Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on biological properties of acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the t4 genotype. | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, targeting cox have shown promise in the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. using various nsaids, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin, and acetaminophen, here we determined the effects of nsaids on the biological properties of acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the t4 genotype. using amoebicidal assays, the results revealed that diclofenac sodium, and indomethacin affected growth of a. castellanii. in ... | 2016 | 27381503 |
| a conserved ompa-like protein in legionella pneumophila required for efficient intracellular replication. | the ompa-like protein domain has been associated with peptidoglycan-binding proteins, and is often found in virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila encodes for six proteins that contain the ompa-like domain, among them the highly conserved uncharacterized protein we named cmpa. here we set out to characterize the cmpa protein and determine its contribution to intracellular survival of l. pneumophila secondary structure analysis suggests that cm ... | 2016 | 27421957 |
| evaluation of the immunodiagnostic potential of a recombinant surface protein domain from acanthamoeba castellanii. | acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protists widely distributed in environment, able to cause keratitis, encephalitis and skin lesions in humans and animals. acanthamoeba spp. exist in two forms: an infective trophozoite and a dormant cyst. several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of acanthamoeba spp. the parasite adhesion to the host cell is the primary step for infection and is mediated by a mannose binding-protein, expressed in the surface and considered the main pathogenicity factor in a ... | 2016 | 27430295 |
| acanthamoeba castellanii genotype t4 stimulates the production of interleukin-10 as well as proinflammatory cytokines in thp-1 cells, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and human monocyte-derived macrophages. | free-living amoebae of the genus acanthamoeba can cause severe and chronic infections in humans, mainly localized in immune privileged sites, such as the brain and the eye. monocytes/macrophages are thought to be involved in acanthamoeba infections, but little is known about how these facultative parasites influence their functions. the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of acanthamoeba on human monocytes/macrophages during the early phase of infection. here, thp-1 cells, primary hu ... | 2016 | 27481240 |
| evolution and function of eukaryotic-like proteins from sponge symbionts. | sponges (porifera) are ancient metazoans that harbour diverse microorganisms, whose symbiotic interactions are essential for the host's health and function. although symbiosis between bacteria and sponges are ubiquitous, the molecular mechanisms that control these associations are largely unknown. recent (meta-) genomic analyses discovered an abundance of genes encoding for eukaryotic-like proteins (elps) in bacterial symbionts from different sponge species. elps belonging to the ankyrin repeat ... | 2016 | 27543954 |
| azithromycin and doxycycline attenuation of acanthamoeba virulence in a human corneal tissue model. | amoebic keratitis is a potentially blinding eye infection caused by ubiquitous, free-living, environmental acanthamoebae, which are known to harbor bacterial endosymbionts. a chlamydia-like endosymbiont has previously enhanced acanthamoeba virulence in vitro. we investigated the potential effect of acanthamoeba-endosymbiont coinfection in a human corneal tissue model representing clinical amoebic keratitis infection. | 2016 | 27578848 |
| identification of atg8 from acanthamoeba castellanii by genetic complementation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | autophagy is a eukaryotic process responsible for the degradation of intracellular content such as damaged organelles. several putative autophagy-related genes have been identified within the annotated genome of the free-living amoeba acanthamoeba castellanii. however, the involvement of the corresponding proteins in the autophagy pathway had not been formerly established. here, we report that acatg8 cdna can complement atg8-deficient saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 2016 | 27585717 |
| acanthamoeba castellanii: a new high-throughput method for drug screening in vitro. | despite significant public health impact, there is no specific antiprotozoal therapy for prevention and treatment of acanthamoeba castellanii infection. there is a need for new and efficient anti-acanthamoeba drugs that are less toxic and can reduce treatment duration and frequency of administration. in this context a new, rapid and sensitive assay is required for high-throughput activity testing and screening of new therapeutic compounds. a colorimetric assay based on sulforhodamine b (srb) sta ... | 2016 | 27609636 |
| amoebae-based screening reveals a novel family of compounds restricting intracellular legionella pneumophila. | the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, legionella pneumophila, grows in environmental amoebae and mammalian macrophages within a distinct compartment, the 'legionella-containing vacuole' (lcv). intracellular bacteria are protected from many antibiotics, and thus are notoriously difficult to eradicate. to identify novel compounds that restrict intracellular bacterial replication, we previously developed an assay based on a coculture of amoebae and gfp-producing l. pneumophila. this assay w ... | 2015 | 27622823 |
| the membrane protein lasm promotes the culturability of legionella pneumophila in water. | the water-borne pathogen legionella pneumophila (lp) strongly expresses the lpg1659 gene in water. this gene encodes a hypothetical protein predicted to be a membrane protein using in silico analysis. while no conserved domains were identified in lpg1659, similar proteins are found in many legionella species and other aquatic bacteria. rt-qpcr showed that lpg1659 is positively regulated by the alternative sigma factor rpos, which is essential for lp to survive in water. these observations sugges ... | 2016 | 27734007 |
| the comparison of antimicrobial effectiveness of contact lens solutions. | the aim of this study was to compare the effects of widely used multipurpose contact lens solutions against staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, in addition to cystic and trophozoite forms of acanthamoeba castellanii and a. polyphaga, that cause microbial keratitis. | 2016 | 27738866 |
| legionella pneumophila prevents proliferation of its natural host acanthamoeba castellanii. | legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous, pathogenic, gram-negative bacterium responsible for legionellosis. like many other amoeba-resistant microorganisms, l. pneumophila resists host clearance and multiplies inside the cell. through its dot/icm type iv secretion system, the bacterium injects more than three hundred effectors that modulate host cell physiology in order to promote its own intracellular replication. here we report that l. pneumophila prevents proliferation of its natural host acan ... | 2016 | 27805070 |
| study of gene trafficking between acanthamoeba and giant viruses suggests an undiscovered family of amoeba-infecting viruses. | the nucleocytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldv) are a group of extremely complex double-stranded dna viruses, which are major parasites of a variety of eukaryotes. recent studies showed that certain unicellular eukaryotes contain fragments of ncldv dna integrated in their genome, when surprisingly many of these organisms were not previously shown to be infected by ncldvs. these findings prompted us to search the genome of acanthamoeba castellanii strain neff (neff), one of the most prolific host ... | 2016 | 27811174 |
| acanthamoeba spp. as a universal host for pathogenic microorganisms: one bridge from environment to host virulence. | free-living amoebas (fla) are ubiquitous environmental protists that have enormously contributed to the microbiological contamination of water sources. flas have displayed resistance to environmental adversities and germicides and have played important roles in the population control of microbial communities due to its predatory behavior and microbicidal activity. however, some organisms have developed resistance to the intracellular milieu of amoebas, as in the case of acanthamoebas, which in t ... | 2016 | 27825484 |
| cedratvirus, a double-cork structured giant virus, is a distant relative of pithoviruses. | most viruses are known for the ability to cause symptomatic diseases in humans and other animals. the discovery of acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus and other giant amoebal viruses revealed a considerable and previously unknown area of uncharacterized viral particles. giant viruses have been isolated from various environmental samples collected from very distant geographic places, revealing a ubiquitous distribution. their morphological and genomic features are fundamental elements for classifyin ... | 2016 | 27827884 |
| artemisinin and its derivatives in treating protozoan infections beyond malaria. | parasitic protozoan diseases continue to rank among the world's greatest global health problems, which are also common among poor populations. currently available drugs for treatment present drawbacks, urging the need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. artemisinin (art) and its derivatives are some of the most important classes of antimalarial agents originally derived from artemisia annua l. however, besides the outstanding antimalarial and antischistosomal activities, art and its de ... | 2017 | 27867026 |
| the effect of the disulfideisomerase domain containing protein in the defense against polyhexamethylene biguanide of highly tolerant acanthamoeba at the trophozoite stage. | acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living protozoan pathogen capable of causing a blinding keratitis and fatal granulomatous encephalitis. current treatment generally involves an hourly application of polyhexamethylene biguanide (phmb) over a period of several days but this is not entirely effective against all strains/isolates. the tolerance mechanisms of phmb in acanthamoeba cells remain unclear. in this study, we found that the mrna expression level of disulfideisomerase domain containing pro ... | 2016 | 27888770 |
| effects of lead phytochemicals of radix scutellariae on acanthamoeba. | acanthamoeba keratitis (ak), which is associated with noncompliant use of contact lenses, remains difficult to treat due to delayed diagnosis and paucity of therapeutic agents. although improvements in activity against acanthamoeba infection have been achieved in disinfecting solutions for soft contact lenses, such modifications have not been extended to those for special rigid gas permeable (rgp) contact lenses, which are increasingly used for myopia control in children. phytochemicals present ... | 2016 | 27918833 |
| enhanced survival but not amplification of francisella spp. in the presence of free-living amoebae. | transmission of francisella tularensis, the etiologic agent of tularemia, has been associated with various water sources. survival of many waterborne pathogens within free-living amoeba (fla) is well documented; however, the role of amoebae in the environmental persistence of f. tularensis is unclear. in this study, axenic fla cultures of acanthamoeba castellanii, acanthamoeba polyphaga, and vermamoeba vermiformis were each inoculated with virulent strains of f. tularensis (types a and b), the a ... | 2017 | 27929353 |
| legionella pneumophila oxyr is a redundant transcriptional regulator that contributes to expression control of the two-component cpxra system. | nominally an environmental organism, legionella pneumophila is an intracellular parasite of protozoa but is also the causative agent of the pneumonia termed legionnaires' disease, which results from inhalation of aerosolized bacteria by susceptible humans. coordination of gene expression by a number of identified regulatory factors, including oxyr, assists l. pneumophila in adapting to the stresses of changing environments. l. pneumophila oxyr (oxyrlp) is an ortholog of escherichia coli oxyr; ho ... | 2017 | 27994017 |
| a unique cis-encoded small noncoding rna is regulating legionella pneumophila hfq expression in a life cycle-dependent manner. | legionella pneumophila is an environmental bacterium that parasitizes protozoa, but it may also infect humans, thereby causing a severe pneumonia called legionnaires' disease. to cycle between the environment and a eukaryotic host, l. pneumophila is regulating the expression of virulence factors in a life cycle-dependent manner: replicating bacteria do not express virulence factors, whereas transmissive bacteria are highly motile and infective. here we show that hfq is an important regulator in ... | 2017 | 28074027 |
| number of bacteria and time of coincubation with bacteria required for the development of acanthamoeba keratitis. | we hypothesized that bacteria may be a factor contributing to the development of acanthamoeba keratitis (ak). we investigated interactions between acanthamoeba and pseudomonas aeruginosa for the development of keratitis in rabbit corneas. | 2017 | 28079686 |
| an observational study of phagocytes and klebsiella pneumoniae relationships: different behaviors. | klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium that can be in relation with free living amoebae like acanthamoeba castellanii in natural environments such as soil and water. this pathogen, which is responsible for community-acquired pneumonia and for nosocomial infections, also has interactions with host defense mechanisms like macrophages. as it has been shown that a. castellanii shares some traits with macrophages, in particular the ability to phagocyte bacteria, we have studied the uptake and the fate ... | 2017 | 28087454 |
| characterization of the efficiency and uncertainty of skimmed milk flocculation for the simultaneous concentration and quantification of water-borne viruses, bacteria and protozoa. | in this study, the use of skimmed milk flocculation (smf) to simultaneously concentrate viruses, bacteria and protozoa was evaluated. we selected strains of faecal indicator bacteria and pathogens, such as escherichia coli and helicobacter pylori. the viruses selected were adenovirus (hadv 35), rotavirus (rov sa-11), the bacteriophage ms2 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). the protozoa tested were acanthamoeba, giardia and cryptosporidium. the mean recoveries with q(rt)pcr were 66% (hadv 3 ... | 2017 | 28093213 |
| efficacy of korean multipurpose contact lens disinfecting solutions against acanthamoeba castellanii. | acanthamoeba keratitis has been increasing in recent years. main risk factors are contact lens wear and their cleaning solutions. most contact lens wearers use multipurpose disinfecting solutions (mpds) for cleansing and disinfecting microorganisms because of its convenience. we determined amoebicidal effects of mpds made in korea and their cytotoxicity on human corneal epithelium cells. fifteen commercial mpds (a to o) were tested for their amoebicidal effects on acanthamoeba castellanii tropho ... | 2016 | 28095653 |
| [investigation of the in vitro effects of melissa officinalis l., mentha x piperita l. and ocimum basilicum l. (lamiaceae) essential oils on the cysts and trophozoites of acanthamoeba castellani]. | acanthamoeba species are free living amoeba found widely all over the world. they are responsible for acanthamoeba keratitis (ak), an infection which is especially seen in contact lens users and after minor corneal traumas, that may lead blindness. at present, antifungals and antiseptics are used for the treatment of ak cases, however, some problems such as long treatment periods and the occurrence of side effects, resistance of cyst forms against drugs, emphasize the need for new drugs. there a ... | 2016 | 28124962 |
| killing of diverse eye pathogens (acanthamoeba spp., fusarium solani, and chlamydia trachomatis) with alcohols. | blindness is caused by eye pathogens that include a free-living protist (acanthamoeba castellanii, a. byersi, and/or other acanthamoeba spp.), a fungus (fusarium solani), and a bacterium (chlamydia trachomatis). hand-eye contact is likely a contributor to the spread of these pathogens, and so hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers (when water is not available) might reduce their transmission. recently we showed that ethanol and isopropanol in concentrations present in ... | 2017 | 28182670 |
| role of the luxr family transcriptional regulator lpg2524 in the survival of <i>legionella pneumophila</i> in water. | the water-borne gram-negative bacterium <i>legionella pneumophila</i> (<i>lp</i>) is the causative agent of legionnaires' disease. <i>lp</i> is typically transmitted to human from water systems, where it grows inside amoebae. survival of <i>lp</i> in water is central to its transmission to humans. a transcriptomic study previously identified many genes induced by <i>lp</i> in water. one of such gene, <i>lpg2524</i>, encodes a putative luxr family transcriptional regulator. it was hypothesized th ... | 2017 | 28264171 |
| protochlamydia phocaeensis sp. nov., a new chlamydiales species with host dependent replication cycle. | chlamydiae are pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, which form an important part of amoeba-associated microorganisms. in this paper, we report the isolation, developmental cycle and genome analysis of protochlamydia phocaeensis sp. nov., an obligate intracellular parasite with a large host spectrum, able to infect acanthamoeba castellanii, acanthamoeba polyphaga, and vermamoeba vermiformis. the genome size is 3,424,182 bp with a gc content of 42%. this bacterium displayed a particular developmenta ... | 2017 | 28279734 |
| acanthamoeba activates macrophages predominantly through tlr4 and myd88-dependent mechanisms to induce il-12 and il-6. | acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living ubiquitous amoeba, with a worldwide distribution, that can occasionally infect humans, causing particularly severe infections in immune compromised individuals. dissecting the immunology of acanthamoeba infections has been considered problematic due to the very low incidence of disease despite the high exposure rates. whilst macrophages are acknowledged as playing a significant role in acanthamoeba infections little is known about how this facultative pa ... | 2017 | 28348053 |
| the effects of phosphanegold(i) thiolates on the biological properties of acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the t4 genotype. | gold compounds have shown promise in the treatment of non-communicable diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer, and are considered of value as anti-microbial agents against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and have anti-parasitic properties against schistosoma mansoni, trypanosoma brucei, plasmodium falciparum, leishmania infantinum, giardia lamblia, and entamoeba histolytica. they are known to affect enzymatic activities that are required for the cellular respiration processes ... | 2017 | 28366172 |
| methanolic extract of peganum harmala exhibit potent activity against acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and its encystment in vitro. | acanthamoeba castellanii is member of free living amoeba that may cause painful sight-threatening keratitis and life threatening encephalitis which involves central nervous system. treatments for both infections are problematic because of the amoebic cysts resistance to therapeutic agents. here we evaluated in vitro strength of methanolic seed extract of peganum harmala on acanthamoeba cysts and its encystment mechanism. our results revealed seed extracts (1 to 30mg/ml) exhibited amoebicidal eff ... | 2016 | 28375115 |
| mycobacterium llatzerense, a waterborne mycobacterium, that resists phagocytosis by acanthamoeba castellanii. | nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are environmental bacteria increasingly associated to public health problems. in water systems, free-living amoebae (fla) feed on bacteria by phagocytosis, but several bacteria, including many ntm, are resistant to this predation. thus, fla can be seen as a training ground for pathogenic bacteria. mycobacterium llatzerense was previously described as frequently associated with fla in a drinking water network. the present study aimed to characterize the interacti ... | 2017 | 28393860 |
| helicobacter is preserved in yeast vacuoles! does koch's postulates confirm it? | the manuscript titled "vacuoles of candida yeast behave as a specialized niche for helicobacter pylori (h. pylori)" not only has not been prepared in a scientific manner but the methodology used was not adequate, and therefore the conclusion reached was not correct. first of all, "yeast" is a broad terminology covering a great number of genera and species of unicellular micro-organisms. the authors should have defined the organism with its binary scientific name. this measure would allow experim ... | 2017 | 28405156 |
| amoebicidal activity of α-bisabolol, the main sesquiterpene in chamomile (matricaria recutita l.) essential oil against the trophozoite stage of acanthamoeba castellani neff. | acanthamoeba genus includes opportunistic pathogens which are distributed worldwide and are causative agents of a fatal encephalitis and severe keratitis in humans and other animals. until present there are not fully effective therapeutic agents against this pathogen and thus the need to search for novel anti-amoebic compounds is urgent. recently, essential oils of aromatic and medicinal plants have shown activity against acanthamoeba strains. therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the acti ... | 2017 | 28426414 |
| pacmanvirus, a new giant icosahedral virus at the crossroads between asfarviridae and faustoviruses. | african swine fever virus, a double-stranded dna virus that infects pigs, is the only known member of the asfarviridae family. nevertheless, during our isolation and sequencing of the complete genome of faustovirus, followed by the description of kaumoebavirus, carried out over the past 2 years, we observed the emergence of previously unknown related viruses within this group of viruses. here we describe the isolation of pacmanvirus, a fourth member in this group, which is capable of infecting a ... | 2017 | 28446673 |
| yersinia pestis resists predation by acanthamoeba castellanii and exhibits prolonged intracellular survival. | plague is a flea-borne rodent-associated zoonotic disease caused by yersinia pestis the disease is characterized by epizootics with high rodent mortalities, punctuated by interepizootic periods when the bacterium persists in an unknown reservoir. this study investigates the interaction between y. pestis and the ubiquitous soil free-living amoeba (fla) acanthamoeba castellanii to assess if the bacterium can survive within soil amoebae and whether intracellular mechanisms are conserved between inf ... | 2017 | 28455335 |
| apoptosis in acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the t4 genotype. | here we describe features of apoptosis in unicellular acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the t4 genotype. when exposed to apoptosis-inducing compounds such as doxorubicin, a. castellanii trophozoites exhibited cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing as observed microscopically, dna fragmentation using agarose gel electrophoresis, and phosphatidylserine (ps) externalization using annexin v immunostaining. overall, these findings suggest the existence of apoptosis in a. castellanii possibly mediat ... | 2017 | 28466971 |
| adhesion forces and mechanics in mannose-mediated acanthamoeba interactions. | the human pathogenic amoeba acanthamoeba castellanii (a. castellanii) causes severe diseases, including acanthamoeba keratitis and encephalitis. pathogenicity arises from the killing of target-cells by an extracellular killing mechanism, where the crucial first step is the formation of a close contact between a. castellanii and the target-cell. this process is mediated by the glycocalix of the target-cell and mannose has been identified as key mediator. the aim of the present study was to carry ... | 2017 | 28472161 |
| identification and characterization of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 in acanthamoeba castellanii. | protein arginine methyltransferase (prmt) is an important epigenetic regulator in eukaryotic cells. during encystation, an essential process for acanthamoeba survival, the expression of a lot of genes involved in the encystation process has to be regulated in order to be induced or inhibited. however, the regulation mechanism of these genes is yet unknown. in this study, the full-length 1,059 bp cdna sequence of acanthamoeba castellanii prmt1 (acprmt1) was cloned for the first time. the acprmt1 ... | 2017 | 28506031 |
| dna methylation of gene expression in acanthamoeba castellanii encystation. | encystation mediating cyst specific cysteine proteinase (cscp) of acanthamoeba castellanii is expressed remarkably during encystation. however, the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of cscp gene expression remains unclear. in this study, we focused on epigenetic regulation of gene expression during encystation of acanthamoeba. to evaluate methylation as a potential mechanism involved in the regulation of cscp expression, we first investigated the correlation between promoter methyla ... | 2017 | 28506032 |
| antibiotic effects of loperamide:homology of human targets of loperamide with targets in acanthamoeba spp. | loperamide is an anti-diarrheal drug prescribed for non-infectious diarrhea. the drug is an opioid receptor agonist, a blocker of voltage-dependent calcium channel (cav) and a calmodulin (cam) inhibitor on human cells. loperamide has been reported to exert anti-amoebic effects against pathogenic strains of acanthamoeba castellanii. | 2017 | 28506204 |
| one year genome evolution of lausannevirus in allopatric versus sympatric conditions. | amoeba-resisting microorganisms raised a great interest during the last decade. among them, some large dna viruses present huge genomes up to 2.5 mb long, exceeding the size of small bacterial genomes. the rate of genome evolution in terms of mutation, deletion, and gene acquisition in these genomes is yet unknown. given the suspected high plasticity of viral genomes, the microevolution of the 346 kb genome of lausannevirus, a member of megavirales, was studied. hence, lausannevirus was co-cultu ... | 2017 | 28525571 |
| impact of acanthamoeba cysts on stress resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica 4/o:3, listeria monocytogenes 1/2a, and escherichia coli o:26. | the formation of robust resting cysts enables acanthamoeba to resist harsh environmental conditions. this study investigated to what extent these cysts are resistant to physical and chemical stresses as applied in food industry cleaning and disinfection procedures. moreover, it was assessed whether certain intracystic meat-borne bacterial pathogens are more stress resistant than free-living bacterial monocultures and if intracystic passage and subsequent association with trophozoites induces cro ... | 2017 | 28526786 |
| mycobacterium bovis hosted by free-living-amoebae permits their long-term persistence survival outside of host mammalian cells and remain capable of transmitting disease to mice. | bovine tuberculosis (tb) is a zoonotic disease caused by mycobacterium bovis. despite intensive tb control campaigns, there are sporadic outbreaks of bovine tb in regions declared tb free. it is unclear how m. bovis is able to survive in the environment for long periods of time. we hypothesized that free-living amoebae (fla), as ubiquitous inhabitants of soil and water, may act as long-term reservoirs of m. bovis in the environment. in our model, m. bovis would be taken up by amoebal trophozoite ... | 2017 | 28585299 |
| acanthamoeba castellanii is not be an adequate model to study human adenovirus interactions with macrophagic cells. | free living amoebae (fla) including acanthamoeba castellanii, are protozoa that feed on different microorganisms including viruses. these microorganisms show remarkable similarities with macrophages in cellular structures, physiology or ability to phagocyte preys, and some authors have therefore wondered whether acanthamoeba and macrophages are evolutionary related. it has been considered that this amoeba may be an in vitro model to investigate relationships between pathogens and macrophagic cel ... | 2017 | 28591183 |
| biphasic metabolism and host interaction of a chlamydial symbiont. | chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria comprising well-known human pathogens and ubiquitous symbionts of protists, which are characterized by a unique developmental cycle. here we comprehensively analyzed gene expression dynamics of protochlamydia amoebophila during infection of its acanthamoeba host by rna sequencing. this revealed a highly dynamic transcriptional landscape, where major transcriptional shifts are conserved among chlamydial symbionts and pathogens. our data served to pro ... | 2017 | 28593198 |
| analysis of multiple components involved in the interaction between cryptococcus neoformans and acanthamoeba castellanii. | cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus that can cause lethal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. the mechanisms by which environmental microbes become pathogenic to mammals are still obscure, but different studies suggest that fungal virulence evolved from selection imposed by environmental predators. the soil-living acanthamoeba castellanii is a well-known predator of c. neoformans. in this work, we evaluated the participation of c. neoformans virulence-associated ... | 2017 | 28606355 |
| cedratvirus lausannensis - digging into pithoviridae diversity. | amoeba-infecting viruses have raised scientists' interest due to their novel particle morphologies, their large genome size, and their genomic content challenging previously established dogma. we report here the discovery and the characterization of cedratvirus lausannensis, a novel member of the megavirales, with a 0.75-1 µm long amphora-shaped particle closed by two striped plugs. among numerous host cell types tested, the virus replicates only in acanthamoeba castellanii leading to host cell ... | 2017 | 28618143 |
| bioinformatics insights on targets receptors of amiodarone in human and acanthamoeba castellanii. | amiodarone is prescribed for certain cardiac arrhythmias in medical practice. the drug targets and inhibits voltage dependent sodium (na+v), calcium (ca+2v), potassium (k+v) channels, and enzymes like cytochrome p450 and oxidosqualene cyclase. past studies have shown that amiodarone exerts anti-amoebic effects against trypanosoma cruzi and acanthamoeba castellanii. | 2017 | 28637420 |
| targeted disruption of the polyketide synthase gene pks15 affects virulence against insects and phagocytic survival in the fungus beauveria bassiana. | the reducing clade iii polyketide synthase genes, including pks15, are highly conserved among entomopathogenic fungi. to examine the function of pks15, we used targeted disruption to investigate the impact of beauveria bassiana pks15 on insect pathogenesis. southern analysis verified that the δpks15 mutant was disrupted by a single integration of the transformation cassette at the pks15 locus. the δpks15 mutant had a slight reduction in radial growth, and it produced fewer spores. our insect bio ... | 2017 | 28705395 |
| efficient liquid media for encystation of pathogenic free-living amoebae. | pathogenic naegleria fowleri, acanthamoeba castellanii, and acanthamoeba polyphaga, are distributed worldwide. they are causative agents of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis or acanthamoebic keratitis in humans, respectively. trophozoites encyst in unfavorable environments, such as exhausted food supply and desiccation. until recently, the method of n. fowleri encystation used solid non-nutrient agar medium supplemented with heat-inactivated escherichia coli; however, for the amoebic encystmen ... | 2017 | 28719947 |
| legionella pneumophila decreases velocity of acanthamoeba castellanii. | acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba commonly found in aquatic environment. it feeds on bacteria even if some bacteria resist amoebal digestion. thus, a. castellanii is described as a trojan horse able to harbor pathogenic bacteria. l. pneumophila is one of the amoeba-resisting bacteria able to avoid host degradation by phagocytosis and to multiply inside the amoeba. when infecting its host, l. pneumophila injects hundreds of effectors via a type iv secretion system that change physi ... | 2017 | 28778742 |
| evaluation of the anti-acanthamoeba activity of two commercial eye drops commonly used to lower eye pressure. | efficient treatments against acanthamoeba keratitis (ak), remains until the moment, as an issue to be solved due to the existence of a cyst stage which is highly resistant to most chemical and physical agents. in this study, two antiglaucoma eye drops were tested for their activity against acanthamoeba. moreover, this study was based on previous data which gave us evidence of a possible link between the absences of acanthamoeba at the ocular surface in patients treated with beta blockers for hig ... | 2017 | 28778743 |
| apoptosis of acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites induced by oleic acid. | acanthamoeba spp. can be parasitic in certain situations and are responsible for serious human infections, including acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, and cutaneous acanthamoebiasis. we analyzed the fatty acid composition of acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and tested the inhibitory activity of the main fatty acids, oleic acid and arachidonic acid, in vitro. oleic acid markedly inhibited the growth of a. castellanii, with trophozoite viability of 57.4% at a concent ... | 2017 | 28787535 |
| characterisation of sterol biosynthesis and validation of 14α-demethylase as a drug target in acanthamoeba. | the soil amoebae acanthamoeba causes acanthamoeba keratitis, a severe sight-threatening infection of the eye and the almost universally fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. more effective treatments are required. sterol biosynthesis has been effectively targeted in numerous fungi using azole compounds that inhibit the cytochrome p450 enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase. herein, using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (gcms), we demonstrate that the major sterol of acanthamoeba castellanii is e ... | 2017 | 28811501 |
| acanthamoeba castellanii interactions with streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes. | among the genus streptococcus, s. pyogenes and s. pneumoniae are the major causes of pharyngitis, impetigo, pneumonia and meningitis in humans. streptococcus spp. are facultative anaerobes that are nutritionally fastidious, yet survive in the environment and target the predisposed population. antibacterial disinfectants have been partially effective only, indicating the need for novel preventative measures and to understand mechanisms of bacterial resistance. acanthamoeba is a free-living protis ... | 2017 | 28823705 |
| effect of multipurpose solution combined with autophagy inhibitors on adhesion of acanthamoeba trophozoites to silicone hydrogel contact lenses. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of multipurpose contact lens (cl) solution (mps) combined with autophagy inhibitors on the adhesion properties of acanthamoeba castellanii (ac) trophozoites to silicone hydrogel cls. | 2017 | 28834815 |
| programmed cell death in acanthamoeba castellanii neff induced by several molecules present in olive leaf extracts. | therapy against acanthamoeba infections such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (gae) and acanthamoeba keratitis (ak), remains as an issue to be solved due to the existence of a cyst stage which is highly resistant to most chemical and physical agents. recently, the activity of olive leaf extracts (ole) was demonstrated against acanthamoeba species. however, the molecules involved in this activity were not identified and/or evaluated. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activ ... | 2017 | 28859105 |
| a dna dot hybridization model for molecular diagnosis of parasitic keratitis. | developing a dna dot hybridization model for diagnosing parasitic keratitis. | 2017 | 28867932 |
| differential expression of virulence genes in legionella pneumophila growing in acanthamoeba and human monocytes. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, is widely distributed throughout natural and artificial water systems and can replicate in macrophages and amoebae. amoebae are the natural hosts of l. pneumophila, whereas macrophages are incidentally infected. the life cycle of l. pneumophila comprises a replicative phase within the legionella-containing vacuole (lcv) and a transmissive phase during which bacterial cells become motile and are released via killing of the host ... | 2017 | 28873330 |
| filling knowledge gaps for mimivirus entry, uncoating, and morphogenesis. | since the discovery of mimivirus, its unusual structural and genomic features have raised great interest in the study of its biology; however, many aspects concerning its replication cycle remain uncertain. in this study, extensive analyses of electron microscope images, as well as biological assay results, shed light on unclear points concerning the mimivirus replication cycle. we found that treatment with cytochalasin, a phagocytosis inhibitor, negatively impacted the incorporation of mimiviru ... | 2017 | 28878069 |
| modulation of zinc homeostasis in acanthamoeba castellanii as a possible antifungal strategy against cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus gattii is a basidiomycetous yeast that can be found in the environment and is one of the agents of cryptococcosis, a life-threatening disease. during its life cycle, cryptococcal cells take hold inside environmental predators such as amoebae. despite their evolutionary distance, macrophages and amoebae share conserved similar steps of phagocytosis and microbial killing. to evaluate whether amoebae also share other antifungal strategies developed by macrophages, we investigated nutri ... | 2017 | 28883816 |
| planktonic free-living amoebae susceptibility to dental unit waterlines disinfectants. | a high diversity of microorganisms is encountered inside dental unit waterlines (duwl). among those the presence of free-living amoebae (fla) appears currently underestimated, although human infections may occur due to contact with fla-contaminated water during dental cares. in order to limit microbial duwl contamination, disinfectants are provided by dental unit manufacturer, however, with limited documentation on their activities against fla. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficienc ... | 2017 | 28911034 |
| essential oil composition and anti acanthamoeba studies of teucrium ramosissimum. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of t. ramosissimum by hydrodistillation and to investigate their anti-acanthamoeba activity. identification and quantification were realized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection by (gc-fid). sixty-eight compounds representing 97.78% of the essential oil were identified, of which δ-cadinene (18.63%), δ-cadinol ( ... | 2017 | 28916455 |
| in vitro activity of 1h-phenalen-1-one derivatives against acanthamoeba castellanii neff and their mechanisms of cell death. | acanthamoeba is an opportunistic pathogen which is the causal agent of a sight-threatening ulceration of the cornea known as acanthamoeba keratitis (ak) and, more rarely, an infection of the central nervous system called "granulomatous amoebic encephalitis" (gae). the symptoms of ak are non-specific, and so it can be misdiagnosed as a viral, bacterial, or fungal keratitis. furthermore, current therapeutic measures against ak are arduous, and show limited efficacy against the cyst stage of acanth ... | 2017 | 28916457 |
| variation in campylobacter jejuni culturability in presence of acanthamoeba castellanii neff. | free-living amoebae (fla) are protozoa that are widely distributed in the environment mainly in water and soil related habitats. these amoebae have also been reported to be associated with some bacterial pathogens for humans such as campylobacter spp. the species c. jejuni is the causative agent of about 90% of human campylobacteriosis cases worldwide and this disease may even end up in severe autoimmune sequelae as guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). in this study, the interactions between the strai ... | 2017 | 28916459 |
| the effect of viroid infection of citrus trees on the amoebicidal activity of 'maltese half-blood' (citrus sinensis) against trophozoite stage of acanthamoeba castellanii neff. | in order to promote a local tunisian product, this study was designed to examine, for the first time, the anti-acanthamoeba activity (acanthamoeba castellanii neff) of the essential oils of tunisian citrus sinensis peels (maltese half-blood) and the effect of viroid plant infection on this activity. to do so, three samples of peels' essential oils were studied: from a healthy plant (control), a plant inoculated with citrus exocortis viroid (cevd) and one inoculated with hot stunt cachexia viroid ... | 2017 | 28916460 |
| amoebicidal, antimicrobial and in vitro ros scavenging activities of tunisian rubus ulmifolius schott, methanolic extract. | the present study aimed to evaluate the activity of methanolic extract of rubus ulmifolius schott against the acanthamoeba castellani neff strain as well as its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. the tested extract has a good amoebicidal activity with low ic50 (61.785 ± 1.322 μg/ml) and also has significant activity against both gram-positive (s. aureus, s. agalactiae) and gram-negative bacteria (e. coli, s. typhimurium) and against c. albicans. the inhibition zones diameters (izd) and minim ... | 2017 | 28917707 |
| in vitro interactions of acanthamoeba castellanii neff and vibrio harveyi. | free-living amoebae (fla) are opportunistic protozoa widely distributed in the environment. they are frequently found in water and soil samples, but they have also been reported to be associated with bacterial human pathogens such as legionella spp. campylobacter spp or vibrio cholerae among others. including within vibrio spp. v. harveyi (johnson and shunk, 1936) is a bioluminescent marine bacteria which has been found swimming freely in tropical marine waters, being part of the stomach and int ... | 2017 | 28917709 |
| crocodiles and alligators: antiamoebic and antitumor compounds of crocodiles. | crocodiles exist in unsanitary environments, feed on rotten meat, are often exposed to heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, selenium, tolerate high levels of radiation, and are amid the very few species to survive the catastrophic cretaceous-tertiary extinction event, nonetheless they can live for up to a 100 years. moreover, as they live in unhygienic conditions, they regularly come across pathogens. logically, we postulate that crocodiles possess mech ... | 2017 | 28917711 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against cathepsin b and cathepsin b-like proteins of naegleria fowleri. | naegleria fowleri causes fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (pam) in humans and experimental animals. in previous studies, cathepsin b (nfcpb) and cathepsin b-like (nfcpb-l) genes of n. fowleri were cloned, and it was suggested that refolding rnfcpb and rnfcpb-l proteins could play important roles in host tissue invasion, immune response evasion and nutrient uptake. in this study, we produced anti-nfcpb and anti-nfcpb-l monoclonal antibodies (mcab) using a cell fusion technique, and obser ... | 2017 | 28919331 |
| status of the effectiveness of contact lens disinfectants in malaysia against keratitis-causing pathogens. | the aim of this study was (i) to assess the antimicrobial effects of contact lens disinfecting solutions marketed in malaysia against common bacterial eye pathogens and as well as eye parasite, acanthamoeba castellanii, and (ii) to determine whether targeting cyst wall would improve the efficacy of contact lens disinfectants. using iso 14729 stand-alone test for disinfecting solutions, bactericidal and amoebicidal assays of six different contact lens solutions including oxysept®, ao sept plus, o ... | 2017 | 28919333 |
| legionella pneumophila-induced cell death: two hosts, two responses. | 2017 | 28949864 | |
| role of fatty acid salts as anti acanthamoeba agents for disinfecting contact lens. | acanthamoeba is found in seawater, fresh water, and soil and is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a potentially blinding corneal infection known as acanthamoeba keratitis. the anti-amoeba activity of 9 fatty acid salts (potassium butyrate (c4k), caproate (c6k), caprylate (c8k), caprate (c10k), laurate (c12k), myristate (c14k), oleate (c18:1k), linoleate (c18:2k), and linolenate (c18:3k)) was tested on acanthamoeba castellanii atcc 30010 (trophozoites and cysts). fatty acid salts (350 mm and ... | 2017 | 28954958 |
| grazing resistance of bacterial biofilms: a matter of predators' feeding trait. | biofilm formation in bacteria is considered to be one strategy to avoid protozoan grazing. however, this assumption is largely based on experiments with suspension-feeding protozoans. here we test the hypothesis that grazing resistance depends on both the grazers' feeding trait and the bacterial phenotype, rather than being a general characteristic of bacterial biofilms. we combined batch experiments with mathematical modelling, considering the bacterium pseudomonas putida and either a suspensio ... | 2017 | 28961787 |
| an investigation of virulence factors of legionella pneumophila environmental isolates. | nine legionella pneumophila strains isolated from cooling towers and a standard strain (l. pneumophila serogroup 1, atcc 33152, philadelphia 1) were analyzed and compared in terms of motility, flagella structure, ability to form biofilms, enzymatic activities (hemolysin, nucleases, protease, phospholipase a, phospholipase c, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lipase), hemagglutination capabilities, and pathogenicity in various host cells (acanthamoeba castellanii atcc 30234, mouse perito ... | 2018 | 29037504 |
| survival of pathogenic mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense in acanthamoeba castellanii. | we used an amoeba model to study the intracellular growth and cytotoxicity of clinical strains of mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense (mabsm) isolated from 2 patients (one with cystic fibrosis, the other one with idiopathic bronchiectasis) during the early (smooth colonies) and late stage (rough colonies) of chronic pulmonary infection. acanthamoeba castellanii were infected with mabsm (moi 100) and samples collected every 24 h for 72 h. results showed mabsm is able to survive in trophozo ... | 2018 | 29056478 |
| traced on the timeline: discovery of acetylcholine and the components of the human cholinergic system in a primitive unicellular eukaryote acanthamoeba spp. | acetylcholine (ach) is the neurotransmitter of cholinergic signal transduction that affects the target cells via muscarinic (machr) and nicotinic (nachr) cholinergic receptors embedded in the cell membrane. of the cholinergic receptors that bind to ach, the machrs execute several cognitive and metabolic functions in the human central nervous system (cns). very little is known about the origins and autocrine/paracrine roles of the ach in primitive life forms. with the recent report of the evidenc ... | 2017 | 29058403 |
| multiple identification of most important waterborne protozoa in surface water used for irrigation purposes by 18s rrna amplicon-based metagenomics. | understanding waterborne protozoan parasites (wpps) diversity has important implications in public health. in this study, we evaluated a ngs-based method as a detection approach to identify simultaneously most important wpps using 18s rrna high-throughput sequencing. a set of primers to target the v4 18s rrna region of wpps such as cryptosporidium spp., giardia sp., blastocystis sp., entamoeba spp, toxoplasma sp. and free-living amoebae (fla) was designed. in order to optimize pcr conditions bef ... | 2018 | 29066287 |
| pyomelanin produced by vibrio cholerae confers resistance to predation by acanthamoeba castellanii. | protozoan predation is one of the main environmental factors constraining bacterial growth in aquatic environments, and thus has led to the evolution of a number of defence mechanisms that protect bacteria from predation. these mechanisms may also function as virulence factors in infection of animal and human hosts. whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing of vibrio cholerae biofilms during predation by the amoebae, acanthamoeba castellanii, revealed that 131 transcripts were significantly differe ... | 2017 | 29095994 |
| trehalose during two stress responses in acanthamoeba: differentiation between encystation and pseudocyst formation. | the non-reducing disaccharide trehalose can serve as a protectant against a range of environmental stressors, such as heat, cold, or dehydration, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with the exception of vertebrates. here, we analyzed trehalose metabolism in the facultatively parasitic organism acanthamoeba castellanii, known to respond to unfavorable external conditions by forming two resistant stages: a cyst, produced in the case of chronic stress, and a pseudocyst, formed in reaction to acute ... | 2017 | 29100111 |
| ammoides pusilla (apiaceae) essential oil: activity against acanthamoeba castellanii neff. | acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba genus that causes several diseases namely, amoebic keratitis which is a painful sight threatening eyes disease. its treatment is difficult and the exploration for new drugs is very important. the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oils (eo) obtained from leaves and flowers and aerial parts of ammoides pusilla by an alternative method "hydrodistillation''. identification and quantification were realize ... | 2017 | 29102680 |
| chemical composition and anti-acanthamoeba activity of melaleuca styphelioides essential oil. | acanthamoeba infections cause serious humans diseases, such as amoebic keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. melaleuca essential oil has been reported to be effective in treating bacterial and fungal infections. however, the anti-parasitic effects of this essential oil are not well studied. in the present study, we first characterized the composition of the essential oil, extracted from the tunisian melaleuca styphelioides leaves, and then tested its effect on the acanthamoeba castel ... | 2017 | 29103900 |
| divalent metal cations potentiate the predatory capacity of amoeba for cryptococcus neoformans. | among the best-studied interactions between soil phagocytic predators and a human-pathogenic fungus is that of acanthamoeba castellanii and cryptococcus neoformans the experimental conditions used in amoeba-fungus confrontation assays can have major effects on whether the fungus or the protozoan is ascendant in the interaction. in the presence of mg2+ and ca2+ in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), c. neoformans was consistently killed when incubated with a. castellaniia. castellanii survived bette ... | 2018 | 29150507 |
| isolation and identification of acanthamoeba strains from soil and tap water in yanji, china. | members of the genus acanthamoeba are widely distributed throughout the world, and some of them are considered pathogenic, as they are capable of causing corneal and central nervous system diseases. in this study, we isolated acanthamoeba strains from soil and tap water in yanji, china. | 2017 | 29165144 |
| in vitro evaluation of adhesion of two acanthamoeba strains to cosmetic contact lenses. | to evaluate the factors affecting the adhesion of acanthamoeba trophozoites to the surface of cosmetic contact lenses (ccls). | 2017 | 29210829 |
| silver nanoparticle conjugation affects antiacanthamoebic activities of amphotericin b, nystatin, and fluconazole. | infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, killing more than 15 million people worldwide. this is despite our advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care. nanoparticles offer a promising technology to enhance drug efficacy and formation of effective vehicles for drug delivery. here, we conjugated amphotericin b, nystatin (macrocyclic polyenes), and fluconazole (azole) with silver nanoparticles. silver-conjugated drugs were synthesized successfully and ch ... | 2018 | 29218442 |
| identification of conserved abc importers necessary for intracellular survival of legionella pneumophila in multiple hosts. | it is established that the human pathogen legionella pneumophila becomes significantly augmented for infection of macrophages after intracellular growth in amoebae when compared to like-strains cultivated in laboratory media. based on this observation, we reasoned that the most critical virulence determinants of l.p. are expressed by responding to stimuli generated by the protozoan host specifically; a process we term "protozoan-priming." we sought to identify l.p. virulence factors that were re ... | 2017 | 29250489 |
| pathogenic acanthamoeba castellanii secretes the extracellular aminopeptidase m20/m25/m40 family protein to target cells for phagocytosis by disruption. | acanthamoeba is free-living protist pathogen capable of causing a blinding keratitis and granulomatous encephalitis. however, the mechanisms of acanthamoeba pathogenesis are still not clear. here, our results show that cells co-cultured with pathogenic acanthamoeba would be spherical and floated, even without contacting the protists. then, the acanthamoeba protists would contact and engulf these cells. in order to clarify the contact-independent pathogenesis mechanism in acanthamoeba, we collect ... | 2017 | 29258252 |
| exploring virulence determinants of filamentous fungal pathogens through interactions with soil amoebae. | infections with filamentous fungi are common to all animals, but attention is rising especially due to the increasing incidence and high mortality rates observed in immunocompromised human individuals. here, aspergillus fumigatus and other members of its genus are the leading causative agents. attributes like their saprophytic life-style in various ecological niches coupled with nutritional flexibility and a broad host range have fostered the hypothesis that environmental predators could have be ... | 2017 | 29259922 |
| amoebicidal or amoebostatic influence of disinfectants used in health facilities and laboratories on corneal strains of acanthamoeba | different acanthamoeba species are amphizoic organisms distributed in wide range of habitats in natural and man-made environments; they are also detected on surfaces of equipment and accessories in health facilities. some strains of the amoebae are causative agents of the vision-threatening human disease acanthamoeba keratitis, mainly reported in contact lens wearers. an exceptional high resistance of acanthamoeba trophozoites and particularly cysts to chemicals, disinfectants and drugs is belie ... | 2017 | 29274209 |
| survey on medicinal plants traditionally used in senegal for the treatment of tuberculosis (tb) and assessment of their antimycobacterial activity. | in west africa, populations are used to taking traditional medicine as a first aid against common health problems. in this aspect, many plants are claimed to be effective in the treatment of tuberculosis (tb), which according to the world health organization (who) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. | 2017 | 29289797 |
| assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of pulicaria inuloides extracts, an algerian medicinal plant: leishmanicidal bioguided fractionation. | the lack of an effective chemotherapy for treatment of protozoan disease urges a wide investigation for active compounds, and plant-derived compounds continue to provide key leads for therapeutic agents. the current study reports the in vitro antiprotozoal evaluation of the algerian medicinal plant pulicaria inuloides against leishmania amazonensis, trypanosoma cruzi, and acanthamoeba castellanii str. neff. all the extracts from the aerial part showed to be present a higher leishmanicidal activi ... | 2018 | 29306999 |
| evolution of ph buffers and water homeostasis in eukaryotes: homology between humans and acanthamoeba proteins. | this study intended to trace the evolution of acid-base buffers and water homeostasis in eukaryotes. acanthamoeba castellanii was selected as a model unicellular eukaryote for this purpose. homologies of proteins involved in ph and water regulatory mechanisms at cellular levels were compared between humans and a. castellanii. | 2018 | 29322818 |
| amebaborne "attilina massiliensis" keratitis, france. | we report a case of acanthamoeba castellani keratitis in a person who wore contact lenses. the amebae hosted an ameba-resistant bacterial symbiont, provisionally named "attilina massiliensis," a yet undescribed α-proteobacterium. | 2018 | 29350163 |