 | 23289579 |
| rapid identification of primary constituents in parotoid gland secretions of the australian cane toad using hplc/ms-q-tof. | toad parotoid gland secretion or toad venom has in recent years been increasingly shown to possess potentially beneficial pharmacological effects; this speculation has drawn much interest centred on elucidating the chemical basis of its multimodal effects. for this purpose, we explored the use of a rapid and accurate analysis method for systemic investigation of the parotoid gland chemistry, when extracted from australian cane toads. full-scan data of cane toad venom extract was acquired using h ... | 2013 | 23319165 |
| changes in cutaneous microbial abundance with sloughing: possible implications for infection and disease in amphibians. | the emergence of disease as a significant global threat to amphibian diversity has generated considerable interest in amphibian defenses against cutaneous microbial infection and disease. to date, however, the influence of sloughing on the susceptibility of amphibians to infection and disease has been largely overlooked. to investigate the potential for sloughing to regulate topical microbial loads, the abundance of cultivable cutaneous bacteria and fungi in the cane toad rhinella marina were co ... | 2012 | 23324420 |
| the early toad gets the worm: cane toads at an invasion front benefit from higher prey availability. | in biological invasions, rates of range expansion tend to accelerate through time. what kind of benefits to more rapidly dispersing organisms might impose natural selection for faster rates of dispersal, and hence the evolution of range-edge acceleration? we can answer that question by comparing fitness-relevant ecological traits of individuals at the invasion front compared with conspecifics in the same area a few years post-invasion. in tropical australia, the rate of invasion by cane toads (r ... | 2013 | 23360501 |
| evolutionary responses to invasion: cane toad sympatric fish show enhanced avoidance learning. | the introduced cane toad (bufo marinus) poses a major threat to biodiversity due to its lifelong toxicity. several terrestrial native australian vertebrates are adapting to the cane toad's presence and lab trials have demonstrated that repeated exposure to b. marinus can result in learnt avoidance behaviour. here we investigated whether aversion learning is occurring in aquatic ecosystems by comparing cane toad naïve and sympatric populations of crimson spotted rainbow fish (melanotaenia duboula ... | 2013 | 23372788 |
| two new species of oswaldocruzia (nematoda: trichostrongylina: molineoidea) parasites of the cane toad rhinella marina (amphibia: anura) from peru. | two new species of oswaldocruzia, o. manuensis sp. nov., and o. urubambaensis sp. nov. are described and illustrated from peru, these are parasites of the cane toad rhinella marina. o. manuensis is characterized by having cervical alae which are not well developed, ridges without chitinous supports, caudal bursa type ii and branches of fork of dissimilar length. o. urubambaensis is characterized by a caudal bursa of type i, ridges with chitinous supports, a thin cephalic vesicle and origin of ra ... | 2013 | 23377910 |
| analytical aspects of marinobufagenin. | marinobufagenin (mbg), a steroid compound belonging to the bufadienolide cardiac inotropes, is a molecule enjoying a growing interest in the early diagnostic of volume expansion-mediated hypertensive states. this endogenous mammalian cardiotonic and natriuretic bufadienolide (characterized by vasoconstrictive activities) inhibits the α1 isoform of na(+), k(+)-atpase, implicating it in series of pathophysiological circumstances such as volume-expansion, essential hypertension and preeclampsia. in ... | 2013 | 23470428 |
| effects of multiple chemical, physical, and biological stressors on the incidence and types of abnormalities observed in bermuda's cane toads (rhinella marina). | the interactive effects of contaminants and ultraviolet light (uv)-exposure on the incidence and types of abnormalities observed were measured in newly metamorphosed cane toads (rhinella marina) from four bermuda ponds contaminated with petrochemicals and metals. abnormalities were compared in toadlets that were field-collected, reared in predator exclusion cages, reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to control media or corresponding pond media, and reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to ... | 2013 | 23526808 |
| a new species of mesocoelium (digenea: mesocoeliidae) found in rhinella marina (amphibia: bufonidae) from brazilian amazonia. | mesocoelium lanfrediae sp. nov. (digenea: mesocoeliidae) inhabits the small intestine of rhinella marina (amphibia: bufonidae) and is described here, with illustrations provided by light, scanning electron microscopy and molecular approachs. m. lanfrediae sp. nov. presents the typical characteristics of the genus, but is morphometrically and morphologically different from the species described previously. the main diagnostic characteristics of m. lanfrediae sp. nov. are (i) seven pairs of regula ... | 2013 | 23579798 |
| cardiac performance correlates of relative heart ventricle mass in amphibians. | this study used an in situ heart preparation to analyze the power output and stroke work of spontaneously beating hearts of four anurans (rhinella marina, lithobates catesbeianus, xenopus laevis, pyxicephalus edulis) and three urodeles (necturus maculosus, ambystoma tigrinum, amphiuma tridactylum) that span a representative range of relative ventricle mass (rvm) found in amphibians. previous research has documented that rvm correlates with dehydration tolerance and maximal aerobic capacity in am ... | 2013 | 23619575 |
| evaluation of righting reflex in cane toads (bufo marinus) after topical application of sevoflurane jelly. | to evaluate the righting reflex after topical application of a sevoflurane jelly in cane toads (bufo marinus). | 2013 | 23718648 |
| seasonal dynamics of the lungworm, rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala, in recently colonised cane toad (rhinella marina) populations in tropical australia. | the impact of parasites on host populations depend upon parasite prevalence and intensity. understanding how infection dynamics change through time following a host population's initial exposure to the parasite is fundamental to host-parasite biology. we studied an invasive host (the cane toad, rhinella marina) currently undergoing range expansion - a process through which this host's range is expanding faster than that of its lung parasites (the nematode, rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala), such th ... | 2013 | 23747925 |
| antiproliferative activity of rhinella marina and rhaebo guttatus venom extracts from southern amazon. | the venom of amphibians is a fascinating source of active substances. in view of their medical importance and aiming to explore the amazing brazilian biodiversity, we conducted bioprospecting of antiproliferative activity in extracts of rhinella marina and rhaebo guttatus toads occurring in the southern amazon of mato grosso, brazil. lc-ms and hplc analysis of the venom extracts of r. marina revealed four bufadienolides (telocinobufagin, marinobufagin, bufalin and resibufogenin. r. guttatus veno ... | 2013 | 23796725 |
| evolution of dispersal and life history interact to drive accelerating spread of an invasive species. | populations on the edge of an expanding range are subject to unique evolutionary pressures acting on their life-history and dispersal traits. empirical evidence and theory suggest that traits there can evolve rapidly enough to interact with ecological dynamics, potentially giving rise to accelerating spread. nevertheless, which of several evolutionary mechanisms drive this interaction between evolution and spread remains an open question. we propose an integrated theoretical framework for partit ... | 2013 | 23809102 |
| changes in serum and urinary corticosterone and testosterone during short-term capture and handling in the cane toad (rhinella marina). | non-invasive endocrine monitoring with minimally invasive biological samples, such as urine, is being used widely for conservation biology research on amphibians. currently, it is unknown how closely urinary measurements correspond with the traditional serum hormone measurements. we compared urinary and serum concentrations of corticosterone (cort) and testosterone (t) in adult male cane toads (rhinella marina) using a standard capture and handling (short-term stressor) protocol. free-living mal ... | 2013 | 23851041 |
| rapid shifts in dispersal behavior on an expanding range edge. | dispersal biology at an invasion front differs from that of populations within the range core, because novel evolutionary and ecological processes come into play in the nonequilibrium conditions at expanding range edges. in a world where species' range limits are changing rapidly, we need to understand how individuals disperse at an invasion front. we analyzed an extensive dataset from radio-tracking invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) over the first 8 y since they arrived at a site in tropica ... | 2013 | 23898175 |
| larger body size at metamorphosis enhances survival, growth and performance of young cane toads (rhinella marina). | body size at metamorphosis is a key trait in species (such as many anurans) with biphasic life-histories. experimental studies have shown that metamorph size is highly plastic, depending upon larval density and environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, food supply, water quality, chemical cues from conspecifics, predators and competitors). to test the hypothesis that this developmental plasticity is adaptive, or to determine if inducing plasticity can be used to control an invasive species, we ... | 2013 | 23922930 |
| adrenocortical stress responses influence an invasive vertebrate's fitness in an extreme environment. | continued range expansion into physiologically challenging environments requires invasive species to maintain adaptive phenotypic performance. the adrenocortical stress response, governed in part by glucocorticoid hormones, influences physiological and behavioural responses of vertebrates to environmental stressors. however, any adaptive role of this response in invasive populations that are expanding into extreme environments is currently unclear. we experimentally manipulated the adrenocortica ... | 2013 | 23945686 |
| sight of a predator induces a corticosterone stress response and generates fear in an amphibian. | amphibians, like other animals, generate corticosterone or cortisol glucocorticoid responses to stimuli perceived to be threatening. it is generally assumed that the corticosterone response of animals to capture and handling reflects the corticosterone response to stimuli such as the sight of a predator that are thought to be natural stressors. fijian ground frogs (platymantisvitiana) are preyed upon by the introduced cane toads (rhinellamarina), and we used ground frogs to test the hypothesis t ... | 2013 | 24009756 |
| passive and active defense in toads: the parotoid macroglands in rhinella marina and rhaebo guttatus. | amphibians have many skin poison glands used in passive defense, in which the aggressor causes its own poisoning when biting prey. in some amphibians the skin glands accumulate in certain regions forming macroglands, such as the parotoids of toads. we have discovered that the toad rhaebo guttatus is able to squirt jets of poison towards the aggressor, contradicting the typical amphibian defense. we studied the r. guttatus chemical defense, comparing it with rhinella marina, a sympatric species s ... | 2014 | 24130001 |
| inhibition of the permeability response to vasopressin and oxytocin in the toad bladder: effects of bradykinin, kallidin, eledoisin, and physalaemin. | it has been shown by means of bentley'sin vitro preparation of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad,bufo marinus paracnemis lutz, that bradykinin reversibly inhibited the increase brought about by vasopressin on the permeability to water of the toad bladder. the increased hydro-osmotic response of the bladder to oxytocin was also inhibited by the kinin. the effect on water permeability was observed when bradykinin was added either to the serosal ringer's solution or to the mucosal solution. ... | 1971 | 24174237 |
| the interacting effects of ungulate hoofprints and predatory native ants on metamorph cane toads in tropical australia. | many invasive species exploit the disturbed habitats created by human activities. understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on invasion success, and how disturbance interacts with other factors (such as biotic resistance to the invaders from the native fauna) may suggest new ways to reduce invader viability. in tropical australia, commercial livestock production can facilitate invasion by the cane toad (rhinella marina), because hoofprints left by cattle and horses around waterbody margin ... | 2013 | 24255703 |
| size matters: insights from an allometric approach to evaluate control methods for invasive australian rhinella marina. | invasive species are costly and difficult to control. in order to gain a mechanistic understanding of potential control measures, individual-based models uniquely parameterized to reflect the salient life-history characteristics of invasive species are useful. using invasive australian rhinella marina as a case study, we constructed a cohort- and individual-based population simulation that incorporates growth and body size of terrestrial stages. we used this allometric approach to examine the ef ... | 2013 | 24261039 |
| prevalence, serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp. from wild and domestic green iguanas (iguana iguana) in grenada, west indies. | cloacal swabs from 62 green iguanas (iguana iguana), including 47 wild and 15 domestic ones from five parishes of grenada, were sampled during a 4-month period of january to april 2013 and examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of salmonella spp. fifty-five per cent of the animals were positive, and eight serovars of salmonella were isolated. the most common serovar was rubislaw (58.8%), a serovar found recently in many cane toads in grenada, followed by oranienburg (14.7% ... | 2014 | 24325463 |
| cane toads and bush tucker: starvation ketoacidosis in a bushwalker. | 2013 | 24329662 | |
| modulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis in muscle-dependent long-term depression at the amphibian neuromuscular junction. | we have labeled recycling synaptic vesicles at the somatic bufo marinus neuromuscular junction with the styryl dye fm2-10 and provide direct evidence for refractoriness of exocytosis associated with a muscle activity-dependent form of long-term depression (ltd) at this synapse. fm2-10 dye unloading experiments demonstrated that the rate of vesicle exocytosis from the release ready pool (rrp) of vesicles was more than halved in the ltd (induced by 20 min of low frequency stimulation). recovery fr ... | 2014 | 24489862 |
| do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native australian frogs? | one of the most devastating impacts of an invasive species is the introduction of novel parasites or diseases to native fauna. invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) in australia contain several types of parasites, raising concern that the toads may increase rates of parasitism in local anuran species. we sampled cane toads and sympatric native frogs (limnodynastes peronii, litoria latopalmata, and litoria nasuta) at the southern invasion front of cane toads in north-eastern new south wales (nsw) ... | 2013 | 24533330 |
| behavioural flexibility allows an invasive vertebrate to survive in a semi-arid environment. | plasticity or evolution in behavioural responses are key attributes of successful animal invasions. in northern australia, the invasive cane toad (rhinella marina) recently invaded semi-arid regions. here, cane toads endure repeated daily bouts of severe desiccation and thermal stress during the long dry season (april-october). we investigated whether cane toads have shifted their ancestral nocturnal rehydration behaviour to one that exploits water resources during the day. such a shift in hydra ... | 2014 | 24573152 |
| acute thermal stressor increases glucocorticoid response but minimizes testosterone and locomotor performance in the cane toad (rhinella marina). | climatic warming is a global problem and acute thermal stressor in particular could be considered as a major stressor for wildlife. cane toads (rhinella marina) have expanded their range into warmer regions of australia and they provide a suitable model species to study the sub-lethal impacts of thermal stressor on the endocrine physiology of amphibians. presently, there is no information to show that exposure to an acute thermal stressor could initiate a physiological stress (glucocorticoid) re ... | 2014 | 24643017 |
| the effects of the toxic cyanobacterium limnothrix (strain ac0243) on bufo marinus larvae. | limnothrix (strain ac0243) is a cyanobacterium, which has only recently been identified as toxin producing. under laboratory conditions, bufo marinus larvae were exposed to 100,000 cells ml(-1) of limnothrix (strain ac0243) live cultures for seven days. histological examinations were conducted post mortem and revealed damage to the notochord, eyes, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. the histopathological results highlight the toxicological impact of this strain, p ... | 2014 | 24662524 |
| effect of a punica granatum enriched diet on immunocompetence in rhinella marina. | direct ingestion of plant materials has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects on a variety of herbivores. studies have also shown that compounds ingested indirectly by predators through prey items can affect the general physiology of the ingesting organism. relatively little data exists, however, concerning the modulation of a predator's immune system via compounds obtained indirectly through prey. in this study, we sought to determine if the immune-stimulating properties of punica granatu ... | 2014 | 24664895 |
| repeated thermal stressor causes chronic elevation of baseline corticosterone and suppresses the physiological endocrine sensitivity to acute stressor in the cane toad (rhinella marina). | extreme environmental temperature could impact the physiology and ecology of animals. the stress endocrine axis provides necessary physiological stress response to acute (day-day) stressors. presently, there are no empirical evidences showing that exposure to extreme thermal stressor could cause chronic stress in amphibians. this could also modulate the physiological endocrine sensitivity to acute stressors and have serious implications for stress coping in amphibians, particularly those living ... | 2014 | 24679975 |
| miniaturized bioaffinity assessment coupled to mass spectrometry for guided purification of bioactives from toad and cone snail. | a nano-flow high-resolution screening platform, featuring a parallel chip-based microfluidic bioassay and mass spectrometry coupled to nano-liquid chromatography, was applied to screen animal venoms for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor like (nachr) affinity by using the acetylcholine binding protein, a mimic of the nachr. the potential of this microfluidic platform is demonstrated by profiling the conus textile venom proteome, consisting of over 1,000 peptides. within one analysis (<90 min, 500 ... | 2014 | 24833338 |
| net cardiac shunts in anuran amphibians: physiology or physics? | amphibians have a single ventricle and common conus arteriosus that produces an equal pressure to the parallel pulmocutaneous and systemic vascular circuits. the distribution of blood flows between the pulmocutaneous (qpul) and systemic (qsys) circuits (net cardiac shunt) varies with a number of environmental conditions and behaviours; although autonomic regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance conductance has been emphasized, little attention has been paid to the possible contribution of the ... | 2014 | 24902743 |
| immune response varies with rate of dispersal in invasive cane toads (rhinella marina). | what level of immunocompetence should an animal maintain while undertaking long-distance dispersal? immune function (surveillance and response) might be down-regulated during prolonged physical exertion due to energy depletion, and/or to avoid autoimmune reactions arising from damaged tissue. on the other hand, heightened immune vigilance might be favored if the organism encounters novel pathogens as it enters novel environments. we assessed the links between immune defense and long-distance mov ... | 2014 | 24936876 |
| survey of helminths, ectoparasites, and chytrid fungus of an introduced population of cane toads, rhinella marina (anura: bufonidae), from grenada, west indies. | one hundred specimens of rhinella marina , (anura: bufonidae) collected in st. george's parish, grenada, from september 2010 to august 2011, were examined for the presence of ectoparasites and helminths. ninety-five (95%) were parasitized by 1 or more parasite species. nine species of parasites were found: 1 digenean, 2 acanthocephalans, 4 nematodes, 1 arthropod and 1 pentastome. the endoparasites represented 98.9% of the total number of parasite specimens collected. grenada represents a new loc ... | 2014 | 24960037 |
| realized niche shift during a global biological invasion. | accurate forecasts of biological invasions are crucial for managing invasion risk but are hampered by niche shifts resulting from evolved environmental tolerances (fundamental niche shifts) or the presence of novel biotic and abiotic conditions in the invaded range (realized niche shifts). distinguishing between these kinds of niche shifts is impossible with traditional, correlative approaches to invasion forecasts, which exclusively consider the realized niche. here we overcome this challenge b ... | 2014 | 24982155 |
| indirect evidence for elastic energy playing a role in limb recovery during toad hopping. | elastic energy is critical for amplifying muscle power during the propulsive phase of anuran jumping. in this study, we use toads (bufo marinus) to address whether elastic recoil is also involved after take-off to help flex the limbs before landing. the potential for such spring-like behaviour stems from the unusually flexed configuration of a toad's hindlimbs in a relaxed state. manual extension of the knee beyond approximately 90° leads to the rapid development of passive tension in the limb a ... | 2014 | 25030045 |
| invasive cane toads: social facilitation depends upon an individual's personality. | individual variation in behavioural traits (including responses to social cues) may influence the success of invasive populations. we studied the relationship between sociality and personality in invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) from a recently established population in tropical australia. in our field experiments, we manipulated social cues (the presence of a feeding conspecific) near a food source. we captured and compared toads that only approached feeding sites where another toad was al ... | 2014 | 25033047 |
| interplay among nocturnal activity, melatonin, corticosterone and performance in the invasive cane toad (rhinella marinus). | most animals conduct daily activities exclusively either during the day or at night. here, hormones such as melatonin and corticosterone, greatly influence the synchronization or regulation of physiological and behavioral cycles needed for daily activity. how then do species that exhibit more flexible daily activity patterns, responses to ecological, environmental or life-history processes, regulate daily hormone profiles important to daily performance? this study examined the consequences of (1 ... | 2014 | 25063397 |
| characterisation of major histocompatibility complex class i in the australian cane toad, rhinella marina. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i is a highly variable gene family that encodes cell-surface receptors vital for recognition of intracellular pathogens and initiation of immune responses. the mhc class i has yet to be characterised in bufonid toads (order: anura; suborder: neobatrachia; family: bufonidae), a large and diverse family of anurans. here we describe the characterisation of a classical mhc class i gene in the australian cane toad, rhinella marina. from 25 individuals ... | 2014 | 25093458 |
| foleyellides rhinellae sp. nov. (nematoda, onchocercidae) a new filaria parasitizing rhinella marina (anura, bufonidae) in mexico. | a new nematode species, foleyellides rhinellae sp. nov. (onchocercidae), is described from specimens found in the body cavity of the cane toad, rhinella marina (linnaeus) (anura, bufonidae), in the laguna de coyuca, guerrero, in the pacific slope of mexico. the new species differs from the other nine species of foleyellides by infecting bufonid anurans and by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae. other distinguishing feature of the new species is the size of the left spicule (0.16-0.23 ... | 2014 | 25119363 |
| effect of atrazine and fenitrothion at no-observed-effect-levels (noel) on amphibian and mammalian corticosterone-binding-globulin (cbg). | this study determines the effect of atrazine and fenitrothion no-observed-effect-levels (noel) on the binding of corticosterone (b) to corticosterone-binding-globulin (cbg) in an amphibian and a mammal. plasma from five cane toads and five wistar rats was exposed to atrazine and fenitrothion at the noel approved for australian fresh water residues and by the world health organization (who). the concentration required to displace 50% (ic50) of b binding to cbg was determined by a competitive micr ... | 2014 | 25138046 |
| venomous and poisonous australian animals of veterinary importance: a rich source of novel therapeutics. | envenomation and poisoning by terrestrial animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) are a significant economic problem and health risk for domestic animals in australia. australian snakes are some of the most venomous animals in the world and bees, wasps, ants, paralysis ticks, and cane toads are also present as part of the venomous and poisonous fauna. the diagnosis and treatment of envenomation or poisoning in animals is a challenge and can be a traumatic and expensive process for owners. des ... | 2014 | 25143943 |
| proteomic profile of ortleppascaris sp.: a helminth parasite of rhinella marina in the amazonian region. | ortleppascaris sp. is a helminth that, in its larval stage, infects the liver parenchyma of the amphibian rhinella marina, resulting in severe physiological and pathological changes. this study used a proteomic approach to determine the overall profile of proteins expressed in a somatic extract from the nematodes to investigate the relationship between the parasite and its host. a total of 60 abundant proteins were selected from the two-dimensional electrophoresis, identified by peptide mass fin ... | 2014 | 25161903 |
| ortleppascaris sp. and your host rhinella marina: a proteomic view into a nematode-amphibian relationship. | the success of the helminth-host relationship depends on a biochemical molecular arsenal. perhaps the proteome is the largest and most important set of this weaponry, in which the proteins have a crucial role in vital processes to the parasite/host relationship, from basic metabolism and energy production to complex immune responses. nowadays, the bioproducts expressed by the parasites are under the "spotlight" of immunoassays and biochemical analysis in helminthology, especially in proteomic an ... | 2014 | 25161910 |
| visualising lymph movement in anuran amphibians with computed tomography. | lymph flux rates in anuran amphibians are high relative to those of other vertebrates owing to 'leaky' capillaries and a high interstitial compliance. lymph movement is accomplished primarily by specialised lymph muscles and lung ventilation that move lymph through highly compartmentalised lymph sacs to the dorsally located lymph hearts, which are responsible for pumping lymph into the circulatory system; however, it is unclear how lymph reaches the lymph hearts. we used computed tomography (ct) ... | 2014 | 25165132 |
| quantifying anuran microhabitat use to infer the potential for parasite transmission between invasive cane toads and two species of australian native frogs. | parasites that are carried by invasive species can infect native taxa, with devastating consequences. in australia, invading cane toads (rhinella marina) carry lungworm parasites (rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) that (based on previous laboratory studies) can infect native treefrogs (litoria caerulea and l. splendida). to assess the potential of parasite transmission from the invader to the native species (and from one infected native frog to another), we used surveys and radiotelemetry to quanti ... | 2014 | 25188421 |
| serum and hepatic vitamin a levels in captive and wild marine toads (bufo marinus). | the captive breeding program for the endangered puerto rican crested toad (peltophryne [bufo] lemur) has been hampered by an undiagnosed condition called "brown skin disease" (bsd). toads develop widespread skin darkening, skin thickening and abnormal shedding and eventually succumb to a chronic loss of viability. this project evaluated the marine toad (bufo marinus) as a model for the prct, examining vitamin a deficiency as a potential cause of bsd. wild caught marine toads had significantly hi ... | 2014 | 25230391 |
| the straight and narrow path: the evolution of straight-line dispersal at a cane toad invasion front. | at the edge of a biological invasion, evolutionary processes (spatial sorting, natural selection) often drive increases in dispersal. although numerous traits influence an individual's displacement (e.g. speed, stamina), one of the most important is path straightness. a straight (i.e. highly correlated) path strongly enhances overall dispersal rate relative to time and energetic cost. thus, we predict that, if path straightness has a genetic basis, organisms in the invasion vanguard will exhibit ... | 2014 | 25297862 |
| reduce torques and stick the landing: limb posture during landing in toads. | a controlled landing, where an animal does not crash or topple, requires enough stability to allow muscles to effectively dissipate mechanical energy. toads (rhinella marina) are exemplary models for understanding the mechanics and motor control of landing given their ability to land consistently during bouts of continuous hopping. previous studies in anurans have shown that ground reaction forces (grfs) during landing are significantly higher compared with takeoff and can potentially impart lar ... | 2014 | 25320271 |
| an introduced pentastomid parasite (raillietiella frenata) infects native cane toads (rhinella marina) in panama. | the pentastomid parasite, raillietiella frenata, is native to asia where it infects the asian house gecko, hemidactylus frenatus. this gecko has been widely introduced and recently r. frenata was found in introduced populations of cane toads (rhinella marina) in australia, indicating a host-switch from introduced geckos to toads. here we report non-native adult r. frenata infecting the lungs of native cane toads in panama. eight of 64 toads were infected (median = 2.5, range = 1-80 pentastomids/ ... | 2015 | 25394910 |
| invader immunology: invasion history alters immune system function in cane toads (rhinella marina) in tropical australia. | because an individual's investment into the immune system may modify its dispersal rate, immune function may evolve rapidly in an invader. we collected cane toads (rhinella marina) from sites spanning their 75-year invasion history in australia, bred them, and raised their progeny in standard conditions. evolved shifts in immune function should manifest as differences in immune responses among the progeny of parents collected in different locations. parental location did not affect the offspring ... | 2015 | 25399668 |
| genomic resources notes accepted 1 august 2014-30 september 2014. | this article documents the public availability of (i) transcriptome sequence data, assembly and annotation, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) for the cone snail conus miliaris; (ii) a set of snp markers for two biotypes from the culex pipiens mosquito complex; (iii) transcriptome sequence data, assembly and annotation for the mountain fly drosophila nigrosparsa; (iv) transcriptome sequence data, assembly and annotation and snps for the neotropical toads rhinella marina and r. schneideri ... | 2015 | 25424247 |
| baroreflex function in anurans from different environments. | anurans from terrestrial environments have an enhanced ability to maintain mean arterial blood pressure (p(m)) through lymph mobilization in response to desiccation or hemorrhage compared with semiaquatic or aquatic species. because short term blood pressure homeostasis is regulated by arterial baroreceptors, we compared baroreflex function in three species of anurans that span a range of environments, dehydration tolerance and an ability to maintain p(m) with dehydration and hemorrhage. the car ... | 2015 | 25447736 |
| invasive species as drivers of evolutionary change: cane toads in tropical australia. | the arrival of an invasive species can have wide-ranging ecological impacts on native taxa, inducing rapid evolutionary responses in ways that either reduce the invader's impact or exploit the novel opportunity that it provides. the invasion process itself can cause substantial evolutionary shifts in traits that influence the invader's dispersal rate (via both adaptive and non-adaptive mechanisms) and its ability to establish new populations. i briefly review the nature of evolutionary changes l ... | 2012 | 25568034 |
| vitamin a values of wild-caught cuban tree frogs (osteopilus septentrionalis) and marine toads (rhinella marina) in whole body, liver, and serum. | recent issues surrounding captive amphibians are often nutritionally related problems, such as hypovitaminosis a. although supplementation of frogs with vitamin a is a topic of investigation, the underlying issue is understanding vitamin a metabolism in amphibian species. to develop a range of "normal" vitamin a concentrations for captive amphibians, baseline vitamin a concentrations must be established in wild amphibian species. in this study, two species, cuban tree frogs (osteopilus septentri ... | 2014 | 25632678 |
| the effects of a nematode lungworm (rhabdias hylae) on its natural and invasive anuran hosts. | biological invasions can bring both the invader and native taxa into contact with novel parasites. as cane toads ( rhinella marina ) have spread through australia, they have encountered lungworms (rhabdias hylae) that occur in native frogs. field surveys suggest that these lungworms have not host-switched to toads. in our laboratory studies, r. hylae infected cane toads as readily as it infected native frogs, but failed to reach the lungs of the novel host (i.e., were killed by the toads' immune ... | 2015 | 25664653 |
| reprint of "baroreflex function in anurans from different environments". | anurans from terrestrial environments have an enhanced ability to maintain mean arterial blood pressure (pm) through lymph mobilization in response to desiccation or hemorrhage compared with semiaquatic or aquatic species. because short term blood pressure homeostasis is regulated by arterial baroreceptors, we compared baroreflex function in three species of anurans that span a range of environments, dehydration tolerance and an ability to maintain pm with dehydration and hemorrhage. the cardiac ... | 2015 | 25843212 |
| a genetic perspective on rapid evolution in cane toads (rhinella marina). | the process of biological invasion exposes a species to novel pressures, in terms of both the environments it encounters and the evolutionary consequences of range expansion. several invaders have been shown to exhibit rapid evolutionary changes in response to those pressures, thus providing robust opportunities to clarify the processes at work during rapid phenotypic transitions. the accelerating pace of invasion of cane toads (rhinella marina) in tropical australia during its 80-year history h ... | 2015 | 25894012 |
| host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: the fate of lungworms (rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts. | the cane toad invasion in australia provides a robust opportunity to clarify the infection process in co-evolved versus de novo host-parasite interactions. we investigated these infection dynamics through histological examination following experimental infections of metamorphs of native frogs (cyclorana australis) and cane toads (rhinella marina) with rhabdias hylae (the lungworm found in native frogs) and rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (the lungworm found in cane toads). cane toads reared under ... | 2015 | 25973392 |
| passive stiffness of hindlimb muscles in anurans with distinct locomotor specializations. | anurans (frogs and toads) have been shown to have relatively compliant skeletal muscles. using a meta-analysis of published data we have found that muscle stiffness is negatively correlated with joint range of motion when examined across mammalian, anuran and bird species. given this trend across a broad phylogenetic sample, we examined whether the relationship held true within anurans. we identified four species that differ in preferred locomotor mode and hence joint range of motion (lithobates ... | 2015 | 26006308 |
| is "cooling then freezing" a humane way to kill amphibians and reptiles? | what is the most humane way to kill amphibians and small reptiles that are used in research? historically, such animals were often killed by cooling followed by freezing, but this method was outlawed by ethics committees because of concerns that ice-crystals may form in peripheral tissues while the animal is still conscious, putatively causing intense pain. this argument relies on assumptions about the capacity of such animals to feel pain, the thermal thresholds for tissue freezing, the tempera ... | 2015 | 26015533 |
| the acid test: ph tolerance of the eggs and larvae of the invasive cane toad (rhinella marina) in southeastern australia. | invasive cane toads are colonizing southeastern australia via a narrow coastal strip sandwiched between unsuitable areas (pacific ocean to the east, mountains to the west). many of the available spawning sites exhibit abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature, salinity, and ph) more extreme than those encountered elsewhere in the toad's native or already invaded range. will that challenge impede toad expansion? to answer that question, we measured ph in 35 ponds in northeastern new south wales and 8 ... | 2015 | 26052640 |
| pp089. analytical aspects of marinobufagenin and its applications in the diagnosis of preeclampsia. | marinobufagenin (mbg), a bufadienolide cardiac inotrope, enjoys a growing interest in the early diagnosis of volume expansion-mediated hypertensive states such as preeclampsia (pe). this endogenous mammalian vasoconstrictive compound, is a selective inhibitor of the α1 subunit of na+,k+-atpase, leading to hypertension and natriuresis. enhanced production of mbg has been described in preeclamptic patients prior the development of hypertension and proteinuria, leading to consider mbg as a biomarke ... | 2013 | 26105942 |
| mathematical modelling of spatial sorting and evolution in a host-parasite system. | there have been numerous empirical and agent-based modelling studies on the spatial self-structuring of traits, particularly in regard to dispersal ability (termed spatial sorting) of cane toads in northern australia, but few mathematical modelling studies. in this study, we formulate a reaction-diffusion based partial-integro-differential equation model based on an earlier model by bouin et al. (2012) to examine this spatial self-structuring of traits in both a cane toad population and lungworm ... | 2015 | 26119556 |
| helpful invaders: can cane toads reduce the parasite burdens of native frogs? | many invading species have brought devastating parasites and diseases to their new homes, thereby imperiling native taxa. potentially, though, invaders might have the opposite effect. if they take up parasites that otherwise would infect native taxa, but those parasites fail to develop in the invader, the introduced species might reduce parasite burdens of the native fauna. similarly, earlier exposure to the other taxon's parasites might 'prime' an anuran's immune system such that it is then abl ... | 2015 | 26236630 |
| forelimb kinematics during hopping and landing in toads. | coordinated landing in a variety of animals involves the re-positioning of limbs prior to impact to safely decelerate the body. however, limb kinematics strategies for landing vary considerably among species. for example, human legs are increasingly flexed before impact as drop height increases, while turkeys increasingly extend their legs before impact with increasing drop height. in anurans, landing typically involves the use of the forelimbs to decelerate the body after impact. few detailed, ... | 2015 | 26254325 |
| wild cane toads (rhinella marina) expel foreign matter from the coelom via the urinary bladder in response to internal injury, endoparasites and disease. | dissections of >1,200 wild-caught cane toads (rhinella marina) in tropical australia confirm a laboratory report that anurans can expel foreign objects from the coelom by incorporating them into the urinary bladder. the foreign objects that we found inside bladders included a diverse array of items (e.g., grass seeds, twigs, insect prey, parasites), many of which may have entered the coelom via rupture of the gut wall. in some cases, the urinary bladder was fused to other organs including liver, ... | 2015 | 26267862 |
| bufotenine - a hallucinogen in ancient snuff powders of south america and a drug of abuse on the streets of new york city. | bufotenine, an isomer of psilocin, is a controlled schedule i hallucinogenic substance under the new york state and federal laws. bufotenine was identified in 42 case samples received at the new york city police laboratory since may 1992. the samples were hard, resinous, dark reddish-brown material, sold on the streets as "hashish". a few other cases were also seized in orlando and tampa, fl. natural sources of bufotenine are: (a) plant material, mostly seeds of the genus anadenanthera (formerly ... | 1994 | 26270149 |
| the impact of invasive cane toads on native wildlife in southern australia. | commonly, invaders have different impacts in different places. the spread of cane toads (rhinella marina: bufonidae) has been devastating for native fauna in tropical australia, but the toads' impact remains unstudied in temperate-zone australia. we surveyed habitat characteristics and fauna in campgrounds along the central eastern coast of australia, in eight sites that have been colonized by cane toads and another eight that have not. the presence of cane toads was associated with lower faunal ... | 2015 | 26445649 |
| warmer temperatures reduce the costs of inducible defences in the marine toad, rhinella marinus. | many of the far-reaching impacts of climate change on ecosystem function will be due to alterations in species interactions. however, our understanding of the effects of temperature on the dynamics of interactions between species is largely inadequate. inducible defences persist in prey populations because defensive traits increase survival in the presence of predators but are costly when they are absent. large-scale changes in the thermal climate are likely to alter the costs or benefits of the ... | 2016 | 26476526 |
| differences in developmental strategies between long-settled and invasion-front populations of the cane toad in australia. | phenotypic plasticity can enhance a species' ability to persist in a new and stressful environment, so that reaction norms are expected to evolve as organisms encounter novel environments. biological invasions provide a robust system to investigate such changes. we measured the rates of early growth and development in tadpoles of invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) in australia, from a range of locations and at different larval densities. populations in long-colonized areas have had the opport ... | 2016 | 26549779 |
| living up to its name? the effect of salinity on development, growth, and phenotype of the "marine" toad (rhinella marina). | the highly permeable integument of amphibians renders them vulnerable to chemical characteristics of their environment, especially during the aquatic larval stage. as the cane toad (rhinella marina, bufonidae) invades southwards along the east coast of australia, it is encountering waterbodies with highly variable conditions of temperature, ph, and salinity. understanding the tolerance of toads to these conditions can clarify the likely further spread of the invader, as well as the adaptability ... | 2016 | 26553545 |
| invasive toads shift predator-prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators. | although invasive species can have substantial impacts on animal communities, cases of invasive species facilitating native species by removing their predators have rarely been demonstrated across vertebrate trophic linkages. the predictable spread of the invasive cane toad (rhinella marina), however, offered a unique opportunity to quantify cascading effects. in northern australia, three species of predatory monitor lizards suffered severe population declines due to toad-induced lethal toxic in ... | 2015 | 26594710 |
| bufadienolides from parotoid gland secretions of cuban toad peltophryne fustiger (bufonidae): inhibition of human kidney na(+)/k(+)-atpase activity. | parotoid gland secretions of toad species are a vast reservoir of bioactive molecules with a wide range of biological properties. herein, for the first time, it is described the isolation by preparative reversed-phase hplc and the structure elucidation by nmr spectroscopy and/or mass spectrometry of nine major bufadienolides from parotoid gland secretions of the cuban endemic toad peltophryne fustiger: ψ-bufarenogin, gamabufotalin, bufarenogin, arenobufagin, 3-(n-suberoylargininyl) marinobufagin ... | 2016 | 26615828 |
| nerve-muscle activation by rotating permanent magnet configurations. | the standard method of magnetic nerve activation using pulses of high current in coils has drawbacks of high cost, high electrical power (of order 1 kw), and limited repetition rate without liquid cooling. here we report a new technique for nerve activation using high speed rotation of permanent magnet configurations, generating a sustained sinusoidal electric field using very low power (of order 10 w). a high ratio of the electric field gradient divided by frequency is shown to be the key indic ... | 2016 | 26661902 |
| ecological immunization: in situ training of free-ranging predatory lizards reduces their vulnerability to invasive toxic prey. | in australia, large native predators are fatally poisoned when they ingest invasive cane toads (rhinella marina). as a result, the spread of cane toads has caused catastrophic population declines in these predators. immediately prior to the arrival of toads at a floodplain in the kimberley region, we induced conditioned taste aversion in free-ranging varanid lizards (varanus panoptes), by offering them small cane toads. by the end of the 18-month study, only one of 31 untrained lizards had survi ... | 2016 | 26740565 |
| the morphology of free-living stages and immature parasites of rhabdias paraensis (nematoda: rhabdiasidae), a parasite of rhinella marina (anura: bufonidae) in brazil. | rhabdias paraensis santos, melo, nascimento, nascimento, giese et furtado, 2011 was described based on fully gravid worms. further investigations on the free-living stages, immature worms and young individuals were facilitated by cultivation in the laboratory, which allowed us to add new information about the morphology and development of the species. observations on the free-living development of r. paraensis showed that the life cycle is typical of rhabdias, with alternation of gonochoristic a ... | 2016 | 26751870 |
| mixed sex effects on the second-to-fourth digit ratio of túngara frogs (engystomops pustulosus) and cane toads (rhinella marina). | sexual dimorphism in the ratio of digit lengths has been correlated to behavioral, physiological, and morphological traits in a variety of taxa. while sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2d:4d) is a well-established indicator of prenatal androgen exposure in mammals, investigations into the patterns of 2d:4d and the drivers of such variation in other taxa are lacking. we used linear mixed effects models to gain a mechanistic understanding of the factors that drive varia ... | 2016 | 26815928 |
| liver-targeting resibufogenin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoparticles for liver cancer therapy. | liver cancer remains a major problem around the world. resibufogenin (rbg) is a major bioactive compound that was isolated from chansu (also called toad venom or toad poison), which is a popular traditional chinese medicine that is obtained from the skin secretions of giant toads. rbg has strong antitumor effects, but its poor aqueous solubility and its cardiotoxicity have limited its clinical use. the aim of this study was to formulate rbg-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga)-d-α-tocophe ... | 2016 | 26869788 |
| adrenocortical function in cane toads from different environments. | the adrenocortical function of cane toads (rhinella marina) exposed to different experimental procedures, as well as captured from different environments, was assessed by challenging the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. it was found that restriction stress as well as cannulation increased plasma corticosterone (b) levels for up to 12h. a single dose of dexamethasone (dex 2mg/kg) significantly reduced b levels demonstrating its potential for use in the evaluation of the hpa axis in amph ... | 2016 | 26877241 |
| rhinella marina (amphibia: bufonidae) versus rhabdias paraensis (nematoda: rhabdiasidae): expanding the view on a natural infection. | amphibian and reptile lungs are frequently infected with rhabdias parasites, and this condition ultimately leads to reduced survival, performance, and growth because of granulomatous inflammation, nodule formation, and nematodal pneumonia onset. here we investigate the histopathological features of naturally infected rhinella marina by the lung nematode rhabdias paraensis. a total of 10 host animals were captured in peridomiciliar areas in the eastern brazilian amazon, and anatomic-histological ... | 2016 | 26959813 |
| knocking on heaven's door: are novel invaders necessarily facing naïve native species on islands? | the impact of alien predator species on insular native biota has often been attributed to island prey naïveté (i.e. lack of, or inefficient, anti-predator behavior). only rarely, however, has the concept of island prey naïveté been tested, and then only a posteriori (i.e. hundreds or thousands of years after alien species introduction). the presence of native or anciently introduced predators or competitors may be crucial for the recognition and development of adaptive behavior toward unknown pr ... | 2016 | 26978784 |
| splenic immunotoxicity in developing cane toads (rhinella marina) from bermuda. | the impacts of contaminated sediment from 2 ponds in bermuda on immune function in newly metamorphosed cane toads were examined. in the present study, a partial life-cycle experiment exposing gosner stage 20 cane toad tadpoles to pond sediment and laboratory culture water through metamorphosis and into a juvenile state was performed. a basic immunology battery, including general necropsy, spleen somatic index, spleen white pulp content, splenocyte tissue density, and splenocyte viability, was co ... | 2016 | 26991249 |
| toads on lava: spatial ecology and habitat use of invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) in hawai'i. | most ecological research on cane toads (rhinella marina) has focused on invasive populations in australia, ignoring other areas where toads have been introduced. we radio-tracked and spool-tracked 40 toads, from four populations on the island of hawai'i. toads moved extensively at night (mean 116 m, from spool-tracking) but returned to the same or a nearby retreat-site each day (from radio-tracking, mean distance between successive retreat sites 11 m; 0 m for 70% of records). males followed stra ... | 2016 | 27027738 |
| patterns of genetic variability in island populations of the cane toad (rhinella marina) from the mouth of the amazon. | the amazonian coast has several unique geological characteristics resulting from the interaction between drainage pattern of the amazon river and the atlantic ocean. it is one of the most extensive and sedimentologically dynamic regions of the world, with a large number of continental islands mostly formed less than 10,000 years ago. the natural distribution of the cane toad (rhinella marina), one of the world's most successful invasive species, in this complex amazonian system provides an intri ... | 2016 | 27073849 |
| aqueous and ethanol extracts of australian cane toad skins suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in u937 cells via nf-κb signaling pathway. | toad skin extracts, such as aqueous extracts (ae) of chinese toad skins, have demonstrated therapeutic benefits for a range of diseases including pain, inflammation, swelling, heart failure, and various types of cancers. in this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of an ae (0.1-10 μg/ml) and a 60% ethanol extract (ee; 0.1-10 μg/ml) from australian cane toad (bufo marinus) skins and the known bioactive compound, bufotenine (bt; 0.1-10 nm). the assay employed a model of the huma ... | 2016 | 27138049 |
| 3d scanning and printing skeletal tissues for anatomy education. | detailed anatomical models can be produced with consumer-level 3d scanning and printing systems. 3d replication techniques are significant advances for anatomical education as they allow practitioners to more easily introduce diverse or numerous specimens into classrooms. here we present a methodology for producing anatomical models in-house, with the chondrocranium cartilage from a spiny dogfish (squalus acanthias) and the skeleton of a cane toad (rhinella marina) as case studies. 3d digital re ... | 2016 | 27146106 |
| the thermal dependence of na+ flux in isolated liver cells from ectotherms and endotherms. | the thermal dependence (0-40°c) of na(+) flux in isolated liver cells of three endotherms (mice, rat and rabbit) was compared with that of ectotherms in the form of a thermally tolerant amphibian (cane toad), a cold-water fish (rainbow trout) and a thermophilic reptile (lizard). mammals were found to share similar high rates of na(+) flux (3.0-3.7 nmol na(+) mg(-1) protein min(-1)) at their normal body temperatures (36-39°c). these na(+) flux rates were significantly greater (p<0.0004-0.0001) th ... | 2016 | 27207635 |
| can we control the invasive cane toad using chemicals that have evolved under intraspecific competition? | many invasive species experience intense intraspecific competition, because they are abundant in anthropogenically disturbed habitats where few native species persist. species-specific competitive mechanisms that evolve in this context may offer novel, highly targeted means to control invasive taxa. we conducted laboratory experiments to evaluate the feasibility of this method of control, based on waterborne cues that are produced by tadpoles of the cane toad (rhinella marina) to suppress the de ... | 2016 | 27209788 |
| molecular characterization of mhc class ii in the australian invasive cane toad reveals multiple splice variants. | the cane toad has gained notoriety for its invasion across the australian landscape, with significant impacts on the native australian fauna. the invasion has accelerated over time, with invading cane toads adapted for highly dispersive traits. this, however, has come at the cost of the immune system, with lower investment in some immune functions. to investigate the cane toad's immunogenetics, we characterized four major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class iia and three mhc class iib loci. p ... | 2016 | 27233954 |
| sensory feedback and coordinating asymmetrical landing in toads. | coordinated landing requires anticipating the timing and magnitude of impact, which in turn requires sensory input. to better understand how cane toads, well known for coordinated landing, prioritize visual versus vestibular feedback during hopping, we recorded forelimb joint angle patterns and electromyographic data from five animals hopping under two conditions that were designed to force animals to land with one forelimb well before the other. in one condition, landing asymmetry was due to mi ... | 2016 | 27247440 |
| biotic resistance to an alien amphibian: larval competition between japanese frogs and invasive cane toads. | understanding negative effects of native species on introduced taxa may suggest novel ways to control the invasive species by enhancing such effects. previous studies have reported that the larvae of invasive cane toads (rhinella marina) are suppressed by competition with the larvae of native anurans in australia, but not in north america. we conducted laboratory trials to measure the effect of exposure to the larvae of japanese frogs (microhyla ornata, fejervarya sakishimensis, rhacophorus owst ... | 2016 | 27253973 |
| toad intoxication in the dog by rhinella marina : the clinical syndrome and current treatment recommendations. | oral exposure to the secretions of rhinella marina (formerly bufo marinus ) can carry a high fatality rate without early and appropriate treatment. in dogs, the clinical syndrome, which is evident almost immediately, manifests in profuse ptyalism along with gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurologic signs. severe cardiac arrhythmias develop less frequently. this review will cover the history, toxicology, and clinical syndrome of rhinella marina intoxication, and will discuss the recommended t ... | 2016 | 27259028 |
| morphological characterization of eustrongylides sp. larvae (nematoda, dioctophymatoidea) parasite of rhinella marina (amphibia: bufonidae) from eastern amazonia. | absctract eustrongylides spp. nematodes have birds as final hosts and uses other vertebrates as intermediate/paratenic host (fish, amphibians and reptiles) and have zoonotic potential. in amphibians, the larvae may be located in the subcutaneous tissues, liver and mesentery, between the muscle fibres, especially in the lower limbs. rhinella marina, which is widely observed in brazil, has exhibited complex diversity in its helminth fauna, reflecting the unique habitat of the amazon biome. for the ... | 2016 | 27276665 |
| cane toad skin extract-induced upregulation and increased interaction of serotonin 2a and d2 receptors via gq/11 signaling pathway in clu213 cells. | recent evidences show that activation of serotonin 2a receptors (5-ht2a r) by agonists is significant in improving therapeutic activity of disease conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd). though the exact molecular mechanism is still not well understood, it is thought to involve agonist-driven, enhanced expression of 5-ht2a r in certain areas of brain, such as the pre-frontal cortex (pfc). several other reports have also demonstrated association of ocd with lower dopamine recepto ... | 2017 | 27291138 |